TheoreticalArchaeologyGroupConference2017

18th-20thDecember

CardiffUniversity

AbstractBook

Monday18thDecember(PM)HistoriesforPrehistory:Narrative,ScaleandtheParticularRoom2.01Organisers:BisserkaGaydarska(UniversityofDurham)andAlasdairWhittle(CardiffUniversity)FormalchronologicalmodellingofradiocarbondatesinaBayesianstatisticalframeworkhasproducedaseriesofmuchmoreprecisechronologiesforprehistory,asseenforinstanceinGatheringTime,theERC-fundedTheTimesofTheirLives(2012–17),andotherprojects.Wethinkthattheimplicationsofthisnew-foundabilitytomeasuretimemuchmorepreciselyareprofound,andshouldencourage‘prehistorians’tothinkinmuchmorespecifictermsaboutthesequencesofthepast,andtorealigntheirpracticesmorecloselywithhistory.Absolutedistinctionsbetween‘prehistory’andhistory,formerlyrootedinthedecidingcardofwrittenrecords,canbechallenged.Both‘prehistory’andhistoryshareaninterestinthecreationofnarratives,atmultiplescales,andconcernswith thenatureandqualityofsources.FollowingtheAmericanhistorian JohnLewisGaddis inTheLandscapeofHistory,historianscanbeseentoworkwithparticulargeneralisationsembeddedwithinnarratives,rather than embed narratives within generalisations like social scientists. Contrast that with the recurrentpracticeinprehistoryofstartingwithsomeformofgeneralmodel,oftengeneratedinthefirstplaceinotherdisciplines such as social theory and anthropology, which is then applied in a soft or fuzzy chronologicalframework. There is the opportunity now, however, with better control of time, to shift to much moreparticularisingapproaches.Allthisraisesmuchtodebate.Therearemanyquestionsaboutnarrative,sources,choicesandcombinationsofscale,andwhataparticularisingapproachto‘prehistory’couldlooklikeafteranothergenerationofresearch.Therearetherivalclaimsof ‘theontologicalturn’ foramoredispersedagency.Papersare invitedacrossalltheseandrelatedthemes.AlasdairWhittle(CardiffUniversity):IntroductionIintroducethethemesandproblemsofthissession.Iwanttofocusonthepossibilitiesforahistoricalturninarchaeologyingeneral,startingwiththepotentialtotakethepre-outofprehistorythroughtheconstructionofmuchmoredetailedandprecisechronologicalsequences,andbasedonthose,thecreationofmoreparticularnarratives.IfollowthehistorianJohnLewisGaddisinseeinghistoricalnarrativeasparticularisingratherthangeneralising,andadvocatethisasthemostfruitfulfuturedirectionforthedisciplineofarchaeologyasawhole.Iwilllookverybrieflyatthehistoriographyofrelevantpastefforts,andIwillrefertotherecentproject,TheTimesofTheirLives(2012–2017),toindicaterelevantcasestudies.StellaSouvatzi(HellenicOpenUniversity):PrehistoryasHistory:ProblematizinghistoricalunitsandscalesofanalysisMymain concern in this paper is to connect an exploration of history in archaeologywith amore generaldiscussionaboutbuildingandevaluatingarchaeologicaltheoriesandanalyticalframesforahistoricaloutlookonprehistoricsocieties.MostofallIwishtostressthenecessityforamulti-scalarapproachthatwillallowforthe interplaybetweenthemacro-andmicro-level,examinerelationsandpasteventsatdifferentscalesandtheirinter-linkages,andexplorethe(inter)relationshipofdifferentunitsofanalysis.Archaeologyisinauniquepositiontoaddahistoricalperspectivetotheentirehumanpast,invitinginterdisciplinarydialogue.However,ourincreasingcapacityasarchaeologiststomeasureandtheorisetimecontinuestosurpassbyfarourcapacitytoproblematizehistoricalprocess(es)andtotranslatethearchaeologicalrecordintohistoricalevidence.Amulti-

scalarapproachcanbekeytomovingforward,aswellasprovidingaunifyingframeworkforthevariousbodiesofhistoricallyorientedarchaeologicalwork. Afterall,weas ‘prehistorians’shouldbeattheforefrontoftherecent interdisciplinary efforts to demolish thedividebetweenprehistory andhistory and the conflationofprehistoricwithahistoric,andtoinstigatetheacceptanceofprehistoryintofullhistory.OliverHarris(UniversityofLeicester):IntensiveScalesandVirtualArchaeologyArchaeologyhaslongmadeavirtueofitscapacitytooperateatmultiplescales,studyingeverythingfromthediggingofanindividualpitthroughtoepochsofhumanevolution.Ourabilitytowritenewlyspecificnarrativesabout particular sequences of history, through the application of Bayesian modelling, both enhances andchallengeshowweworkatthesedifferentlevels.InthispaperIwanttoexplorehowtheconstructionofmoredetailednarrativesmight be enhanced through combinationwithparticular theorieswithin the ‘ontologicalturn’. These offer, I would argue, equally significant challenges to howwe think about the interactions ofhistoricalscaleinarchaeology(cf.Harris2017).Ratherthan‘rivalclaims’,toquotethesessionabstract,Iwillsuggest that there is nothing necessarily incompatible about these approaches. Just as multiple series ofBayesian analysesboth createnewlydetailedhistoriesand allowus tobuildup larger scalenarratives (e.g.Whittleetal.2011),sorethinkingtheontologicalfoundationsofwhatwemeanbyscalecanopenupnewwaysofthinkingabouttheparticular,aswellasthegeneral.AlexBayliss(UniversityofStirlingandHistoricEngland):OnIntensityOntheheelsoftimingandtempocomesintensity.Orderingthebeadsonthestring,andmeasuringthegapsbetweenthem,goessomewaytowardsframingournarratives;buttoreallyconfiguretheplotwealsoneedtounderstandthescaleofpastactivities,andhowthesechangedthroughtimeandspace.UsingexamplesrangingfromAnglo-SaxonEnglandtoNeolithicHungary,Iconsiderhowmeasuringchangesinthescaleofpastactivityatagenerationalorevendecadaltimescalecanhelpustodistilcausalityfromhappenstance,andrevealthechoicesofpeopleinthepast.KevinKay(UniversityofCambridge):APathTowardReconciliation?Biographies,betweenscales,assemblehistoryInterestinbiographicalapproachesinarchaeologyhaswaxedandwanedrepeatedlyforseveraldecades,withanuptickininterestoverthepastthreeyears(e.g.Joyce&Gillespie2015).Thedifferencethistimearoundisthewell-developedunderstandingofrelationalityintheorytoday,whichrefigureswhatabiographyis.Ratherthantreatingobjects,structures,orbodiesasself-evidententities,todayweareabletoaskmoreclearlywhat,exactly,wearetracingdiachronicallythroughthethickmeshofpastworlds,andhowwearebesttodothat.DrawingonresearchintodepositionalsequencesinÇatalhöyükhouses,Iarguethatrefiguringtheconceptofbiographyinaninter-scalar,relationalperspectiveprovidesanopportunitytobringtogetherparticularisingapproachestohistorywithapproachescentredonthepast’smeshworkofrelationships.InparticularIaskhowtypesofbiographiescometobe(cf.Fowler2016).Byseeinglives(broadlydefined)asvirtuallyopen-ended,butactuallychannelledalongcertainpathsbyparticipatoryrelationshipsbetweenpartsandemergentwholes(DeLanda2006),wecanunderstandbiographiesascentresofreconciliationamongconvergingandconflictingsocialphenomena,withstructuredyeteventfulhistoriesastheoutcome.Workingbiographicallyinthisway,andempoweredbyhigh-resolutionarchaeologicalinformation,webecomebetterequippedtofollowthemeaningfulregularitiesanddisruptionsthatconstitutedthetimesofpastlives.

TimothyTaylor(UniversitätWien),C.Dworksy,J-N.Haas,K.Kowarik,J.Leskovar,J.Maurer,H.PohlandC.Ries:NaturevsCultureinTransdisciplinaryLakeVillageResearch:TheoreticalchallengesCurrent work on the Austrian pre-Alpine lakes aimed at enhancing understanding of spatial and temporaldimensionsof theMondseeCulture involvesa seriesofcomplex theoreticalandmethodological challenges,especiallyinrelationtocausationandexplanationofhumanaction.Thesethemesarephilosophicallycomplexinthemselves(paceCollingwoodandvonWright)withouttheadditionofthekindsoffiltersanddifferencesthattypicallyoperateondatacapturewithintransdisciplinaryprehistoricresearch.Thispaperreportsonaseriesof interlinked projects which jointly involve dry-land and underwater remote sensing and archaeologicalexcavationandon-andoff-sitecoringandpollen/NPPanalysisbothonlandandinlakesediments.Thesearegeneratingrichdatasetsthechronologicalresolution(precision,accuracy,interval,etc.)ofwhichneverthelessvariesgreatlyandmakesassessmentofthedistinctionbetweenanthropogenicimpactonenvironment(s)andresponsestonaturalchangewithinenvironmentshardtojudge.Wesuggestthattheclassicdistinctionofnatureandculture,anditsembeddingintoconventionaldisciplinaryterminologies(e.g.archaeologyorpalynology),whileapparentlyanalytical,ofteninfactpre-interpretsdifferentcausalities.Thedistinctionthusrequires,attheveryleast,critiqueandredefinition.RepresentationandConflict:ReconcilingthePhilosophyandPracticeofHeritageValuesRoom2.03Organisers:LindaMonckton(HistoricEngland)andDavidMcOmish(HistoricEngland)Valuesassociatedwithheritagearemultipleatanygivenmoment.Thischallengeforheritageprofessions ismadeamovingtargetasvaluesalsochangeovertime.Criticalheritagediscoursehaslongdebatedthevalues-based agenda, and acknowledged the impact of many factors including age, ethnicity, experience andenvironment.Its’inevitableconclusions–questioningtheprincipleofuniversalvalues,andthepotentialityforconflictingperspectives–arewellknown,butstillfarfromresolvedinpractice.Thesestudiesgohandinhandwiththoseondiversesociety.Meanwhilethe languagetodescribesocietyhasmovedfrommulticulturalismtowards integration.Alongside the theory andpolitics sits practical heritagemanagement and conservationpractice,requiringrealdecisionsbasedoninterpretationateverylevel.Fourfactorsrelevanttothedebateare:(1)thepresenceofmultiplevaluesanditscomplexityinapost-modernsociety is indisputable; responding to valuesas they shift in fourdimensions is amajor challenge. (2)As allheritage is someone’s heritage, it potentially excludes someone else, leading to contested values. (3)Governmentadvocatesthetransformativequalitiesofculture,heritage,andthearts,particularlyinaddressinginequalities(especiallysocialandhealthrelated).(4)Thereisariskofdisinheritancefromheritagecreationandgivenitsrelationshiptobelongingandidentity(andassociatedperceivedlinkstosocialcohesion)addressingthisremainsapriority.This session will explore how these four factors relate in an attempt to have an inclusive debate on therelationshipbetweentheoryandpractice.Under-pinnedbythecurrentagenda(culturalandpolitical)oftheaccessibilityofheritageinallitsforms,itwilluseacombinationofcasestudiesandtheoreticalworktoexploretheissues,considerthepotentialofheritagetoaddresssocialinequalities,andspeculateonwhatthismeansfororganisationsthat‘decide’(oradviseon)heritage.LindaMonckton(HistoricEngland):HeritageValues,WhereareweNow?AninstitutionalperspectiveThispaperwillbrieflyintroducethesessionandsetoutthecontextatHistoricEnglandthatmeansthisdebateiswarranted.Itwilldothiswithreferencetoprojectworkwithbothaconsciousandsub-consciousrelationship

withcontestedandmultiplevalues.Itwillintroducethestructureofthesessioncoveringtheareasoflanguage,identity,inequality,socialvaluesandpolicyapplication.NeilRedfern(HistoricEngland):EVERYTHINGISAWESOME:HowtheLEGOmoviehelpsmereconcileheritagepractice,philosophyandtheoryEverwonderedwhattheLEGOMovieandHeritageManagementhaveincommon?AreyouEmmetBrickowskioraMasterBuilder?Canyousurviveinaworldofmultiplevaluesandcontestedheritage?Orareyouonefortherulebookandthecomfortzoneofworkingwithinaclearauthorisedheritage?Exploringthelanguageofheritagemanagement,Iwillconsiderhowwehavegivenourselvesaphilosophicalstraightjacketbasedonpreservation,protectionandheritageaudits.Iwillexplorehowwecanchallengethisapproachandcreateamoredynamicandengagingvisionofheritagemanagementbasedontheunderstandingand creationof cultural value. Iwill actively embrace the creative qualities of culture andheritage and theconflicts and challenges it can bring. I will challenge why we try to seek the ‘right’ answer with ourinterventions/engagementwhenthe‘best’mayactuallybethebestoutcome.Tohelpmenavigatetheseissues,Ihavecreatedmyownsortoftheory/philosophydrawnfromtheLEGOmovie.Through it Iwill showhowtheoryand thephilosophybehindwhatwedocanactuallyhelpusmapa routethroughthesecomplexissuesandleaveamorelastinglegacyfromourinterventions.Chris Gosden (Oxford University) and Chris Green (Oxford University):Using Archaeology to UnderstandInequalityinEnglandOvertheLastMillenniumInequality is one of Britain's most serious and pressing problems. The long history of inequality is poorlyunderstoodandarchaeologycanthrowlightonthechangingnatureofsocialdifferenceoverthelongterm.InthispaperwewillsketchoutanapproachtoinequalityinEnglandsincetheDomesdayBook(AD1086).Wewillstartbyexamininghowtothinkaboutinequalityinaculturalmannerwhichwillhaveempiricalconsequences.Theresearchwillusethreebroaddatasets:1)HistoricLandscapeCharacterizationdatatogetherwiththatonbuildingstolookbothattheenclosureofthelandscapeandpatternsofinvestmentinit,whichinfluencedwhohad access to land and under what circumstances; 2) differential access to artefacts using the PortableAntiquitiesSchemeinformation;and3)biologicalmeasuresofhealthandwell-being,includingheight,skeletalevidenceofworkandtrauma,aswellasinformationfromtoothplaqueondiseaseanddiet.Usingthesesetsofinformationwewillstarttocontrastfeudalandcapitalistmodesofinequality,throwingnewlightoneach.Weshallarguethatexisting'heritage'datasetscanbeusedtoinformonhistoricalissuesofconsiderablecurrentinterest– inthiscaseconcerningsocialtensionandconflictaroundclass,gender,andothermodesofsocialdistinction.RebeccaLowe(DurhamUniversity):NegotiatingWorking-ClassValuesintheUKHeritageSectorHeritage isa cultural constructembedded in thepower relationships that structureour society.Asa result,working-classvaluesareoftendisregardedandsimplified inheritageandmuseumnarratives.Proponentsofcommunity-drivenheritageinitiativesbelievethattheycanofferaheritagethatrunscountertothehegemonic,thereforesupportingthesurvivalofworking-classculture.Thispaperusescoalminingheritagetochallengethisidea.Itcritiquesthetheorythat‘giving’agencytostakeholdersinworking-classheritageisinherentlygood,andcritiquesattemptsbypastUKgovernmentstoengageworking-classcommunitieswiththeirheritage.Itarguesthatboth serveonly to furthermarginalise coalminingcommunities,and riskdisinheriting theworking-classfromtheirheritage.Thispaperusesinterviewdatawithworking-classactivistsofthe1984/5Miners’Strikeand

