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Mutagenesis: exploring genetic diversity of crops 377

About the editors

Dr. Nasya Borisova Tomlekova (editor)

Dr. Tomlekova is currently Associate Professor, Head of Molecular Biology Laboratory in the Department of Breeding, Variety Maintenance and Introduction at the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. She graduated from Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’ in Biology and did her Masters with specialization in genetics and biochemistry. She has been employed in the Institute in 1990; trained in the area of her research interests by 11 international fellowships; and has a long postgraduate experience in research on the application of induced mutagenesis, molecular and in vitro techniques and other relevant biotechnologies related to crop improvement. Mrs. Tomlekova obtained her PhD at the Commission on Plant-Growing and Biotechnologies and her Habilitation at the Commission on Breeding and Seed Production. She has edited a book, and published a methodological recommendation, 9 book chapters, more than 60 scientific papers in peer reviewed journals and dozens in international conference proceedings. Dr. Tomlekova teaches on several topics related to biotechnology and she has trained many students and fellows from different countries at PhD, post- and undergraduate levels. Dr. Tomlekova is a member of the editorial board of an international journal, a reviewer of more than 30 international bioscience related journals and projects, and a member of 5 professional scientific societies, such as EUCARPIA, International Carotenoid Society, and International Pepper Network. The successful participation of Dr. Tomlekova in 5 different IAEA projects as a scientific holder, consultant, counterpart, and coordinator supported her research in mutation breeding of vegetable crops and potato and proved her ability for a work in a multicultural and multilanguage environment from and outside Europe. Furthermore, she participated in many national and international research projects.

378 Mutagenesis: exploring genetic diversity of crops

About the editors

Dr. Mohammad Imran Kozgar (co-editor)

Dr. Kozgar obtained his PhD from the Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, for the work on Induced Mutagenesis of Chickpea through Chemical and Physical Mutagens. He has also obtained a MSc in Botany (specialization Plant Biotechnology) from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and P.G. Diploma in Chemoinformatics from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. At present Dr Kozgar is associated to the Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India and is actively engaged in research on biodiversity studies, genetics and plant breeding in pulses and medicinal crops. All the research activities of Dr. Kozgar are being conducted through the platform of KERB Biotech, LLP, Srinagar, J&K, India as a Research Analyst. Dr. Kozgar is a member of various educative societies and associations’, e.g. the Association of DNA Fingerprinting and other related technologies (ADNAT), Environmental Mutagen Society of India (EMSI), Advanced Society of Biotechnology (ASB), National Environmental Science Academy (NESA) and had been an active member of the interdisciplinary societies like the Indian Society of Chemists and Biologists (ISCB) and Italo-Latin American Society of Ethnomedicine (SILAE). He has a sound knowledge of bioinformatic and chemoinformatic approaches used for the improvement of crops. He has co-edited four books and published more than 20 research papers, popular science articles, review papers and other reports. He has presented a number of papers in various national and international conferences and symposiums. Dr. Kozgar had been an active and core team member of the pilot project for ‘Development of e-Contents’ sponsored by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Due to his achievements, Dr. Kozgar has not only been included in the 30th Edition of Who’s Who (2012), but has also been conferred with Junior Scientist Award by National Environmental Science Academy, New Delhi, India and Bharat Excellence Award by Friendship Forum of India, New Delhi in December 2013.


About the editors

Dr. Mohd Rafiq Wani (co-editor)

Dr. Wani is currently Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at Government Degree College (Boys), Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Dr. Wani did his Masters in Botany in 2003 with specialization in ‘Genetics and Plant Breeding’ from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. After obtaining his PhD in 2008 for his research work on ‘Chemical Mutagenesis in Mungbean’ at the same University, he joined the Department of Higher Education, Jammu and Kashmir Government, in 2009. He teaches a range of bioscience related subjects at undergraduate and post graduate levels. At present, his research interests are mainly focused on the improvement of pulses through induced mutations and exploring the physiological and biochemical responses of crop plants to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. As a part of his research endeavour, Dr. Wani has extensively studied and written on the issues of induced chemo-mutagenesis among the food crops, with special reference to pulses. He has published around 30 research papers in peer reviewed journals and 12 book chapters in various research oriented volumes. Dr. Wani also edited 5 book volumes on the subjects of Plant Stress Physiology, Induced Plant Mutagenesis, and Crop Improvement with reputed international publishers like Springer New York, USA and Wageningen Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. In addition, he is an editorial member and reviewer of several online journals pertaining to plant sciences, besides being the life member of various scientific societies, such as the Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development (ISPRD) and Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding (ISGPB).


