abiotic factors [ay bye aw tik fak turz] the non‐living · scien a ce connections 9 illustrated...

Scien

A

ce Connections 9 Illustrated Glossary

© 2011 Nelson Education Ltd.

acbiotic factors [AYbyeawtik FAKturz] the non‐living haracteristics of an ecosystem (p. 30) absolute magnitude [ABsuhloot MAGnuhtyood] a easurement of how bright an object would be if it were 33 ly rom Earth (p. 309) mf acid precipitation [Asid pruhsi puhTAYshuhn] precipitation that has been made more acidic than normal by combining certain chemicals in the air with water vapour (p. 105)

Science Connections 9 Illustrated Glossary


agroecosystem [AGroEEkosistuhm] an agricultural cosystem designed and maintained by humans to meet the uman need for food (p. 128) eh

lloy [ALoy] a a solid solution of two or more metals (p. 220) lternating current (AC) ar

an electric current that repeatedly everses direction (p. 487) altitude [ALtuhtyood] the angular height of a celestial object above the horizon; measured vertically (in °) from the horizon (p. 344)

Science Connections 9 Illustrate


d Glossary

mmeter [AMeetur] a(

a device used to measure current p. 508) ampere (A) [AMpeer] the unit of electric current (p. 508) apparent magnitude [uhPEHRent MAGnuhtyood] a easurement of how bright an object is when viewed from arth; it depends on luminosity mE and distance (p. 309) sterism [ASTuhrizuhm] as

a pattern of stars in Earth’s night ky (p. 340) steroids [AStuhroydz] ac

small, rocky, irregularly shaped elestial objects that orbit the Sun (p. 301) astronomical [AStruhNAWmikuhl] unit (AU) the average istance between Earth and the Sun; about 150 million km p. 331) d( tmosphere [ATmuhsfeer]as

the thin layer of gases that urrounds Earth (p. 28) atomic number the number of protons in an atom of an element; each element has a different atomic number (p. 212)

Science Connections 9 Illustrated


Glossary

aurora [uhRAWruh] coloured lights in the sky produced hen the solar wind comes in contact with Earth’s magnetic ield anwf d the atmosphere (p. 314)

xis a an imaginary line around which an object rotates (p. 333) azimuth [Azimuhth] the horizontal angular distance from north measured (in °) eastward along the horizon to a point directly below a celestial object (p. 344)

B Big Bang theory the theory that the Universe began in an ncredibly hot, dense expansion about 14 billion years ago (p. 54) i3 bioaccumulation [BYEouhKYOOmyooLAYshuhn] the oncentration of a substance, such as a pesticide, in the body of n organism (p. 142) ca bioamplification [BYEoAMpluhfuhKAYshuhn] the ncrease in concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide, as it oves higher up the food chain or food web

im (p. 143) iodiversity [BYEoduhVURsuhtee] bi

the variety of species n an ecosystem (p. 88)



biogeochemical [BYEoJEEoKEMuhkuhl] cycles

tmovement of matter through the biotic and abiotic parts of

he environment (p. 48) iomes [BYEoms] bc

large geographical regions defined by limate with a specific set of biotic and abiotic features (p. 60) iosphere [BYEosfeer]bw

the zone in, on, and around Earth here life can exist (p. 29)

iotic factors [byeAWtik FAKturz] living things, their ains, and the features, such as nests, associated with their vities (p. 30)

bremacti

C carbon cycle the series of processes that moves carbon ompounds throughout the lithosphere, atmosphere, ydrosphere, and biosphere (p. 50) ch carrying capacity [KEReeing kuhPAsuhtee] the aximum population size of a species that a given ecosystem an sustain (p. 57) mc catalyst [KATuhlist] a substance that speeds up a chemical change without being consumed or chemically changed itself (p. 258)



elestial [suhLESteeuhl] object cs

any object that exists in pace (p. 292) cellular respiration [SELyoolur respuhRAYshuhn] the rocess by which sugar and oxygen are converted into carbon ioxide, water, and energy to provide energy for the cell (p. 40) pd

haracteristic property cs

a property that is unique to a ubstance and that can be used to identify the substance (p. 190)