heritageprofessionalswithintheindustrialmuseumssector.Itarguesthattheheritagesectorrequiresanewdialogicapproachtofullyintegratetheworking-classexperienceandvaluesintothedominantnarratives.Anewapproachcanbeusedtoopposethedemonizationandmarginalisationoftheworking-classesthatisinherentintheUK’sconsciousnesstoday.Emma Login (Historic England): From Grateful Memories to Eloquent Witnesses; War memorials in theheritageprocessAspart of the commemorations for the centenary of the FirstWorldWar,Historic England isworkingwithpartners across the UK to repair and protect the nation’s FirstWorldWarmemorials. The programme hasfacilitatedmuchneededrepairworktomemorials,manyofwhicharenowalmost100yearsold,andaffordedthemprotectionthroughtheplanningprocess.Yet,bycarryingouttheprogramme,HistoricEnglandisinscribingdistinctvaluesontheseobjectsbyemphasisingtheirroleas‘eloquentwitnessestothetragicimpactofworldeventsonlocalcommunitiesduringtheFirstWorldWar.’However,formany,warmemorialsarestillviewedasactiveobjectsofremembrance:oneswhichareavailableforbothphysicalandsymbolicappropriationastheirmeaningshifts.Drawingonaseriesofcasestudiesandonpersonalexperiences,thispaperwillexaminethetensionswhichcanexistbetweenwarmemorialsashistoricalwitnessesandactivesitesofmemory.Natalija Ćosić (Central Institute for Conservation in Belgrade) and Monika Milosavljević (University ofBelgrade):ContestedHeritageofSrebrenicaArchaeologyiscommonlyusedtodepict,reflect,andjustifythesocialvaluesofcommunitiesthatundertakeit,oftenprovidinghistoricallegitimacyforcollectivememory.Butwhathappenstovaluesandmemorywhenwestep into the field of post-war contexts charged with unresolved political and historical issues? As AleidaAssmannstates,memoryisneverjustindividualistic,itisinevitablyconnectedtothememoryofOthers.Thus,ifmemoryandheritagehavecriticalroleintheprocessofshapinghowweshouldperceivepresentandfuture,wehavetoaskourselveswhosepastisbeing(re)produced?JonathanLast(HistoricEngland):FromPlacetoLandscapeinHeritageDiscourseMuchrecentandextremelywelcomeworkonminorityheritagehasemphasisedissuesofidentityassociatedwithparticularhistoricplaces.However,asthesessionabstractindicates,linkingheritagetoidentitycanleadtoexclusionandcontestedvalues.Thispaperarguesforacomplementaryapproachtosharedheritagethatlaysgreateremphasisonlargerscalesofspaceandtime.Proceedingfromacritiqueofsomeofthetermsusedinheritagediscourse,especially the identity-ladenconceptof ‘place’,andof theemphasison relatively recenthistory, I suggest we also need to attend to ideas of ‘landscape’ and ‘deep time’, which foregroundarchaeologicalnarrativesandcanbepresentedmoreaccessibly, intermsofenvironmentalandsocial issuesthatarecommontousall.JohnCarman(UniversityofBirmingham):TheorisingValue:Notforthefaint-hearted!Statements about the values of heritage abound: in terms of lists of what they are; of how values can bemeasured;oftheirnature(e.g.‘multiple’,‘contested’);howtheycanbeused;etc.Manyarediscipline-specific(e.g.statementsabouttheeconomicvalueofheritage),otherssimplistic(e.g.reducingheritagevaluestothoseoftourism),otherssimplyarcane.Theprofessional‘values-based’approachtomanagementofheritagedrawsuponmuchofthisliteratureanddiscussion,attheserviceoftheworkofofficialagencies.Indoingsoitreflectsagendassetoutsidetherealmwhereheritageoperates–whichisinreflectingandconstructinghowindividualsandcommunitiesidentifytheirownsenseofidentity.The‘values-based’approachmakesmultipleassumptionsaboutthenatureofheritage,aboutwhocanmakeclaimsuponit,andatwhoseserviceitexists.

Drawingupon25yearsofengagementwithtryingtounderstandheritageasaphenomenonandthevaluesitholds,represents,orareascribedtoit,thispaperwilloutlinethedangersofattemptingtotheoriseheritageandheritagevaluewithinaframeworkofofficialpolicy.Itisanareafraughtwithproblemsanddifficultiesthatcanunderminetheveryreasonforattemptingtotheorisevalueinthefirstinstance.ItisdefinitelyNOTforthefaintofheart!

TheArchaeologyofForgettingRoom0.31Organisers:SophieMoore(BrownUniversity)andMiriamRothenberg(BrownUniversity)As timepasses,we forget. In theongoingconversationaboutmemoryandarchaeology, this session framesforgettingasaproductiveandselectiveprocess.Theactofforgetting,deliberateorotherwise,shapeswhichideaspersistincommunitiesofpractice.Archaeologyisadisciplinebuiltaroundabsences;wepiecetogetherourtruthsfromahighlyfragmentarymaterialrecord.Theconceptofforgetting,analogoustothatofdestructionof thematerial record,canbeconstructedasboth inadvertentdecayanddeliberateomission.Pullingapartthosetwotypesofforgettinginpastandcontemporarysocietiesisakeyaimofthissession.Archaeologytendstobeconcernedwithwhatremains:weareafraidoflosingthingsorallowingtracesofthepasttoslipthroughthecracks.However,thisisaperspectivenotnecessarilysharedwithoursubjectsofstudy.Followingrecentontologicalapproachestothepastwhichemphasisethepotentialradicaldifferencesbetweendifferentwaysofliving,weseekpaperswhichaddressmaterialabsencesthatmightbeinterpretedasomissions.We are interested in critically appraising whether we can identify moments of forgetting as deliberate orotherwise,andwhethersuchomissionsarearchaeologicallyvisibleinprehistoric,historic,andcontemporarysocieties.Papersubmissionsareencouragedtodealwithtopicsasbroadastheroleofthestateinforgetting,transgenerationalmemory and different scales ofmemory/forgetting, the difference betweenmemory andknowledgeof thepast,andtheknottyproblemofhowtodiscussmaterialculturewhich isabsent fromthearchaeologicalrecord.SophieMoore(BrownUniversity)andMiriamRothenberg(BrownUniversity):TracingForgetfulPractices:AnintroductiontothearchaeologyofforgettingThepapersinthissessionfallintotwomaincategories:archaeologistsforget,andthepoliticsofforgetting.Inourintroductorypaperwewishtocoverathirdangleofthearchaeologyofforgetting:namely,forgettingasaproductive process. In the first half of this paper we will address the role forgetting plays in constructingappropriateactionsaroundmourningandburial.Mortuaryactionsexistwithinaheightenedmomentinthelifecourse, in which remembering and forgetting play a significant role.We will explore whether actions thatencourageforgettingcanbeidentifiedinthearchaeologicalrecord.Followingthis,wewilllookatsomeofthewaysinwhichsocietiesselectivelyrememberandforgetaspectsofthepastwhenrecoveringfromtrauma,andinhowthematerialrecordmanifeststhecreationofapost-traumaculturalidentity.WeaddressthesethemeswithtwocentralcasestudiesofRomanandIslamiccemeteriesatÇatalhöyük,andthepost-volcaniceruptionlandscapesofcontemporaryMontserrat.Thesetwodisparateexamplesdrawtogethertoilluminatewhichaspectsofindividualandsocietalforgettingarevisibleatdifferentscalesofanalysis,fromthe personal and immediate choices of what to put in a grave, to the shifting landscape use of an islandcommunityacrossgenerations.

KatharinaZinn(UniversityofWalesTrinitySaintDavid):NarrativesAgainstForgetting:ThearchaeologyofunlovedobjectsWhiledealingwith and curating archaeological objectswith absentprovenances andmissingarchaeologicalevidence deposited in a small communalmuseum in SouthWales, it becamemore andmore obvious thatmisplaced objects are in bigger danger of being forgotten. This paper describes the project and processesinvolving the literal and cultural (re-)discovery of forgotten ancient Egyptian artefacts in Cyfarthfa CastleMuseumandArtGalleryinMerthyrTydfil,Wales,ledbytheauthor.Mostoftheartefactshadonceformedtheprivate collection of Harry Hartley Southey (1871-1917), son of a local newspaper magnate, and werebequeathedtothemuseuminthe1910sand1920s.However,manyofthemspendthetimeforgottenandun-researched,undervalued,andinsomecasesuncaredforuntil2011.The cultural (re-)discovery aims to bring these objects back to life by accepting the time they lay dormant,creating different simultaneous types of cultural representations via different media (academic outputs,exhibitions,story-telling,andamuseumof liescollectingfictionalstories inspiredbythe items) fordifferentaudiences.Thiswholeprojectisfocusedon‘unpackingthecollection’,totracethe‘networksofmaterialandsocialagency’(Byrneetal.2011).Inordertodothat,participantsarecreatingacademicobjectbiographies–making them available for Egyptologists – and telling stories around these artefactswhich both satisfy theaudience of themuseum aswell as other involved communities. This two-tier approachwill connect theseneglectedobjectswiththeidentitiesoftheseveralcommunitiesinwhichtheyareplaced:thelocalcommunityofMerthyrTydfilinruralWales–wherethemuseumissituatedandthecollectororiginatedfrom;studentsofUWTSD in Lampeter (about75miles to theWest)whoarebecoming involved inprimary research;and thecommunityaroundLampeter.Here,annualexhibitionshavebeenheldsince2011,curatedbytheauthorwiththehelpofheritagestudentsandprogrammesinvolvingancientEgypt.Theseareaccompaniedbyworkshopswithlocalschoolchildrenonartandafterlifeaspartoftheircurriculumaswellashome-schooledchildren.Thissharedculturalunearthingprovestobesimultaneouslyachanceofsecondaryarchaeology,aninvestigationinto the selective processes of memory shaping, an exercise in establishing local identities, as well as anexperiment in newmethods of archaeological teaching. The not deliberate, thoughmore pragmatic act offorgettinghelped theseobjects to surviveas recent cultural interests (creationof local,Welsh identity) andacademic approaches (thematerial turn,NewMaterialism, social aspects ofmaterial culture) arebeneficialtowards these particular collections which combines objects which are not equally presentable as goldenmummymasksbuteasytorelatetofromadailylifeperspective.Followingourproject,theperceptionoftheobjectsevolvedfromthethoughtof‘whatshallwedowiththese?’inthe1920stobeingthepublicmagnetinseveralcommunitiesofpracticeinthepresent.Theradicallydifferentperceptionofthemopenednewchancestounderstandtheirarchaeologicalprimarylifecycle.Theirapparentabsenceandtheiromissioninthelast100yearsopenedthewayofanarrativewhichbringstheobjectsbacktolife.Forgettingwasnecessarytoremember.MartynBarber(HistoricEngland):AFewThingsWe’veForgottenaboutStonehengeSomeofthemostpersistentmythsaboutStonehengeemergedduringthe20thcentury–andI’mtalkinghereaboutthehistoryratherthantheprehistoryofthemonumentanditssetting.Alothashappenedtheresince1900 and it is extremely well documented in newspapers and magazines, correspondence, official files,archaeologicalarchives,andreports.Sowhydorecentaccountsaboutsomeofthekeyeventsdiffersomarkedlyfromthestoriestoldinthosecontemporaryrecords?Inthispaper,Iwanttofocusontheeventsofjustoneyear– 1901 – the year that saw the first act of ‘restoration’, the first ‘scientific’ excavation, the first time themonumentwasenclosedbyafence,thefirsttimeachargewasintroducedforadmission,andsoon–inordertohighlightwhathasbeen‘forgotten’;andwhy.

RobHedge(WorcestershireArchiveandArchaeologicalService):Once,Twice,ThreeTimesForgotten:Material,myth,andmemoryinaMidlandscityThispaperexplores thearchaeologyof forgetting through the lensof forgottenarchaeology.Archaeologicalabsencestakethreeforms:evidenceofabsence,absenceofevidence,andlossofevidence.Ournarrativesareshapedbyeach,butwhilstweexcelattheinterpretationofabsence,ourblindspotistheomissionscausedbyourownintra-disciplinaryforgetfulness.Twohundredmillenniaago,abeleagueredbandofNeanderthalpioneerslefttheirmarkonariseabovetheRiverSevern.Sixthousandgenerationswouldpassbeforetheirkinpassedthiswayoncemore,butoverjustsixgenerationsofcollectingtheirsignificancetothecityhaswaxedandwaned.Halfacenturyago,thatcitychoseaboldnewpath,sweepingawaybuildingsandlinesofmovementthathaddefineditsheartforcenturies.Residentscontinuetofeelthelosskeenly,butwovenintotheirrefusaltoforgetarememoriesthatdonotalwaystallywiththearchaeologicalrecord.In this paper, narratives from the Middle Palaeolithic and the clearance of a Medieval street collide incontemporary encounters with pasts both boxed and spoken. They are woven together to examine thearchaeologicalvisibilityofarchaeologists’omissions,andtheimplicationsforanarchaeologyofforgetting.VesnaLukic(BristolUniversity)andThomasKador(UCL):TheWasterMemoriesof(Tsar)NikolaiIIBetweenDecember1939andMay1940,agroupofcentralEuropeanJews,attemptingtofleeNazipersecution,spentseveralmonthsonboardthreeshipsontheDanube,mostlymooredatKladovoinSerbia.Theseships–thenownedbyYugoslavRiverShipping–hadalonganddiversehistorybothbeforeandafterWWIIandtwoofthemhavesincebeendestroyed.However,inastrokeofirony,thethird–TsarNikolaiII–returnedtoKladovoshipyardin1993whereitisnowdecomposing.This‘object’perfectlyexemplifiestheparallelsbetweenheritageandwaste,asdiscussedbybothHarrisonandHetherington.Moreover,whiletheexistenceofthisshipandthefailedescapejourneyitwaspartofhavelargelybeenforgotten–exceptamongasmallnumberofresearchersandrelativesoftherefugees–itsbriefassociationwiththeHolocausthasledtoallotheraspectsofitshistorybeing‘doublyforgotten’,highlightingtheparadoxthatoureffortstowardspreservingthe‘object’s’memorycontributetostrippingawayotheraspectsofitslife.Ourpresentationwillconsistofabriefextractfromourdocumentaryfilmandadiscussionofhowengagingwiththeship’sphysicalremainshasmadeusconfrontthequestionofforgetting.AgniPrijatelj(DurhamUniversity):CaveBurialsandthePoliticsofSocialRememberingandForgettingAspartoflived-inlandscapes,caveshavealwaysactednotonlyasnatural,cultural,social,economic,andritualplaces,butalsoaspoliticallocales.Oneofthemostrecentandcontestedexamplesofthisphenomenonistheuseofkarsticshaftsassitesofpost-warexecutionsbetweenMay1945andJanuary1946,intheaftermathoftheSecondWorldWar,inSlovenia.Thesitesinquestionprovideastartingpointinadiscussionofcaveburialsinrelationtothepowerofdefacementandtheactofdeliberatelyforgetting,andtotheoverallnatureofsocialmemory.Moreprecisely,thetensionsbetweensocialrememberingandforgetting,asexpressedthroughthematerialityofcaveburialsandthesocialhistoryofparticularcavesites;specific instanceswhencaveburialshavebeenemployedasmechanismsofdefacement;anddiversesocialandpowerrelations,impliedthroughtherelationshipsbetweencontemporaryburialsatnearbycaveandopen-airsites,areallexamined.Ratherthanmerely discussing them within established narratives on the ritual use of caves, this paper reframes thediscourseoncaveburialswithinthecontextofsocialmemory,politics,andplace-power.

