abou fares el -dahdah ì gómósdg ¢sqÉa ƒhgc
TRANSCRIPT
PROKOGRAMá
á
A SOCIAL IMPERATIVE
ABOU FARES EL-DAHDAH
Copyright © 2011, Antoine Robert El-Dahdah
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmit-
ted by any means—whether auditory, graphic, mechanical, or electronic—with-
out written permission of the author, except in the case of brief excerpts used in
critical articles and reviews. Unauthorized reproduction of any part of this work
is illegal and is punishable by law.
ISBN 978-1-105-51858-4
Titles of structure 10
HAMZAt at the beginning of the word 26
HAMZAt in the middle of the word 28
HAMZAt at the end of the word 30
Table of contents
The noun 38
Tiltles of declension in the noun 60
Noun with regular ending 62
Noun with open ending 64
Noun with reduced ending 66
Prohibited from variation 68
With shortened and extended ending 74
Structured noun 76
Permanent structure 78
Accidental structure 80
Supposition of declension and structure 84
The denuded noun 86
Augmented and retrenched 88
Noun with curtalied ending 94
Qualified and qualificative 96 Defective in L 172
Mixed joint 174
Mixed separated 176
Conjugation of measure: FARRALA 182
Conjugation of measure: FÂRALA 184
Conjugation of measure: AFRALA 186
Conjugation of measure: TAFARRALA 188
Conjugation of measure: TAFÂRALA 190
Conjugation of measure: INFARALA 192
Conjugation of measure: IFTARALA 194
Conjugation of measure: IFRALLA 196
Conjugation of measure: ISTAFRALA 198
Conjugation of measure: FARLALA 200
Conjugation of measure: TAFARLALA 202
Conjugation of measure: IFRALALLA 204
5- KINDS OF NOUNS
The transitive verb 134
The deficient verb 138
The verb and N of confirmation 142
The inert verb 144
Conjugation of the past verb 148
Conjugation of the conform verb 150
Conjugation of the ignored verb 152
Conjugation of the imperative verb 154
Classification of the verb 156
Sound intact verb 158
Defective in F 168
Defective in R 170
Masculine and feminine 102
The dual noun 104
Other plurals 120
The complete verb 130
The permanent verb 132
Variable and invariable noun 210
The noun of genus 212
The five nouns 214
The proper noun 216
Simple proper noun 218
Composite proper noun 220
The original noun 224
4
The conjunctive noun 270
The artificial original 234
The noun of one act and of manner 236
The allusive noun 274
The interpreted original 238
The circumstantial noun 276
Pro-circumstantial and directions 278
The agent noun 240
The verbal noun 280
The patient noun 242
The similar quality 244
The examples of the superlative 248
The noun of place 250
The noun of time 252
The noun of instrument 254
Invariable noun 256
The demonstrative noun 264
The interrogative noun 266
The numeral nolun 284
Cardinal numeral writing 286
Ordinal numeral writing 288
Supposition of the signs of declension 292
Openness of the conform verb 294
Elision of the conform verb 296
Condition and answer 298
Elision by request 300
The five verbs 304
Factor of regularity 306
Outline of nouns with open ending 312
Openness of the noun 314
The direct patient 316
HAMZAt of “Indeed” 390
Action of reduction 394
Letters of reduction 398
Attachment of reduction 402
Oral annexation 410
11- THE FOLLOWERS
The descriptive 416
Real descriptive 418
Occasional descriptive 420
The confirmative 422
The absolute patient 334
The causal patient 336
The circumstantial patient 338
The concomitant patient 340
The distinctive 350
Distinctive of praise and blame 354
“To suppose” and sisters 318
“To show” and sisters 320
Patient by verb of astonishment 322
Specification 324
Call 326
9- THE ANNULLERS
“To be about to” and sisters 384
“Not” and sisters 386
“Indeed” and sisters 388
The primate and the predicate 360
The primate 362
The predicate 364
Connection predicate-primate 366
12- THE SENTENCE IN SYNTAX
The speech 430
The substitute 424
The attraction 426
Coordinating attraction 428
Declensikon with vowels 438
Declension with letters 440
Declension by elimination 442
The place in the analysis 452
Kinds of sentences 454
It has a place or it has no place 464
The augmented original noun 228
The original noun in M 230
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PREFACE
Are the integrity and existence of the Arabic language in danger? Are
there cultural divides among Arabic speaking countries caused by the growing
supremacy of the spoken over the written language? Can Arabic grammar be
reformed without compromising its age old syntax, which has enriched its litera-
ture? Should a proposed reform be implemented, what legal authority would
have the power of implementation and control? Must delays be foreseen in the
implementation of such a program?