Index

AABA – See: abscisic acidabscisic acid 357activation tag 363additive effect 87AFLP – See: amplified fragment length

polymorphismagent

– chemical 80– physical 80– polyploidizing 119

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation 358agronomic trait 81, 262Ai – See: assay efficiency index valuesalkyl nitroso urea 176alpha-eleostearic acid 102alpha-naphthalene acetic acid 121alpha tocopherol 87Alpingera martinica 151Alpinia 144

– purpurata 151Alternaria helianthi 83, 84Amaryllis 97, 100AMD – See: amplification and mismatch

detectionamplification and mismatch detection 150amplification refractory mutation system

362amplified fragment length polymorphism

21, 146, 297, 348amylase activity 220ANOVA 161antagonistic impact 68anther 24anthocyanin 74

– biosynthesis 293Anthurium 144

– andreanum 149, 151– ornatum 149

antioxidant– capacity 283– property 73

Arabidopsis 234– thaliana 349

arachidic 79Arachis hypogaea 330ARMS – See: amplification refractory

mutation systemAscochyta blight 240ascorbate peroxidase 123ascorbic acid 64, 67Asian Vegetable Research and Development

Center 66asiatic hybrid lily 97assay efficiency index values 265AT – See: activation tagatomic age 98atroviolacium 292avocado 265AVRDC – See: Asian Vegetable Research and

Development Center

Bbaby lea syndrome 293banana industry 198band 152BAP – See: benzylaminopurineBegonia 104, 115behenic 79benzylaminopurine 121beta

– carotene 28, 285– carotene biogenesis 69– particles 80– tocopherol 87

bifoliate 219bioactivity 79biodiesel 78


Index

biogenesis 62biological

– function of genes 233– nitrogen fixation 214

Blakeslea trispora 290BLAST 274bls – See: baby lea syndromeBougainvillea 97, 100, 103, 104, 307bract 308Brassica juncea 357Brassica napus 355broomrape 83BSA – See: bulk segregants analysisbulb 109bulk segregants analysis 21

Ccallus culture 298candidate gene 194

– cloning 146Canna 100, 307

– generalis 153canola 240Capsicum 15

– annuum 31, 42capsule 161carotene

– beta 28, 285– biosynthesis 289– lines 29

carotenoid 284carotenoid genes 289cDNA 147

– clones 269cell

– culture 354– suspension culture 144, 244

Cephalandra indica 100, 119chalcone synthase 145chemical

– agent 80– mutagen 98– mutagenesis 169

chimera 115, 144, 150, 153, 241– chlorophyll 47– dissociation 144

chimeric– mutated florets 121– oligonucleotides 362

chimerism 100, 203chlorophyll

– variegated mutant 104– variegation 104, 153

chloroplast DNA loci 268chromoplast-plastid conversion 62chromosomal aberration 106chromosome

– breakage 105– mutation 80– number 107

Chrysanthemum 97, 100, 103, 108, 111, 307, 315

– morifolium 121CHS – See: chalcone synthaseclassical

– breeding 192– genetics 241

climate change 346clones 201cluster analysis 193CMS – See: cytoplasmic male sterility60Co 152CO2 analyzer 330Coccinia indica 103coding sequence 359coefficient of variation 226colchicine 119, 148

– treatment 100colchiploidy 308cold tolerance 170colour mutation 115combining ability 159compensatory genes theory 170complete randomized block design 215Conformation Sensitive Capillary

Electrophoresis 362


Index

conservation, ex situ 266corn belt 171corolla 81coronary diseases 86cosmetic industry 78cosmic radiation 349, 351cotyledonary