Nicolas Zorzin (National Cheng Kung University): Alternating Cycles of the Politics of Forgetting andRememberingthePastinTaiwanIn modern Taiwan, a network of museums, cultural, creative and historical parks, archaeological sites,architecturallandmarks,andplacesofremembrancetestifyaseriesofcolonialprojectsandconflictingpoliticalagendaswhichhavefollowedeachotheroroverlappedinthecourseofthelastcentury.Fourmainphasescanbeidentifiedintheimplementationofthesespecificagendasaimedattheconstruction,annihilationorreconfigurationoftheTaiwaneseidentity:1)1895-1945:JapanizationandDe-Sinicisation(oftheQingDynastyheritage);2)1945-today:De-Japanization,De-TaiwanizationandSinicisation(notablythroughaMingarchitecturalrevival);3)1987-today:‘Indigenisation’aimedatindependence;4)1960s-today:Cementingover the island but with a recent rehabilitation of heritage through its commodification, as an ideology offorgetting and kawaii-zing (かわいい) all of which challenge pasts. Today, these four phases aim tosimultaneouslyrememberandforgetcertainpasts,andcanallbeobservedtodifferingextentintheheritagelandscapeoftheisland.Theaimofthispaperistodeconstructthesedifferentphasesandproposesomecase-studiestofacilitatetheunderstandingofthesecomplexmulti-layeredsequences.However,Iwouldliketoemphasizethelastphaseofthese processes: i.e. the one embracing the neoliberal paradigm, as a self-proclaimed apolitical anddevelopment-centredideology,claimingservingheritage,whilemostlyemptyingthisheritageofanymeaning.MygeneralperspectiveontheTaiwancaseisthatthecurrentvisibleversionofheritageanditslegislationoffersaselectiveviewofthepast,largelydispossessingcommunities(mostlyAboriginal)oftheirsymbolicheritage,destroyingarchaeologicalsites,andthreateningtheiridentitiesinthelongterm.ArchaeologyinPoetry,PoetryinArchaeologyRoom0.36Organisers:JamesWhitley(CardiffUniversity)andJoshRobinson(CardiffUniversity)Time,andparticularlytheproblemoftherecoverabilityofthepastinthepresent,hasbeenamajorthemeinpoetry,atleastsincetheemergenceofromanticism.InFourQuartets,T.SEliotexploresthepossibilityofseeing‘time past’ through the experience of particular places. George Seferis’s The King of Asine focuses moreconcretelyonthepresent-dayremainsoftheleastfamousofHomer’scities,AsineintheArgolid.AnneCarson’sworkisrepletewithfragmentsfromdifferenttimeswhicharebroughttogetherandreordered,withoutfusingintoatimelesswhole.Oftenitispoetry,whetherthatofHölderlinorofPindar,thatprovidesthelensthroughwhichtheremainsofthepast(inHeidegger’scasethesanctuaryofOlympia)canbere-experienced.Insomecases,thegapbetweentimepastandtimepresentisemphasised–thepastisirrecoverableandcanonlybeexperiencedpoetically.AradicallydifferentapproachhasbeentakenbyJ.H.Prynne,perhapsthemost‘difficult’ofcontemporarypoetswritinginEnglish,whohasexploredtheconceptsthatarchaeologists(rangingfromGordonChilde,toJamesB.GriffinandRichardBradley)useintheirinterpretationsofthepast.Thissessionseekstoexplorethepotentialoftheselinks.Whataretheresourcesandlimitationsoftheattemptto re-experience the past ‘poetically’?What does it mean for archaeological practices and concepts to beexploredinpoetryandcriticism?Howmightarchaeologybestlearnfromanddrawontheresourcesofpoetry?What can be learned from comparative reflection on the processes and procedures of the poet, the

archaeologist,andtheliterarycritic?Howdopoetryandarchaeologyrepresentconflictingorcomplementaryresponsestothephenomenonofthefragment?This session will explore the ways in which poetry and archaeology can, perhaps together, explore therelationshipbetweentimepresentandtimepast.AnastasiaStelse(UniversityofSouthernMississippi):ThePoetasArchaeologist,TheArchaeologistasPoetAs a practicing poet and literary scholar with a bachelor’s degree in archaeology, I often write through ametaphorofexcavation.Poetsandarchaeologistsworkwithsimilartools,skills,andreachtowardsimilarends–discoverycontributingtoanunderstandingofhumanityacrosstimeandplace.Throughthislens,Iwillexplorepoetry’sattempttotranslatehumanexperienceandthepastbyinterpretingfragmentsandarrangingtheminwaysthatbothvalueandinhibitknowledge.Iwillgiveabriefhistoricaloverviewofthefragmentasatoolinpoetry and how it has changed from the Romantic period through today, and will discuss challenges withreconstructingthepastinthepresentinbothpoetryandarchaeology.Iwilldiscusstheresourcesandlimitationsoftheattempttore-experiencethepast‘poetically’frommyexperienceasapoetandscholarbylookingattheworkofpoetssuchasSeamusHeaneyandJoyHarjo,andwill tiethis intoanexplorationofhowpoetrycaninfluencearchaeologicalpractice.Iwillarguethatthroughcollaboration,thepoetandthearchaeologistmaybeabletoworktowardsanunderstandingofthepastthatmovescloserthaneitherfieldcanofferonitsown.JamesWhitley(CardiffUniversity):InCimmerianDarkness:AnarchaeologicalreadingofJ.H.PrynneJ.H.Prynne iswellknownforhissometimesobliquereferencestogeneral issues inarchaeology. ‘ANoteonMetal’containssomeveryspecificreferencestobothChildeandJ.B.Griffin,andcanbeinterpretedasastand-aloneexampleofarchaeologicaltheoryaswellasbeingapoem.Thispaper,however,exploresoneofhisearlierpoemswherethereisnoapparentreferencetoanythingarchaeological:‘InCimmerianDarkness’.Ifthepoemis‘about’anything(ageneraldifficultywithanypoembyPrynne)itisaboutastronomy.Thispaperarguesthatitalsoreferences,throughitstitle,avarietyofarchaeologicalissues.ThereferencehereistosomethingspecifictobefoundintheFitzwilliammuseuminCambridge(theBroughstonefromWestmoreland).Inthisway,thispoemtoo issayingsomethingabouttherelationshipbetween ‘timepresentandtimepast’. It isperhapsanillustrationthat,inpoetry,timeisnotlinear(likeastring)butsomehowcrumpledup–pointsintime,indifferentperiods, intersect. This paperwill try to explore the implications of this for archaeological interpretation ingeneral.MarkHaughton(CambridgeUniversity)andSusieHill(CambridgeUniversity):BurialandPoetry:ExploringthelimitsofametaphorBothburialsandpoemsaresitesofcarefulcraftingwhichremainrichlyexpressiveandemotivelongaftertheircompositionalmomenthaspassed.Archaeologistsoften speakof ‘reading’burialsandMartinCarver, inhiscontribution toTreasure in theMedievalWest (2000),hasargued thatburialsarepoetry.Nevertheless, the‘language’ inwhich they are ‘written’ is remote and ambiguous. This paper explores the uses and limits ofthinkingofburialsaspoetry,andoftheactofinterpretingthemasakindofliteraryanalysis,andaskshowthemetaphormightbedeployedtoofferinsightsintothedistantpastandarchaeology’smethodologicalpresent.

Wedrawontheliterarycriticalconceptof‘closereading’toinvestigatethepoetryofburialsatdifferentlevels.Theexcavationreport,adocumentnormallyshrouded inscientific language, formsadeparturepointaswemovefromattemptstoreadmodernburialdescriptionsaspoetrytodiscussionsofhowfarwecan‘translate’theburial intopoetrythat isreadableon literaryterms.AcasestudyfromtheEarlyBronzeAgeofScotland

providesthebackgroundtoourargumentthatapparentlyinarticulategravesofferfertilegroundfordifferentsortsof‘reading’.JoshRobinson(CardiffUniversity):ExcavatingPoetry’sTruth-ContentThis paper offers a speculative reflection on archaeologicalmetaphorswithin poetics and the criticism andtheoryofpoetry.Attendingtodifferentapproachestothehistoricityofpoems,itseekstoexamineandunpicksomeoftheimplicationsofarchaeologicalmetaphorsforliterarycriticismandtheory.Focusinginparticularonthe(relatedbutdistinct)historiesofwordsandofconceptswithinbothpoetryandcriticismandtheory,Iseektomakeexplicitsomeofthecurrentlyobscuredandunder-theorized implicitdisciplinaryassumptionsaboutpoetryanditshistoricitythatpredominatewithin literarystudies,andtosuggestways inwhichthestudyofpoetrymightlearnfromotherdisciplinesinordermorepersuasivelytoaccountforitsownspecificity.Inthisrespect, I would be particularly grateful for the collaborative and comparative feedback of archaeologicaltheoristsinorderfurthertodevelopthiswork.LukeMcMullan(NewYorkUniversity):AttheTraverseoftheWall:ArchaeologicaltransformationsinThomasPercyandDavidJonesBycomparingtheusesofarchaeologyin[1]ThomasPercy’sReliquesofAncientEnglishPoetry(1765)and[2]DavidJones’sAnathemata(1952),thispaperwillofferexamplesoftheparticularmodesinwhicharchaeologyispermittedtoenterandtransformpoetictextsunderdifferentculturalconditionsandgenericexpectations.Thehybridgenreofphilologicalpoetry,whichisapplicabletobothtexts,enablesanaccountofnegotiationsbetweenpoetry,philology,andarchaeologyacrosstimeperiodsandinstitutionalcontexts.Thehistoricalstudyofphilologicalpoetryisintrinsicallymulti-temporalandalerttothearchaeologicallayeringoftextualobjects.Betweentheperiodsofthetwotextsinquestionhere,theconceptofarchaeologymovesfromageneralsenseroughlycorrespondentto‘allhistory’towardsthespecialistrecoveryandstudyofancientmonumentsandartefacts.Thispaperislessinterestedininterpretingthecontentofparticulararchaeologicalmomentsinthetwoworksthanitisinhowtheirdifferentconditionsenableandinflectthosemomentsformally,paratextually, and in terms of the selection of specificmaterial for inclusion, and how these processes areaffectedbychangingnotionsofarchaeologicalknowledge.StevenHitchins:Canalchemy:AcollaborativewalkingperformanceseriesalongtheGlamorganshireCanal‘Canalchemy’isaparticipatoryperformancepoetryprojecttakingplaceoverthecourseof2017throughvariouscollaborative multimedia site-specific performances at different locations along the route of the deletedGlamorganshirecanal,beginningattheruinedblastfurnaceofCyfarthfaironworksnearMerthyrTydfilonspringequinoxandendingonwintersolsticeatSeaLockinCardiffBaywherethecanalenteredthesea.Theprojectalloysthetemporalconstraintsoftheastrologicalyeartotheinvisibleoutlineofthelostwaterwayasastructuralspine,toprovideamobilespaceinwhichtotracethescarsofcommunitiesinthesacrificezonesoftheSouthWalescoalfield,wheremetallurgicalandmineralalchemywasexploitedonanindustrialscale.Inthispaper,Iwillpresentaselectionofvideodocumentationoftheperformancesanddiscusstheproject’sstochasticandplurivocalapproachesinitsuseofcollagepoetics,participatoryperformanceandmultimediadocumentation.Examplescanbefoundat:https://stevenhitchins.wixsite.com/canalchemy

ErinKavanagh(UniversityofWalesTrinitySt.David):MindtheGap:Poetryasachronometer‘TimepresentandtimepastArebothperhapspresentintimefutureAndtimefuturecontainedintimepast’(Eliot1941)Archaeologyisfluentinsmoothingoutthisparadox,yetsometimesincompletespacesemergeduetothelargeexpanseofperiodsorgeographyinquestion.Thesevoidsofinformationcreateanarrativeincoherencywhichpreventsthefindingsfrombeingpublishableandimpedespublicunderstanding.Thispaperdemonstrateshowpoetrycancameforwardtomindthatgap.Wheregeosciencestopsontheedgeofempiricism,whereartandstorytellingtendtolapseintofancyandearlyliteraturebecomeselusive,poetrycansailwithconfidence.‘Theintensitiesofpoeticencounter,ofimaginationanddeepinsight…carrywiththemallthefiercecontradictionofwhathumanlanguageisanddoes.’(Prynne2008)Puttoworkinthiswayasarchaeologicalmethod,poetrycancuratewhatDavidJones’(1952)calls‘mixeddata’,employinglanguageasitstrowel.MartinLocock(UniversityofWalesTrinitySt.David):ScribeandScripture:Poets’experienceofasacredMedievallandscapeTheCistercianAbbeyofStrataFloridaoccupiedaremoteandtopographicallydistinctivelandscapeonthewestedgeoftheCambrianMountainsinmidWales.Interpretingthedesignofthemonasticprecinctanditsenvironshasrequiredanappreciationofthephysical,spiritual,andpracticalgeographyofthespace,withinwhichwaterisbothresourceandsymbol.Many20thcenturyWelshwritershavedocumentedvisitstotheremainingruinsoftheabbeythroughpoetry,includingHeddWyn,JohnOrmond,HarriWebb,GillianClarke,R.S.Thomas,MoelwynMerchant,RuthBidgood,andGwynethLewis.Somehaveadeepunderstandingofthehistoricalandtheologicalsignificanceofthesite,itsassociationwiththeMedievalcourtpoetDafyddapGwilym,andthearchaeologyofthemonastery;othersrespondedinstinctivelytothesensationofbeingin,andmovingthrough,anaturalandculturalspace.Thispaperexploreswhethersuchaccountscanprovidesurrogatesfortheexperienceofpreviousactor,andwhether archaeologistsmay benefit from incorporating awareness of their own sensory responses in theirattempts to interpret the past. Iwill reflect onmy own practice as a poet and archaeologistwith specificreferencetothewritingofmyStrataFloridapoem‘ScribeandScripture’.AretiKatsigianni(NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens):Iconography,HybridArtandSelf-PortraitinH.D.’sHeleninEgyptH.D.’sHeleninEgyptemergesasacombinationof‘picturewriting’andtext(Simpson67).Throughthefigureof themythologicalHelenof Spartaasher ‘alterego’ andbybreakingany spatiotemporalboundaries,H.D.mentallyre-visitsthetempleofAmeninEgyptaswellasthatofThetisinGreece,andre-visualisesHelen’sstoryvia thepoem’s fragmented, visualmythopoeia, a pictographywhich imitates thehieroglyphs aswell as theimages deriving from both temples respectively (Gelpi cited in Hokanson 2016, 332). Furthermore, H.D.’sutilizationofthe(visual)palimpsestenableshertore-experienceHelen’spastbyinterpretingthe‘hieroglyph-likeimages’aswellastheimagesofhumanfigures,objects,anddeitiesdepictedintheaforementionedtemplesthroughmultipleperspectivessoastocapture‘sometimelessreality’that‘laysbeneaththechangingvisible

world’toinvokeKant’scommentonCubism(Simpson67;KantcitedinCooper9).ByrenderingHelenthepoetinherpoetic text,H.D.offersanalternativewayof recovering thepast,whereasheruseof thepalimpsest‘flattens’time‘sothatthepastisnotthenbutnow’,accordingtoAliciaOstriker,exemplifyinghowthepastcanreflectthepresentandviceversa(28).