Science Connections 9 Illustrated G


lossary

charging by conduction charging an object by contact with a charged object (p. 470)

charging by friction the charging of two neutral objects made of different materials by rubbing them together (p. 468)



Glossary

charging by induction charging a neutral object by bringing another charged object close to, but not touching, the neutral object (p. 474)

cshemical change a change in which one or more new ubstances is formed (p. 183) hemical property cw

a description of what a substance does hen it reacts to produce new substances (p. 180)

ircuit [SURkuht] diagram cc

a way of drawing an electric ircuit using standard symbols (p. 502) ircumpolar [surkuhmPOLur] a star or constellation that ever sets below the horizon (p. 341) cn ombustibility [kuhmbustuhBILuhtee] cs

the ability of a ubstance to burn (p. 180) combustion [kuhmBUSchuhn] a rapid chemical change nvolving oxygen and a fuel that releases large amounts of nergy (pie . 264) comet a large chunk of ice, rock, and dust that orbits the Sun (p. 332)



command module the section of a spacecraft in which stronauts live, communicate with Earth, and operate controls uring a flight (ad p. 375) ommunity ct

all the living organisms, from all the populations, hat live in the same ecosystem (p. 31) compound a pure substance made up of two or more elements that are chemically joined (p. 249)

conductivity [kuhndukTIvuhtee] a measure of a aterial’s ability to conduct thermal energy or electricity (pp. 20, 485) m2 onductor ce

a material that transmits thermal energy or lectrical energy easily (p. 484) onstellation [kawnstuhLAYshuhn] a region of stars in the ight sky (p. 340) cn



onsumer co

an organism that obtains its energy by consuming ther organisms, or the pro . 40) ducts of other organisms (p controlled experiment an experiment in which the ndependent variable is purposely changed to find out what hange, if any, occurs in the dependent ic variable (p. 8) osmologists [kawsMAWluhjist] cm

scientists who study the akeup and origins of the Universe (p. 354)

ers crat

the

D

circular or bowl‐shaped holes in surfaces caused by impact of a celestial object (p. 301)

dsecomposition the breaking down of a compound into impler substances (p. 256) density a measure of how much mass is contained in a given olume of a substance; you calculate density by dividing the ass of a sample by its v

vm olume (p. 191) ependent variable dt

a variable that changes in response to he change in the independent variable (p. 7) irect current (DC) de

an electric current in which the flow of lectrons travels in one direction only (p. 486) uctile [DUHKtyeuhl] dw

a material’s ability to be pulled into a ire (p. 220)

Science Connections


9 Illustrated Glossary

warf planet ds

a celestial object that orbits the Sun and has a pherical or round shape, but does not clear its orbit (p. 305)

E escological footprint a measure of the land area required to ustain a given population of humans (p. 150) ecological niche [EEkuhLAWjikuhl NEESH] the function a pecies serves in its ecosystem, including where it lives, what it ats, what eats it, and how it behase ves (p. 42) cosystem [EEkosistuhm] ea

all the living organisms in an rea and their non‐living environment (p. 30) efficiency [eFISHensee] a measure of how much useful nergy an electrical device produces compared with the amount f energy that was sueo pplied to the device (p. 436) lectrical energy ec

a type of energy that comes from the flow of harged particles; it allows electrica 20) l devices to function (p. 4 lectrical energy consumption ee

the amount of electrical nergy used, often measured in kilowatt hours (p. 434)



electrical energy distribution grid a network that carries lectricity from the energy generating station to the consumer p. 422) e( lectrical resistance (R)et

the ability of a material to oppose he flow of electrons through it (p. 510) lectric chargeee

positive or negative charge on objects that xert an electric force (p. 460) electric circuit a continuous path along which electrons flow hat includes an energy source, a load, conductors, and usually a witch (p. 500) ts lectric currentea

the flow of electricity through a conductor in closed path (p. 486) lectric current (I) ep

the rate of flow of electrons past a certain oint in a circuit (p. 508) lectric discharge eo

the rapid transfer of electrons from one bject to another (p. 464) lectric force ec

force of attraction or repulsion between harged objects (p. 460) electrolysis [elekTRAWluhsis] the process during which lectricity is used to break down a compound into simpler ubstances (es p. 256) lectron eo

a negatively charged particle found in an orbit utside the nucleus of an atom (p. 210) lement es

