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Absolutism in
FRANCE
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Louis XIII &
Cardinal Richelieu
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Richelieu’s Domestic PoliciesFirst minister to the French crown –
goal was to centralize the monarchy– Curb the power of the nobles (Nobles
jailed or executed for non-compliance)– Law of King only law– Intendents – men who functioned as
commisioners (spies?) for each of the generalities (could not be natives of that specific district)
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Dangers to the CrownLouis and Richielieu decided that the
independence of Huguenot cities was a threat to the unification of the state (La Rochelle) Inflation, high taxes, grain
shortages, high unemployment led to revolts for the next 60 years
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Dangers to the CrownPower of the French nobility
– Privileges taken away– Govt. agents (intendants/mid. class)
more power- collect taxes, administer justice
– King gets money without going to Estates General
– Mid. class loyal to king- military support, nobles political service not needed
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Dangers to the CrownPower of the Hapsburgs
– Austrian and Spanish Kings (bordered France)
– 30 Years War• France wants Hapsburgs to lose and
therefore support Protestants• Richelieu just wants Catholics to reserve
right to practice• Results: Protestants win 30 Years War(Treaty of Westphalia)
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RichelieuCreation of the French Academy
(still exists today) “raison d’etat” – “Where interests of
the state are concerned, God absolves actions which, if privately committed, would be a crime”
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Early Life of Louis XIV
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Louis XIV
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The Sun KingBourbon King (Louis XIII dad;
Henry IV grandfather)King at age 5
–Mom, Anne & prime minister Cardinal Jules Mazarin have real power
Ruled from 1661-1715
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MazarinGoal: increase French powerResults: people hate him &
ideas–Nobles revolted in 1648- fear
they were losing power–Riots in Paris spread to
countryside (slingshot)
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The FrondeMazarin could not control the
nobility and maintain order like RichelieuFirst Act of Rebellion- Parliament of
Paris rejects state tax plansRiots have lasting impact on young
Louis XIV – his resentment and fear of nobility is reflected through building of Versailles
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Economic Policies of Colbert - Minister of Finance under Louis
XIV
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TaxesKept power from the nobles by
giving them tax exemptions (they could not have a say in tax policy if they were not taxed)Increase wealth through taxes
(burden primarily fell on 3rd estate (peasants, lower classes)
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Mercantilism17th & 18th century economic
policy of EuropeWealth was limited – sell more
than buy Home country was the concern
– Export more than import– Raw materials to finished goods
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Promoting MercantilismNavigation Laws- move goods on
home ships (keep $)Bounties on production (subsidizing)Prohibition of outside trade by
coloniesState inspection and regulation of
products and industriesGave special privileges to skilled
craftsmen who immigrated to France
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Economic StrengthGold & silverExpanding manufacturingEncouraging commerceOwning colonies – focus was on
CanadaBuilding up shippingNavyExport more than import
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French EconomyColbert strengthens weak economyManufacturing expanded (north)
– Subsidies, grants, tax benefitsAgriculture & mining developed
– Skilled workers from other countries (south)
Balance of trade improved- exports increased
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French EconomyColbert’s policies effective1683- France is industrial leader
of EuropeHuguenots took lead role in
commerce & banking industry– Given start-up money
Purpose of economic development- serve the state
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Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes is revoked – 1685 – why?– Edict of Nantes was never intended to be
permanent– Most aristocrats were Catholic, Calvinism
was unpopular; decision won Louis praiseOutcomes:– Huguenots flee to avoid persecution– France loses middle class, skilled workers
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The Opulence of Louis XIV’s Reign
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VersaillesRest of Europe uses way of life at
Versailles as standardLocated 11 miles outside Paris250 acres36,000 workersNot fortifiedRoyal court
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Palace of Versailles
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VersaillesCenter of government226 rooms (nobles crammed)
– 5,000 servantsHall of MirrorsDominated French political &
cultural life
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Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles
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VersaillesVisual display of Louis’ absolute
powerElaborate life impressed citizens
– Nobles willingly became servants– “Keep your friends close & your
enemies even closer”
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France & the ArtsFrance leads Europe with French