Wibbly,Wobbly,Timey,Wimey…StuffRoom0.45Organisers:CaitlinKitchener(UniversityofYork)andAlistairGaltComputer games, computer science, TV and films, and virtual reality have an interesting and complexrelationshipwitharchaeologyandconservation.Questionsonethics,capitalism,consumption,interactionswithartefactsandheritage,andpresentationofthepastallarisefromthisintersection.Inwhatwayscangames,TV,andfilmbeusednotonlyasaformofeducation,butstudiedinrelationtotheirmaterialityandmerchandiseinarchaeologicalcontexts?Whataretheethicalandepistemologicalramificationsofusingcomputerscienceforconservation,heritage,andarchaeologicalpractice?Isvirtualrealityfundamentallyaffectingarchaeology?Thissession ispurposefullybroad to invitea rangeofdiscussionon several issuesandopportunities challengingarchaeology’s relationshipwith consumerism and the digital economy today and for the future. Papers arewelcome to explore the intersections from both theoretical and practical perspectives, with innovativemethodologiesbeingparticularlyappreciated.AndrewReinhard(UniversityofYork):eBayPhoneHome:AuctioningAlamogordo’sAtariassemblageThreeyearsago,Ihelpedexcavatetheinfamous‘AtariBurialGround’,alandfillcellintheNewMexicodesertfilledwithhundredsofthousandsofvideogamecartridgesdumpedbyAtari,Inc.in1983.Becausethedumpwasanurbanlegend(AtaripurportedlydumpedmillionsofcopiesofE.T.,‘theworstvideogameofalltime’),theexcavationreceivedinternationalattention,whichaffectedthemarketplace.Overthecourseofthedig,theteamofarchaeologistsnoticedariseineBaypricesforcopiesofAtari'sE.T.game,whichwerenotpartoftheexcavation.ThecityofAlamogordo,ownerofthecartridges,decidedtosellthe1,300+cartridgesrecoveredbyplacingthemoneBayoverthecourseof2014/5,raisingquestionsabouttheethicsofsellingartefactsonline.Thispaperdiscusseswhatwassold(andforhowmuch),whoboughtthegames(andwhy),andwhatthismightmeanforfutureexcavationsofpopcultureartefacts.Howdoweasasocietytreatdisposableentertainment,andwhatdoesthistellusaboutthematerial(pop)cultureofthe1980s,whichisattheintersectionofscienceandnostalgia?MeghanDennis(UniversityofYork):Looting(Digitally)forFunandProfitWithin videogame representations of archaeology, looting of artefacts is almost a given in the course ofgameplay.Ifagameissetinahistoricalperiod,theartefactswillbehistorical,ifitissetinaprehistoricperiod,they will be prehistoric; in all settings, the artefacts as presented, regardless of their place in the actualarchaeologicalrecord,will functionascommodities.Throughananalysisofdatacollectedfrom30+yearsofvideogamescontainingarchaeologyandlooting,apreliminarytypologicalmodelofartefactcommodificationinvideogames will be presented, along with ramifications for the discipline in terms of ethics and publicperception.FredCraig(UniversityofManchester):Worlds.net–TheDigitalRuinsofanOnlineChatroomThedigitalworldisoftenonethatisassumedtobefixedandunchanging.Oncecreated,virtualrepresentationsofspaceswillnormallyonlychangethroughdeliberateinterventionorsimplyvanishoutofexistence.Thereis

littleprocessofnaturaldecayinthedigitalworld.Whatruinsdoexistarefixedexamples,designedtobeso,muchlikefolliesof18thcenturylandscapegardening.However,therecanbeexceptionstothisrule,andthe3DonlinevirtualchatroomWorlds.netcanbeseentobeanexampleofthis.Worlds.netwaslaunchedin1994anditsserversstillruntillthisday.Itsuniquemethodofconstructionanditssurprisinglongevityhascreatedaprocessofdecayanddisintegrationthatcouldbearguedtobeakintothereal-worldprocessofruination.Thisprocesshasinturnchangedthemeaningsascribedtothisspaceandcreatedahostoffolkloreandurbanlegendsattributedtoit.Thoughmostlyabandoned,ithasexperiencedanincreaseinpopularityamongstamateurdigitalandvideogamearchaeologistswhohaveattemptedtoexplore,archiveandevenrecreateaspectsofthisremarkablevirtualspace.OwenLazzari:TheGold-platedDinosaur:Whatcanwedotoimprovethepublic’sideaofarchaeology?Thequestionsweoftengetaskedinarchaeologyareverysimple:‘Haveyoufoundanygoldyet?’and‘Isthatdinosaursyou’relookingforthen?’Thereisageneralideaofarchaeologyinthemindofthegeneralpublicbutitisveryoftensubsumedintothegiantblockof‘history’.Newideasareneverrapidlybroughttotheattentionofthepopulation,particularlyinregardtoidentity,whichisparticularlytiedintoarchaeologyandthemindofthepublic.Isthemediatoblameforthis,orareweourselvesasarchaeologistsnotdoingenough?Therearenewvehiclesofcommunicationoutthereforustousetobringnewinformationquicklytothewiderpublic,butshouldwebegoingthroughindividualchannelsorattemptingtocollateourcommunications?Jake Streatfield-James (Cotswold Archaeology): An Infernal Machine? Anticipating the future of buildinginformationmodellingandarchaeologicalpracticeThis paper discusses the opportunities and pitfalls of adopting Building Information Modelling (BIM) forarchaeologicaldata.BIM2.0reliesonhighresolutiondatacapture–ScantoBIM(i.elaserscanning,photogrammetry)tocopytheworld,andconverselytodesignthebuiltenvironmentwithexactreferencetovirtualmodels,hencethesloganBuild itTwice. Currentarchaeologicalpracticemakesuseof thesedatacapturetechniques invariousways:classically to model historic buildings, but increasingly to record archaeological strata in order to modeltaphonomicsequences.Like earlier tools which archaeology has adopted from other disciplines (CAD, GIS programs) BuildingInformationModellinghasthepotentialtoshapefutureavenuesofarchaeologicalresearch.Asarchaeologists,we should question how BIM information is structured. BIM models are ‘culturally embedded forms ofknowledge’;theyarestatic,mechanisticandrootedinepistemologiesofmodernconstruction,engineeringandprojectmanagement.Areweacceptingautopiaconceivedbyengineersandfacilitiesmanagers?This paper will explore how we as archaeologists should challenge the epistemological framework whichconceivedBIM, andengagewith this new technology in the fields of academic research and archaeologicalcontractingwiththeaimofcollaboratingtocreatenewArchaeologicalInformationModels.BenPrice:Can3DReconstructionProvideCommercialOpportunitiesforArchaeology?–AnAtlanticIronAgecasestudyMypaperlooksatutilising3Dscanningintheproductionoftangible3Dartefactsofobjectsthathaveyettobediscovered,andtheiruseinbothresearchandcommercialapplicationstoassistfurtherresearch.Specifically,itwilllookatthecreationofanAtlanticIronAgepinfromfirstcenturymouldfragmentsrecoveredfromTheCairns

brochsiteinSouthRonaldsay,Orkney,itscreationvia3Dprintinginbronze,anditscommercialisationviatheOrcadianjewellerycompanyOrtak.Iarguethatwhilecommercialisationispossibleinphysicalreproductions,thecircumstancesareveryspecific,andI’lldiscussthepossiblyuniquenatureofthisprojectandtheprobablereasonstoitssuccess.Inconclusion,thisprojectprovedtobebothanacademicandcommercialsuccesswhichshedsnewlightoftheusesof3Dscanning,tangibleexperienceexploration,andexposespotentialrevenueavenuesforresearchprojects.AlistairGalt:AHitchhiker's(brief)GuidetotheOntologyoftheDigitisationofArchaeologyWhatisthedifferencebetweenaninteraction,oratransaction,withanarchaeologicalobjectinreallifeandonebasedentirely inthedigitaldomain?Thispaperseekstoanswerthisquestionbytakingaphilosophicalstandpoint. Rather like finding how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big space is, the ontology of digitisingarchaeologyisratherdaunting,sothispaperwilltrytosummarisethekeypoints.Virtual archaeology has concentrated on the geometry and visual aspects of archaeological residues (Reilly2014).Cyberspacepresentsapost-geographicalandpost-historicalspacewherearchaeologybecomesmergedwith thepresentand the future. Iwill argue that theconsumptionof content throughadigitalmedium (asopposedtoan ‘analogue’one)profoundlyaffectsculturalheritage inwayswhichhavenotbeenthoroughlyconsideredinarchaeology,throughmultimediality,interactivity,andvirtuality(DeMul2010).Topicsincludetheexistential crisis of using personal assistants, simulations that could be confusedwith real objects, and theunstablenatureofdigitalimages,whichallimpactupontheconsumptionofculturalheritageintheirownway,and challenge the assumption that ‘information that goes intodatabases is far tooperfect and toooften aperfectviewoftheworld’(Cripps2012).

AnimalTimekeeping:FromMarchHarestoDonkey’sYearsRoom4.44Organisers:JuliaBest(BournemouthUniversity/CardiffUniversity),RichardMadgwick(CardiffUniversity)andJacquiMulville(CardiffUniversity)Animaltimeinfiltratesmanyareasofmodernlife,frombeingawokenbyadawnchorusofbirds,tomourningtheshorterlifespansofmanyofourmostlovedanimals(e.g.weoftenhearphrasessuchas‘hewas84indogyears’).Itisthereforeimportantthatconceptsofanimaltimekeepingarerecognisedinthepast,andthemanyformsthatthesecantake.Themesmayinclude(butarenotlimitedto)thefarmingyear,animalbiographies,huntingtime,feastingandthecalendar,petlives,micro-timeanalyses(e.g.incrementalanalyses),migrations,andseasonality.Thesessionwillexplorethetime-relatedaspectsofhuman-animalinteractionsandtheroleanimalshaveindictatingthetemporalrhythmsoflife.Itwillalsodiscussthedifferentscalesatwhichhuman-animalrelationsarepermeatedbyissuesoftime.Matty Holmes (UCL): Sign of the Times – 1500 Years of Cultural Change Reflected in the Human-AnimalRelationshipTheuseofanimalsasprovidersoffoodandrawmaterialsisubiquitous,andthemostcommoninterpretationof zooarchaeologicalanalysis,butanimalshave roles inhumansociety thatdonot showupsoeasily in thearchaeologicalrecord.Thispresentationwillconsiderhowalong-timeperspectivefromthepost-Romanperiodtopresent-daycanilluminatehowattitudestowardsanimalshavechangedassocialandculturalworldviews

havealtered. From theiruse in ritual, science,entertainment, andas status symbols,howwe treatanimalsreflects our own cultural outlook and attitudes towards each other. By considering zooarchaeological dataalongsidehistorical, artistic andethnographic sources, the close relationshipsbetween society, animals andpeople,andhowthathaschangedovertimecanbebetterunderstood.Julia Best (Bournemouth University/Cardiff University): Winging Away Time: The seasonality of birds inScottishandNorthAtlanticislandsBirdsaresomeofthemostmobileanimalsknowntoman,withcertainspeciestravellinggreatdistancesduringmigrationandotherscoveringlargeareastofeed.Theirmobilitycanmarkthepassageoftimeandthechangeof seasons, altering a landscape with their presence and absence. Human interaction with these mobilecreaturesinthepastcantellabouthowpopulationsperceivedandexperiencedtheyearlypassageoftime,andmadeuseofthechangingenvironmentsandfaunalresourcesaroundthem.ThispaperexplorestheroleofbirdsintimemarkingandseasonalexperienceintheScottishandNorthAtlanticislandsthroughzooarchaeologicalandhistoricaldata.Inthesesettings,largecoloniesofgregariouslybreedingseabirdswouldhaveprovidedpastpopulationsoftheselocationswithaconcentratedresourcebaseinsummerthatcouldbetargetedintenselyorsporadically formeat,eggs,oil, and fat.Thearrivalofwinteringbirdswouldhavebothheraldedadifferentchangeofseason,andprovidedanewsetofresourcesforexploitationatwhatcouldhavebeenachallengingtime.Onasmallertimescale,birdscanalsobeimportantpartsofdifferentpointsoftheday;fromdawnchorustoscreechesofthenight.

Byexploringthetemporalityofbirds,wecanmorefullyunderstandlifeintheseislandenvironmentsfromtheirfirstsettlementuptothepresentday.

Richard Madgwick (Cardiff University): Time for a Feast? Considering approaches to the temporality offeastinginlaterprehistoricBritainThelastdecadehasseenaproliferationofarchaeologicalstudiesonfeasting.However,criteriaforidentifyingfeasting archaeologically, and even definingwhat constitutes a feast, remains contentious. Anthropologicalresearchhasdemonstratedthatperiodicityisacommonfeatureoffeasting,butwithsomenotableexceptions,this aspect has been neglected in archaeology. New archaeological research has tended to focusmore onreconstructing production, preparation, consumption, and deposition in detail. This is partially due to thecomplexityofidentifyingthetracesofdiscreteeventsinmanyarchaeologicalrecords.Consequently,discussionsoftimingandregularityaremorecommonwhentextualorepigraphicsourcescanbedrawnon.This paper considers the evidence for, and the approaches to studying, the periodicity of feasting in laterprehistoricBritain.Exceptionallyrichmiddendepositsprovideconvincingevidenceforconspicuouscommunalconsumptiononagrandscaleduringthisphase.Reconstructingthetimingandregularityofthesefeastsandhowthisvariedgeographicallyandchronologicallyiskeytounderstandingtheirsocialrole.Theapplicationoftraditional zooarchaeological methods relating to dental eruption and attrition are assessed along withapproachestobonetaphonomicdata,isotopeanalysis,andcementumbandinganalysis.ThorMcVeigh (NUIGalway):Timing is Everything: The structure ofNeolithic-BronzeAge calendars in theBritishIsles,atheoreticalframeworkThispaperwillpresentaframeworkelucidatingthefundamentalsofNeolithic-BronzeAgecalendarstructuresinBritainand Ireland. It isbaseduponacombinationof thestructuresevident inhistoriccalendarsandthe‘natural’cyclicalprocesseswhichwouldhaveinformedthe‘rhythms’ofprehistoriclife.WhiletheevidencedoesappeartosuggestthatchangesincalendarstructurearelikelytohaveoccurredduringthelaterBronzeAge,withinthetheoreticalmodelpresenteditwillbeadvancedthattheNeolithic-BronzeAgecalendarsoftheBritish

Isleshadanoverarching‘lunisolarstructure’,andthattwocalendarsarelikelytohavebeenutilizedinparallel:one with an economic focus, the other with a more overt ceremonial (‘ritual’ or religious) function. Incombinationwiththeframeworkprovided,thedetailedchronologicalandregionalpatternspresentedserveasarobustfoundationforfutureanalysisofNeolithic-BronzeAgecalendarstructures.Itwillalsobearguedthatmorenuancedunderstandingsofsuchcalendarstructuresarepossiblethroughintegrationofarchaeologicaldata-sets connectedwith symbolic systems. This will, for example, be demonstrated for the Neolithic withreferencetocalendricallysignificantIrishpassagetomborientations.RobynGillam(YorkUniversity,Canada):FromMythtoTaskscape:AnimalsintimeandspaceintheancientNileValleyTextual and archaeological materials from Pharaonic Egypt provide plentiful evidence of how this cultureinteractedwithandunderstoodanimals.WhileeliteEgyptianculturealsodevelopedsophisticatedconceptsofcosmictime,thispaperwillfocusmoreonthehowtemporalitywasexperiencedataneverydaylevel,throughdayandnight,theseasons,andthehumanlifespan.Thepredominantlynorth-southaxisoftheNilevalleyproducedstrongassociationsofitseasternandwesternsideswith sunrise and sunset, theanimals associatedwith these locations, and timesofday. Likewise, theannual flooding of the river was strongly connected with aquatic life. Agriculture involved working withdomesticatedanimalsthatwerealsomovedaroundinthedryseason.Religiousbeliefsabout lifeanddeathfocusedespeciallyoncarrioneaters.Animalscouldbeveneratedorkilledandeatensacrificiallyoncalendricallyfixedoccasions.Itwillbearguedthatculturalmeaningsgiventoanimalscameaboutfromhumansexperiencingtimetogetherwith them inspecific spatial contexts.Thisclaimwillbeexplored in relation toHeidegger’sDasein,his laterconceptsofbuildinganddwelling,andtheirapplicationtocontemporaryarchaeologicaltheory.JesseWolfhagen(StonyBrookUniversity):ExploringSeasonalBehaviouralVariabilitywithModelledEnameld18Oandd13CValuesUnderstandinghowanimalkeepingandhuntingrelatestolargeraspectsofcommunitylifeiskeyforexploringhowpeoplenegotiatedseasonalchallengesandcoordinateddifferenttaskscollectively.Intemperateclimates,thecombinationof seasonal cyclesofprecipitationand the incrementalgrowthandmineralizationofbovidtooth enamel allows analysts to track patterns in enamel d18O (andother isotopic values) across a tooth’sgrowth axis to associate seasonal trends with biological milestones like tooth eruption. Researchers havedevelopedlinearmodelstorelatetheseseasonalchangestobiologicalmilestoneswhilecontrollingforsamplingandindividualvariability;however,goodaccuracyhastypicallyrequiredlargesamplesizespertooth.ABayesianframeworkforfittinglinearmodelsofseasonalchangesind18Oandd13Cvaluesprovidesusefulestimatesevenwithsmallsamplesizespertooth,allowingresearcherstoexplorebehaviouralflexibilityinthefaceofdiverseeconomicandecologicalopportunities.Agreatersenseofthevariabilityinanimalbehaviourprovidesinsightintovariabilityinthelargerlandscape,aswellashumanstrategiesandchoices.Simulationsofmodelresultscanbeusedexplorepersistentdifferencesinanimalbehaviourthatmayrelatetodifferencesinecologicalnicheorhumanstrategicvariability.