Such are the questions for which this book's author attempts to provide
answers, solutions, and justifications. These same questions were posed more
than thirty years ago when the author wrote his first book of grammar and decid-
ed, ever since, to separately record answers deemed appropriate. In this period,
the author wrote fifteen books on the Arabic grammar and another fifteen on the
grammatical analysis of the Koran and on the definitions of words by the Arab
Academy of Cairo. All told, 200,000 books have so far been sold worldwide.
The answer to the questions above is indeed a "yes"! The Arabic lan-
guage in its classical form is increasingly threatened by the very processes of
modernization and the more recent digital revolution. World revolutions produce
inevitable effects and other ancient languages such as Latin, for example, were
not spared and eventually had to evolve into French, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese and Romanian derivatives.
Having had its practice censored under Ottoman rule, written Arabic
remained intact for a longer period. Over the centuries, however, spoken Arabic
did get dialectically dislocated into four distinct geographic regions: the
Euphrates, the Nile, the Arabian Peninsula, and North Africa. In each of these
dialectical regions, the spoken language has superseded the rigid rules of tradi-
tional grammar to such a degree that, in the near future, an Arab speaker from
the Eastern Mediterranean will be unable to communicate verbally with another
from the Western Mediterranean.
8
This book seeks to remedy this tragic situation by making the grammar of
Arabic accessible to all.
To those who might otherwise object and refuse to touch the purity of the
Arabic language, one can say that the only alternative will be to accept the
inevitable loss of lingusitic unity, without which no Arabism is possible. To those
who might raise objections on religious grounds, one can say that the Holy
Koran itself offers examples where the ease of speech takes precedence over
academic rules.
These are mere suggestions, which no one is required to implement.
Abou Fares El-Dahdah
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d≤ór ON∏æÉ HÉJuü°É∫m e™ Lª«™p gò√p G÷Ée©Éäp hŸù°æÉ eói QZÑàp¡É ‘ fû°ôp Gd∏táp Gd©ôH« s
á, hg» n QZÑál eæàû°ôIl
HÚn GCQLÉAp G’CS°ÉJòIp hGd£tÓsÜp hGdæsƒGO… Gd©ôH« s
áp Gd©ójóIp Gdsà» JÎYô´o a«¡É G◊«ÉIo G’LàªÉY« s
á.
u Gÿéƒ∫p MÉd«
v É, S°ƒ±
o ‘ GŸù°à≤Ñπp Gd≤ôjÖp ’C¿s f¶É
n Gd©ôV¢p hGd£s∏Öp ⁄ jü°π
r
H©óo GEd`≈ Gf©pµÉS¢p N§u Gdù° s
Òp eø Gd≤ÉQ s
Ip G’CeÒc« s
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h‘ eÉ jîàü¢ t
HÉd≤ôGB¿p GdµôË d≤ó boªæÉ còdp∂n H©ªπm ⁄ j≤º r H¬ GdµãÒ
o eø GŸã≤sØÚn Gd©ôÜ.
hbór GCOsi Pd∂ GEd`≈ ŒôHám aôjóIm eø fƒYp¡É ⁄ fµør fàƒbs© o
¡É fù°Ñák dÓEeµÉf« s
Éäp Gd†°s©«Øá Gdsà» cÉfnâ HëƒRnJpæÉ.