ClassicismLouis demands music
– Operas popularizedComedies & Tragedies
– Moliere- satire on French society– Playwrights followed Greek dramatists
Louis was patron– Art’s purpose= glorify king
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End of Louis XIV’s Reign
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Military• Increased the size of the military from 25,000 men to 250,000• Appointed Francois le Tellier as secretary of war but supervised army himself; created a professional, modern army• Appointed Jean Martinet to whip them into shape • Standardized uniforms and weapons
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Failure of Military Goals1667-1713 wars fought for expansion
(invaded Flanders and Franche-Comté; the Netherlands)– Result: bankruptcy not glory
Balance of Power- weaker countries (GB,Sw,Neth,Sp,Ger, Aust) unite against France– Stopped 3 times in Netherlands– Treasury emptied
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War of Spanish SuccessionCharles II (Spain) dies with no heirsKingdom was supposed to be divided
(according to treaty) between other European powers (mostly France and HRE)– 2 biggest European powers tied by marriage– Leaves Spain to Philip of Anjou (Louis’
grandson)
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Response1701English, Austrians, Dutch, and
Prussians unite against France because of their fear of France becoming too powerful (upsetting the Balance of Power)A series of battles are fought,
primarily in German provinces
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Treaty of Utrecht 1713Philip keeps Spain
– If France & Spain do NOT uniteBritain gets Rock of Gibraltar
– Gateway to Mediterranean and African slave trade
Britain acquires France’s North American territory (Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay)
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Significance of WarNew balance of power- France & Spain v.
GB, Austria, NetherlandsFrance near ruinHigh taxes for FranceLouis regrets suffering caused
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ENGLAND:CIVIL WAR
&CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
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ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
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Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War
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James IFollows Elizabeth (Scottish
cousin)Issue- Power of ParliamentBelieved in absolute rule
– Divine Right- authority from God– Answer only to God
King James Bible- retranslation in response to conflict w/ Puritans
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James I
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Quarrels with Parliament Ineffective ruler, not a man of the
people, convinced of Divine RightLectured parliament on divine right
which caused resentment and unwillingness to give up $$
Parliamentary members (as well as English society in general) had become more educated and were not willing to give in to the lavish lifestyles of kings
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Puritans• England had been protestant for some time, And some people considered the Church of England to still be too Catholic in ritual • Puritans wanted to “purify” the church; were very strict in eliminating all excessive qualities of the church• James I and son Charles I were not Catholic but were sympathetic toward the Church
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Charles I Son of James I Divine Right ruler Quarrels with Parliament over $
– 1626 War with Spain forced him to ask for money from Parliament- dismisses when funds refused
– 1626-27- War with France- forces knights and nobles to loan $ (imprisons the unwilling) and quarters troops in private homes
– 1637 – War with Scotland – William Laud tried to impose more Catholic rituals on Scottish church, led to revolts
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Charles I
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Problems continue…1628 Charles recalls Parliament-
financial need– Money be given in return for
Petition of RightPetition of Right
– Parliament’s consent for taxes– Imprison only with cause– No martial law in peacetime– No quartering of soldiers
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Problems continue…Petition accepted temporarily- not
believed it would be followed1629 Result- Parliament is
dissolved (not called for 11 years) –King gained money through fines
and fees (believed to be acts of treason)•Result: popularity declined
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Charles I and ReligionReligious policies would ultimately be
his demisePuritans upset (many fled)William Laud (believed to secretly be
Catholic)– Forced Scots (Presbyterians) to follow
Church of England– Scots threatened invasion– -Uprising in Ireland
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Charles I and ReligionCharles calls Parliament again
– Why? Needed resources for war – Response? Parliament refuses
unless King addresses their demands
– Results? King dissolves Parliament– Scots invade defeat English- Charles
gives in
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Charles I and ReligionCharles forced to call Parliament
for money to meet new threat– Long Parliament– Parliament limits Kings power-
consent for taxes, Parliament meetings
– Revolt in Ireland- $ for suppression•Parliament further divided
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Charles I and ReligionRaid on House of Commons
fails- people upset King abandons house- goes north to prepare army (1642)
