absolutism in russia ivan to peter. russian beginnings before 9 th c many ethnic groups in russia...
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Absolutism in Russia
Ivan to Peter
Russian Beginnings before 9th C
Many Ethnic Groups in RussiaScythiansAlansFinnsTurksMagyars
Siberia Siberia “Permafrost” “Permafrost”
Average temperatures of Average temperatures of January January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C July from 1 to 25°C
150,000,000 population.150,000,000 population. A former “A former “gulaggulag”” Soviet prison Soviet prison camp.camp.
Slavs move in
FarmersGrew barley, wheat, ryeTraded forest products:
Timber, fur, fish
Vikings take over
Slavs peaceful—do not fightRurik moves in: First Viking
RulerOleg, his successor, captures
Kiev
Early RussiaEarly Russia
Kieven Rus
Good location for tradeOn Dnieper RiverConstantinople nearbyTrade forest products for
manufactured goods and ideas
Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:
Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity
Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:
Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity
Cyril and Methodius
Monks850 AD left Constantinople to
spread Christianity to SlavsCreated Cyrillic languageTaught Slavs their alphabet—
from Greek language
Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:
Cyrillic AlphabetCyrillic Alphabet
988—Vladimir I
Vladimir renounces his pagan ways and wives
Accepts Christianity999—orders all Kievens to be
baptizedChristian world—one leader:
Pope in Rome
1054—Christianity splits
Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept Papal Supremacy
Split continues todayEastern/Greek Orthodoxy
centered in Constantinople
1453—Constantinople Falls
Turks sack ConstantinoplePower of patriarch reducedRussian Church leaders gain
power
16th Century Church
Russia independent of Greek Orthodox Church
Rejected control of Patriarch in Constantinople
Moscow becomes center of Russian Orthodoxy
Patriarch’s influence
Russian Patriarchs close to Tsars
Encourage strong control over Peasants
Russia separated from Western Ideas
Split with Rome
Russian Separation
Native Russian used in Church, not Latin
Russian scholars isolated from intellectual developments in West
Decline of Kieven Rus
Despite advantages: good soil, rivers, Black Sea trade
Many Problems: Succession of Rulers had to hold territorial seats to become ruler
Threats of (Mongol) nomads,
Loss of Northern trade
1223: Golden Horde Enters Russia
Batu Khan+ Gold Colored tents1240: sacks KievOnly Novgorod Free, but forced
to recognize Tatar Ruler for 200 years
NovgorodNovgorod
Mongol Rule
Loose control of RussiaRussians paid tribute to KhanCould manage their own affairsRussian Princes wanted to
unite,Appealed to West for help—
none came
The Mongols Invade The Mongols Invade RussiaRussia
Mongol Rule
No help from WestAsian customs adoptedWomen’s status declinedSlavs poor; few rightsTatar words, clothing,
architecture acceptedAutocracy
Emergence of Moscow
Moscow Princes gained favor from Tatars
Right to collect taxesMoscow River replaces Dnieper
as main trade route1299—Head of Russian
Orthodox church moves to Moscow
Moscow
Church became unifying factor for Russian People under Tatars
Moscow strongest and largest of small Russian states
Gains control over lesser Princes
Ivan III 1462-1505
Ivan the Great: Founder of Russian Nation State
1st to use title “Tsar”Refused to pay tribute to TatarsMongols divided; lost power
Ivan the Great Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505)(r. 1462-1505)
Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.Requesting More Tribute in 1480.
