abstract

MULTI-FREQUENCY, MULTI-POLARIZATION MULTI-FREQUENCY, MULTI-POLARIZATION AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS OF BARE AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS OF BARE SOIL, SNOW AND WATER ICE MICROWAVE SOIL, SNOW AND WATER ICE MICROWAVE

REFLECTION AND EMISSION BY C-, Ku-, REFLECTION AND EMISSION BY C-, Ku-, AND Ka-BAND, COMBINED AND Ka-BAND, COMBINED

SCATTEROMETER-RADIOMETER SYSTEMSSCATTEROMETER-RADIOMETER SYSTEMS

Artashes Arakelyan, Astghik Hambaryan, Vardan Hambaryan, Vanik Artashes Arakelyan, Astghik Hambaryan, Vardan Hambaryan, Vanik Karyan, Mushegh Manukyan, Melanya Grigoryan, Gagik Hovhannisyan, Karyan, Mushegh Manukyan, Melanya Grigoryan, Gagik Hovhannisyan,

Arsen Arakelyan, Marine Simonyan and Mariam KrdyanArsen Arakelyan, Marine Simonyan and Mariam Krdyan

ECOSERV Remote Observation Centre Co. Ltd.ECOSERV Remote Observation Centre Co. Ltd.www.ecoservroc.comwww.ecoservroc.com

2 G. Njdeh Str., #24, Yerevan, 375006, ARMENIA2 G. Njdeh Str., #24, Yerevan, 375006, ARMENIAPhone: (374 10) 421 877/425 088; Fax: (374 10) 421 877 Phone: (374 10) 421 877/425 088; Fax: (374 10) 421 877

emails: [email protected]; [email protected]: [email protected]; [email protected]

http://www.ecoservroc.com/

AbstractAbstractIn this presentation the results of simultaneous In this presentation the results of simultaneous and spatially coincident, multi-polarization and spatially coincident, multi-polarization measurements of snow, bare soil and fresh measurements of snow, bare soil and fresh water ice microwave reflective (radar water ice microwave reflective (radar backscattering coefficient) and emissive backscattering coefficient) and emissive (brightness temperature) characteristics angular (brightness temperature) characteristics angular dependences at 5.6GHz, 15GHz and 37GHz will dependences at 5.6GHz, 15GHz and 37GHz will be represented. As well as structural and be represented. As well as structural and operational features of ArtAr-5.6 (C-band), ArtAr-operational features of ArtAr-5.6 (C-band), ArtAr-15 (Ku-band) and ArtAr-37 (Ka-band), dual-15 (Ku-band) and ArtAr-37 (Ka-band), dual-polarization, combined scatterometric-polarization, combined scatterometric-radiometric systems will be discussed.radiometric systems will be discussed.

Utilized Devices Utilized Devices Multi-polarization, combined scatterometric radiometric Multi-polarization, combined scatterometric radiometric

systemssystems

ArtAr-5.6ArtAr-5.6

ArtAr-15ArtAr-15 ArtAr-37ArtAr-37

C and Ku-band systems has three C and Ku-band systems has three operational modes for their transmitters, operational modes for their transmitters, suitable for short suitable for short (5m-50m),(5m-50m), middle middle (30m-(30m-250m)250m) and long distance and long distance (150m-2500m (150m-2500m and more)and more) applications from flying, moving applications from flying, moving or stationary fixed measuring platforms.or stationary fixed measuring platforms.

Ka-band system has only short Ka-band system has only short (5m-50m)(5m-50m) range application mode for its transmitter, range application mode for its transmitter, suitable for low altitude moving or suitable for low altitude moving or stationary fixed measuring platformsstationary fixed measuring platforms

Time division channeling is used for each system’s Time division channeling is used for each system’s scatterometer and radiometer functioning, to scatterometer and radiometer functioning, to provide required electromagnetic decoupling.provide required electromagnetic decoupling.

Time diagrams of the systems’ operation

TP

Tran

smiss

ion

of

a pu

lse

at v

or

h

pol.