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English Civil War
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English Civil WarThe 2 sides:
– Cavaliers- loyal to King (nobles, church officials)
– Roundheads- Puritan townspeople, merchants
Roundheads- moneyCavaliers- experienced military, 75% of
land1644 Oliver Cromwell takes control of
Roundheads (believed they had God’s support)
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Oliver Cromwell
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English Civil WarMost people did NOT get involved in
war– Destruction of war- people become
more radical1646 Cromwell’s New Model Army
defeats the King’s forces
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English Civil WarResult: some Parliament members join
up with king’s leftover army– Cromwell defeated them & took King
captiveCromwell and army march to London
– 143 members/Scots of House of Commons expelled (Pride’s Purge)
– Charles I tried & beheaded /Rump Parliament
First time Monarch is tried with official execution
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Execution of Charles I
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Execution of Charles IHe was beheaded for treason on
January 30, 1649.Monarchy abolishedCromwell took control as Lord
Protector
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Cromwell1653 Cromwell drafted constitution
(1st written constitution in major European nation)
Republic under Cromwell as “Lord Protector”– Military dictatorship
Puritans impose beliefs (people upset)
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Cromwell’s ReignCromwell initially created a constitution but after a disagreement with Parliament, he ultimately tore it up and enforced martial law
Implemented religious toleration for Protestants but NOT Catholics
Censored the press, forbade sports and other leisure activities
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CromwellNo better than Charles I.
– His rule was just as harsh and he was hated.
Ultra-Puritan lifestyle instituted: prohibit drunkenness, theatergoing, dancing, etc.—Life was NOT fun!
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Charles II and James II’s Rule
Lead to the Glorious Revolution
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Charles II and RestorationCromwell dies in 1658, Monarchy
restoredNot a Divine Right Ruler (1600-1685)Middle ground with religion
– Religious freedom to Puritans and Catholics created problems with Parliament
– Constitutional monarchy or not?
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Charles II
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Charles II and MoneyNot granted enough money from
ParliamentTurns to Catholic King Louis XIV of
France for money-Secret agreement: Charles would
slowly re-Catholicize England
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Charles II and ReligionPeople knew of Charles’ Catholic
tendenciesNO HEIR (son)- brother James II
(heir) was openly Catholic – Parliament plans to pass an “exclusion bill”
which would deny throne to a Catholic– Charles quickly dissolves parliament in
response– When he dies, James becomes king
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James II
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James IIBelieves himself to be Divine Right
Ruler- no consent from ParliamentHe appoints Catholics to high
offices– Violate laws passed by Restoration
Parliament– Reaction: James dissolves Parliament
and won’t call another
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Unhappy Protestants1687 James announces govt. posts open
to Catholics and ProtestantsAlthough he issues religious tolerance,
the divide causes troops to rally13,000 soldiers stationed outside
London- change state religion to Catholicism
1688 James had son- fear of Catholic line of kings (second wife)
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Protestants’ PlanMary, daughter of first wife, married to
William of Orange – invited to overthrow James II– They accepted
Nobody tried to stop William and troops– James and family flee to France– Glorious Revolution (bloodless)
William and Mary recognized Parliament as leading partner in ruling
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Growth of Parliament’s
Power
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Under William and Mary 1689 Parliament drafts Bill of Rights
– Things ruler could NOT do– Parliament had certain rights– Laws could not be suspended– Approval of taxes– Freedom of speech– No standing army– No excessive bail*Written as influenced by the ideas of John
Locke who writes Two Treatises of Government –
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English Bill of Rights (1689)• King could not be Roman Catholic• Laws made only with consent of
Parliament.• Parliament has right of free speech.• No standing army in peace time w/o
Parliamentary approval.• Taxation illegal w/o Parliamentary
approval.• Trial by jury; due process of law.• Right to bear arms (not Catholics)
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The Anatomy of Revolution
“Old Regime” –Conservatives
(Royalists)
Revolution run by Moderates
(Parliament: Puritans and
Presbyterians)
Radicals take revolution to the extreme
Independents under Cromwell (New Model Army); (Levellers & Diggers are even more extreme)
Thermidor:Move away from extremism (Cromwell’s Protectorate)
Restoration:Return of conservatives to power (Charles II)
Radical Conservative
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VII. English Cabinet System in the 18th
CenturyA. System evolvedB. Sir Robert Walpole led Cabinet from
1721-1742• First prime minister
in British history.