GV°£ô s
jæÉ YÈ n
s áp Gdü°
s ∞ u hGd£uÑÉYáp, GEd`≈ fù°ïp Gd≤ôGB¿p GdµôËp epø G’Cdp∞ Màn≈
Gd«ÉA eô s
OIp G◊Ée∏áp b∏ª k
É )⁄ jµøp Gd≤ôGB¿o GdµôË o eù°é
s Ók Y∏≈ GCbôGU¢m co¡ÒH«
s á(, heô
s JÚp GCoNô
OIp Gd£sÉQbáp eØÉJ«í n )H©óe
n É GCU°Ñí
S°Ñ≥n Pd∂n Móçl YÉHô l
YæóeÉ cæsÉ ‘ GCHƒXÑ» HõjÉQIm bü°ÒIm:
S°æá 0991, J©ô s
aæÉ gæÉ∑ GEd`≈ eƒDS° s
ù°ám d¨ƒj s
ám V°îªám : GÛª s
™ o Gdãs≤É‘
t ‘ GCHƒ XÑ». hŸ
s É cæsÉ ‘ WƒQp
JÉCd«∞p ''e©éº Jü°ôj∞ G’Ca©É∫ Gd©ôH« s
á'', GCNòfnÉ fÎOsOo Y∏≈ eµàÑáp gòG GÛª s
™p HëãkÉ Yø eôGL™ n LójóIm.
GE¿s GÛª s
™ Gdãs≤É‘ s eƒDS°
u , Jà†°ª
o
hG’Cgº t epø Pd∂n GCfs¡
n É eóYƒeál Hé¡ÉRm GEOGQ…
x Y∏≈ ZÉjáp Gd©ªÓf«áp hGdØ©
s Éd«
s á.
u π o Ogû°ànæÉ GCeÉ
n G÷¡óp G÷Ñ
s ÉQp Gdsò… S°ªí
n d¡ò√p GŸƒDS°
s ù°áp GC¿ Jµƒ
u ¿n GCV°înº
áp ‘ eósIm ’ JàéÉhRo Gdù° s
æƒGäp Gd≤∏«∏á.
n GŸƒGV°«™, hGŸƒGV°«™
n Yp∏rºp Gd©ôH«
s áp Gdsò… jóNπ
k É hGS°©
t aı.
hgæÉ GCj†°kÉ cÉfnâ a†°ƒdp«àtæÉ QGV°«ák eôV°« s
ák.
G÷æÉì o
G’CÁøo jëàƒp… Y∏≈ GÛ∏sóGäp GŸà©∏u≤áp Hp©p∏º n Gd©ôH«
s á: GCHƒ G’CS°ƒO GdóthDdp» 96g` Gdsò… ŒÉhÜ
n e™
o gnònG Gdæsë
r ƒ n
z, Kº s Gÿ∏«π Hø GCMªó 071g` hcàÉÜ Gd©Ú )GCh
s ∫ e©éº d¨ƒ…
q
‘ Gd©É⁄(, S°«Ñƒj¬ 081g` hGdµàÉÜ, Gdµù°ÉF» q 981g` hYp∏º Gdæqëƒ, GdØô
s GA 702g` hcàÉÜ GŸ©ÉÊ, G’CNØnû¢
112g` hcàÉÜ GŸù°ÉFpπ GdµÑÒ, hZÒ o
gº...
jëàƒp… Y∏≈ JØù°Òp Gd≤ôGB¿ GdµôË: JØù°Ò o
Gdô s
GdÑ«†°Éh… 586g`,
JØù°Ò o
o GÿÉR¿ S°æá 147g`, JØù°Ò
o GCH» M«
o G÷ÓdnÚp S°æá
468h119g` ...
12
Kº s HÚn Gd«ªÚp hGd«ù°ÉQ bù°º
o GEYôGÜp Gd≤ôGB¿ GdµôË. hgænÉ T°©ô
r fnÉ HÉCfsænÉ eø GCgπp GdÑ«â, hHóGCfÉ fàØë
s ü¢ o
o gÉ Y¶«ªák ‘ Y∏rºp Gd©ôH«
s áp GCNònä Jù°à©ôV¢o GCeÉeæÉ:
‘ bóËp GdõseÉ¿, Gdõsflû°ô… q hcû°sÉao¬, Gd©µÈ…
t hJÑ«Éfo¬, GCHƒ M«
s É¿ hfi«£o¬, GdõsL
s Éê hJæõj∏o¬, GHø Gdæsë
s ÉS¢
hGEYôGH o
ó Y∏» WÉ√ n GdótQ
s I hH«Éfo¬, fiªƒO U°É‘ hLóhdo¬, GEHôGg«º GdµôHÉS°»
q hGEYôGH
h‰©øo Gdæs¶ô n
HÉJuéÉ√p gòG Gd©Édnºp Gÿ«Édp» u Gdsò… Jô∑n dæÉ GEQKkÉ cÑÒ
k G:
MóGì Y∏≈ gò√ Gdô t
aız.