– abnormalities 215– leaves 213

cotyledons 215, 298CRBD – See: complete randomized block

designcrop

– designer 235– productivity 346

crossbreeding 61CSCE – See: Conformation Sensitive

Capillary ElectrophoresisCTAB 257, 297

– buffer 269Cucurbita maxima 100, 102culture

– in vitro 198, 354– media 203– protocols 199– technique 199

cultured cells 357curcas oil 102cuticular transpiration rate 329, 330, 336cuttings 319Cymbidium geringii 145Cymbidium kanran 145Cymbopogon flexuosus 100cytochimera 314cytogenetic damage 105cytokinesis

– block 20, 31cytological assessment 178cytoplasmic

– factor 26– male sterility 16, 22, 24, 26, 83, 172– mutations 82

DDAB – See: diazo ketone 1-4 bis diaso acetyl

butaneDahlia 97, 100, 115Datura innoxia 244de-hulled seed 84dehydroascorbate reductage 123deletion 80Dendrobium 145

– mirbellianum 147DES – See: diethyl sulphatedestabilising selection 182DH – See: doubled haploiddialkyl sulphates 176diazo ketone 1-4 bis diaso acetyl butane 176diesel 102diethyl sulphate 80, 98dihomozygote 71dihomozygous

– genotypes 65, 72– interaction 72– phenotype 68

2,3-dimercaptopropanol 116dimethyl sulphate 80diplontic selection 113, 115direct selection 77disc floret 322discriminant power 265DMS – See: dimethyl sulphateDNA

– assay techniques 143– fingerprints 150– insertions 358– markers 69, 265, 270– methylation 147– methyl transferase gene 147– mismatch repair 243– polymorphisms 259– repair mechanism 234

dominance 190– incomplete 63– theory 170

dominant gene 86


Index

– interactions 189Doritaenopsis 147doubled haploid 244, 355double recessive homozygote 88downy mildew 83duplication 80DUS testing 321dwarf mutant 49, 102

Eecological

– genetics theory 170– network 172

economically valuable traits 17, 27– gene 27

ecotypes 358EI – See: ethyleneimineelliptical 311emasculation 15, 159embryo culture 84embryonal cell 220Emmerie-Engel reaction 87EMS – See: ethyl methanesulphonateendogenous gene 362ENH – See: ethyl nitroso ureaenhancer trap 363epigenetic mutations 147epistatic

– effect 88– gene interactions 191

erucic acid 240EST – See: expressed sequence tagET – See: enhancer trapethyl

– methanesulphonate 80, 98, 150, 151, 213– nitroso urea 98– radical 179

ethyleneimine 80, 98, 355Etlingera elatior 151EVT – See: economically valuable traitsexperimental mutagenesis 345exposure time 180expressed sequence tag 147

– sequencing 269

FFAO – See: United Nations Food and

Agriculture Organizationfatty acids 79fertility 25

– restorer 25Feulgen 110, 178FHB 260 – See: Fusarium head blightflanking sequence tag 359, 363flavonoids 73, 286flow cytometry 147flower

– characters 103– cluster 81– morphology 115– peloric 146– pigmentation 154– semi-peloric 146– tropical 144– type 104

flowering mutation 299food

– industry 78– legumes 214– production 233– security 345

forward genetics 80fragmentation 80FST – See: flanking sequence tagfunctional

– foods 284– gametes 24

fungi 290Fusarium

– culmorum 258– fujikuroi 290– graminearum 253, 255, 262– head blight 253, 255– oxysporum 45– resistance 261


Index

GGA – See: genetic advancegalactinol 347gametic cells 244gametophytic 27gamma ray 46, 80, 349GCA – See: general combining abilityGCV – See: genotypic coefficient of variationgene