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C. Hanoverian Kings1. George I (r. 1714-27)2. George II (r. 1727-1760) – decline in
decision making3. George III (r. 1760-1820)
a. Reduced power of prime minister – King’s Friends
b. Lost American colonies
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VIII. Other Constitutional States1. United Provinces – Dutch Republic
1. 17th century = “Golden Age” of the Netherlands
2. Government run by bourgeoisie (burghers)
3. Organization – confederation of 7 provinces (each led by Stadtholder)
4. Religion1. Calvinism vs. Arminianism2. Religious toleration
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Rembrandt: “Masters of the Cloth Guild”
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4. Commerce*a. mercantilismb. banking: Amsterdam replaced
Antwerp in 17th centuryc. Dutch East India Co.; Dutch West India
Co.5. Foreign policy
a. Impacted by England’s Navigation Laws
• War with France & England in 1670s• Treaty of Utrecht marked beginning of
end.
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17th Century Dutch Commerce
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B. Sweden1. King Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611-32)
reorganized gov’t.• Nobles dominant in army and gov’t.
2. Economya. Dominated Baltic and became
world power.b. Copper
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3. Foreign policya. Charles X (1654-60)
• First Northern Warb. Charles XII (1697-1718)
• Great Northern War (1700-21)Lost Baltic provinces to Peter
the Great
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Lords & Peasants in Eastern Europe
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Eastern Europe: Land of lords and peasants
In Eastern Europe: powerful nobility, weak middle class, serfs– 1400 – 1650: Serfdom reintroduced by
princes and “landed nobility”• Due to population decline as a result of the PLAGUE
– Lords solve econ. problems by exploiting serfs (peasants) -• By 1500 – serfs throughout East
– Lords take peasant lands – enslave serfs– Restrictions on movement – runaways hunted!– Demands made for unpaid serf labor
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Serfdom and Nobility
• Lords asserted their authority through imposition of laws that restricted the peasants rights to move freely as well as taking their land and heavier labor obligations thus making them serfs.
• The lords also acted as prosecutor, judge and jailer
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Hereditary subjugation in Prussia (bound to lords from one generation to the next).
Noble landlords enjoyed significantly more political power in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe as a result of questions about succession and monarchs needing the favor of the nobility.
Writers and travelers from Western Europe often portrayed Eastern Europe as more barbaric and unrefined as a result of the social and economic conditions they witnessed.
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Compared to Western Europe “Backward”
– Less politically developed, still used feudal system
– Not influenced by Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
– No exploration (no sea routes)– Lack of trade / economy– 30 Years War (holds E. Europe back)
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Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth“The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania”• Its powerful parliament was dominated by nobles who were reluctant to get involved in the Thirty Years' War; this neutrality spared the country from the ravages of a political-religious conflict which devastated most of contemporary Europe.
• In 1768, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became a protectorate of the Russian Empire
•The country was partitioned in three stages by the neighboring Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. By 1795, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been completely erased from the map of Europe. Poland and Lithuania were not re-established as independent countries until 1918.
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The three regions of the Commonwealth enjoyed a degree of autonomy Each voivodshiphad its own parliament (sejmik), which exercised serious political power, including choice of deputy and charging of the deputy with specific voting instructions. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania had its own separate army, treasury and most other official institutions
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Austria
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AUSTRIA rises in 17th century!!!