{- f©º n GEPG “µsøn eø Gd≤«Ép HÉEYôGÜp Gd≤ôGB¿p GdµôËp ‘ ›∏sóm hGMóm j
o ù°Éh… YóOn U°ØëÉJ¬p... aÉÛÉ∫
o
–óx cÑÒ l
Y∏≈ eù°àƒ n
i bóQGJpæÉ, bô s
QfÉ eƒGL¡àn¬o hHóGCfÉ HôM∏ám T°Ébsám d∏ƒU°ƒ∫p GEd`≈ G◊π u Gd©ª∏»
u Gdsò… jë≤u≥o
Gd¡ó± n GŸƒV°ƒ´n cû°ô•m GCS°ÉS°»
x .
aÉ◊π t Gd©ª∏»
t j≤†°» HÉEjéÉOp GŸæ¡èp Gdsò… jëàƒ… Y∏≈ G’BjÉäp GdƒGQOIp ‘ Gdü°
s Øëáp GdƒGMóIp hj¶¡ô
o G’EYôGÜ
n
–â n gò√p G’BjÉäp eÑÉT°ôIk, Hû°µπm hGV°ím j≤óu
o eÉ j∏õ
s á.
GdÑóYáo gæÉ Jµªøo ‘ GŸ≤ÉQfáp G’Bf« s
áp HÚn GdµÓ hG’EYôGÜ, ⁄ r jصuô H¡É GCMól bÑ∏næÉ.
d≤ór “ s
â r Yª∏«
n GCoS°∏ƒÜ
o G’EYôGÜp Gàü°ô, H©ón eôhQp 4GCT°¡ôm eø Gdù°
s ¡ôp GŸ†°æ»
«¨án Gdæs¡ÉF« s
án d∏ªû°ôh´p Y∏≈ GChQG¥m eôS°ƒeám Jƒauô o
GŸµÉ¿n GdÓsR n dµàÉHáp G’BjÉäp
hGEONÉ∫p G’EYôGÜp Gàü°ôp Gdsò… j≤óu o cπ
s GŸ©∏ƒeÉäp GdÓsReáp d∏≤ÉQÇp GŸà«≤uß.
)⁄ jµø GÙù°ÉÜ o
M«æÄpòm, ‘ YóGOp GEeµÉf« s
ÉJpæÉ Màs≈ fù°à©Ún H¬. cÉ¿n Yª∏oæÉ jóhj v
É hhQb« v
©óGA n hf¶ôfÉ Hù°ôhQm GEd`≈ fà«éáp GdàséÉQÜp:
{- jÉ GCHÉ aÉQS¢ Áµæ∂n G’B¿n GEfàÉê o
Yªπm ⁄ jù°Ñ≤o∂n Y∏«¬ GC… t f냅
x eø bÑπ
o z.
J∏∂n cÉfnâ GŸæÉS°Ñá Gdsà» L©∏àræÉ fæ≤π o GBjÉäp Gd≤ôGB¿p GdµôË Hî§u Gd«ó, eø GC’Cdp∞ Màs≈ Gd«ÉA, ’Ch
s ∫p eô
n
GÛ∏sóo H©ón eôhQp Nªù¢p S°æƒGä: ''e©éº GEYôGÜ GCdØÉ® Gd≤ôGB¿ GdµôË'', 728U°Øëá. fÉ∫ n ''Jü°ôjí HàóGh∫
eü°ë∞'' S°æá 5991eø G’CRgô Gdû°sôj∞, hbós n d¬ Gdó
q càƒQ fiª
s ó S°Éjó Wæ£Éh… eØà» GdóujÉQ GŸü°ôj
s á
GBfòG∑ bÑπ GC¿ jü°Ñí n a†°«∏á G’EeÉ G’CcÈ T°«ï G’CRgô. h‡
s É càѬo Gdû°s«ï
o G’CcÈ:
{gòG GdµàÉÜ o
©ót epø GCY¶ºp GdµàÖp ÿóeáp Gd≤ôGB¿p GdµôË...z.