Haskel J.Greenfield(UniversityofManitoba),ElizabethR.Arnold(GrandValleyStateUniversity)andTinaGreenfield(UniversityofSaskatchewanandArenMaeir,Bar-IlanUniversity):DonkeyYearsandDonkeyDays:IdentifyingtheseasonofsacrificeofanEarlyBronzeAgeassatTelles-Safi/Gath,IsraelAyoung,healthyadultfemaleasswasrecoveredunderthefloorofanEBIIIhouseatthesiteofTelles-Safi/Gath,Israel(Greenfieldetal.2012).Adetailedreconstructionofthisanimal’sdietandmobilityhasbeendocumentedthrough sequential intra-tooth sampling and carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope analyses (Arnold et al.2016).TheisotopedataindicatesthatwhileshewasbornandspentthemajorityofherearlylifeinEgyptpriorto her import to the Levant, she likely spent somemonths at Tell es-Safi/Gath prior to her sacrifice. Thinsectioningofthemolarteethforseasonalitydataallowsustofurtherrefinethistimeline.Thesacrificeandpost-mortemtreatmentofthisanimalindicateitssignificancetothecommunityanditsarrivalatTelles-Safi/Gathwouldhavelikelyhadanimpactonthetemporalrhythmsoflife.TheimportanceofthistaxontothereligiousandeconomicrealmsoftheEarlyBronzeAgeoftheNearEastisdiscussed.

TimeandTransitions:TheHybridizationThresholdRoom3.58Organisers:BrookeCreager(UniversityofMinnesota)andErinCrowley(UniversityofMinnesota)

Periods of transition are recognizable archaeologically for their jarring nature. These periods offer uniqueinsights into conceptions of culture and community as individual and group identities respond and adapt.Particularly interesting are those transitions that occur through contact between different cultures. Theseconnectionsresultinnewpracticesasidentitiesarerenegotiatedinresponsetonewculturalinfluences.Limitedor isolated changes within a culture due to a small migrations, trade, raiding, or other forms of culturaltransmissionarevisibleaswell.Archaeologically,thestudyoftransitionalperiodshasbeenexaminedwithinculturallyspecificcontexts.Ourstudieslookbeyondtheappearanceofforeignimportstotheproductionofnewmaterialsbydrawing fromboth contexts, resulting in those changes thatwe identify asmarkersof culturaltransition.Thissessionwillexplorewhentransitionsappearwithaparticularinterestinthehybriditythresholdand the cultural intimacies necessary for hybrid materials to be persistent in the archaeological record.Transitionalmaterialsareeasilyidentifiedwhentheychangedramaticallyandquickly.However,whenthereissubtlechangeresultingfrompersistentculturecontact,howdoarchaeologistsparseoutthemotivationsandnegotiations behind the hybridized forms? Differentiating between the causes of change is vital tounderstandingthenatureoftransitionalphases.Thissessionaimstodealwithboththeprocessoftransitionandthenatureofculturecontactandexchangethatprecipitatestheseliminalperiodsofhybridization.IvyFaulkner-Gentry(UniversityofMinnesota):FromMigranttoLocal:AstudyofArchaicGreekmovementandtransitions

Prehistoricarchaeologyoften identifiesculturalgroupsbasedonassociationwithdifferenttypesofmaterialculture. However, in situations of culture contact, particularly prolonged contact such as in instances ofcolonizationormigration,differentiatingbetweengroupscanbeparticularlydifficult.Exchangeof ideasandgoods between people in close geographical proximity can blur or eliminate cultural boundaries in thearchaeological record. Furthermore, over time the colonizer and the colonized can create new hybridizedmaterialculture.Whatisthetemporalboundary,therefore,betweenforeignerandnative?ThispaperexploresthisquestionbycomparingcasestudiesfromtheNewWorld,AncientGreece,andRome.Insightsfromculturalanthropology,andparticularlyethnography,areessentialtothisdiscussion.Whileinpre-orproto-history,itisnotpossibletoaskanindividualhowtheyidentifythemselves,itisinmoderncontexts.Thisrevealsthatidentityisamulti-facetedconceptandthatthefieldofarchaeologystilllagsbehindanthropologyintheapplicationofthis idea. Inmany cases, itmay not be useful, therefore, to continue to discusswhether an archaeological

individual or group is colonizer or colonized, but to acknowledge that they may be both and/or neithersimultaneously.

Danika Parikh (CambridgeUniversity):TheDehybridization Threshold:Quantifying the loss of hybridity inIndusCivilisationceramicsThe Indus Civilisation of South Asia (3200–1600 BC) was long characterised as a homogenous society, itssupposed uniformity demonstrating centralised administration. It has since become clear that there weredifferentregionalwaysoflife,suggestinginsteadamorecomplexinterplayofdiverseculturalprocessesandpractices.Myresearch focusesontheceramicsof rural Indussettlements innorthwest India,andhowtheychangedanddevelopedinresponsetoincreasedurbanisationandgreaterintegrationwithotherIndusareas.WhileitisnotclearwhatpredatedtheIndushere,theearlyceramicsappeartobeablendofclassicandregionalvesselforms,fabrics,andtechnologies,withtheadditionofanentirelyregionaldecorativestyle,amountingtoaseparatevisualvocabulary.Overtime,manyofthemoreregionaliconographicelementswerelostandclassicvesselformsbegintodominate,althoughafluidityoftechniqueremains.Thistalkwillexplorehowmaterialculturebeginstobe‘dehybridized’,andhowtounderstandceramicswhentheybeginto‘lose’theirhybriditybutarenotstandardised.Howcanwestudythedehybridizationthreshold,andquantifychangeovertimeaftertheinitialperiodofcontactasmaterialculturedevelopsinresponsetoincreasedexposureandinteraction?

HannekeReijnierse-Salisbury(CambridgeUniversity):TimingDeath:QuestioningthechronologyofRomano-BritishfiguralfuneraryreliefsRomano-BritishtombstonesformpartofacomplexvisualculturethatemergedfromseveralinteractionsandrepresentanewformofcommemorationthatcameoutofRome'sconquestofBritain.Attemptstoexplainthevaryingappearanceoftheseimagesmostoftenhavetheirbasisinmodelsofculturalinteraction,orquestionsof skill. Iwillargue thatnoneof thesearegoodenoughanswers tomyquestion.Factoring time into this isdifficultastombstonesareoftendatedbystyle,whichisinturnexplainedbythepassageoftime.Thenotionoftransitionseemstodemandthatweestablishachronology,butwhatifwecan't?Whatifneitherculturalcontactnor time serves as a sufficient explanation for these images?My approach here is to return to the imagesthemselvesandwhattheyweresupposedtodo:commemoratepeople. Iwillexaminetheartisticstrategiesused, primarily in the representation of the body, in order to determine their possible effects in acommemorative context.By investigating themotivationsbehind these images in termsof cultural contact,time,andcontext, it ishopedthatwewillgainsomeinsight intowhathybridityandtransitionlookedlikeinRomano-Britishfuneraryimagery.

AlexMirošević-Sorgo(CambridgeUniversity):BroachingtheSubject:HybridisedculturesbehindtheBirdandSandalfibulaefromnorthernBritainSo-called ‘Romano-British’ fibulae in the form of birds, ducks, or swans are some of the least understoodbroochesinthemenagerieofzoomorphicfibulae.Whereashorses,rabbits,anddogshavebeenconnectedtogodsandgoddessesbothRomanandCeltic,theduck,asyet,escapesexplanation.Incontrast,sandalbroochesare explained either through a connection to travellers and traveller gods, or to the army. Whatever theiconographyrepresents,themajorityofhistoriansagreethatthebrooches,whichappearintheRomanera,aremanifestationsofahybridizedculture,changeovertime.ThispaperwillexplorethesandalandbirdfibulaefromNorthernBritain,rethinkingtheirmeaningsandwhatlighttheycanshedon‘RomanBritain’.

PaulS.Johnson(UniversityofSheffield):BecomingGerman:TheimpactoffrontiercontactsandmigrationonthecoreofRomansocietyinthemidfirst-millenniumAD

The Germanification of Late Roman society has traditionally been understood as a particularly visiblephenomenon within military and political contexts, resulting from the impact of ‘the other’ on otherwiseseemingly-homogenousandstablecultures.Thispaperwillexplorethepoliticalandsocialimpactswhichtheperceptionofexternalthreatstotheempire,particularlyfromGermanictribesalongandbeyondtheRhineandDanube,madetothetransformationoflateRomansociety.

TheresponseofRomancivicsocietytoGermanicsocio-culturalinfluencesduringthefinaldecadesoftheEmpireiscritical tounderstandingthetransitionbetween late imperial societyandthe formationof theculturesofearly-mediaevalsuccessorstatesinWesternEurope.MuchofthediscussionabouttheseeffectshascentredontheroleofGermanicindividualswithinthemilitaryandcivilianelites,however,theincreasingperipheralisationofpoliticalandsocialauthoritywasalsomanifestthroughchangesinthearticulationofpowerandauthorityinciviccontextswithinthetraditionalcoreoftheempire.ThispaperwillutilisethearchaeologicalrecordofthecityofRomeinthe5thcenturyADtoofferanuancedperspectiveontheimpactofcross-culturalcontactsonsocialandpoliticalpracticesinlateRomansociety.

ErinCrowley(UniversityofMinnesota):CashCow:Transitionaleconomieschallenginghybridityinlateprehistoric-earlyMedievalIrelandTheeffectsofculturalcontactcanpermeateallpartsofsocietyapartfrommaterialmanufacture.Particularly,regional traderelationscan impact thedevelopmentof localeconomies.How, then,mightwe interpret thecauseofeconomicchangeanddevelopmentarchaeologically?IthasbeensuggestedthatthedairyingeconomysointegraltoIrishearlyMedievalsocietydevelopedfromcontactwiththeRomanEmpireaspartofasuiteofpracticesthatdevelopedduringthefirsthalfofthefirstmillenniumAD.DuringtheearlyMedievalperiod,cattlearethemostprevalentremainsidentifiableatarchaeologicalsites,andlawtractsfromthisperiodsuggestthatpropertyandpersonalvaluesweremeasuredinnumbersofmilkcowsandpoundsofbutter.Whatamountofintimacyorwhatnatureofcontactwouldbenecessary,therefore,forasocietytodevelopsuchacomplexvaluesystem?Byexaminingeconomicchangeanddevelopmentinarchaeologicalcontexts,thispaperwillproposewaysinwhichwemaybetterunderstandthenetworkofsocialinteractionsthatmayleadtoeconomicchangesandquestionshowweexplaintheinterconnectionsbetweensocialandeconomicinteractions.

BrookeCreager (UniversityofMinnesota):ReligiousLiminality:Hybridized ritual formation inPost-RomanBritainHybridizationoccursduringperiodsofchange,whenacultureisreforminginresponsetostimuli,eitherinternalorexternal.Within thesehybridizingevents, religion isabarometer for theworldviewof theculture.Whenreligionshybridize,theyindicatethatthecultureitself isevolving.Thehybridization,oradaptation,indicatesthatthesocietyisrethinkinghowitsworldfunctions.Sometimesthesehybridizationshavelessimpact,suchasthe inclusionof an additional god to the polytheistic Romanpantheon, and sometimes they indicate largertransitions,suchasaconversionfromapolytheisticritualpracticetoamonotheisticone.ThecasestudyofPost-RomanBritain,withanexaminationofChristianpracticeintheMigrationPeriod,allowsforthestudyofhowamonotheistic religion evolves within a polytheistic society. The development of hybridization indicates theintegration of one practice into another, and the resistance to hybridity can indicate something entirelydifferent.Theinteractionsbetweenculturesisrevealedbythedegreeofthesubsequenthybridityandimportantforunderstandingtheevolutionofsocieties.

MaterialityofTime:PhenomenologyanditsPlaceinArchaeologyRoom3.62Organisers:DonaldCrystal(CardiffUniversity)andStefanSchmidt(UniversityofWuppertal)Inthepasttwodecades,phenomenologyhasenjoyeditsusewithinarchaeologicaltheory.ThisveinofinquirysawitsmostfruitfuldeploymentwithinthearchaeologyofNeolithicBritainduringthemidtolate90s.Yet,sinceitstranslationintoarchaeologicalpractice,thequestionoftimehasseldombeenaddressedwithinthewiderarchaeological-phenomenological debate. The concept of time is, however, widely discussed withinphilosophical phenomenology. Philosophically, it provides a framework for understanding the merits ofcorporeally ‘being-there’and thecreationofplace throughhumanpraxis.Themarginalisationof time (bothmodernandancientperceptionofit)inarchaeologicaltheoryisarguablyamisinterpretationanddistortionofphilosophicalphenomenologybyarchaeologists.Timeistheaxiomwhichallactionsobey,yettheexperienceoftimeissubjecttoourconsciousnessaswellastoourcorporealexperience.Inasense,areassessmentoftherelevancyofphenomenologyandtimeinarchaeologyseekstoplacehumanexistentialexperiencebackintothehumanpast.Thereshallbetwomainfocuseswithinthesession:Thefirstwillbeonthelinkbetweentimeand‘geographical experience,’ which describes the reciprocal process of human-environment interactions; thesecondwillseektodemonstratetheinterconnectednessbetween,whatRicoeur(1985)termedcosmologicalandphenomenologicalaspectsoftime,usingarchaeology.Overall,thesessioninvitespaperswhichcoveratleasttwoofitsthreeaims:1)Toreconciletheconceptoftimeinarchaeologywithitscontinentalphilosophicalroots;2)Tore-evaluateandrenewdatedargumentssurroundingphenomenologyinarchaeology;3)Andtodemonstratethemeritsofphenomenologyinsupportingarchaeologicalnarrativeswhichconsiderabroaderrangeofpastlivedexperiences.

StefanSchmidt(UniversityofWuppertal):MaterialityofTimeandTemporalityofPlace

Archaeologyisonlypossiblebecausetimematerializes.Butarchaeologyisnotconcernedwiththetracesoftimeandchangeingeneralbutwiththosetracesthathumansleft.Inmypaper,Iwanttofocusontheconditionsthroughwhichtimemanifests.Forarchaeology, time,space,andplaceplaya fundamental role.Place is thetexture of space. Space becomes concrete to us through places and establishes a world in which we live.According to the French phenomenologistMauriceMerleau-Ponty, the lived bodymovement is the pivotalelementinunderstandingthebody-place-relationshipbecauseourbodyisnotinspacenorintime,butinhabitsspaceandtime.