– action 159– biological function 233– dominant 86– endogenous 362– independent 87– interaction 60– model 66– modifier 86, 87– multispectrum impact 60– mutation 80, 288– non-additive 159– pool 270– product 241– recessive 82– resistance 253– space 359– suppressor 86– target 147– trait 170– trap 363

gene mutations 288general combining ability 28, 161, 176, 288

– variance 166genetic

– advance 217, 225– analyses 88– approach 233– crops 288– depression 67– depressiveness 59, 66– diversity 32– fluctuation 69– male sterility 27– maps 255

– modeling 61– networks 27– potential 78– regulation 72– strain 319– technologies 173– transformation 348– variability 75, 81, 102, 117, 142, 192, 345– yield potential 346

genetics– classical 241– forward 80– reverse 80

genic (nuclear) male sterility 18, 29– linked marker 21

genome 346genomic 245

– DNA 18genotypes 334

– dihomozygous 65, 72– mother 203– salt-tolerant 361

genotypic– coefficient of variation 216, 225– variance 216

Geranium 311Gerbera 97, 100germination capacity 84gf mutation 62glabrous 311, 314glacial acetic acid 178Gladiolus 97, 100, 103, 115, 307glass house 19, 333glycine betaine 347GMS – See: genic (nuclear) male sterilitygreen revolution 238growth habit 103GT – See: gene trapgulcosinolates 240

Hhairy mutant 102half-seed technique 84


Index

haploid 355heavy ion sources 43Helianthus annuus 77, 81Heliconia 144herbage yield 102heritability 225heterochromatin 107heterosis 21, 159, 170

– negative 160– positive 160

heterozygosity 241heterozygous translocations 20hexaploid 254Hibiscus 97, 100

– rosa-sinensis 103, 152high-oleic hybrids 89high performance liquid chromatography

27, 292high-pigment mutations 290high resolution DNA melting analysis 362high resolution melt 348high throughput genomics 347homogeneous 48homozygote 62, 66

– double recessive 88– triple 72

homozygous– pure lines 355– recessive allele 185

Hordeum vulgare 244, 350hot pepper 16HPLC – See: high performance liquid

chromatographyHRM – See: high resolution melt; See: high

resolution DNA melting analysisHyacinthus 104, 115hybrid 89

– breeding programme 27– inter-mutant 159– production 16– purity 26– seed 16, 22– vigour 170

hybridization, in situ 147, 284hybridological analysis 66hydrogenization 86hydrogen peroxide 106hydrosulfite 116hydroxyproline 358hypertrophy 22

IIARI – See: Indian Agricultural Research

InstituteICV 118 – See: interphase chromosome

volumeideotype 352imidazolinone 81inbred

– depression 170, 190– lines 87, 169, 192

Indian Agricultural Research Institute 236induced mutagenesis 80, 97, 213inflorescence 61inheritance 86INIBAP postharvest evaluation 203inoculation 257input-intensive management 198intergene

– interaction 57, 66, 71, 72– phenotype 69

interphase chromosome volume 107interspecific hybridization 355introgressing resistance 261inverse sequence-tagged repeats 265, 269inversion 80ion beams 350ionizing radiation 80, 98, 348, 349irradiation, recurrent 117isogenic tomato lines 293isomers 79isozyme

– analysis 265– electrophoretic patterns 146

ISTR – See: inverse sequence-tagged repeats


Index

JJatropha curcas 100, 102

LLagenaria ciceraria 100lanceolate 48Lantana depressa 97, 100, 103, 104, 115, 144Lathyrus sativus 223LD50 108, 110, 146, 150, 276leaf

– abnormality 213– characters 103– colour mutation 151– lamina 310– pigmentation 64– primordia 220– variegated 325– vegetative 213

leaflet– fused 219– lobed 219– narrow 219– octa-foliate 102– tri-foliate 102

Lens esculenta 116LET – See: linear energy transferlethal effect 82Leveillula solanacerum 42lignin content 185limiting factors 170linear energy transfer 350linoleic acid 79Little Darling 320Luffa