Rada

r re

cept

ion

at

vv a

nd v

h po

l. or

at

hh

and

hv

pol.

Rad

iom

etric

re

cept

ion

at v

and

h p

ol.

TP u

TS – TT

Tim

e fo

r re

ceiv

ers

prot

ectio

n

TP r

TS

TB

TT

TR

For a single pulse case

t

Rada

r re

cept

ion

at v

v an

d vh

pol

.

TP

Tran

smiss

ion

of a

trai

n of

pul

ses a

t v

or h

po

l.

Rad

iom

etric

re

cept

ion

at v

and

h

pol.

Tim

e fo

r re

ceiv

ers

prot

ectio

n

TS

TR e

TP u

TP r

TB

TT

For a case of atrain of N pulses

TR

t

Tran

smiss

ion

of

a pu

lse o

f the

tra

in

at v

or h

pol

.

Artar-5.6 C-Band

Artar-15 Ku-Band

Artar-37 Ka-Band

Central frequency 5.6GHz 15GHz 37GHz

Antenna type / beamwidth Parabolic antenna/~60 Parabolic antenna/~70 Horn antenna/~90

Radar pulses, type and duration for: Short distance application mode Middle distance application mode

Long distance application mode

a train of 8a single pulsea single pulse

pulses, 25ns eachof 0.1mksof 1mks

a train of 8 pulses, 25ns each

Radar pulse power Short distance application mode Middle distance application mode Long distance application mode

50mW150mw0.5W

75mW250mw

1W

35mW

Pulse repetition frequency within a train 1.6MHz 1.6MHz 1.6MHz

A train or a single pulse repetition frequency 1KHz 1KHz 1KHz

Radar receivers noise factor ~2dB ~2dB ~2dB

Radar receiver’s bandwidth ~40MHz ~40MHz ~40MHz

Radiometer receivers bandwidth ~ 500MHz ~ 600MHz ~ 800MHz

Radar channel’s sensitivity ~-126dB/W ~-126dB/W ~-126dB/W

Radar channel’s sensitivity at 1s < 0.1K ~0.15K ~0.3K

The main technical characteristics of the used devicesThe main technical characteristics of the used devices

The Experimental Site of ECOSERV ROC The Experimental Site of ECOSERV ROC CompanyCompany

MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION FACILITIES

Calibration by SkyCalibration by Sky

Calibration by Sky, a Chart sample, 37GHzCalibration by Sky, a Chart sample, 37GHz

The level when the Input The level when the Input Key switched off antennaKey switched off antenna

at “v” pol. and at “h” pol. at “v” pol. and at “h” pol.

The Observation The Observation angle angle

~ 30~ 3000

The Observation The Observation angle angle

~ 30~ 3000

The level when the Input The level when the Input Key switched off Key switched off

antennaantennaat “v” pol. and at “h” at “v” pol. and at “h”

pol. pol.

Radiometer Radiometer Caliber 18K atCaliber 18K at

“v” and at “h” pol.“v” and at “h” pol.RadiometerRadiometer

Calibers 18K Calibers 18K at “v” pol. nd at “h” at “v” pol. nd at “h”

pol.pol.

Sky Level at “v” pol. and at Sky Level at “v” pol. and at “h” pol.“h” pol.

Sky Level at “v” pol. and at “h” Sky Level at “v” pol. and at “h” pol.pol.

Radiometer Radiometer Caliber 18K atCaliber 18K at

“h” pol. and at “v” “h” pol. and at “v” pol.pol.

Change of Change of PolarizationPolarization

from “h” to “v”from “h” to “v”

Soil Measurements’ Chart Sample, 15GHz Soil Measurements’ Chart Sample, 15GHz

14.03.2011, Experiment-4.1, Combed soil14.03.2011, Experiment-4.1, Combed soil

Radar channel, Radar channel, “vv” pol. “vv” pol.