Thehumansubjectisalwaysorientedandsituatedinplace,thereforeEdwardCaseycallsitthegeographicalsubject.Theprimarywayinwhichthegeographicalsubjectrealizesitsactivecommitmenttoplaceisbymeansofhabitation.‘Habitation’hereincludesnomadiclifeaswellassettleddwelling.Itisthemannerinwhichwerelatetoplacesthroughourlivedbodies.Creatingaplacemeanstoappropriatespaceaswellastime.Inmypaper, Iwillshowthatthephenomenologicaloriginsofgeographyareatthesametimethefundamentsforarchaeologicalpractice.DonaldCrystal(CardiffUniversity):PostphenomenologyandTimeDuring thepast twodecades,phenomenologyhasenjoyed itsusewithinarchaeological theory.ThisveinofinquirysawitsmostfruitfuldeploymentwithinthearchaeologyofNeolithicBritainduringthemidtolate90s.However,IshallarguethatarchaeologicalphenomenologyisillequippedandequallyillconstructedtodealwiththeanalysisofwhatRicœurcalled,‘phenomenologicalandcosmologicaltime’.Theproblemoriginatesfromthe

fact that current archaeological phenomenology stems from Heidegger’s own temporally problematicphilosophy. In addition, past archaeological phenomenologists have neglected to discuss thewide range oftemporalexperiences that thebodycanexperience in connectionwithboth thearchaeologyand thewiderlandscape.Consequently,Iwillarguethatbyusingpostphenomenology,theoreticalarchaeologistscancapturea broader range of how people experienced time, whilst reflexively being aware of their own temporalpredispositions.Postphenomenologyacknowledgesand includes theGadamerianandRicoeureanschoolsofhermeneutics within its existential analysis of the lifeworld, thus making a more reflexive analysis of timebetween the analyser and the environment. Within this presentation I shall outline the need for apostphenomenologicalviewoftimewithinarchaeologytodaybyapplyingittomyresearchofIronAgedolmensinBulgaria.JackRobertCoopey:HourglassDawns:Thebecomingoftimeasspace,contemporarypost-phenomenologicalphilosophyanditsnemesisoftimeintheworkofAgamben,NancyandJamesonTime, since Kant, has troubled Continental philosophy right through to Husserl and past his project ofPhenomenologyexpressedandthusterminatedintheworksofHeideggerandDerridawhohavelefttracesofmessianism,nihilism, andapparitionsof 'timeless' time. In theaftermathofDerrida, theanalysisof time inContinentalphilosophyhastakentwopathswhichpossesspoliticalagendasdependingontheirtraditionsofthought.Firstly,thefirstkindofthetreatmentoftimedealswithapost-phenomenologicalapproachinsomuchasreducingexperiencesoftimetolivedexistencesofthingswhichattempttodenythepossibilityofconceivingofametaphysicalaccountoftimeoutsideapurelylivedexperience.Secondly,thelatterapproachexistsasaformofpost-Marxistanalysisthatcritiquesthepost-phenomenologicaltraditioninsomuchasitclingsontoanarrativeoftimethatpermitsamultiplicityoftimeinhomogeneousspaces,butalongsidetheworkofFredricJameson,heproposestimehasbecomefrozennotintermsofBenjamin'shypothesisoftheParisArcades,butthat in time becoming frozen, becomes space. Thus, this paper shall take account of contemporarydevelopmentsinContinentalphilosophyanalysingtimeintheworksofJean-LucNancy,FredricJameson,andGiorgioAgamben.NathalieGontier(UniversidadedeLisboa):ACosmologicalandCosmographicHistoryofTimeWesterncosmologieshavetransitionedfromunderstandingtimefirstascyclic(theGreeks),followedbylinear(Judeo-Christian),thenasabsolute(Newton),andcurrentlyasunreal(quantumtheory).Wedemonstratethatthe introductionofdifferenttimenotionscorrelateswithadvanceswemade inmathematics.AncientGreeknotionsoftimearederivedfromolder,non-WesternsexagesimalnumbersystemsthatdevelopedinVedicIndiaand the Levant, especially in relation to the establishment of zodiacal systems and attempts to predict theweather.Judeo-ChristiancosmologytransitionedfromtheseancientsexagesimalandcircularcosmologiestoalinearcosmologybyadoptingtheJuliancalendaraswellasthedecimalnumbersystem.Withtheriseofclassicalphysics, timebecomes subordinated to thedecimalnumber systemthat starts to functionasaquantumtoexaminethesuccessionofmatterinmotionthatbecomesdepictedintheCartesiantwo-dimensionalcoordinatesystem that tracks the movement of matter in space and time. Natural history research takes off byreformulatingtheolderscalanaturaeandhistoricalchronologiesintoevolutionarytheories,i.e.theoriesofhowspeciesevolveovertime.Today,quantumphysicsconflatestimewithspaceintospacetime,andanynotionor‘sense’ of time is confounded tophenomenological schoolsof thought.Nonetheless, thephenomenologicalsenseoftimeisbothculturallyandbiologicallydetermined.

AndrewWatson(GlasgowUniversity):PhenomenologyinthePresentDay:Canitreallyenhancethearchaeologicalrecord?

Phenomenologyhasbeendescribedasmanythingsoverthedecades,frombeinganinnovativeapproachtoresearching the landscape to that of subjective fantasising about prehistoric lifeworlds. But doesphenomenologyhaveaplaceinarchaeology?Canwebegintounderstandwhatlifewaslikemanymillenniaago?Inthispaper,Iwilllookathowarchaeologiststodatehavebeenutilisingphenomenologicalapproachesandhowfartheseboundarieshavebeenpushed.Iwilldiscusshowourexperiencestodaycannotreplicatethatofpeopleinprehistoryandindeedhowitmaybewrongtodoso.Instead,Iwilloutlinehowphenomenologicalinvestigations today, capturing our engagement with monuments as they appear before us, has morephilosophical credibility and thus can add to the archaeological narrative of a site and advance ourunderstanding.AnaG.San-Martin(ComplutenseUniversityofMadrid):TimestheLivingMaketheDeadLiveTheconceptofTimehasoftenbeen(over)lookedatthroughthenarrowspectrumofprocessualandpositivistapproaches to the archaeological science. Researchers are still oblivious to themany vectors andplanes ofexistence that different experiences of Time are being placed on. Furthermore, they are not taking intoconsiderationtime’sphenomenologicalquality,throughwhichitisexperienced,lived,andnotsimplycalculatedandplaced.Thisrepresentsanin-motionfeatureoftheLiving,mutuallyshapedbyeachother,ineverypresentlived.Consequently,thedirectionsandstratainwhichTimecanbeexposedandaddressedaremanyandnotnecessarilymetaphorical.Whenseveral identities, temporalities,andspatialexperienceshappen tomeetatoncealongtheresearcher´spersonalandprofessionalactivity,theresulting‘image’oftimeandtemporalframesrangeswithintheseveraltheoreticalbackgroundsofthediscipline.Thispaperwilldelveintothemanybiasesinvolved in the process of phenomenologically approaching the notion of simultaneous, distinct timeexperiences for archaeologists and in archaeology, in order to explore how these contribute to shape theconstructionofdifferenttemporalitiesinthepast.DavidFine:AgainstInstance:Proposingaradicalepistemologyoftimes

Todeployamaterialityoftime,theempiricaltogetherwiththephenomenologicalshouldbereassessed.1.ToreconciletheconceptoftimeinarchaeologywithitscontinentalphilosophicalrootsClassically,howevermanyvariantsoftimetheremaybe,theyarelocatedwithintime;forexample,Ricoeur’sphenomenologicaltimeandcosmologicaltime.Thisproposalstatestimemayalsodefineaworld,anddifferentsortsoftimedefinedifferentworlds.Eachmaynotbeknowntous.Iftheyareunknown,theyarelosttous.Archaeologyisanevidentialmeanstodiscoverthisloss.2.Tore-evaluateandrenewdatedargumentssurroundingphenomenologyinarchaeologyHow?Inarchaeology,empiricismandphenomenologyneednotopposeoneanother.However,eachmustcompletetheotherforarchaeologiststodiscoveralossoftime.Atleastasmuchasanyphenomenology,thisrequiresaradical empirical epistemology of time – hence reference to Feyerabend’s ‘Against Method: Outline of anAnarchistTheoryofKnowledge’(1975).

WritingandRewritingtheTransitionalBody:TheChangingNarrativesoftheAncientDead

Room:1.69Organisers:MichelleScott(UniversityofManchester)andEmmaTolleffsen(UniversityofManchester)

Thephysicalremainsofthehumanbodyhavelongbeenasourceofcuriosity,particularlythe‘transitional’body;mummies,bogbodies,andevenshrunkenheadsoccupyaspacesomewherebetweenthelivingandthedead,and narratives that surround these bodies, be they ancient ormodern, historical ormythical, academic orfictional,havebecomelayeredandentangledovertimeandspace.Asearlyas the fifthcenturyBCE,HerodotusalreadyportrayedtheEgyptianmummyasbothsexualisedandcommodified. Likewise, as a mainstay of the Early Modern Cabinet of Curiosities, the mummy’s exotic‘Otherness’wastohavealastingimpactonitsinterpretation.AcademicinterestinEgyptologyattheendofthenineteenthcenturysawthemummybecomeasociablebodywitharecoverablehistory,whichinturnprovidedthepotentialforfictionalisation.Theanimatedcorpseofthegothicnovelbecameatoncedecontextualizedanderoticised, and now the scientific gaze of the twenty-first century virtually unwraps themummy, narratingexperiencethroughpathology.Inthisway,thehumanbodyisanarchiveofitsexperiences(inlifeanddeath):itsdepositionanditsdiscovery,interpretation,storageanddisplay.Eachprocesshasbecomeabstractedintobothwrittenandvisuallanguage,whichmeansthatthebodyoftheancientdeadisalreadytransformedwithintheimaginationatthepointofeachofourindividualencounters.

Withafocusonthechangingnarrativesovertime,andusingtheideaofwritinginitsbroadestsense,thissessioninvitespapersthattakeanewandcreativeapproachtotheepistemologiessurroundingthetransitionalbody;weaving discourses, including those of personhood, gender, power and identity, togetherwith thewritingsabout,upon,andbythehumanbody.SarahM.Schwarz(UniversityofSouthampton):MiddlePalaeolithicMourners:DevelopmentofNeanderthalmortuarypracticesandstructuredresponsestodeath

SincethefirstNeanderthalremainswererecognisedin1856,therehasbeenanongoingdebateaboutwhethertheyentered thearchaeological recordby intentionalanthropogenicmechanisms (i.e.by intentionalburial).Whilesomewereinitiallyskepticaloftheintentionalityoftheremains,andsomestillare,itisnowgenerallyacceptedbythearchaeologicalcommunitythatatleastsomeNeanderthalswereburyingtheirdeadonsomeoccasions.TheNeanderthalsareoftenviewedasoursavageandinferiorhominid‘cousins’fromtheMiddlePalaeolithic,buttheyalsodemonstratetheabilitytoburytheirdead–anabilitywhichhadpreviouslybeenheldasakeycharacteristicindefiningbehaviouralmodernity,andbyextensionwhatmakesus‘human’.

ByunderstandingthedevelopmentofmortuarypracticesintheMiddlePalaeolithic,wecanbegintounderstandtheoriginalrootsofmortuaryactivity,andattempttoidentifyatwhatpointinhumanevolutionthathonouringthedeadbecameculturallysignificant.Therefore, this researchprojectaimsto reconstruct theevidence forinstancesofpurposefulmortuarybehaviouramongsttheNeanderthals,andwhetherthisevidencesuggestsastructuredculturalresponsetodeathanddisposalofthedead.

KatarzynaHarabasz(UniversityofPoznań):APowerfulDead:DecapitationandplasteringofhumanskullsattheAncientNearEast

In recent years archaeological excavations have yielded considerable new information regarding the burialpracticesofNeolithiccommunities.ThispapersetsouttoestablishthecurrentimportanceoftheNeolithicburialpracticesindomesticspaceintheancientNearEast.IwillpresentanarchaeologicalanalysisofburialsinthedomesticcontextatthedifferentNearEasternsites,andmoreoverdiscussseveraluniqueburialcasesinordertocapturepotentialchanges inpracticesovertimeandspace. Inparticularways, theseburialsenhanceourunderstandingofstatusandidentityconstructionwithincommunityandthepowerofsocialmemoryacrosstheprehistoricpeople.

ItcanbeseenthatintheMiddleEastthepracticeofdecapitationandplasteringofhumanskullstookonamoredevelopedformthanthelaterNeolithicperiodinAnatolia.Aquestionaboutthedisappearanceofthispracticeandpersonbehindthemodelledskullstillremainstobestudied.SavanahEbonyFahmy-Fryer(UniversityofManchester):TattooedWomenofAncientEgypt:InscribingpowerandprotectionuponthebodyDrawingontheevidenceoftattooedmummifiedremainsfromthesitesofDeirelBahariandDeirel-Medina,thepaperwillfocusonthepracticeofpermanentbodymodificationwithinAncientEgypt.Whilethisevidencemaybelimited,thesebodiesprovideauniqueinsightintothepracticeoftattooinginMiddleKingdomandNewKingdomcontexts.SincethewrittenwordwasintegraltoancientEgyptianbelief,thepracticeoftattooingcouldbearguedasanactofeternalisingsymbolsofpowerandprotectionupontheskinandwithintheindividual.Theabstractdesigns,symbolsandfigurativeimagesinscribeduponthebodywereessentialtotheconstructionofidentity and personhood. Whether these tattoos were for medicinal or cosmological purposes, they wereundoubtedly transformativeandembodiedbythe individual.Themanypossibilitiesas towhytheseancientEgyptianwomentattooedtheirbodies,allowsforbroadanalysisandinterpretation.Takinganinter-disciplinaryapproach of archaeological theory and ethnographic accounts from anthropological research on bodymodification,thispaperwillanalysethetattoosandcritiquethepreviousnarrativesassociatedwithtattooedancientEgyptianwomen.Thethemesofcosmology,gender,power,andstatuswillalsobeexplored.KarinaCroucher(UniversityofBradford),LindseyBüster(UniversityofBradford),JenniferDayes(UniversityofBradford), LauraGreen (UniversityofBradford)andChristinaFaull (UniversityofBradford):ContinuingBondsandtheAncientDead

Weknowthatinterpretationsofpasthumanremainsarekeysourcesofevidenceforarchaeologists.Thispaperdiscusses anewapproach, using interpretationsof human remains in a verydifferentway. The ‘ContinuingBonds’ Project explores reactions by health care professionals and students to case studies of mortuaryarchaeology,assessingwhethertheycanhelpfacilitateconversationsarounddeathanddyingtoday.Inaddition,casestudiesareusedtoexploretherangeofattitudestodeathindifferenttimesandplaces.Throughthis,wedemonstrate that while death is universal, approaches to dealing with this problematic topic vary widely,althoughtheyoftenrevealamotivationtokeepthedeadclosetotheliving.Theprojectgeneratesdifferenttypesofreactionthroughavarietyofmedia:conversations;flipchartnotes;andoccasionallycreativewriting,demonstratingthatdifferentaudiencesexpresstheiremotionsregardingthedeadbodyindifferentways.HowardWilliams(UniversityofChester):WritingandRewritingwiththeCathedralDead