– acutangula 100– siceraria 102

lutein 42lycopene 62, 285

– free phenotype 68

MMAB – See: mutation-assisted breedingmacroconidia 256

macromutation 215maize breeding 169male infertility 17male sterile

– genotypes 19– mutant 31, 239

male sterility 15, 17– cytoplasmic 16, 22, 24, 26, 83, 172– nuclear-cytoplasmic 16, 26

malnutrition 234Malus domestica 244manual emasculation 15marigold 97marker index 265mass ripening 59maternal line 15mechanism, in vitro 244meganucleases 242meiocytes 20Mendelian

– inheritance 184– mutants 362

Mentha citrate 100, 102mericlinal chimera 115, 144meristematic nodular calli 150metabolite 347metabolome 346

– analysis 347metalabolomics 194methyl

– methanesulphonate 98– nitroso urea 98

Mexican race 268MI – See: marker indexmicrogametogenesis 18micromutation 215micropropagation 202, 270microsatellite 255microsporangia 23microsporogenesis 18minerals 214mini culture 319MINITAB 46


Index

misallocation of chromosomes 24MMS – See: methyl methanesulphonateMN – See: meganucleasesMNH – See: methyl nitroso ureaMNU – See: N-methyl-N-nitrosoureamodifier gene 86, 87molecular

– genetics 346– markers 26, 32, 255

monocotyledons 144mononuclear pollen 24monosaccharides 347morphobiological potential 75morphogenesis 69morphogenetic capacity restoration 270morphological

– abnormalities 113– characteristics 59– evaluation 203– mutations 51– traits 265– variations 51, 209

morphologic phenotype 59Mucor circinelloides 290multifoliate 219multigene cluster 25multiplication rate 200Musa 202mutagen 80

– in vivo 122– toxicity 178

mutagenic– activity 176– efficiency 178– populations 234

mutant– alleles 75– clones 152– donors 283– dwarf 49– gene 57, 59, 89, 283– genetic stock material 299– genotype 59, 75

– germplasm 194, 345– hairy 102– heterosis 187– hybrid 190– inbreds 192– knockout 349– male sterile 31, 239– Mendelian 362– peloric 147– positive 182– putative 143– tissue 111– variability 57, 59, 75– variations 169– variety database 363

mutation 18– assisted breeding 142– chromosome 80– colour 115, 151– cytoplasmic 82– epigenetic 147– frequency 44, 100, 111, 116– genetics 99– library 289– morphological 51– point 80, 350, 360– positive 82– recessive 114, 184, 242– site directed 234– somaclonal 149– somatic 114, 118, 153– spectrum 100– spontaneous 81, 87, 234

MVD – See: mutant variety databasemycotoxicoses 255myristic 79myristoleic 79

NNAA – See: alpha-naphthalene acetic acidNarcissus 97

– tazetta 100National Seed Board 329


Index

near infrared spectroscopy 84near isogenic lines 296necrotic effects 150negative variation 197Nelumbo nucifera 153net photosynthetic area 228NEU – See: N-nitroso-N-ethylureaNeurospora crassa 290neutrons 80, 349Nicotiana 244

– sylvestris 355– tabacum 355

NIRS – See: near infrared spectroscopynitrogen fixation

– biological 214N-methyl-N-nitrosourea 350NMU – See: N-nitroso-N-methylureaN-nitroso-N-ethylurea 80, 352N-nitroso-N-methylurea 80, 352non-allelic

– gene interaction 69– interaction 73, 75– phenotypes 69

non-genetic effects 254NSB – See: National Seed Boardnuclear

– cellulase gene 268– cytoplasmic male sterility 16, 26– sterility 18

nucleotide polymorphism 266nuisance factor 246nutritional security 345

Oocta-foliate leaflets 102Oncidium 147ontogenesis 66Orchidaceae 144ornamental plant 97

– breeding 154Orobanche cumana 83Orygenes DB database 359Oryza sativa 244

osmotic– imbalance 338– stress 338

over-dominance theory 170oxidative stability 86

Ppalmitic acid 79palmitoleic 79Papaver somniferum 240Paphiopedilum delenatii 146parallelism of traits 75parental line 161PCR

– amplification 257– profile 152

PCV – See: phenotypic coefficient of variationPEG – See: polyethylene glycolpeloric mutant 147pentatricopeptide repeat proteins 25pepper 15, 21

