ability, intelligence & learning
TRANSCRIPT
AbilityIntelligence
& Learning
Introduction Ability refers to an individuals capacity to perform the various tasks in a job
Intelligence is the cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well and to cope with the demand of daily living
Learning is a change in behavior being able to do something different from what you were able to do before
Ability
Ability
Intellectual Ability
Intellectual abilities are those needed to perform mental activities such as thinking, reasoning and problem solving
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Number AptitudeDescription: Ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic
Job ExampleAccountant: Computing the sales tax on a set of items
Verbal ComprehensionDescription: Ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to each other
Job ExampleLinguistic: Anyone good at translating
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Perceptual SpeedDescription: Ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately
Job ExampleInvestigator: Identifying clues to support a charge of arson
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Inductive reasoningDescription: Ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem
Job exampleMathematician
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Deductive reasoningDescription: Ability to use logic and assess the implications of an argument
Job exampleLawyer
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Spatial VisualizationDescription: Ability to imagine how an object would look if its position in space was changed
Job exampleInterior designers, craftsmen and architects
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Memory
Description: Ability to retain and recall past experiences
Job ExampleSales person, Teachers and Students
Ability
Physical Ability
It is the capacity to do task demanding stamina, dexterity , strength and similar characteristics
Physical Abilities gain importance for successfully doing less skilled and more standardized jobs
Nine Basic Physical Abilities
Strength Factors
Dynamic strength Ability to exert muscular force repeatedly or continuously overtime
Trunk Strength Ability to exert muscular strength using the trunk
Nine Basic Physical Abilities
Strength Factors Static strength Ability to exert force against external objects
Explosive strength Ability to expend a maximum of energy in one or a series of explosive acts
Nine Basic Physical Abilities
Flexibility Factors
Extent flexibility Ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible
Dynamic Flexibility Ability to make rapid and repeated flexing movements
Nine Basic Physical Abilities
Other factors Body Coordination Ability to coordinate the simultaneous action of different parts of the body
Balance Ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance
Stamina Ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort overtime
Biographical Characteristics
Age
Gender
Martial Status
Tenure
Age
There is a wide spread belief that job performance declines with increasing age
Evidence indicates that older workers bring positive qualities like experience, good judgment, and commitment
Age is inversely related to absenteeism. Older employees have lower rate of avoidable absence than do younger employees
Gender Changes have taken place in terms of increasing female participation rate in the workforce & rethinking what constitutes male & female roles
Working mothers are more likely to prefer part-time work, flexible work schedules &telecommuting in order to accommodate their family responsibilities
According to research women have higher rates of absenteeism than men do
Marital Status
Consistent research indicates that marries employees have fewer absence, i.e. they undergo less turnover with their jobs than their unmarried coworkers
Marriage imposes increased responsibilities that may make a steady job more valuable & important
Tenure
Tenure demonstrates a positive relationship between seniority & job productivity
It is expressed as work experience appears to be a good predictor of employee productivity
Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior; evidence indicates that tenure on an employee’s previous job is a powerful predictor of that employee’s future turnover.
Intelligence
Intelligence Intelligence is one of the most researched areas in the field of psychology
Intelligence assumes an important position in the understanding of performance
Definition: According to Wechsler, intelligence is “The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally & to deal effectively with the environment".
Kinds of Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
1. Emotional Intelligence
2. Social Intelligence
3. Cognitive Intelligence
4. Cultural Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
1. Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence refers to how well an individual handles himself and others
Individuals with high emotional intelligence are able to handle the set-backs and upsets of life better
These individuals excel in tasks that requires interaction with others
2.Social Intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
It is the ability of an individual to deal with social situations in this environment
It can also be defined as the intelligence that lies behind group interactions & behaviors
E.g.: Diplomats politicians & social workers require this type of intelligence
Multiple Intelligence
3. Cognitive Intelligence
Cognitive intelligence include intellectual abilities such as logic, reason, reading, writing, analyzing and prioritizing
These abilities do not require any social skills per se E.g.: you can solve a maths equation by yourself or write an essay or balance a business book by yourself
Multiple Intelligence
4. Cultural Intelligence
Cultural intelligence is one’s capability to grow personally through a continuous learning and good understanding of diverse cultural heritage
It teaches one how to deal effectively with people from different cultural background and understanding
Learning
Learning
Learning may be defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience
Three theories have been offered to explain the process by which we acquire patterns of behavior. They are as follows:
Classical Conditioning Theory
Operant Conditioning Theory
Social Learning Theory
Classical Conditioning Theory
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Physiologist is credited for the discovery of learning by Classical Conditioning. Hence Classical Conditioning is also referred to as Pavlovian Conditioning
Pavlov believed that Classical Conditioning was actually learning through association .To study this, Pavlov conducted the following experiment:1. A dog was placed in an apparatus that could measure the amount of salivation 2. At the beginning of the experiment Pavlov rang a bell but there was no response from the dog 3. Next, Pavlov would ring a bell & after a fixed interval of time a small quantity of meat powder was presented to elicit salivation4. This procedure was repeated every fifteen minutes5. Later when the bell alone was presented, the dog responded by salivating
Classical Conditioning Theory
Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning is defined by Skinner as “that form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence”
There are 4 important ways in which desirable & undesirable consequences influence our behavior which are as follows:1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Punishment
4. Extinction
1. Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement is a favorable consequence that encourages repetition of a behavior
It is a process by which people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired outcomes
It depends on 3 important factors:1. Timing
2. Consistency
3. Rewarding
2. Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by removal of an unpleasant event.