Radar Radar channel, channel,

“vh” pol. “vh” pol.

Radiometric channel, Radiometric channel, “v” pol. “v” pol.

Radiometric channel, Radiometric channel, “h” pol. “h” pol.

Radar Radar CalibersCalibers

Radar Radar Channels Channels

“0” “0” LevelLevel

Radiometer Radiometer Calibers 18KCalibers 18K

Combed Soil at Combed Soil at ==808000

Combed Soil at Combed Soil at =80=8000



The level when the The level when the Input Input

Key switched off Key switched off antennaantenna

The level when the The level when the Input Key switched off Input Key switched off

antennaantenna

Chart’s ContinuationChart’s Continuation




Radar Radar channel, channel, pol. “vv”pol. “vv”

Radar Radar channel, channel, pol. “vh”pol. “vh”

Radiometric Radiometric channel, channel, pol. “v”pol. “v”

Radiometric Radiometric channel, channel, pol. “h”pol. “h”



The level when the The level when the Input Key’s switched off Input Key’s switched off

antennaantenna

Radar Radar CalibersCalibers

Combed Combed Soil Soil

at at =0-5=0-500


at at =0-5=0-500



at at =80=8000




at at =80=8000

THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTSTHE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS

ocal

ojiji UU

UUC

coslog10 ,

,

cali

cali

Keyi

Ti

KeyBi UTUUtT

27399.0

Backscattered Backscattered signal’s levelsignal’s level

Radar channel’s Radar channel’s “0” Level“0” Level

Radar caliber signal’s levelRadar caliber signal’s level

Radiometer caliber Radiometer caliber signal’s levelsignal’s level

Surface emission Surface emission signal’s levelsignal’s level

Input Key’s Input Key’s emission levelemission level

The value of The value of radiometric radiometric

calibers 18K or calibers 18K or soso

Input Key’s physical Input Key’s physical temperaturetemperature

Input Key’s emissivityInput Key’s emissivity

, dBCij Semi-Dry Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ 10C

Semi-Dry Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ 10C

BiT , K

5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C

, dBCij

BiT , K Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C

5.6GHz, March. 2010

, dBCij

Dry Snow, thickness ~ 13.5cm tsnow ~ -20C, tair ~ -60C


BiT , K

5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

, dBCij

Semi-Dry, thickness ~ 14.5cm tsnow ~ -0.50C, tair ~ -10C

Semi-Dry, thickness ~ 14.5cm tsnow ~ -0.50C, tair ~ -10C

BiT , K

37GHz, 2 Feb. 2011

Dry Snow, thickness ~ 9cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ -20C

Dry Snow, thickness ~ 9cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ -20C

, dBCij

BiT , K

5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

37GHz, 4 Feb. 2011



, dBCij

BiT , K

, dBCij Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C

Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C

BiT , K

5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

, dBCij

BiT , K

Wet Snow, thickness ~ 2-3cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 5.50C

Wet Snow, thickness ~ 2-3cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 5.50C

37GHz, 9 Feb. 2011

37GHz, 11 Feb. 2011

, dBCij , dBCij

Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=21%, tair ~ 50C, tsoil ~ 3-40C

Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%, tair ~ 30C, tsoil ~ 20C

BiT , K BiT , K


Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=21%, tair ~ 50C, tsoil ~ 3-40C

37GHz, 16 Feb. 2011

, dBCij , dBCij

BiT , K

Soil and dry stems of vegetation,soil moisture mm=11%, tair ~ 80C, tsoil ~ 50C

37GHz, 23 Feb. 2011



, dBCij

BiT , K


37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011

, dBCij

BiT , K



, dBCij



37GHz, 7 March 2011

15GHz, 7 March 2011

BiT , K

, dBCij

BiT , K

37GHz, 14 March 2011


Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture mm=23.9%, tair ~ 120C, tsoil ~ 80C

, dBCij

BiT , K




, dBCij , dBCij

Combed soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%, tair ~ 180C, tsoil ~ 140C




