absolute monarchs in europe central european monarchs and absolute rulers of russia
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Setting the StageSetting the Stage
Peace of Augsburg= peace betweenPeace of Augsburg= peace between
rulers in German rulers in German
StatesStates
Princes determined religion- eitherPrinces determined religion- either
Lutheran or CatholicLutheran or Catholic
No Calvinists! (known as No Calvinists! (known as HuguenotsHuguenots in in France)France)
The Thirty Years War
Fought where we now know Germany to be from 1618 to 1648- involving most European countries
Began as a religious conflict but developed into a fight for power
The Thirty Years War
Catholics vs. Protestants
Lutheran Princes join together in the Protestant Union in 1608
Catholic Princes create the Catholic League the following year
The Thirty Years War
Catholics vs. Protestants
Ferdinand II A Hapsburg- one of the great
European dynasties Protestant princes challenge his rule
after he closes a protestant church and sends an army to Bohemia
The Thirty Years War
Hapsburg Defeats Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
changes the direction of the war in 1630
Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin dominate the remaining years- power more important than Catholic allegiances
The Thirty Years War
Mercenary soldiers
Paid with whatever loot they could carry
Plundered, robbed, and destroyed everything in their paths
Peace of Westphalia
Series of peace treaties signed between May and October, 1648
France was awarded German territory
German princes gained independence from the Holy Roman Empire
Ended religious wars in Europe
Peace of Westphalia
A new method of peace negotiation comes to be
Representatives from all participating armies meet to settle the war and decide the terms of peace
The method we still use today!
Thirty Years War
Major damage to Germany Population drops from 20 million to
16 million Economy was ruined Does not become a unified state
until the 1800’s
The Thirty Years War
End of the war = end of a Catholic Empire ruling
Europe
Beginning of the modern state system
States Form in Central Europe
Central Europe develops more slowly than Western Europe
Major Powers- Poland, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire
- all week during the 1600’s
Economic Development
Serfs were restricted from moving to cities- nobles kept them on farm land to harvest crops
Produced large harvests which nobles sold to western Europe
Weak Empires
PolandKing’s power was limited by the
nobles King had little income King had no standing army King’s did not have law courts
Weak Empires
Ottoman Empire Failed to grow any further after
Suleyman the Magnificent conquers Hugary
Weak Empires
Holy Roman Empire Weakened by the Thirty Years War Had no real power after losing
command of German princes
Austria Grows Stronger
Hapsburgs (ruled Austria) took several steps to power Reconquered Bohemia wiping out
Protestantism Replaced protestants with loyal Czech
nobility Created a standing army and a central
government Took back Hungary from the Ottomans
Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne
Inherited the Austrian Throne from Charles VI
Hapsburg territories under Charles- Austria, Hungary, Bohemia- remain in tact
The Rise of Prussia
Frederick William (a Hohenzollern) inherits
the title of elector of Brandenburg in 1640
“The Great Elector”
Elector a German Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
The Rise of Prussia
The Great Elector is deeply influenced by the destruction of the Thirty Years War- Must have a strong army to ensure
safety He and his descendants create the best
standing army in Europe
The Rise of Prussia
The Great Elector and his successors move toward absolute monarchy
Call themselves kings beginning with William’s son
Introduce permanent taxation (need money to pay for the army!)
The Rise of Prussia
Junkers resisted the growing power of the monarch, so King William Frederick I - Gives them exclusive right to be
military officers