Negative Reinforcement increases the likelihood that the response will be made again
3. Punishment
Punishment is any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again
Through punishment we learn what actions “not” to perform E.g.: when the boss shouts or cuts the pay of an employee for coming late, the employee learns not to repeat the behavior
4. Extinction
It is the withholding of significant positive consequence that previously followed desirable behavior
When a response that was once rewarded is no longer rewarded, it tends to weaken and eventually die out
E.g.: If the manager stops rewarding employees for their suggestions then the employees will stop giving suggestions
Social Learning Theory
According to Albert Bandura, people learn through observation and direct experience
Social Learning theory recognizes the mental ability and skills of human beings
For learning to take place by observation following process must occur:1. Attention process2. Retention process3. Reproduction process 4. Reinforcement process
Schedules Of Reinforcement What is “Reinforcement”?
Reinforcement is a systematic process used by the organization to change the behavior of the employees
Reinforcement differs from person to person. What is reinforcing to one person may not be reinforcing to another
Schedules Of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
It occurs when a reinforcer accompanies each correct behavior by an employer
This level of reinforcement may be desirable to encourage quick learning
E.g.: payment of employees for each acceptable item that they produce
Intermittent reinforcement
Schedules Of Reinforcement
It occurs when only some of the correct behaviors are reinforced
A unique feature of intermittent reinforcement is that learning comes to retain longer when it is secured under conditions
Schedules Of ReinforcementIntermittent reinforcement
The four types of intermittent reinforcement are as follows:
1.Fixed interval
2. Variable interval
3. Variable ratio schedule
4. Fixed ratio
Shaping Behavior Shaping is a behavior that managers frequently use to teach employees that are beneficial to the organization
In shaping each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response
The individual receives a reward for each small step towards the final goal
Organizational Applications Behavior Modification involves specific
behavior occur more or less often by systematically managing its uses and consequences
The four specific application of learning are as follows:
1. Reducing absenteeism through lotteries
2. Substituting Well pay for sick pay
3. Indiscipline problem of employees
4. Developing effective employee training programmes
1.Reducing Absenteeism through lotteries The management embarked on an
innovative programme to tackle the problem of absenteeism which consisted of lotteries with attractive prizes
The uniqueness about the lottery was its eligibility requirement where only employees with perfect attendance and no tardiness were eligible to contest
Attendance improved so much that even a storm could not deter the employees from being present at work
2. Substituting Well pay for Sick pay Most organization provide their employee
with paid sick leave as part of their employees fringe benefit programme
Organization should have programme designed to encourage good attendance at work
An attendance which is practiced in most organization is designed to encourage good attendance
3. Employee Indiscipline Employee indiscipline is exhibited in acts such as drunkenness to job, late arrivals to work, stealing company properties etc
Manager response to such things with disciplinary action such as verbal warnings oral reprimands or temporary suspensions
Managers are reinforced to use discipline because it reduces an immediate change in the employee behavior
4.Developing Training Programmes Most organizations have some type of systematic training programmes
Billions of rupees are being spent on training in a single year by organizations the world over
Social learning theory in particular tells the organizers that training should provide a model as it needs to grab the trainees attention
Conclusion An ability represents a broad and stable characteristic which is responsible for a person’s performance
The abilities which arouse the greatest interest in people go by the name of intelligence
Intelligence is closely linked to learning
This presentation was put together by the efforts of
Steffi D’costa
Meera Mathew
Judaline D’souza
Nikita Albert
Brian D’souza
Premilla Serrao
Melissa D’souza