– hot 16– sweet 16

Perennial portulaca 103periclinal chimera 115, 144Persea 266

– americana 266, 269– schiedeana 269

Pervenec variety 84Petunia nyctaginiflora 116PG – See: polygalacturonidasePhalaenopsis 147

– bellina 147– equestris 146

phenols 294phenomics 245phenotype 293

– defective 203– dihomozygous 68– improved 233– intergene 69– lycopene-free 68– morphologic 59


Index

– non-allelic 69– novel 233

phenotypic– coefficient of variation 217– effect 62– expression 31– variability 59, 114– variance 216– variation 104

phenotyping tool 194photooxidation 294photoperiod 235Phycomyces blakesleeanus 290phylogenetic

– affinities 102– analyses 268

physiological– traits 103– variations 209

phytonutrients 284Phytophthora 266

– capsici 42– cinnamomi 274– infestans 289– nicotianae 274– palmivora 273, 274– root rot 274

pigment 75pigmentation 64

– genes 65plant

– architecture 354– ornamental 97

planting density 189plantlet, in vitro 150Plasmopara halstedii 83plasticity 28PLB – See: protocorm-like bodypleiotropic

– effect 26, 57, 59, 60– modification 60

Polianthus tuberose 103pollen

– grains 110– indicators of 25– mononuclear 24– sterility 110

pollination 159pollinators 19polyethylene glycol 357polygalacturonidase 240polygene 27polygenic

– complex 72– factor 69, 73– genetic background 64– traits 214, 225

polyisoprenoid lipids 79polymorphic bands 297polyploidizing agent 119polyploidy 44, 120Portulaca 115positional sterility 296positive

– mutant 182– mutation 82– variation 197

post radiation response 200potassium cyanide 106pre-breeding 246production 159productivity characteristics 59progeny

– segregating 26– tests 113– trials 173

proline 347, 357prolycopene 73propagation, in vitro 141, 151propiono-orcein 110proteome 346proteomics 194protocorm-like body 145proton 80Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 100PT – See: progeny trials


Index

Puccinia helianthi 83punicic acid 102purity testing 114putative mutants 143

QqPCR – See: quantitative real-time PCRQTL – See: quantitative trait lociqualitative variability 61quantitative

– real-time PCR 145– trait 170, 225– trait loci 193, 261– trait loci analysis 77– trait loci mapping 194

quercetin 286

Rradiation-induced damage 108radioisotope 46radioresistance 106radiosensitivity 100, 105, 107

– test 146raffinose 347random

– amplified polymorphic DNA 147, 152, 268

– amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR analysis 150

– amplified polymorphic DNA profiles 152

– insertional mutagenesis 348RAPD – See: random amplified polymorphic

DNAray florets 322rDNA FISH 16RE – See: restriction endonucleaserecessive

– gene 82– gene mutant 52– mutant gene 88– mutation 114, 184, 242

reciprocal recurrent mutation

– breeding 176– selection 169, 172, 173, 182

recurrent– irradiation 100, 117– selection 173

red ginger 151regeneration, in vitro 142relative water content 332, 336resistance genes 253restitution 80restorer gene 25restriction

– endonuclease 143– fragment length polymorphism 146, 268

retrotransposons 359reverse

– function 86– genetics 80

RFLP – See: restriction fragment length polymorphism

rhizome 153Rhodobacter capsulatus 290ripening inhibitor 289roentgen 81root

– meristem 108– nodule 214– tips 110

rooted cutting 121Rosa

– centifolia 142– damascena 100, 102

rose 97RRMS – See: reciprocal recurrent mutation

selectionRWC – See: relative water content

SSA – See: sodium azideSaccharomyces cerevisiae 290SAGE – See: serial analysis of gene expressionsalinity tolerance 245salt-tolerant genotype 361


Index

SCA – See: specific combining abilitySCAR markers 21seed

– ageing 181– protein 226

seeds per capsule 161segregating progenies 26self-pollination depression 49serial analysis of gene expression 348Sesamum indicum 159shoot