hbÉ∫ n Gdû°u«ï fiª
s ó a¡«º GCHƒ YÑ«
s á QF«ù¢ GCRgô dÑæÉ¿, Gdsò… QGL™
n GdµàÉÜ bÑπ
GŸƒDnds∞ o Y∏≈ N§x j©àª
n óo Gd∏sªëán GÿÉWØán hG’ET°ÉQIn GdµÉT°Øán hG’EÁÉA
n In GdósGdsán... QYÉják dƒbâp Gd≤ÉQÇp
hK≤ák HpØ£æàp¬ hÃÉ d¬ ‘ Yp∏ºp Gdæsëƒp eø fü°«Ö...z
anµnô s
s © n
â NÈJoæÉ ‘ GdàsóGh∫p e™ Gd≤ôGB¿p GdµôË hU°óQ n
ä GÛ∏sóGä o G’CoNô
n i JÑÉY
13
H©ón S°æám, h⁄ Jõ∫ Màs≈ càÉHáp gò√ Gdù° t
£ƒQ: ''e©éº GEYôGÜ G’CdØÉ® hG÷ªπ ‘ Gd≤ôGB¿ GdµôË'' S°æá 8991
hRfo¬ 8^3c«∏ƒ, Kº s ''JØù°Ò G÷ÓdÚ'' S°æá 0002HÉENôGêm Mójåm, Kº
s ''doÑÉÜ
1002’C¿s GS°º GdósMóGì hQOn a«¬ eô s
JÚ, Kº s ''e©éº G’EYôGÜ GŸ∏ƒ
s ¿ eø Gd≤ôGB¿ GdµôË'' S°æá 3002e™
GEHàµÉQm GCS°∏ƒÜm ’EX¡ÉQp G’EYôGÜ HƒGS°£áp G’CdƒG¿, Kº s ''T°ôì GCdØ«
s á GHø eÉd∂'' S°æá 4002hGdû°sƒGgóo c∏t¡É eø
GBjÉäp Gd≤ôGB¿p GdµôË, Kº s ''G’EYôGÜ GŸôF»
q d∏≤ôGB¿p GdµôË'' ‘ 6›∏sóGä S°æá 5002, Kº
s ''e©éº bƒGYó Gd©ôH«
q á
eø Gd≤ôGB¿ GdµôË'' S°æá 9002, Kº s b«ón G’E‚ÉR '' GdàsôLªá GŸôF«
s á d∏≤ôGB¿ GdµôË'' e™ GEONÉ∫p Gd∏táp G’Efµ∏«õj
s á
hGdØôfù°« s
t ím GCfsæÉ GCfàéæÉ YªÓk ⁄ jù°Ñ≤rænÉ Y∏«¬ GCMól !
b†°« r
Geán Gdãs≤Éa« s
™p Gdãs≤É‘ u S°æá 0991HëãkÉ Yø eôcõm
T°ôj∞m Y∏≈ Qaƒ±p eµàÑáp GÛª s
™p )hgƒ gó± l JƒU°
s ∏æÉ GEd`≈ –≤«≤¬p a«ªÉ H©ó( , fàƒbs∞
o Gd«ƒ
Gd©ôH» u ’EgóGFp¬p NÓU°áp GÿÈIp Gd©∏ª«
s á Gdsà» JôGcª
u GdõseÉ¿p.
Y∏≈ GEeµÉf« s
x jù°¡
n
áp Gdsà» Jû°ô s
H¡É Yæón GCh s
∫p Q n
¬, hbÑπ n GC¿r Jæ¡ÉQ
n –â
@@@@@
c∏ªál GCNÒIl HÉdæuù°Ñáp GEd`≈ eæ£≥p Gdàs©ójπ ‘ bƒGYóp Gd∏táp hGEQGOIp GdÑ≤ÉAp Y∏≈ d¨áp boôjû¢.