Problems: struggles with Turks / 30 Years’ War / Internal Issues (fighting btw. nationalities)
30 Years’ War failed to renew HRE – but -– Protestants wiped out, 1620 at White
Mountain – centralization under Catholicism
• (nobility decimated so lands given to soldiers!)– Ferdinand III creates standing army (1637-
57)Now – Austria turns East for land
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Charles VI (1713)Won land in War of the Spanish Succession Large empire, hard to rule
– Dukedom of Austria– Kingdom of Bohemia– Kingdom of Hungary– Land in Germany, Italy
Diverse lands = Diverse people Common ruler was only unifying factor
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Charles VI (1713)Wanted to ensure his empire would not
be split– Pragmatic Sanction- only heir (Maria
Theresa) would be heir to all Hapsburg landMaria Theresa- Reign plagued by war
– Enemy= Hohenzollerns of Prussia Austria had no natural boundaries or
ethnicitiesMap of Hapsburg Empire (start at 1:43)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyLSUZ1qlVM
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Maria Theresa
• Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, had sixteen children, including Queen Marie Antoinette of France
• Became the ruler by the Pragmatic Sanction, anedict issued by Charles VI on 19 April 1713, to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions could be inherited by a daughter.• Her ascension to the throne in 1740 resulted in the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony broke their promises and contested the claims of Maria Theresa on Charles VI’s Austrian lands, and initiated the War of the Austrian Succession. • Religious differences prevented her from having an arranged marriage to the Calvinist prince Frederick of Prussia; instead she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine.
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Austrian Power
Habsburg Family Possessions– Austria – Bohemia – Hungary – Union of rulers: not law or people --- Slavs, Hungarians, Croats,
Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Poles, Italians, Germans
Pragmatic Sanction, 1713– Declared by Charles VI (1711-1740)
• Hitherto, only males can rule HRE• BUT he has no son – only daughter Maria Theresa
– SO -- argued for no division of Austrian properties; land should be passed intact to a single heir = Maria Theresa = Empress of Austria, 1740; her husband, Francis-Stephen of Lorraine elected HREmperor, 1745
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Ottoman Empire
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Ottoman EmpireMuslim but “accepted” different religious
groups within the empire “Millet system” – religious leaders
supported Sultan in exchange for powers over their communities
Sultan had power to tax and raise armyTrade and exchange of good was strongSulieman the Magnificent- conquered
Hungary, threatened Austria
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Hussar, King Sobieski (Poland), Pancerni, Light Calvary, Dragoon, Infantry, Ensign, Infantry Officer
Deli, bannerat, visir, porte-wuntschuk, spahi, artillery, janissary, peik, captain of Janissaries, solak
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Ottomans – from central Asia to Turkey (Anatolia) – followers of Islam – determined foes of Catholic Hapsburgs
The Sultanate – peaks 1520-1566– Under Suleiman the Magnificent– Sultan was absolute head of state
• Little private property – except slaves• Male children in conquered Christian lands in Balkans!
(Janissaries) Habsburg Victory
– Final Turk attack on Vienna in the 17th century - turned back in 1683 (Polish king – Sobieski helps);
– Treaty of Karlowitz, 1699 = Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia & Slovenia incorporated into Austrian Empire
– “Sick man of Europe” = beginning of the end for Turkey in late 17th
century
Austria and the Turks
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PrussiaHohenzollern family ruledFormed from small statesBrandenburg was the most
important state–Ruling prince 1 of 7 electors of
HRE
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An Eastern European Anomaly:Brandenburg – Prussia
Hohenzollern Family– AT FIRST “Elected” to lead as “first among equals” BUT the
Elector of Brandenburg is relatively “helpless” • SO prestige without power BUT
– In 1614 inherits territory on the Rhine– In 1618 inherits Prussia from cousin– By 1640 Frederick William will raise Brandenburg-
Prussia to new heights
1640 1688 1713 1740
Frederick WilliamFrederick III (King Frederick I)
Frederick William I
*stronger absolutism than Austria *unites German people in 19th century!!!
