Abdul Wahab

“Be sure you are right -- then go ahead.”

Davy Crocket.

DECISION MAKING

• CRITICAL THINKING – The ability to

question philosophically and exercise

careful judgement when evaluating a

situation.

• DECISION: a conclusion or resolution

reached after consideration

• PROBLEM SOLVING – A process whereby a dilemma is identified and corrected.

• CREATIVITY – Intellectual

inventiveness.

• SATISFICING – A decision making

strategy whereby the individual chooses a less than ideal alternative that meets minimum standards of acceptance.

A Challenge

Please write a One Sentence Definition of

DECISION MAKING.

Definition

Decision Making:

The process of examining your possibilities options, comparing them, and choosing a course of action.

DEFINITION

Decision & Decision Making

A decision is a choice made between two or more available alternatives. Decision making is the process of choosing the best alternative for reaching objectives.

(Samuel C. Certo, 2003)

Decision making can be defined as a process of choosing between alternatives to achieve a goal. It is the process by which an individual chooses one alternative from several to achieve a desired objective.

(Manmohan Prasad, 2003)

Making Effective Decisions

Factors:

Perception.

Priority.

Acceptability.

Risk.

Resources.

Goals.

Values.

Demands.

Style.

Judgement.

Six C's of Decision Making

1. Construct.

2. Compile.

3. Collect.

4. Compare.

5. Consider.

6. Commit.

Six C's of Decision Making

Construct a clear picture of precisely what must be decided.

Compile a list of requirements that

must be met.

Collect information on alternatives

that meet the requirements.

Six C's of Decision Making

Compare alternatives that meet the requirements.

Consider the "what might go

wrong" factor with each alternative.

Commit to a decision and follow

through with it.

TYPES OF

1. Basic Decision or Strategic Decisions

Types of Decisions

2. Administrative Decisions

3. Organisational or Personal Decisions

Types of Decisions

4. Policy of Decisions

Types of Decisions

5. Individual & Group Decisions

6. Routine Decisions

7. Adaptive Decisions

1.Basic Decision or Strategic Decisions

• All basic decision is strategic decisions involving large range commitments and large investments.

• Slight or small mistakes in these decisions would seriously injure the entire organizations.

2. Administrative Decisions • Herbert Simon had classified all decisions in

two classes;

• Programmed decision:

It involves organizations which an develop specific process for handling these decision.

• E.g. standing operating procedures and policies.

• Non – Programmed Decisions:

They relate to general problem solving process. They involve judgment, intuition and creativity.

3. Organisational or Personal Decisions

• Organizational decisions reflect company policy. Theycan be delegated of transferred to others.

• While personal decisions refer to those made by a manager as an individual and these can’t be delegated.

4. Policy of Decisions

• Policy decisions are taken by the top, management.

• e.g. the declaration of bonus in a company is a policy matter which is to be decided by the top ,management, while calculation and distribution of bonus is an operating decision which is taken as the lower levels.

5. Individual & Group Decisions

• The decisions taken by the an individual in the organization is known as individual decisions

refer it • Group decisions which are

the decisions taken by a

organizational members (board group of

of directors, committer of experts)

6. Routine Decisions

• The type of decisions made when problems are relatively well defined and common & when established rules, policies and procedures can be used to solve them.

7. Adaptive Decisions

• The type of decisions made when problems and alternative solutions are somewhat unusual and only partially understood.

Characteristic of Decision Making Process

• From various courses of action, it is a process

of choosing a particular course of action.

• It is a human process which involves the

application intellectual abilities.

• It is a rational process which is proceeded by

deliberation and reasoning. It may also be

called as end process.

Characteristic of Decision Making Process

• It is always related to situation in which a

manager may take one decision in a

particular set of circumstances and another

in a different set of circumstances.

• This involves certain specific purpose in

which these may just be decisions not to

decide.

PRINCIPLES OF DECISION MAKING

• Principles of autonomy

• Principle of beneficence

• Principle of paternalism

• Principle of utility

• Principle of justice

TECHNIQUES OR BASIS FOR DECISION MAKING

TECHNIQUES OR BASIS OF DECISION MAKING

1.INTUTION:Decision making by intuition is characterized by inner feeling of the person. He takes a decision as per the dictates of his conscious

2.FACTS :It is considered to be the best basis of decisions making. Such decisions will be sound and proper

3.Experience : Past experience of a person becomes a good basis for taking decisions. When a similar situation arises the manager can rely on his past decisions and takes similar decisions.