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into impler substances, either physically or chemically (p. 211) energy source a device that provides electrical energy in a circuit, such as a battery or an electrical outlet (p. 500)



equilibrium [EEkwuhLIBreeuhm] the state of an cosystem in which the biotic and abiotic features remain elatively constant over a long perioer d of time (p. 82) quinoxes [EKwuhnawksez] ed

days when the hours of aylight equal the hours of darkness (p. 338) xperimental design e a brief description of the procedure by hich a hypothesis or prw

ediction is tested (p. 10)

inct [eksTINKT] ext

F

no longer existing on Earth (p. 93)

fn

ertilizer a substance applied to an area to provide the utrients plants need for growth (p. 131)

Science Connec


tions 9 Illustrated Glossary

food web a representation of the feeding relationships within a community (p. 45)

G gsalaxies [GAluhksees] huge, rotating collection of gas, dust, tars, planets, and other celestial objects (p. 294) generator device that produces electricity by rotating a wire coil near a magnet (p. 422)



gw

eocentric [jeeoSENtrik] model model of the Universe in hich Earth is at the centre (p. 330)

ravitational [GRAvuhTAYshuhnuhl] force ga

the force of ttraction between two massive objects; gravity (p. 348) grounding connecting an object to a large body, like Earth, that can remove an electric charge from the object (p. 476)

gt

roup or chemical family a vertical column in the periodic able of elements (p. 212)

Scien

H



habitat the environment where an organis ) m lives (p. 28 eliocentric [HEEleeoSENtrik] model hU

model of the niverse in which the Sun is at the centre (p. 330)

ypothesis [hyePAWthuhsis]h a possible answer or tested explanation that relates to the initial question in an periment (p. 10)

unex

I iindependent variable a variable that is changed by the nvestigator (p. 7) induced charge separation a shift in the position of lectrons in a neutral object that occurs when a charged object is rought near it (p. 474) eb nsulator [INsuhlaytur] it

a material that resists or blocks he flow of electrons through it (p. 485) nternational Space Station (ISS) Il

a research laboratory in ow orbit around Earth (p. 369) nvasive species [inVAYsiv SPEEseez] i a non‐native cies that has a negative impact on the natural environment 01)

spe(p. 1 K kilowatt 1000 watts (p. 423) kilowatt hour a unit of energy equal to using 1000 W for one hour (p. 423)

Scien

L


1 Nelson Education Ltd.

Law of Electric Charges objects that have opposite charges ttract each other; objects that have like charges repel each ther (p. 462ao ) ight year the distance that light travels in a year; the unit is ly p. 308) l( imiting factor lp

any factor that restricts the size of a opulation or where it can live (p. 54) oad la

an electrical device that converts electrical energy into nother form of energy (p. 500) uminosity [loomuhNAWsuhtee] the amount of energy eleased by a star each second (lr p. 308) uminous [LOOmuhnuhs] ls

producing and giving off light; hining (p. 292) unar cycle the sequence of phases made by the Moon during ne orbit aroundlo Earth (p. 349) lunar eclipse when the Moon passes through Earth’s shadow and does not reflect as much sunlight as usual (p. 352)

