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ABE 482Environmental

Engineering in Biosystems

September 8, 2008Lecture 2

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Today

What is environmental engineering?

Scope of the class

Treatment processes

Waste audits Collection, storage and analysis of

solid waste

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Environmental Engineering

The technology concerned with thereduction of pollution, contamination,and deterioration of the surroundingsin which humans live. (Answers.com)

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Environmental Engineering

Environmental engineering is theapplication of science and engineeringprinciples to improve the environment(air, water, and/or land resources), toprovide healthy water, air, and landfor human habitation and for otherorganisms, and to remediate pollutedsites. (Wikipedia)

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Scope of ABE 482

air-quality control

water supply

wastewater disposal

storm-water management solid-waste management

hazardous-waste management

waste to energy conversions

Civil

Civil

Chemical

ChE 454/882

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Waste Management

What is waste?

What is the cost of waste?

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http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/FDwaste

What is the cost of waste?

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Waste Management

What is waste?

What is the cost of waste?

What incentives are there for

reduction or alternative uses ofwaste?

Are they working?

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Are the incentives working?

http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/soe/waste_indicators/49_percap_waste.html

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Waste Management

What is waste?

What is the cost of waste?

What incentives are there for

reduction or alternative uses ofwaste?

Are they working?

Factors that affect production ofwaste

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Waste Management Hierarchy

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Waste Disposal vs Waste Treatment

Disposal

Landfills

Incineration

Treatment/Utilization

Composting

Digestion

Constructed wetlands

Land application

Conversion facility

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Waste Treatment Processes

Flowchart

Liquid stream

Solid stream

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Reasons for Waste Processing

Treatment of organic solids

Reduces overall waste footprint of aprocess or facility

Generate energy

Generate useful by-product

Secondary and tertiary treatment of

liquids Reduces negative environmental impact

when discharged

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Waste Audits

An assessment of the current

byproducts and analysis of currenthandling methods of a certain process

May be conducted for many reasons To ensure regulatory compliance

To define existing liabilities

To track costs of operation

To improve efficiency of wastemanagement

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Waste Audits

If you were conducting a waste auditfor a facility, what information wouldyou need to know from your client?

What types of waste streams wouldyou expect from

U of S

Cargill Canola Crushing plant

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Waste Analysis

Sampling and analysis requirements

Must consider the medium to be sampledand the environment in which it is in

Frequency of sampling and number of

individual samples needed depends onthe time or spatial variability of thesampling sites

Must always take care to avoidcontamination of the sample

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Waste Analysis

Sampling and analysis techniques

Collection Solid waste

Semi-solid waste

Surface water

Free flowing water

Groundwater

Gas

Storage and preservation

Analysis

Interpretation of results

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Sampling and Analysis Techniques

Collection of solid waste

Must obtain representative sample (may bedifficult if material is heterogeneous)

Random sampling

Divide and conquer Must represent every area of pile or holding tank

Often not possible to quantify the uncertaintiesassociated with the sample selection

Best to select as large a test sample as practical Sample size depends on analysis required

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Sampling and Analysis Techniques

Collection of solid waste

Shallow depths (15 to 30 cm)

Scoops, shovels or soil punch

Depths greater than 30 cm

Trenching, augers, soil probes or splitbarrel samplers

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Sampling and Analysis Techniques

Storage of solid waste

Depends on the type of analysis required

Usually: air tight container made of non-contaminating material

Sometimes: sample must be driedand/or frozen or refrigerated if storedbefore analysis

Minimize time between sampling andanalysis whenever possible

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Sampling and Analysis Techniques

Analysis of solid waste

Physical parameters

Inorganic parameters

Organic parameters

Metals

Industrial hygiene

Microbiological parameters

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Sampling and Analysis Techniques(For solid wastes, parameters of interest)

Physical parameters (0.2 to 2 kg)

Moisture content/solids content

Density, porosity

Chemical parameters (10 to 100 g)

pH, EC Nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, organic C, etc.)

Metals

Microbiological parameters (1 to 10 g) Coliform, E. coli, Enterococci

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Waste Analysis Companies

ALS Laboratory Group (Saskatoon)

Saskatchewan Research Council(SRC)

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Next Day

Important terms/definitions

Waste treatment processes (overview)

Pre-treatment processes

Gravity sorting

Mechanical sorting

Sedimentation

Coagulation/flocculation