BiT , K BiT , K



, dBCij , dBCij

BiT , K BiT , K

Dug soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%, tair ~ 160C, tsoil ~ 140C






, dBCij

BiT , K

Fresh water ice, thickness ~13.5cm tice ~ -40C, tair~ -130C,

twater ~ 0-10C

Fresh water ice, thickness ~13.5cm tice ~ -40C, tair~ -130C,

twater ~ 0-10C

5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

, dBCij

BiT , K

Fresh water ice, thickness ~17cm tice ~ -20C, tair~ -30C, twater ~ 0-10C


5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

, dBCij

BiT , K



5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

, dBCij

BiT , K

Fresh water ice, thickness ~7.5cm tice ~ -10C, tair~ 90C, twater ~ 30C

Fresh water ice, thickness ~7.5cm tice ~ -10C, tair~ 90C, twater ~ 30C

5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

, dBCij

Fresh water ice, thickness ~3-4cm tice ~ -10C, tair~ -5.50C, twater ~ 20C

Fresh water ice, thickness ~3-4cm tice ~ -10C, tair~ -5.50C, twater ~ 20C

BiT , K

37GHz, 4 Feb. 2011

Fresh water ice, thickness ~ 2cm tice ~ -0.50C, tair~ 80C, twater ~ 20C

Fresh water ice, thickness ~ 2cm tice ~ -0.50C, tair~ 80C, twater ~ 20C

, dBCij

BiT , K

37GHz, 9 Feb. 2011

37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011

Pool water surface tair~ 20C, twater ~ 40C


Sky temperature, cloudy tair~ 20C,

, dBCij

BiT , K

BiT , K

BiT , K

37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011

Clear Sky temperature, tair~ 20C,



CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Thus, simultaneous and spatially coincident multi-Thus, simultaneous and spatially coincident multi-frequency and multi-polarization measurements are frequency and multi-polarization measurements are an actual and significant tool to improve existed an actual and significant tool to improve existed reflective and radiative transfer models of soil, snow, reflective and radiative transfer models of soil, snow, ice, soil vegetation and sea surface.ice, soil vegetation and sea surface.

Such measurements are an effective way: Such measurements are an effective way:

forfor solution of the problems applied to soil and solution of the problems applied to soil and snow moistures and temperatures precise and snow moistures and temperatures precise and unambiguous retrievals.unambiguous retrievals. for sea surface wind and wave fields for sea surface wind and wave fields parameters, sea temperature and salinity precise parameters, sea temperature and salinity precise and unambiguous retrievals.and unambiguous retrievals. for detection and classification of soil and sea surface and sub-surface (underground) signatures and targets. for soil vegetation classification and parameters evaluation, etc.

This presentation has an aim as well to attract the This presentation has an aim as well to attract the attention of interested researchers to the existed attention of interested researchers to the existed experimental site and microwave devices experimental site and microwave devices (scatterometer-radiometer systems of S, C, Ku, K (scatterometer-radiometer systems of S, C, Ku, K and Ka-band of frequencies), and to invite them to and Ka-band of frequencies), and to invite them to use these devices in their field campaigns or to use these devices in their field campaigns or to perform joint researches using available devices, perform joint researches using available devices, measuring and calibration facilities of our Companymeasuring and calibration facilities of our Company..

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements Combined radar-radiometer systems and the Combined radar-radiometer systems and the

experimental site were developed and built due to experimental site were developed and built due to the finances provided by International Science and the finances provided by International Science and Technology Center of Moscow (ISTC) and by the US Technology Center of Moscow (ISTC) and by the US Civilian Research and Development Foundation Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) in collaboration with Cortana Corporation. (CRDF) in collaboration with Cortana Corporation.

Authors express their gratitude to both foundations Authors express their gratitude to both foundations and to Cortana Corporation for their financial and to Cortana Corporation for their financial maintenance in planned work’s fulfillment.maintenance in planned work’s fulfillment.

Thank you !Thank you !

abstract

Documents

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