hQOn ‘ Gd≤ôGB¿p GdµôËp GCeã∏ál YójóIl Jû°é u
™ o Y∏≈ eÑóGEp Gdàs«Òp YæóeÉ JóY
o ƒ Gd†°sôhQIo dòd∂n:
eæ¡É ‘ S°ƒQIp GdàsëôË 4: }GEp¿r JnàoƒH n
É GEpdn≈ Gyd∏s¬p an≤nór U° nnâ
r bo∏oƒH
o µoªÉ h
o
G÷ª™p eƒV°™ n GŸãæs≈, h‘: hGE¿r Jn¶ÉgnôG, M
o òpanâ
n Gdù°
t «ƒW»
bo∏ƒÜ n
u ô r
H¬p ’S°àã≤É∫p G÷ª™p HÚn Jpãæ«àn« r
øp a«ªÉ gƒ n
cÉdµ∏ªáp GdƒGMóIp GC… ‘: bn∏Ñ n
ÉcoªÉz.
Gydù° s
o eƒV°™
n Gdªãæs≈...
É HpÉBj n
µoº r ...|, Hó’k epø e©µoªÉ.
hcòd∂n a» Gdæqªπ 54: }goº r anôpj≤nÉ¿p j
n îrànü°pª
o ƒ¿n|...
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GE¿s GŸ≤ÎMÉäp GdƒGQOIn ‘ gòG GdµàÉÜ, –â n YæƒG¿p Gd†°sôhQIp G’LàªÉY«
s áp, góao¡É Gd≤ôjÖ
o Jù°¡«π
o Gdàs∏Øtßp
HÉdµÓp V°ªøn f¶Ém hGV°ím d†°Ñ§p Gd∏táp GÙµ« s
áp, hgóao¡É GdÑ©«óo MªÉjáo Gd∏t¨áp Gd©ôH« s
áp eø Gdàs≤ù°p«º hGdòugÉÜp
GEd`≈ d¨Éäm S°Ée« s
ám GCoNô n
h o
V°© n
â r GŸ≤ÎMÉä
o G÷ójóIo Y∏≈ U°ØëÉäm eà≤ÉH∏ám eø GdµàÉÜp hcπ
t c∏ªám JîÉd∞
o G’CU°ƒ∫
n â HÉd∏sƒ¿p
G’CMªôp dàæÑ«¬p Gd≤ÉQÇp Y∏≈ MÉdàp¡É Gdû°sÉPsI. GCe s
É Gdü° s
ØëÉä o GŸƒLƒOIo Y∏≈ G÷¡áp GŸ≤ÉH∏áp eø GdµàÉÜ a¡»
n
ál S°∏«ªál ‘ fü°ƒU°p¡É hJ©Ñ u
ô o
á.
14
e≤àæ™m ÃÉ j o
≤ós o d¬, a«ªµæ¬o G’càØÉA
o ÃÉ hQOn ‘ G÷¡áp GÿÉd«áp eø Gd∏sƒ¿p G’CMªô.
GCe s
áp, a¡» n YÉeπ
o ù°à©ª
n π o Yæón U°«ÉZáp Adµ∏ªÉäp hJôc«Öp G÷ªπp NÓaÉk dÓCMµÉp
GdæsÉaòIp hG’CS°Éd«Öp GŸ©àªóIp, hAGEfsªÉ jàƒL s
Ö Y∏≈ gòG Gdàs©ójπp GCn¿ jµƒ¿n d¬o eÈ u
Q l
Gdàs≤∏«ój s
GC… YæóeÉ J≤Îì o
Gd†°sôhQIo aü°π n càÉHáp Gd¡ªõIp Yø càÉHáp G’Cdp∞ jÑ≤n≈ gòG Gdàs©ójπ
o eæù°éª
k É e™
i.
≤É∫ n : LÉA
o ≤ÉJ∏pÚn, aÉŸ≤ÉJ∏Ún GS°º aÉYπ eÑæ»
q Y∏≈ Gd«ÉA ‘ fiπ
q Qa™ aÉYπ.
hYæóeÉ j o
n GCHp» fÉOpQ
r , GCH» GS°º eø G’CS°ªÉA Gÿªù°á eÑæ»
q Y∏≈ Gd«ÉA ‘ fiπ
q Qa™ aÉYπ, cªÉ GC¿q fÉOQ
r
q µƒ¿ ‘ fiπ
o ’CoU°ƒ∫p Gd≤ƒGYóp Gd©ôH«
s áp Gd©ôj≤áp, hH«â
o Gd≤ü°«óo ‘ GŸƒV°ƒ´p GC¿s
Gd†°sôhQIn G’LàªÉY« s
án Jîà∏∞ o Yø Gd†°sôhQIp Gdû°u©ôj
s á HÉf†°ÑÉWp¡É Gdü°
s ÉQ hS°∏ƒcp¡É G◊ÉRp hQMªàp¡É HÉdæsÉS¢.
