abstract

Making Biodiesel For Research and Education 1 Chris Behm, 2 Jennifer Keiner, 3 Quingshi Tu, 3 Dr.Mingming Lu 1 Riverview East Academy, Cincinnati, OH, 2 University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 3 Department of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH • Abstract • Biodiesel is a viable additive for mixing into traditional diesel fuel to lower harmful emissions, especially particulate matter. Biodiesel production is being held back due to large amounts of water having to be used in the production process. Determination of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil and purification with citric acid can be used to try to reduce the amount of water being used. • Methods • Pretreatment of fatty acid using sulfuric acid, methanol, ethyl alcohol and NaOH. • Washing and purification of biodiesel with different citric acid concentration. • Comparison of biodiesel produced with methanol • Different oil sources can yield different biodiesel ester profiles. • Waste cooking oil and virgin canola produce similar components. • WCO and virgin canola oil produce different relative amounts of components. • Alcohols have direct influence on composition of biodiesel. • Data And Results Titration with NaOH to determine FFA content Crude biodiesel being washed with water and different concentrations of citric acid. Project RET is funded through NSF Grant # EEC 0808 Acknowledgements: Andrea Burrows, Anant Kukreti, Ming Chai 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% FFA Conversion 56C 15% FFA 5.557% Logarithmic (FFA Conversion 56C 15% FFA 5.557%) FFA Conversion 56C 15% FFA 4.567% All line equations had an acceptable R^2 value above .9. Minutes F F A C o n v e r s i o n FFA Acid Pretreatment Graph • Analysis and Conclusion • More sulfuric acid yielded higher conversion of FFA. • More time in the reactor yielded higher conversion of FFA. • 58C reaction temperature yields a higher conversion than 56C. • 50:1 methanol ratio yielded highest conversion of FFA. • Citric C15:0 C16:0 C17:0 C17:1 C17:2 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C20:0 C20:1 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% Zoo Canola ME Canola EE Esters Relative Concentraion GC/MS Analysis for Biodiesel Components Zoo represents waste cooking oil from the Cincinnati Zoo, Canola ME represents virgin canola oil reacted with methanol. Canola EE represents virgin canola oil reacted with ethanol. • Future Work • Explore other options to reduce water usage. • Investigate acid pretreatment kinetics. • Explore other sources of biodiesel feedstock.

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Making Biodiesel For Research and Education1Chris Behm, 2Jennifer Keiner, 3Quingshi Tu, 3Dr.Mingming Lu

1Riverview East Academy, Cincinnati, OH, 2University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 3 Department of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH

• Abstract• Biodiesel is a viable additive for

mixing into traditional diesel fuel to lower harmful emissions, especially particulate matter. Biodiesel production is being held back due to large amounts of water having to be used in the production process. Determination of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil and purification with citric acid can be used to try to reduce the amount of water being used.

• Methods• Pretreatment of fatty acid using

sulfuric acid, methanol, ethyl alcohol and NaOH.

• Washing and purification of biodiesel with different citric acid concentration.

• Comparison of biodiesel produced with methanol and ethanol.

• Different oil sources can yield different biodiesel ester profiles.

• Waste cooking oil and virgin canola produce similar components.

• WCO and virgin canola oil produce different relative amounts of components.

• Alcohols have direct influence on composition of biodiesel.

• Data And Results

Titration with NaOH to determine FFA content

Crude biodiesel being washed with water and different concentrations of citric acid.

Project RET is funded through NSF Grant # EEC 0808696Acknowledgements: Andrea Burrows, Anant Kukreti, Ming Chai

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

FFA Conversion 56C 15% FFA 5.557%Logarithmic (FFA Conversion 56C 15% FFA 5.557%)FFA Conversion 56C 15% FFA 4.567%Logarithmic (FFA Conversion 56C 15% FFA 4.567%)FFA Conversion 58C 10% FFA 4.756%

All line equations had an acceptable R^2 value above .9.

Minutes

FFA

Conversion

FFA Acid Pretreatment Graph

• Analysis and Conclusion

• More sulfuric acid yielded higher conversion

of FFA.• More time in the

reactor yielded higher conversion of FFA.

• 58C reaction temperature yields a higher conversion than 56C.

• 50:1 methanol ratio yielded highest conversion of FFA.

• Citric acid reduced the amount of water need for

washing.• Citric acid

concentration had minimal effect of water

usage.

C15:0 C16:0 C17:0 C17:1 C17:2 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C20:0 C20:10.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Zoo

Canola ME

Canola EE

Esters

Relative C

oncentraion

GC/MS Analysis for Biodiesel Components

Zoo represents waste cooking oil from the Cincinnati Zoo, Canola ME represents virgin canola oil reacted with methanol.Canola EE represents virgin canola oil reacted with ethanol.

• Future Work • Explore other options to reduce

water usage.• Investigate acid pretreatment

kinetics.• Explore other sources of biodiesel

feedstock.

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