abiotic factors resources factors. tolerance range homeostasis
TRANSCRIPT
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Abiotic Factors
• Resources
• Factors
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Tolerance Range
• Homeostasis
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Optimal Growth Temperatures Microbial Activity
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Temperature
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Aquatic Temperatures
• Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade.
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Homeostasis• Definition
• Mechanisms– Physiological
– Behavioral
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Thermoneutral Zone
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LETHAL TEMPERATURE RELATIONS FOR TWO SPECIES OF FISH. ENCLOSED AREA OF EACHTRAPEZIUM IS THE ZONE OF TOLERANCE
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Thermoneutral Zones
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Microclimates• Macroclimate:
• Microclimate:
• Altitude• Higher altitude - lower temperature.
– Aspect• Offers contrasting environments.
– Vegetation• Ecologically important microclimates.
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Microclimates
• Ground Color
• Boulders / Burrows
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Microclimate
• The distribution of species and temperature contour maps do not always coincide
• This is because the temperatures organisms experience are greatly effected by numerous things.– Behavior of animals – North-facing & south-facing slopes
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Plant Resources
• Solar radiation (energy source)
• Water
• CO2
• Minerals (nutrients)
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Saguaro cactus (Cereus giganteus)Distribution determined
by temp.Limited by temperature
remaining below freezing for 36 hr.
Dots are sites where temp. remains below freezing for 36 hr. or more. “X’s” are sites where these conditions have not been recorded. The dotted line is the boundary of the Sonoran desert.
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Optimal Photosynthetic Temperatures
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• Stomata– Bring CO2 in
– Allow H2O to escape
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Heat Exchange Pathways
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Temperature Regulation by Plants
• Desert Plants: Must reduce heat storage.– Hs = Hcd + Hcv + Hr
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Temperature Regulation by Plants
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Temperature Regulation by Plants
• Arctic and Alpine Plants– Two main options to stay warm:
• Tropic Alpine Plants– Rosette plants generally retain dead leaves,
which insulate and protect the stem from freezing.
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Yarrow (Achillea) along an altitudinal gradient
West East
Sierra-Nevada Range
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Natural Selection
High temperatureHigh humidity
Low temperatureLow humidity Many
Generations
Cold genotype
Moderate genotype
Warm genotype
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Animal Resources & Factors
• Temperature
• Oxygen, water
• Nutrition (energy source)
• Defense
• Intraspecific competition
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Temperature and Animal Performance
• Biomolecular Level– Most enzymes have rigid, predictable shape at
low temperatures
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• Heat Transfer
• Htot= Hc ± Hr ± Hs - He
Htot = total metabolic heat
Hc = Conductive & convective
Hr = Radiative
Hs = Storage
He = evaporation
Heat Exchange Pathways
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Body Temperature Regulation• Poikilotherms
• Homeotherms
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Body Temperature Regulation• Poikilotherms
• Homeotherms
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Body Temperature Regulation
• Ectotherms
• Endotherms
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Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals
• Liolaemus Lizards– Thrive in cold
environments• Burrows
• Dark pigmentation
• Sun Basking
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Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals
• Grasshoppers– Some species adjust
for radiative heating by varying intensity of pigmentation during development
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Temp Regulation - costs
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Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals
• Regional Heterothermy
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Countercurrent heat exchange:
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Countercurrent Heat Exchange
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Temperature Regulation
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rete mirabile
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Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants
• Almost all plants are poikilothermic ectotherms– Plants in family Araceae
use metabolic energy to heat flowers
– Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) stores large quantities of starch in large root, and then translocate it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized thus generating heat
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Surviving Extreme
Temperatures• Inactivity
• Reduce Metabolic Rate
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Adaptations to Environmental
Extremes
• Dormancy– Diapause– Torpor– Hibernation– Estivation
• Bergman’s Rule
• Allen’s Rule
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Dormancy
• Diapause
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Temp. Regulation
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• Bergmann’s Rule
– Retains heat better
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• Bergmann’s Rule
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• Allen’s Rule
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Water Movement in Aquatic Environments
• Water moves down concentration gradient– freshwater vs. saltwater
• Aquatic organisms can be viewed as an aqueous solution bounded by a semi-permeable membrane floating in an another aqueous solution
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Water Movement in Aquatic Environments
• If 2 environments differ in water or salt concentrations, substances move down their concentration gradients– Diffusion
• Osmosis:
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Water Movement in Aquatic Environment
• Isomotic: – [Salt]– body fluids = external fluid
• Hypoosmotic: – [Salt] <– body fluids > external fluid– Water moves out
• Hyperosmotic: – [Salt] >– body fluids < external fluids– Water moves in
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Water Regulation on Land
• Terrestrial organisms face (2) major challenges:– Evaporative loss to environment.– Reduced access to replacement water.
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Water Regulation on Land - Plants
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Water Regulation on Land - Plants
• Wip= Wr + Wa - Wt - Ws
• Wip= Plant’s internal water
• Wr =Roots
• Wa = Air
• Wt = Transpiration
• Ws = Secretions
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Water Regulation on Land - Animals
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Water Regulation on Land - Animals
• Wia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws
• Wia= Animal’s internal water
• Wd = Drinking
• Wf = Food
• Wa = Absorbed by air
• We = Evaporation
• Ws = Secretion / Excretion
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Water Acquisition by Animals
• Most terrestrial animals satisfy their water needs via eating and drinking.– Can also be gained via metabolism through
oxidation of glucose:• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
– Metabolic water refers to the water released during cellular respiration.
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Water Conservation by Plants and Animals
• Many terrestrial organisms equipped with waterproof outer covering.
• Concentrated urine / feces.• Condensing water vapor in breath.• Behavioral modifications to avoid stress times.• Drop leaves in response to drought.• Thick leaves• Few stomata• Periodic dormancy
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Figure 3.17
Kangaroo rat, in SW USA, forages for food at night; benefit of cooler air temps. Water conserved via condensation in large nasal passages and lungs.
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Loop of Henle in mammal kidney
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Dissimilar Organisms with Similar Approaches to Desert
Life• Camels
– Can withstand water loss up to 20%.• Face into sun to reduce exposure.• Thick hair: Increased body temperature lowers heat
gradient.
• Saguaro Cactus– Trunk / arms act as water storage organs.– Dense network of shallow roots.– Reduces evaporative loss.
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• Temperatures above thermoneutrality
– Become hyperthermic by raising TB to near TA, thereby reducing water loss and continuing dry heat transfer• e.g., many desert mammals
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Readings
• Ecological Issues (EI): Urban Microclimates, p. 34
• EI – Groundwater Resources, p.39
• Quantifying Ecology 4.1, pp.59-60
• Field Studies – Kaoru Kitajima, pp. 112-113
• Quantifying Ecology 7.1, pp. 140-141