he™ aÉQ¥p Gdƒbâp )0002S°æá(aÉE¿sGd†°sôhQIn Gdû°u©ôj u
án J≤ƒ o Y∏≈ GÉdØáp GŸƒDbsàáp Gdsà» jÑàµô
o gÉ Gdû°sÉYô
o ‘
S°Ñ«πp MªÉjáp GChRGf¬p hbÉa«à¬p, GCe s
É Gd†°sôhQIo G’LàªÉY« s
áo aà≤ƒ o Y∏≈ GÉdØáp GdósGFpªáp Gdsà» jôJµÑ
o ¡É G÷ª¡ƒQ
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S°Ñ«πp Jù°¡«πp M«ÉJ¬p hMªÉjáp d¨à¬p p eø Gdàx≤&ug
á
A SOCIAL IMPERATIVE
ABOU FARES EL-DAHDAH
Copyright © 2011, Antoine Robert El-Dahdah
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmit-
ted by any means—whether auditory, graphic, mechanical, or electronic—with-
out written permission of the author, except in the case of brief excerpts used in
critical articles and reviews. Unauthorized reproduction of any part of this work
is illegal and is punishable by law.
ISBN 978-1-105-51858-4
Titles of structure 10
HAMZAt at the beginning of the word 26
HAMZAt in the middle of the word 28
HAMZAt at the end of the word 30
Table of contents
The noun 38
Tiltles of declension in the noun 60
Noun with regular ending 62
Noun with open ending 64
Noun with reduced ending 66
Prohibited from variation 68
With shortened and extended ending 74
Structured noun 76
Permanent structure 78
Accidental structure 80
Supposition of declension and structure 84
The denuded noun 86
Augmented and retrenched 88
Noun with curtalied ending 94
Qualified and qualificative 96 Defective in L 172
Mixed joint 174
Mixed separated 176
Conjugation of measure: FARRALA 182
Conjugation of measure: FÂRALA 184
Conjugation of measure: AFRALA 186
Conjugation of measure: TAFARRALA 188
Conjugation of measure: TAFÂRALA 190
Conjugation of measure: INFARALA 192
Conjugation of measure: IFTARALA 194
Conjugation of measure: IFRALLA 196
Conjugation of measure: ISTAFRALA 198
Conjugation of measure: FARLALA 200
Conjugation of measure: TAFARLALA 202
Conjugation of measure: IFRALALLA 204
5- KINDS OF NOUNS
The transitive verb 134
The deficient verb 138
The verb and N of confirmation 142
The inert verb 144
Conjugation of the past verb 148
Conjugation of the conform verb 150
Conjugation of the ignored verb 152
Conjugation of the imperative verb 154
Classification of the verb 156
Sound intact verb 158
Defective in F 168
Defective in R 170
Masculine and feminine 102
The dual noun 104
Other plurals 120
The complete verb 130
The permanent verb 132
Variable and invariable noun 210
The noun of genus 212
The five nouns 214
The proper noun 216
Simple proper noun 218
Composite proper noun 220
The original noun 224
4
The conjunctive noun 270
The artificial original 234
The noun of one act and of manner 236
The allusive noun 274
The interpreted original 238
The circumstantial noun 276
Pro-circumstantial and directions 278
The agent noun 240
The verbal noun 280
The patient noun 242
The similar quality 244
The examples of the superlative 248
The noun of place 250
The noun of time 252
The noun of instrument 254
Invariable noun 256
The demonstrative noun 264
The interrogative noun 266
The numeral nolun 284
Cardinal numeral writing 286
Ordinal numeral writing 288
Supposition of the signs of declension 292
Openness of the conform verb 294
Elision of the conform verb 296
Condition and answer 298
Elision by request 300
The five verbs 304
Factor of regularity 306
Outline of nouns with open ending 312
Openness of the noun 314
The direct patient 316
HAMZAt of “Indeed” 390
Action of reduction 394
Letters of reduction 398
Attachment of reduction 402
Oral annexation 410
11- THE FOLLOWERS
The descriptive 416
Real descriptive 418
Occasional descriptive 420
The confirmative 422
The absolute patient 334
The causal patient 336
The circumstantial patient 338
The concomitant patient 340
The distinctive 350
Distinctive of praise and blame 354
“To suppose” and sisters 318
“To show” and sisters 320