Synergisingrecentdebates inthehistoryofarchaeologyandmortuaryarchaeologyregardingsocialmemorymediatedbyantiquarianismsurveys,excavationsandtombrestorations,thispaperconsidersthemnemonicsofexcavating,displaying,andmemorialisingincathedralsthroughthehumanbody.Throughtheinvestigation,

translation,re-burial,andmemorializationofbodies,weseethecathedralretainandconsolidate,extendandrevitalize, invent and rejuvenate their identities andhistories. Thispaperexploreshow thishas takenplaceutilizingnotonlyhumanremainsbutalsoeffigiesandportraits(bodiesmaterialized),bodiesimpliedthroughtexts(thememorialcitationofbodies),andpresentcorporealabsences(materialculturesthatimplytheabsentdeadbody,includingstonecoffinsandlostbrasses).RebeccaHorneandJennifferCockitt(UniversityofManchester):ConversationswithaMummy

Theuseofscientificmethodstoassistwiththereconstructionofthehistoryofanindividualmummyis longestablished.However,asthesemethodsimproveandaresupersededthenarrativetheyhelpedestablishshiftsinresponse,beingredefined,abandoned,orreaffirmed.ThisisparticularlythecasewithManchestermummy1770.AsoneofthefewancientEgyptianmummiestobeunwrappedanddissectedinscientificconditionsintheUK,mummy1770hasbeenthefocusofmanynarrativesconstructedbyscientists,Egyptologists,theologians,andhistoriansalike.Thispaperexploreshowscientificanalyseshaveinfluencedtheconversationsthathavebeenheldwithmummy1770overthepastfortyyearsandtheimpactherdissectionhashadonthese.Theoriginalproject,althoughscientificinorigin,yieldedtotheproductionofasensationalnarrativebasedonanamalgamationofanalyticalandEgyptologicalanalysiscombinedwithadegreeofromanticismasmummy1770 intrigued and inspiredmany different audiences. Althoughmore recent scientific interrogations haveredefinedsignificantaspectsofmummy1770’sstory,boththewrittenandoralnarrativesestablishedduringtheoriginalprojectpersistasthedesireforagoodstorywinsoutovercriticalscientificevaluation.EleanorDobson(UniversityofBirmingham):SleepingBeauties:MummiesandthefairytalegenreattheFindeSiècleIn thispaper, Iexamine the relationshipbetweenmummy fictionand the fairy-talegenreat theendof thenineteenth centuryand thebeginningof the twentieth. I observe thedifferences indepictionsofmaleandfemalemummies,andarguethatperfectly-preservedfemalemummiestypicaloffin-de-sièclemummyfictionemulate the figureofSleepingBeautyorSnowWhite,preserved inglasscoffins (ormuseumdisplaycases).Concurrently,Iobservethatwhilethesuggestionofthemarriageofthemummyisraisedinseveraltexts,anychanceoflongstandingromanticunionisoftenfoiled,incontrasttothe(distinctlymarital)‘happily-ever-after’swhichcharacterisethefairytale.Ashumanremainsthatwerebought,soldandcollectedacrosstheVictorianera(andbeyond),mummiesinvitedobjectification.Yettheirfrequentdisintegrationordisappearancebeforetheycanbeboundbythelegalandreligiousstricturesofmarriagedemarcatesthemasobjectswhichcannotbetamed. I claim thatwemight read this, consideringBritain’s contemporary imperial involvement inEgypt,apoliticalandhistoricalcontextwhichscholarshaverecognisedasresponsiblefortheemergenceofthenotionofthemummy’scurse:bodieswhichcannotbefullycontrolledmightalsobeseentoresistBritain’simperialistmission.

TheAntiquityLectureReardonSmithLectureTheatre,NationalMuseumofWales,17:00

GavinLucas(UniversityofIceland):TheFutureofthePast:OnarchaeologicaleschatologiesandtheendoftimeInthistalk,Iwanttoexploretheideaofendingsandtheirrelationtoconceptionsofthefuture.Archaeologicalnarrativeshaveoftenbeencharacterizedintermsoforiginstories–questsforthebeginningsofthings–likeagricultureorinequality.Suchnarrativesaccentuatetheroleofarchaeologyasadisciplinewhichlooksback–indeed,itismostcommonlydefinedasadisciplineconcernedwiththepast.Althoughweareallwell-versedintheneedtoseehowthepastandpresentcannotbeseparated,lessacknowledgedisthestatusofthefutureand its connection to the past – although in recent years, several archaeologists have begun to draw ourattentiontothisissue.Iwouldliketoaddtothisemergingdiscussionandreflectonhowpastfuturesmightbeincorporated intoourarchaeologyandhowthe ideaof the futurerelates toconceptsofendings,andmorebroadly,thetemporalhorizonswithinwhicharchaeologyoperates.

Tuesday19thDecember(AllDaySessions)(S-ite)rations:Memory,ForgettingandtheTemporalArchitectureofPlaceRoom2.01Organisers:EmilyBanfield(UniversityofLeicester)andPhilipHughes(UniversityofLeicester)

SponsoredbyArchaeopress

Placeisconstructedthroughlocatedpractice;throughongoingengagement,itisinaconstantstateofbecoming.Placepresentsanddrawstogethermultipletemporalities,allowingtheemergenceofconceptions,articulationsandsubversionsoftemporalrhythms.Thesignificanceofplaceasalocusforcreatingtemporalconsciousnessandmultipletemporalitieshasinformedthedevelopmentofdiverseconceptualframeworkssuchas‘thepastinthepast’(BradleyandWilliams1998),social memory (Jones 2007), and residues (Lucas 2012). Recent discourse situated within a broadly newmaterialistagendaarguesfortheentanglementofphenomenainanunfoldingwebofbecoming(Hodder2012;Fowler 2013; Olsen 2012). These perspectives enable the development of different, more nuancedunderstandingsoftherelationshipsbetweenplaceandtime.Placeandmaterialremainsarememory-makingworksthatsimultaneouslyreferencethepast,makesenseofthepresent,andpermitprojectionsintothefuture.Buttheemergenceofplaceisnotlimitedto(re)activeconstruction;thesignificanceofpause(McFadyen2006),anthropogenic hiatus, and active forgetting are also significant. Indeed, the affective qualities of ruination,absence,andforgettingareemergingasimportantareasofresearch(OlsenandPétursdóttir2014).Inthissession,wewillexplorethesethemesfurther.Weinvitepapersthatconsiderandproblematisethewaysin which place and situatedmemory produce, and are products of, different temporalities, and encouragecontributionsfrompractitionersworkingacrossalltimeperiods.Weareinterestedinexaminingideasincludingbutnotlimitedto:• Theroleofplaceintheemergenceandmaintenanceofasenseofpast• Theco-constitutionalnatureoftimeandplace,buildingonnotionsofarchitectureasperformance• Placeasaconvergenceofmulti-temporalpractices• Theintersectionsofrememberingandforgettingthroughsituatedpractice• Memory,place,andthecreationandmaintenanceofidentities• Ideologicalappropriationofplace

EmilyBanfield (UniversityofLeicester)andPhilipHughes (UniversityofLeicester):(S-ite)rations:Memory,forgettingandthetemporalarchitectureofplace

Asanabstractconceptandrelativemeasure,timeisaconstructionvariouslyfashioned,sustained,negotiated,andsubverted.It isacreative,theatricalproductionandcrucially, isalwaysemplaced.It isthroughandwithsituatedaction–thenovel,repetitive,anditerativepracticesofexistence–thattemporalitiesandplaceemergetogetherasexperientialmediapermittingparticularformsofconceptualisationandcommunication.Throughexplorationof the complexdialectics atplay in theongoingemergenceofAvebury,Wiltshire, as acomplexsiteofencounter,memory,forgetting, identityproduction,andtherebyoftemporalscaffolding,weconsiderthepotentialforarchaeologytoelucidatepastandpresentontologies,throughdefinition(ornot)ofasenseorsensesofpast,present,andfuture.Byhominginuponandattendingtotheinterplayofgenerativeactionwiththeformationofplaceandtemporalstructuresatspecificmomentswithinthesite’shistoryfromanexpressly newmaterialist, relational position,we find the existence ofmultiple, often conflicting, Aveburysarticulateofmultipleandcompoundtemporalities.Consequently,theburgeoningprofusionoftimesandplacesthatemergewithinthissinglelocalearecharged,crackling with potential. From this vantage point, Avebury entices, inviting connection, comparison, andproductivedisharmonyinanticipationofthepaperstofollow…

PaulGraves-Brown(UCL)andHilaryOrange(UCL):ANewCareerinaNewTown:Locatingsitesofpilgrimage

In1191,themonksofGlastonburyAbbey‘discovered’thetombofKingArthurbeneathaleadcrosscarryingtheinscription‘HicjacetsepultusinclitusrexArthurusininsulaAvalonia’.OnJanuary10,2016,manypeopleflockedtoTunstallRoad,BrixtontoleaveflowersandofferingsinfrontofamuraldepictingAladdinSane,acharacterdevelopedbyDavidJones(akaBowie),whohaddiedthatday.Therearemorethingsconnectingtheseeventsthanfirstmeetstheeye.Firstly,bothArthurandBowiearefiguresofmyth,nottosayfictions.ThelatterwasoneofmanydramaticcharacterscreatedbyDavidJones.Moreover,bothBowieandArthurhaveconnectionswithmultiplelocations;HeddonStreetinWestminsterhasbeenaplaceofBowiepilgrimagesincethe1980s,Beckenham,whereDavid Jones grewup, has attractedhis fans since the1970s (Graves-BrownandOrange2017).Moregenerally,BowieandArthurarejusttwoofthemanyfiguresontheboundariesbetweenfactandfictionwhoarecelebratedinsitesandmonumentswheretheirstatusremainsambiguous;theSherlockHolmes‘museum’inLondon'sBakerStreetortheIantoJonesmemorial inCardiffBay(Beattie2014)beingotherUKexamples.In this paper, wewant to explore the social and cultural forceswhich lead certain locations to be sites ofpilgrimageandreverence.Inparticularwewillexplorethereasonswhycertainplacesacquirefamethroughtheappropriationoffamousfigures,realandfictional.Whilstnotnecessarilydismissingtheclaimsmadeforthesesites,wefindthatthecreationofsuchshrinestellsusagooddealaboutattitudestodeath,commemoration,andcelebrity.

ZenaKamash(RoyalHolloway):ThePalmyraArch:Places,memoriesandideologiesIn April 2016 the Institute for Digital Archaeology (IDA) first set up a replica arch of Palmyra’s destroyedTriumphalArchinTrafalgarSquare,London.InthispaperIwillpresentresponsestothisreplicaarchthatweregatheredinmy‘PostcardtoPalmyra’project(independenttotheIDA),focussingonthosewhocommentedontheappropriatenessofthelocationchosen,intermsofitshistoryandideology.Inaddition,Iwillexploresomeoftheissuesthatmightberaisedbythepotentialsettingupofreplicassuchastheseontheoriginalsiteinthefuture.Iwillattempttoteaseoutthevariousstrandsofrememberingandforgettingthatareimplicatedinthese

reconstructions.Keyquestionsthatwillbeposed,then,include:howdidplaceaffectthereplicaarchinTrafalgarSquare?Howmightareplicaaffectthesenseofplaceandof‘pastness’inPalmyrainthefuture?Inwhatwaysaretheprocessesofrememberingandforgettingenhancedordisruptedbytheseactions?John Ertl (Kanazawa University): Reconstructions in Ruins: The practice of building and dismantlingcontemporaryprehistoricdwellingsinJapan

Thispresentationintroducesthepracticeofarchitectural‘reconstruction’atprehistoricsitesinJapan.Thestate-ledarchaeologicalsysteminJapanhasbroughtaboutthousandsofnewfederalormunicipalmanagedpublicspaces(e.g.siteparks)sincethe1950s.Anongoingsurveyhasfoundover300sitesthathaveconstructedsome900‘prehistoricdwellings’overthepast70years.Whileissuesofauthenticitygenerallydominatediscussiononreconstructions, this presentation focuses upon their ‘disappearance’ from sites. In contrast to theirconstruction–whicharebasedupondetailedevidence,have funding solicited in councilmeetings, andarecelebrated with dedication ceremonies – there are generally no records of them being dismantled. Thispresentationintroducesseveralexamplesofdeconstructionthatrangefromnaturaldisasters,vandalism,lackofmaterialsorcraftsman,budgetlimitations,toexperimentalburning.Theabsenceofactiverecordingofthesebuildings’ ‘lifehistories’ isproblematic foranumberof reasons,butmost importantly it reflectsanongoingdiscomfort in archaeology’s role in the creation and recreation of the contemporary (physical and social)landscape.

StineUrkeBrunstad(UniversityofOslo):RuneStones,GravesandPlaces:VikingAgecommemorativepracticethroughtextandcontext

ThispaperwillexploretherelationshipbetweenVikingAgemortuaryandmemorialpractices,focusingonrunestones,gravesandmonumentsinNorwayandDenmark.Runestonesaremainlystudiedbyrunologists,whichconcentrateonthe inscriptionsandornamentation.Although fewrunestonecontextshavebeenexcavatedarchaeologically, discussions on rune stone contexts have revolved around establishing what should beconsidered the primary context. The connection between rune stones and non-contemporary graves andmonumentsinparticularremainsanunderstudiedaspectofVikingAgecommemorativepractice.I propose that a combination of approaches based on phenomenology andmateriality can provide a basicframeworkforexaminingtherelationshipbetweentheerectionofrunestonesasindividualactionsoreventsandthelong-termaccumulationofmaterialcultureinplaces.Runestonesinformusabouttheperceptionofthepastinthepast,servedassocial,politicalandreligiousstatementsintheirpresenttime,andweredurablemeans of communicating with people in the future. Through their spatial association with other types ofmonumentalarchitecture,runestonesconnectdifferenttemporalitiesandfacilitateprocessesofrememberingandforgetting.

IsobelWisher(UniversityofYork):BeyondtheFunctional:PalimpsestsofmemoryandthesignificanceofplaceinMiddlePalaeolithicoccupationsMiddlePalaeolithicoccupationsareoftenonlyevaluatedwithregardtotheirfunctionalpurpose;discussionsfocusonthesubsistenceactivitiesperformedbyahominingroupatthesite.However,amorein-depthstudyintothebehaviouratMiddlePalaeolithicsitescanrevealintricaciesregardingthesocietiesthatonceinhabitedthe site. Both intrasite patterns andpalimpsests contain information about the socio-cultural behaviours ofMiddlePalaeolithichominins.Intrasitepatternsreflectbehaviours‘frozenintime’;onecanobservethepatternsofagroup’smost intimatebehaviour, fromtheirsleepingareasto intragroupsocialrelations.Consequently,homininsrepeatedlyreturningtositesoverthousandsofyearswouldhaveencounteredthebehavioursoftheirancestors.Palimpsestswillthereforereflectnotonlytherepetitionofgroupbehaviours,butalsohomininsinter-

and re-acting to their ancestors’ behaviours. This research aims to unlock these palimpsests ofmemory toprovideaninsightintothesignificanceofplaceintheMiddlePalaeolithicandrevealinformationregardingsocio-culturalbehaviourswithinNeanderthaloccupations.DarrellJ.Rohl(CanterburyChristChurchUniversity):Archaeology,PlaceTheory,andProcessPhilosophy

Thispaperoutlinesan intellectual framework forapproaches toplacewithinarchaeology,explicitlybuildinguponplace theoriesdevelopedwithinhumanistic geographyandphilosophy (Tuan1974,1977;Relph1976;Casey1997;Malpas1999),aswellastheprinciplesofProcessPhilosophy(Whitehead1978).Althougharchaeologistshavebeeninfluencedbytheideasemergingfromtherichdiscourseonplacetheory(Tilley1994),explicitengagementwiththeprimarysourcesofthisextra-archaeologicaldiscoursehasbeenmorelimited,andwehavelargelyfailedtodirectlycontributebackintothisdiscourse.Thispaper,thus,addressesthefollowingquestions:howhasplacebeentheorisedoutsideofarchaeology,whataretheimplicationsoftheseideas for archaeological research, and how can archaeologists make meaningful contributions tointerdisciplinaryunderstandingsandappreciationsofplace?ProcessPhilosophyhasalsoreceivedlittledirectattentionwithinarchaeology,althoughitcanbearguedthatithasbeen(ironically)implicitinmanypost-processualapproaches.RecentlyGosdenandMalafouris(2015)havedirectlyadvocatedforaProcessArchaeology(P-Arch)approach,usingpotterymakingasanillustrativecase-study.ThispaperalsocriticallyconsidersplacetheoryfromaProcessPhilosophyperspective,focusingontheperpetuallyiterativenatureofplaceandtherelationshipsbetweenlocations,humanexperience,andmemory.