© 201

M malleable [MAleeuhbul] a material’s ability to be


ammereh d into different shapes (p. 220) etal m

aa shiny substance that usually is malleable (bendable)

nd is a good conductor of electricity (p. 220) meteor a meteoroid that burns up as it travels through arth’s atmosphere; it forms a bright streak of light in the night ky (p. 332) Es eteoroid m

i a small celestial object made of rock or metal that

s smaller than an asteroid (p. 332) microgravity [MYEkrogravuhtee] environment an nvironment in which objects behave as though there is very ittle gravity affecting them (p. 3el 87) olecule [MAWluhkyool] m

c

two or more atoms that are hemically joined (p. 248)

onoculture [MAWNokulchur] m

can agroecosystem (a farm)

onsisting of a s


ingle crop in an area (p. 128) multimeter a device used to measure different circuit quantities (p. 513)



N natural fertilizers plant nutrients that have been obtained rom natural sources and have not been chemically changed by umans (p. 131) fh atural satellite no

a celestial object that orbits a larger celestial bject (p. 294) egatively charged object nt

an object that has more electrons han protons (p. 461)

eutral [NYOOtruhl]no

having no charge or an equal number f positive and negative charges (p. 460)


neutral object an object that has an equal number of protons and electrons (p. 461)

neeutron [NYOOtrawn] a particle in an atom that has no lectrical charge (p. 210) nonmetal an element that is usually a gas at room emperature or a dull, brittle solid, and a poor conductor of hermal energy and electricity (p. 2tt 24) nonrenewable energy source an energy source that either annot be renewed, or that takes millions of years to renew aturally (p. 424) cn uclear reactions reactions in which the nuclei of atoms nge; these types of reactions produce large amounts of rgy (p. 312)

n


chaene

O observational study the careful watching and recording of a subject or event to gather scientific information to answer a question (p. 8)



ohm (Ω) [Ouhm] the unit of e ) lectrical resistance (p. 510 hmmeter [Ouhmmeetur] oe

a device used to measure lectrical resistance (p. 510) Ohm’s law the relationship between resistance, current, and otential difference; for a given potential difference, as the esistanpr ce increases, the current decreases (p. 518)

rbit o the closed path that a celestial object takes around

ther object; elliptical or circular in shape (p. 293) ano

P parallel circuit a circuit in which two or more loads are connected so that electrons can follow more than one path (p. 503)

eriod p2

a horizontal row in the periodic table of elements (p. 12)

Science Connections 9


Illustrated Glossary

periodic table the table that lists all the known elements in ows and columns based on patterns of similar properties (p. 11) r2 est pi

any plant, animal, or other living organism that causes llness or harm and is an annoyance to humans (p. 128) esticide [PESTuhsyed] p1

a substance used to kill a pest (p. 39) hases of the Moon pM

the changing amount of illuminated oon surface visible from Earth (p. 349)

hotosynthesis [FOtoSINthuhsis] pt

the process in which he Sun’s energy is converted into chemical energy (p. 39)

hotovoltaic [fotovolTAYik] cell pl

a device that converts ight directly into electrical energy (p. 429)

Science Connections 9 Ill


ustrated Glossary

hysical change pt

a change in a substance that does not involve he formation of a new substance (p. 182)

hysical property po

a characteristic of a substance that you can bserve or measure without forming a new substance (p. 178) lanet p(

a large, round celestial object that travels around a star p. 293) opulation pt

all the members of the same species that live in he same ecosystem (p. 31)

Science Connections 9 Illustrated Glo


ssary

ositively charged object pt

an object that has fewer electrons han protons (p. 461)

potential difference or voltage (V) the difference in electric otential energy per unit of charge measured between two oints (p. 509) pp recipitate [pruhSIPuhtayt] pl

a solid that forms when two iquids are mixed (p. 185) rediction pc

a statement that predicts the outcome of a ontrolled experiment (p. 10) roducer pu

an organism that makes its own energy‐rich food sing the Sun’s energy (p. 39)

roton [PROtawn] p(

a positively charged particle in an atom p. 210)