Patient by verb of astonishment 322
Specification 324
Call 326
9- THE ANNULLERS
“To be about to” and sisters 384
“Not” and sisters 386
“Indeed” and sisters 388
The primate and the predicate 360
The primate 362
The predicate 364
Connection predicate-primate 366
12- THE SENTENCE IN SYNTAX
The speech 430
The substitute 424
The attraction 426
Coordinating attraction 428
Declensikon with vowels 438
Declension with letters 440
Declension by elimination 442
The place in the analysis 452
Kinds of sentences 454
It has a place or it has no place 464
The augmented original noun 228
The original noun in M 230
5
q á2
á4
q á02
∫ Gdµ∏ªá62
a¡ôS¢ HÉdªƒV°ƒYÉä
e©Éf» Gdëôh±23
YÓeÉä G’S°ª« q
á04
á24
05
65
GCd≤ÉÜ G’EYôGÜ a» G’S°º06
G’S°º Gdªôaƒ´26
G’S°º Gdªæü°ƒÜ46
G’S°º GdªéôhQ66
Gdªªæƒ´ eø Gdü° q
67
J≤ójô G’EYôGÜ hGdÑæÉA48
G’S°º Gdªéô q
O68
Gdª©ôÜ hGBNô Mô± eæ¬09
GCfƒG´ G’S°º Gdª©ôÜ29
G’S°º Gdªæ≤ƒU¢49
GdªƒU°ƒ± hGdü° q
Gd骙601
Gd骃´ G’CNôi021
4- GdØ©π g«µπ GdØ©π621
U°«¨á GdØ©π821
GdØ©π GdàqÉ q
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PREFACE
Are the integrity and existence of the Arabic language in danger? Are
there cultural divides among Arabic speaking countries caused by the growing
supremacy of the spoken over the written language? Can Arabic grammar be
reformed without compromising its age old syntax, which has enriched its litera-
ture? Should a proposed reform be implemented, what legal authority would
have the power of implementation and control? Must delays be foreseen in the
implementation of such a program?
Such are the questions for which this book's author attempts to provide
answers, solutions, and justifications. These same questions were posed more
than thirty years ago when the author wrote his first book of grammar and decid-
ed, ever since, to separately record answers deemed appropriate. In this period,
the author wrote fifteen books on the Arabic grammar and another fifteen on the
grammatical analysis of the Koran and on the definitions of words by the Arab
Academy of Cairo. All told, 200,000 books have so far been sold worldwide.
The answer to the questions above is indeed a "yes"! The Arabic lan-
guage in its classical form is increasingly threatened by the very processes of
modernization and the more recent digital revolution. World revolutions produce
inevitable effects and other ancient languages such as Latin, for example, were
not spared and eventually had to evolve into French, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese and Romanian derivatives.
Having had its practice censored under Ottoman rule, written Arabic
remained intact for a longer period. Over the centuries, however, spoken Arabic
did get dialectically dislocated into four distinct geographic regions: the
Euphrates, the Nile, the Arabian Peninsula, and North Africa. In each of these
dialectical regions, the spoken language has superseded the rigid rules of tradi-
tional grammar to such a degree that, in the near future, an Arab speaker from
the Eastern Mediterranean will be unable to communicate verbally with another
from the Western Mediterranean.
8
This book seeks to remedy this tragic situation by making the grammar of
Arabic accessible to all.
To those who might otherwise object and refuse to touch the purity of the
Arabic language, one can say that the only alternative will be to accept the
inevitable loss of lingusitic unity, without which no Arabism is possible. To those
who might raise objections on religious grounds, one can say that the Holy
Koran itself offers examples where the ease of speech takes precedence over
academic rules.
These are mere suggestions, which no one is required to implement.
Abou Fares El-Dahdah
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