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PrussiaFrederick William (Great Elector)
( The Elector)
Fredrick William I
(The Soldier King) Frederick II
(The Great)
Frederick I (Frederick III The Ostentatious)
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Frederick William -1640 The Great Elector- overrun in 30 Years War
– Took control at age 20, unified 3 “provinces” (Brandenburg, Prussia, and pieces of territory in the west (Cleve, Mark, and Ravensburg))
– Took control using force, funded by heavy taxation
– He gave his nobles (Junkers) positions in government or military to gain support
– Prussia was not a country with an army but an army with a country
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The “Great Elector” established Berlin as his capital city and allowed over 20,000 French
Huguenots to immigrate there
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When “Great Elector” Frederick William died, he was replaced by his son Frederick I (III) in 1701.
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Frederick the Ostentatious
Frederick I (son)–1st Hohenzollern to have the
title of king–1713 Treaty of Utrecht- the
duchy of Prussia is now recognized as kingdom
–All Hohenzollern’s lands called Prussia
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Unlike his father, Frederick I was a weak ruler who did little but maintain what his father had started for over 25 years – he loved luxury and the arts (much like Louis XIV)
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When he died in 1713, he was replaced by his son, Frederick William I, who was a strong ruler
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Due to Frederick William I’s obsession with the military he was nicknamed the “Soldier King”
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Prussia’s Army Grows…
Frederick William I– Obsessed with growing his military /
recruiting (kidnapping) from Europe– Money spent only on army– Army doubled in size– Junkers (land-owning nobility)=
officers– Military society implemented
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Under him the Prussian military doubled in size and consumed 80% of the national budget….but he never used them!
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Despite this, he balanced the budget but cutting the lavishness of his imperial court
He cuts power from the estates to establish an absolute, centralized (militarized) monarchy
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Frederick William I’s greatest fear was that his oldest son, Frederick II, would not be strong
enough to rule
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Prussia – Frederick IIRuled 1740-1786Absolute ruler of
Prussia (Germany) Attacked Austria,
sparking the War of Austrian Succession
Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, into one nation
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Characteristics of Prussian Bureaucracy
– Efficient– Honest– Successful– Paradoxically, most militaristic BUT
almost always at peace!!!– “Sparta of the North”
rigidity / discipline / obedience “to keep quiet is the first civic duty”
– Tried to develop the economy
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King Frederick William I, 1713-1740
Fuses Prussian bureaucracy and militarism– 1740 army = 80,000 men– Separate laws for military and civilians!!– Officer corps (remember these are
primarily Junkers) = highest ranking social class
• Monarchy and Junkers join together to form a unified political entity
– HOWEVER Frederick William I uses the
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Tom Richey – Absolutist Prussia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LW5NYnZ9X8w
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The Isolation of Russia
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Byzantinian InfluenceEastern Slavs converted from
Byzantinian missionaries to Eastern Orthodoxy– Break from Catholicism (Pope not authority)– Art = icons
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Further IsolationGeographically cut-off
–Ural Mountains cut off from East–Only seaport- Archangel (frozen)
Religion widens gap West–Eastern/Russian Orthodox v.
Catholic/ Protestant
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Mongol Yoke – 200 years
Influence of “Asian” cultureMongols took money (tribute)
–Princes controlled land and collected money
Mongols used strength of military/force (Genghis Khan)
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Early Russian Society1480 Ivan III (Prince of Moscow) frees
Russia from the Mongol Yoke – Became the first czar– Claimed descent from Caesar (tsar / czar
is Slavic or Caesar)Society dominated by landowning
nobility (boyars), serfs tied to land– Serfdom lasted until mid 1800’s (ended in
1300/1400’s in Western Europe)
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Czarist Russia• Czar Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1547-
1584• Ivan expanded Russian territory
and crushed the powers of the nobility (known as Boyars) ruthlessly (garnering his name) which left Russia severely depopulated.