Ivan III 1462-1505
1472: married Sophia, niece of last Byzantine emperor
Moscow becomes 3rd Rome—New holy city
Autocratic rule
Serfdom in Russia
Before Tatar invasion, serfs free to move around
Invasion destroyed: fields, animals, buildings
Peasants sold labor or promised part of their crops to get loans
Serfdom in Russia
Poorest most vulnerable could not pay off debt
Debt serfdom replaced by legal serfdom
Serfs tied to land by lawCould not move
Serfdom in Russia
As nobility grew, so did serfdom;Labor laws passedPeasants stayed on land and
worked for landownersDeadening effect on economyInefficient work
Serfdom in Russia
Serfs not motivated as in WestSerfs poorWhole nation affectedLasts until 1861
Ivan IV 1533-1584
Grandson of Ivan IIIOrphaned at age 8Becomes Tsar at 17Extended Russian boundaries
and drove to SiberiaDestroyed power of Boyars
Ivan IV 1533-1584
Thousands executedKills Ivan, his oldest son1584—Russia stronger
Time of Troubles 1584-1613
Who will be heir?Dmitri, child of Ivan’s 7th wife
would not be recognized by the Church
Feodor was retarded; spent most of his time in prayer
Time of Troubles
Feodor ‘ruled’ 14 yearsBoyars began fighting autocracyBoris Godunov becomes regentDefeated the Romanov family
(killed many important members; they were still popular w/people)
Time of Troubles
1591: mysterious death—10-year old Dmitry is found dead, with his throat cut
Death ruled accidental: he was playing with a knife and had an epileptic seizure; killed himself
Was it Godunov?
Time of Troubles 1598
Feodor dies w/out heirBoris Godunov is elected Tsar
by zemsky soborGodunov: popular, experienced
in government, honorable
Time of Troubles
Godunov tries to stabilize Russia: destroy boyars, rest of Romanovs
Favored enlightenmentTried to set up university in
Moscow—church balkedSent students abroad to study
Time of Troubles
1601: Drought/famine hit RussiaGodunov tried to collect and
redistribute food; 1 million dieArmed mobs ravaged towns,
looking for food
Time of Troubles
Rumors spread that Dmitry was not really dead—they knifed the wrong boy
A young man appears and claims to be the true prince of Russia (False Dmitry I)
Time of Troubles
False Dmitry I got recognition from Poland;
In exchange for support, he promised to make Russia Catholic once he takes the throne
Time of Troubles
1604: Polish Warriors, Cossacks, peasants support False Dmitry I; invade Russia
Boris Godunov fought, but with victory in sight, Godunov becomes sick and dies
1605: False Dmitry entered Moscow—crowned Tsar
Time of Troubles
False Dmitry reigned 13 monthsPoles antagonized Muscovites,
tried to make them submit to Catholicism
Time of Troubles
Finally, Prince Vasily Shuisky organizes Russian soldiers, townsfolk
Slaughtered the Poles; executed False Dmitry; burned his remains
Stuffed them into a cannon and fired towards Poland
Elected Shuisky Tsar
Time of Troubles
1606-1613 Shuisky is a Boyar-Tsar: no power base
Ivan Bolotnikov led a mass revolt of Cossacks, runaway peasants, and vagabonds against all authority and property owners; reached Moscow before it was defeated
Time of Troubles
Other Pretenders tried to take the throne: False Dmitry II—set up headquarters in Tushino: 2 Tsars w/equal followers
1610 Shuisky deposedFalse Dmitry II murdered over $
Time of Troubles
Russia had no Tsar, no government
Ineffective Duma (led by boyars) tried to rule
Western claims made: Sweden, Poland seized territories
Time of Troubles
Russian People rallied together: Begun in churches
“3rd Rome must not be allowed to fall to Catholic ‘heretics’ of the West”
Time of Troubles
Citizens of Novgorod gave 1/3 of all possessions to finance crusade
Great national army formed: Marched on Moscow and wiped out the Polish garrison there
Neither Poland nor Sweden challenged it
Time of Troubles
Zemsky Sobor elected new Tsar: 16 year old Michael Romanov
Acceptable to Muscovites and Cossacks: linked to Ivan IV by marriage
Time of Troubles ends
Michael is weak TsarSon Alexis and grandson
Feodor III also weak1689: Peter I crowned Tsar