Scien

Q



qualitative [KWAluhtaytiv] observation a non‐umerical observation that describes the qualities of objects or vents (p. 12) ne quantitative [KWANtuhtaytiv] observation a numerical

ervation based on measurements or counting (p. 11) obs

R re

adiant [RAYdeeent] energy energy that travels through mpty space (p. 38)

ed shift rv

light from a galaxy shifting toward the red end of the isible spectrum (p. 354) eflecting telescope ra

a telescope that uses mirrors to gather nd focus light (p. 298) efracting telescope ra

a telescope that uses lenses to gather nd focus light (p. 298) enewable energy source rr

an energy source that can be eplaced in a relatively short period of time (p. 428)

revolve to orbit a central point or object (p. 333)



ocket booster ra

a powerful rocket engine that contains fuel nd attach es to a spacecraft for use during launch (p. 370)

otates r

moves, or turns, around a centre point (p. 333)

ra

usting a slow chemical change of iron reacting with oxygen nd water (p. 265)

Scie

S

nce Connections 9 Illustrated Glossary


series circuit a circuit in which two or more loads are connected one after another so that electrons follow only one path (p. 502)

solar eclipse when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth and blocks some or all of the Sun’s light (p. 351)

olar flare sa

gases and charged particles that are blasted above n active region of the photosphere (p. 314) olar System Sa

the Sun and all the celestial objects that travel round it (p. 293) olar wind sS

electrically charged particles that flow from the un’s corona out into space (p. 314)

Science Connections 9 Illus


trated Glossary

olstice [SOLstis] st

a day when Earth’s axis is most inclined oward, or away from, the Sun (p. 338)

olubility s t 178) he ability to dissolve in another substance (p. pacecraft se

a robotic or human‐occupied vehicle used to xplore space and celestial objects (p. 368) pace junk s(

wreckage from artificial objects orbiting Earth p. 382) space technology spinoffs technologies originally designed or space exploration that have made their way into everyday se (p. fu 391) tar sa

a massive collection of gases in space that emits large mounts of energy (p. 292) tar cluster s(

a dense group of stars held together by gravity p. 319) tatic electricity ss

an imbalance of electric charge at rest on the urface of an object (p. 464)



smtewardship [STOOuhrdship] taking responsibility for anaging and protecting the environment (p. 113)

subscript the small number that follows the symbol for an lement in a chemical formula and shows how many atoms of he element are present (p. 248)et uccession [sukSESHuhn] si

the observed changes over time n an ecosystem, following a disturbance (p. 83) unspot sa

a dark area of the Sun’s surface that is cooler than the rea surrounding it (p. 313) sustainable [suhsTAYnuhbul] ecosystem an ecosystem hat maintains relatively constant biotic and abiotic features orever (ptf . 34) witch sa

a control device that allows you to safely open or close circuit (p. 500) synthetic fertilizers plant nutrients that are produced by

jecting natural materials to chemical processes (p. 131) sub

T thermal generation a method for generating electricity in hich water is heated to produce steam, which spins a turbine onnectedwc to a generator (p. 424)

hrust t the force of a rocket engine (p. 370) ime zone tu

a vertical section of Earth’s surface that has a niform time (p. 334) olerance [TAWLuhrens] range tc

the range of abiotic onditions within which a species can survive (p. 54)



Glossary

trophic [TROfik] level the level of an organism in an ecosystem, depending on its feeding position along a food chain (p. 44)

U Ua

niverse everything that exists, including all matter, energy, nd space (p. 294)

Scien

V



vvariable [VEHReeuhbuhl] any condition that changes or aries the outcome of a scientific inquiry (p. 7)

olt (V) v the unit of potential difference (p. 509) voltmeter a device used to measure potential difference (p. 509)

W ws

aning decreasing in size; a period during which the visible urface of the Moon decreases (p. 349)

Science Connection


s 9 Illustrated Glossary

water cycle the series of processes that moves water through the environment (p. 49)

Science Connectio


ns 9 Illustrated Glossary

atershed wa

the land area drained by a particular river or lake; lso called a drainage basin (p. 63)

waxing increasing in size; a period during which the visible surface of the Moon increases (p. 349)

abiotic factors [ay bye aw tik fak turz] the non‐living · scien a ce connections 9 illustrated...

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