• Independent “outlaw” groups formed in retaliation called Cossacks.
• He killed his own eldest son and was succeeded by his weak younger son.
• After his son’s death Russia was in anarchy (The Time of Troubles) until a national assembly was formed in 1613
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The Romanov Dynasty Begins
The National Assembly chooses Ivan’s grandnephew, Michael Romanov, as the new Czar in 1613.
The Romanov Dynasty will Rule Russia for more than 300 years.
Their most effective Czar is Peter the Great, who modernized Russia and become an Absolute monarch who believed in divine right
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Histircal Thinking Skills -PeriodizationCHRONOLOGICAL REASONING• Describe, analyze, and evaluate how historians divide history into discrete and definable time periods.• Historians construct and debate different, sometimes competing models of periodization.• The choice of turning points/starting and ending dates might have different values to one story, region, or group than another.
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Peter
the
Great
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Peter the Great1682 - 1725Interested in foreign things, ships,
seasSaw need for warm water port
–Necessary for competition with modern powers
Came to power w/ help of streltski (Moscow guards)
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Desire to Modernize 1698 Traveled to W. Europe to
learn customs–1st czar to travel to W. Europe–Incognito–Worked in shipyard in Netherlands
Later traveled to England–Toured in London
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Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. EuropeanAgriculture
–Staple crop= potatoFactories and Mines
–Exports encourage–Imports discouraged–Factories subsidized (centralized
workshops)–Iron industry developed
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Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. EuropeanRussian Calendar
– Year starts on Jan. 1 not Sept. 1– Year based on birth of Jesus
Newspapers– 1st newspaper reported on non-Russian
events– Western ideas develop– Emphasis on literacy
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Peter’s Changes –Make Russian more W. European
Status of Women– Until 1700 followed Medieval treatment of
women– Noblewoman invited to social gatherings
(without veils)– No arranged marriages (unless children
consented)No beards for men (to look more
European)
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Absolute Rule Peter increased power of monarchyPeople become discontented (forced
changes)Holy Synod (priests) with Peter as head-
replaced Patriarch– Similar to Church of England
Boyars lose power (new social status)– Land and positions given to lower-ranking
(ensured loyalty)
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Russian MilitaryEuropean officers hired to
modernize–Army –Prussia, Navy -Britain–Only had part-time cavalry–Army of 200,000 paid for by taxes
Army used to crush peasant revolt and gain warm water port–Lead to need for warships
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Russian MilitaryClose Russia off to possible
European invasionGreat Northern War- v.
Swedes who invade Ukraine (defeated by winter)–Russia gains land on Baltic Sea
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Great Northern War 1700-1721
• Alliance with Denmark
• Invades Sweden, wants warm water ports
• Denmark and Russia defeated at first (Battle of Narva)
• Peter reforms: nobles must serve for life; military schools; 5 years serve away from home; bureaucracy; higher taxes
• Battle of Poltava was great victory
• End: Russia gains Estonia and Latvia, becomes Baltic power
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A New Capital1712 St. Petersburg made
capitalBuilt on swampLand gained from SwedenLocated on Neva River, near
coast
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Lands added by Peter the Great
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Eastern Baroque Architecture=
Displays of POWER
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Palaces and Power Palaces of Europe
tried to exemplify baroque style and Versailles architecture.
Schonbrunn was built in Vienna by emperor Leopold I to demonstrate his Habsburg power and military victories.
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St. Petersburg
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Building St. Petersburg Built on a swamp Used recruited serfs in the summer time
– 1 in every 10 to 15 households had to furnish one worker and then pay a special tax in order to feed and house the workers.
Many died due to sickness, hunger, and accidents. Forced nobles to live there and had them pay a tax
to pay for maintenance of the city.
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St. PetersburgComfortable modern city
– Broad, straight, stone paved streets– Houses built in uniform line– Large parks, stone bridges
All buildings had to conform to strict architecture codes
Each social group had its certain section of town.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfWaHCWO42M
Peter the Great