4.Operations research: It helps managers by providing scientific basis for solving organized problems involving interaction of components of the organization.

5.Values : Being confused and unclear about one‘s values may affect decision- making ability. Overcoming a lack of self- awareness through values clarification decreases confusion.

6.Individual Preference : Overcoming this area of vulnerability, involves self- awareness, honesty and risk taking.

STAGES OF DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Problems

Information

Objectives

Data Collection

Alternatives

X

Y

Z

Evaluation

Implementation

Selection

Feedback Information

Testing

Decision Making Process

DECISION MAKING MODELS

1.Normative Model

• Seven steps are identified in the analytical precise model.

2.Descriptive model of decision making (Lancaster & Lancaster, 2002)

Establish satisfactory goal or value

Define subjective perception of problem

Identify acceptable alternatives

Evaluate alternatives

Select satisfactory alternatives

Implement decision

Follow up

3.Decision tree model

Every path through the tree corresponds to a possible sequence of actions and events, each with its own distinct consequences. Probabilities of both positive and negative consequences of each action and event are estimated and recorded on the appropriate branch. Additional options and consequences of each action event sequence can be depicted on the decision tree.

Possible events

Increased demand for procedures

Decreased demand for procedures

Increased demand staff

Decreased demand for staff

Alternative events

Hire regular staff

Pay over time and on call wages

Decision point

Decision tree model (Marquis and Huston, 2002)

4.Strategic model

The three crucial elements in decision making are represented by three inter- connected circles.

Strategic model (Swansburga 2002)

Identifying

the

problems

Developing

potential

solutions

Selecting

the single

best

choice

Supporting

activities in

decision

making

Successful strategies for decision making

• Building extensive networks of individuals and groups who could provide them with resources

• Searching the nursing, hospital and business

literature • Being knowledgeable and involved in the politics

• Communicating regularly and repeatedly about

decision activities to organization members

• Directing the majority of their time and energy

towards the accomplishment of their plan.

5. Nursing Process Model (Marwuis&Huston, 2002 )

6.Intuitive decision making model

Romiszowski built on the nursing process in creating the intuitive decision making model.

In this model, the decision maker consciously incorporates recall or cumulative knowledge that comes from education, both formal and informal as well as experience, in planning the decision.

Inexperienced or notice decision makers spend more time in the assessment, recall and planning phases

Intuitive decision making model (Marquis and Huston, 2002)

Gather patient data

Possible nursing

diagnosis and

intervention

Implement

Follow through

Evaluate

Analyze

Synthesize

Exercise

judgment

1. Assess 2. Recall

4. Implement/evaluate 3. Plan

7.Econological model

It is an ideal view of economic man, in which a manager who is faced with a problem weighs the economic aspects of all possible courses of actions and chooses the action that is expected by the yield, the greatest net gain or the least loss.

Econological model (Basavanthappa .B.T, 2006)

Develop alternatives

Determine all outcomes

Set goal or define the problem Develop criterion

Select alternatives

Act or implement decision

8.Moral Model

• A -

• L -

• M - Massage the dilemma.

• O - Outline options.

• R - Review criteria and resolve.

Affirm position and act.

Look back, evaluate the decision making.

9.Ethical decision making

According Murphy, this

to Murphy and model is specifically

geared for ethical decision making as it helps the individual clarify the basic beliefs and values of those involved.

Ethical decision making model

Identify the problem

Determine why the problem is an ethical one.

Identify the people involved in the ultimate decision. Define the role of decision maker.

Consider the consequences of each alternative.

Make the decision. Compare the decision with the philosophy of the decision

makers ethics.

Follow-up on the results of the decision

10.Problem solving model

Problem solving and decision making are vital abilities for nursing practice.

Nurses at all levels must posses the basic knowledge and skills required for effective problem solving and decision making. Problem solving and decision making skills require critical thinking which is a higher cognitive process and both can be improved upon with practice

Problem solving model

Decision Making

Creativity

Problem solving

• Decision making It is a purposeful and goal directed effort using a systematic process to choose directed effort using a systematic process to choose among options. The hallmark of decision making is the identification and selection of options.

• Problem solving

Problem solving is focused on trying to solve an immediate problem.

• Creativity

It is essential for generation of options or solutions. Creativity individuals are able to conceptualize new and innovated approaches to a problem by being more flexible and independent in their thinking.