– multiplication medium 199– regeneration protocol 121– tip culture 209

sigmoid pattern 204simple sequence repeat 192, 255simple sequence repeat loci 150simple sequence repeat markers 150, 192,

262single

– nucleotide polymorphism 350, 361– strand conformation polymorphism

193, 348single nucleotide polymorphism 82, 193SMM – See: shoot multiplication mediumSNP – See: single nucleotide polymorphismsodium azide 80, 213soil salinity 333SOL – See: Solanaceae Genome ProjectSolanaceae 15, 42, 283

– genome project 290Solanum

– cheesmanii 291– chilense 291– lycopersicum 42, 57, 58– melongena 42– nigrum 244– pennellii 359– pimpinellifolium 291, 296– tuberosum 42

solutes 347somaclonal

– mutation 149

– variation 44, 142, 197, 202, 347somaclones 209somatic

– cells 355– embryogenesis 273– mutation 114, 118, 153

source 331southern blotting 150space breeding technique 351Spathoglottis kimballiana 147specific combining ability 28, 164, 176, 186,

288– variance 166

spike 257spikelet 257spores 256sporophytic 27sprout induction 273SSCP – See: single strand conformation

polymorphismSSH – See: suppression subtractive

hybridizationSSR – See: simple sequence repeatstearic acid 79sterile maternal lines 29sterility stabilizer 25sterols 79stomatal transpiration rate 334Strelitzia 144stress tolerance 355sucker 111, 319sunflower

– oil 77– rust 83

superoxide dismutase 123suppression subtractive hybridization 147suppressor gene 86SV – See: somaclonal variationsweet pepper 16synergistic effect 116

TTagetes erecta 100


Index

tandem repeats 255tapetal cells 19tapetum 22, 23Taq-polymerase 257target genes 147targeting induced local lesions in genomes

57, 82, 143, 241, 348, 360– eco 242, 360, 362– library 360

tautomeric shift 80TDC – See: transpiration decline componentsT-DNA 348, 358

– insertion 143– mutagenesis 358

technique, in vitro 121Tenuipalpus pacificus 147testcross 183

– hybrids 172tetrad stage 23tetraploid 314TGRC – See: Tomato Genetics Resource

Centerthermosensitive 239thin layer chromatography 87TILLING – See: targeting induced local

lesions in genomesTLC – See: thin layer chromatographyTMV – See: tomato mosaic virus; See: tobacco

mosaic virustobacco mosaic virus 289tocopherol 77, 79

– alpha 87– beta 87– composition 87– gamma 87

tolerance 103, 189– cold 170– index 362– salinity 245– stress 355

tomato– hybrids 287– mosaic virus 42

– relatives 291Tomato Genetics Resource Center 58toxic level 338transcription factor 362transformation techniques 143transitions 349translocation 80transpiration 334, 338

– decline components 329transporters 338transposon 143, 348, 358

– tagging 242treatment methodology 100Trichosanthes 113

– anguina 100, 102, 116– cucumarina 100, 103

tri-foliate leaflet 102Trigonella foenum-graecum 100, 102triple homozygote 72Triticum aestivum 239, 244, 254tuberose 97Tulipa 98

Uultra violet light 349United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organization 41univalent 24UV – See: ultra violet light

VVacin and Went medium 147variability

– genetic 75, 81, 102, 117, 142, 345– mutant 75– qualitative 61

variant 201variation of genomic DNA 152variegated

– leaf 325– plantlet 150

Vavilov’s Law of Homologous Series 75vegetative leaf 213


Index

Verbenaceae 120Verticillium

– dahlia 42– wilt 28

Vicia faba 116Vigna

– mungo 220– radiata 213, 358

volatile compound 288VW – See: Vacin and Went medium

WWHO – See: World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization 41

XXanthophyllomyces dendrorhous 290X-ray 80, 143, 349

– mutant 98

Yyeast 290yield

– parameters 256– performance 240

Zzeaxanthin 42zein protein 172ZFN – See: zinc finger nucleaseszinc finger nucleases 242zygotic embryo 271

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