SteveDickinson:CathedralsoftheNeolithic?

Mountainsareusuallyregardedbothaslocationsofgeologicaltime,andoftimelessness.InthemodernWesttheyareoftenlocatedperipherallyinpracticeandintheimagination,andarethusculturallyaswellasphysicallymarginalized.IntheNeolithic,however,alargeamountofevidencefromItalyandfromCumbriaforthemontanesourcingofstoneforaxebladesdemonstratesthatmountainshadasignificanceintheprehistoricpastwellbeyondtheirmere geological physicality. Specific remote montane stone sources were selected for the acquisition andworking of portable stone artefacts in huge quantities. The special qualities of, and esteemheld for, theseartefactsarereflectedintheirwidedistribution.Prehistoricrespectforthemisalsodemonstratedinthespecialcircumstancesoftenfoundintheirdeposition.In2015-17surveyworkintheheartoftheCumbrianmountainsrevealedadecoratedNeolithicstela-polissoirinsituataspringsiteformingthecoreofa12squarekilometremountainamphitheatreoverlookedbysomeoftheNeolithicstonebladesources.Throughthisdistinctiveartefactinitsspecialplace,itispossibletoexplorehow both the stela and its context helped create andmaintain a sense both of past (in the past), and ofconvergentandentangledprehistoricaction.Thedramaticmountainarchitecturethatsurroundsthefindsite isreplicated insomeofthe imageryonthepolissoir.Itslocationemphasizesthepossibilitiesofunderstandinghowthematerialnaturesofstoneandthedynamicsofrepeatedengagementcouldcoalescetoprovidetransformationsinartefactsthatwerefashionedon it,reflexivelytransforming it inturn.Thenaturesofcertainstones intheNeolithichere ‘becameculture’throughthisprocess.We,inturn,canexplorehowtheymighthaveprojectedtheessencesoftheirsourcearea.

ComparisonsareoftenmadebyprehistoriansbetweenMedievalcathedralsandprehistoricstructures,suchasStonehengeandtheNessofBrodgar.ThelimitsandcontradictionsoftheseapproachesareexaminedinthecontextofamonumenttothenaturebothofNeolithicchange,andofmemory,inthemountains.

LaurenceFerland(UniversitéLaval):OntheEdges:Boundariesasplaces

Boundaries are transitory and ever-changing locales where interactions between people, places, and theirassociatedroutineshappen.Those interactionsarekey intheunderstandingandperceptionofspacebythepeoplewhobuiltitandlivedit,makingthespacetheyoccupiedapatchworkofoverlappingplacesinrelationtoeachother.Asplacesconstituteacentralpartofthehumanexperiencesincetheyareasynthesisofphysicalspace,memories,feelings,andlivedexperiences,lookingintothenexusofplacesthroughtheirboundariesisawaytobetterunderstandpeoplethroughtheiruseofspace.

Mappingboundariesthereforeconsistofreconstructingtheplace-makingprocesswithinadefinitegeographicalspace.Placemaking iscentral inthesearchforboundariessincetheymayverywellbe immaterialorfaintlymateriallydefined.Ineffect,becauseplacesaremadeofroutine,time,andmemory,theactionsperformedinplaces through time tend to define their limits even though it is no straightforward process. The proximitybetweenactionsor thesuperimpositionofactivities inasamegeographical space transformplaces throughtheiruseandmodifywhataplaceisaccordingtothepersonexperiencingit.Inthispaper,theexplorationofboundariestakesplaceinalonghousefromtheMaritimearchaicofNorthEasternCanada.ErinKavanagh(UniversityofWalesTrinityStDavid):ScalingIdeologicalTime

‘Ifdifferentprocessesandphenomenabecomeapparentatdifferentscalesofobservation, therecanbenosingleunifiedhistory…onlyamulti-scalar[one]writtenfrommanydifferentpointsofview.’Presentinganuancednarrativethatresolvessuchontologicaldividesisoftenthetaskofheritagepractitioners–butwhathappenswhenpublicpracticeoverridesallofferingsfromempiricalobservation?Whenemergentwavesoftangibledataandexpertopinionaredeliberatelyrejectedintheresilientmaintenanceofanideologicalappropriationofplaceandtime?This paper comments on just such a dilemma, using the Welsh Government initiative ‘Year of Legends’(http://gov.wales/newsroom/culture-tourism-sport/2017/170301-year-of-legends-2017/?lang=en) as a casestudy,wherelocal identityhasbeenfoundeduponareuseofthe‘pastwithinthepast’andsociallysituatedmemoryisreliantuponanactiveprocessofforgetting.

Liisa Kunnas-Pusa (University of Helsinki):Giants’ churches: Stone Agemegastructures asmulti-temporalarchitectureUntilthe19thcenturytheactualconceptoftheStoneAge,orprehistory,didnotexist.Thestudyofthehumanpast was almost entirely based on textual remains, whichwere thought to record the entire past. Even inhistoricalstudieswrittenduringthe18thcentury,whennewideasaboutthehumanpastwerealreadybubblingunder,materialremainsofthedistantpastwereoftentreatedwithdisregard.However,StoneAgearchitecturalremainsareadifferentkindofmaterialresidue.Theyareoftentoobigandtoovisibleinthelandscapetobeignored.Sincetheycouldnotbefittedintothefamiliartext-basedtimelineofhistory,theiroriginswereoftenthoughttoinvolvesupernaturalbeings.Ancientarchitectureformsanimportantbridgebetweenthepastandthepresent,sincethestructureanditsplacecanbeenvisionedtoexistinalltimes.ThisisoftenmentionedinrelationtoRomanandMedievalruinskindlinginterestinpastduringthelate18thandearly19thcentury,butalsoStoneAgestructuresandruinsattractedattention,stillretainingsomeoftheirmysticauratoday.

MonicaBouso(UniversitatdeLleida):SettingthePlaceforAncestors

Thispaperexploresancestorworshipandhowitwasusedtoconstructsocialmemoryandidentity,wherebyrememberingone’sancestorsentailednotmerelythinkingaboutthemandrecallingtheirachievements,butconsciouslymodellingoneselfafterthem,aswellashighlighthowthatdevelopednarrativechangesoverthecourseoftime.In that way, certain issues are addressed from a longue durée perspective, from mid-third to mid-secondmillenniaBCintheMiddleEuphratesvalley,andfromvariousangles(archaeology,epigraphyandiconography),withawiderangeofevidence.Thefocusfirstisonrecognitionoftheancestorcultbyinvestigatingtherelationshipbetweenlocationandshapeof certain typesofgraves,aswellason the typeofdepositionof thehumanremainsand thegravegoods,engagingwithdifferentdimensions,forexampleinteractionsbetweenextramuralandintramural,visibilityandinvisibilityofthetombs,singleandmultipleorcollectiveburialinasinglegrave,andoralandtextualevidence.

Combiningamulti-layeredargumentationandcontextualdatasets,thisdetailedanalysiswouldrevealwhichactivitieswereperformedthere(‘incorporatedpractices’accordingtoConnerton,1989)andhowtheycouldbeused in shaping the memory and identity of those ancient communities. In addition, differences in ritualpracticesandassociatedmortuarybehavioursmayberecognisedbetweenthethirdandthesecondmillenniaBC.MariArentzØstmo(UniversityofOslo):SitationsoftheNearandDistantPastasMaintenanceofRegionalIdentities

Burial mounds provide a most conspicuous example of the co-constitutional nature of time and place,connectingcollectivememoriesofthedeceasedandrelatedritualactivitiestofixedpoints inthe landscape,providingaspatialdimensiontosharednarrativesandhistories.Suchplacesbecomemulti-temporalastheyarenotjustalinktothepast,butalsocontributingtothestructuringofcontemporarysocialpracticeatanygivenpointintime.

Though the practice of building mounds or cairns is shared across regions, a closer look at burials fromsouthwestern Norway demonstrates both local and regional variations. Diverging trends may be linked todifferentlandscapes,wherethereuseofBronzeAgebarrowsforIronAgeburialsisstrikingontheoutercoast,especiallyalongtheKarmsundstrait.Meanwhile,anaccentuationof localcommunitiesandcloserancestorsmay be seen in the larger burial grounds containing several graves of similar construction and date. Thesedivergingtrendswithinneighbouringlandscapesopenforaddressingtheroleofmemoryandcitationsofthepastinthecreationandmaintenanceofidentities.Richard Bradley (University of Reading): Commemoration and change: rememberingwhatmay not havehappenedThepaperdiscussestheearlyIrishtextsconcernedwiththesignificanceofplacenames–dinnshenachas–whichaccount for thehistorical importanceofancientmonumentsandother features.Theyare illustratedby theMedievalpoem‘Taranoblestofhills’.IcomparethearchaeologyoftheHillofTarawithtworeconstructionsofferedonthebasisofearlytextsandcontrastthedifferentinterpretationsofthisevidencebyJimMalloryandJohnWaddell. Although they share little common ground, the differences between their accounts help toidentifythefeaturesthatwererapidlyforgottenandthosethatretainedalittleoftheiroriginalsignificance.

There is an importantdistinctionbetweenmemory– the attempt to recall past events andpractices – andcommemoration–actionsinthepresentinspiredbytheremainsofthepast.

UnstuckinTime–ScienceFiction,SpeculativeFuturesandArchaeologicalImaginingsRoom:0.31Organisers:PenelopeForeman(BournemouthUniversity)andFlorenceSmithNicholls

Sciencefictionandarchaeologyareaclassiccombinationinpopularculture–longbeforeIndianaJones’NazifoesunleashedtheforceswithintheArkoftheCovenantthereweredireconsequencesforinvestigatingtheMountainsofMadness,perilsofunleashingdemonicforcesattheDevil’sHump,andcautionsonthelimitationsofanthro-centricinterpretationsintheclassicnovelRogueMoon.Archaeology and science fiction make such comfortable bedfellows because of their common interest onconstructing interpretations of human worlds – past, present, future, sideways – that are consciously andunconsciouslymirrorsofthepresentculturalandsocialmores,miredintheexistingpoliticalandsociologicalconstructs governing society. Both are mirrors for society’s ills and achievements, its hopes and dreams.Archaeologistsconstructpastsofhumanachievement,drive,ingenuity,warfare,cataclysm,andchange;writersandartistscreatesciencefictionworldsoutthesamebuildingblocks.Boththewriterandthearchaeologist,then,areunstuckintime.Theytakecuesfromthepast,present,andspeculativefuturetocreatesomethingthatbelongsinnoneofthoseplacesandallofthematonce–somethingthatinvokesasenseofbelongingintheintendedaudience.Theybothweavemodelsofthehumancondition,createsnapshotsofahumanwayoflifethatneverdidorwillneverexist,butthatcanberecognised,empathisedandrelatedtobytheaudience.

Thissessionisopentoanyinterpretationonthethemeofarchaeologyandsciencefiction.Whatisthefutureofthepast?Whetherthat’slookingatdepictionsofarchaeologistsinpopularculture,orhowinterpretationsofthepastareinspiredbythewaywehopethefuturewillunfold,orhowspeculativeadvancesinmachinelearningandautomationmovetowardsascience-fictionfuturewherehumansnolongerneedtoactasarchaeologists,wewelcomecreativeapproaches.L.MeghanDennis(UniversityofYork):ExploringArchaeologicalEthicsBeyondthePrimeDirectiveAs digital archaeology through videogames, or ‘archaeogaming’ grows, it is imperative that a set of clear,concise,andtechnicallyapplicableguidelinesforbestpracticesbeestablished.Researchwithingameandplayspaceshasthepotentialtoextendarchaeologyintoentirelyvirtualrealms,butindoingso,thearchaeologistisexploring entirely uncharted areas of culture and community, in effect, new worlds, new life, and newcivilizations. It is tempting, in this exploration, to takeonboard thebroadest exampleof ethical standards,borrowing from Star Trek’smodel of the PrimeDirective, but this general policy of non-interference is notsufficienttomeetmodernexpectationsofethnography,anthropology,orarchaeology.Throughanexaminationofcasestudiesconductedviaworkinginvirtualspacesofplay,aframeworkofappropriateethicalguidancewillbeoffered,andcomparedtothePrimeDirectiveforconsideration.SarahHoward(InternationalInstituteforCulturalHeritage,UniversityofBirmingham):TheEndofEternity:ThefutureofthepastasaresourceSomesciencefictionhasdatedastechnologycatchesup,butthefinalfrontier(sorry!)isstilltimetravel.Untilwecandirectlyobserve thepast,wewill continue to interpret it frommaterials thatpersist in thepresent.

Archaeologicalheritagemanagementisbasedonthepremisethatwepreservethepastforfuturegenerations,butwhatdoweknowofthefutureandtheirneeds?TheEndofEternitybyIsaacAsimovisfirstandforemostalovestorybetweenthemaincharactersAndrewHarlanandNoÿsLambent,butthebackdroptothisromanceisfarmoreinteresting!Itisfullofmetaphorsrelatingtohowresourceneedsandtasteschangebetweencenturies,andthewaythe'reality'ofthepastisconstructedandmanipulated.Andrew,likeanarchaeologist,observesdifferentcenturiesasa'humanbeingoutoftime'.InEternity,thepastisalteredthrough'realitychanges'hemakes,withdocumentsheldinEternity'slibraryoftenbeingallthatremainsofredundantversionsofthepast.Contemporaryarchaeologistsarguethatarchaeologyisanimportantfutureresource,butwithissuesofstorageinourowncenturyandincreasingneedfordisposal-willthisresourcemakeitintothefuture?ColinSterling(UCL):‘AVeritableCollectionofErotomaniacs’:Archaeology,heritageandthepost-apocalypticmuseum

Themuseumhaslongprovidedanuncannyenvironmentforsci-fiimaginaries.Objectscometolifeandwreakhavoconunsuspectingvisitors,cursedartefactsleadtohorrificmurder,ancienthorrorsliehiddeninthedarkrecesses of the store room. The otherworldly atmosphere of the museum provides space for unsettlingnarratives that confront the ultimate unknowability of the world. Time and space are compressed in suchsettings,whichseemtovibratewithanuntappedpotentiality.Butwhathappenswhenthemuseumcontainsus,whenthethingsdugupandputondisplayarefromaworldweclaimtounderstand?ThispapertakesChrisMarker’sseminalshortfilmLaJetée(1962)andNicolasdeCrécy’sgraphicnovelGlacialPeriod(2007)asstartingpointsforawiderdiscussionofthepost-apocalypticrediscoveryofthepresent.Intheseworks,weareprojectedintofutureswherethenatural,artistic,andarchaeologicalcollectionsoftodayactaspowerfulanchorsforre-awakening what have become long forgotten pasts. This has consequences horrifying and absurd: stuffedanimals lead inadvertently to thesaviourofhumanity; sculpturesdebate theirownworth;paintingsdevourarrogantarchaeologists.Exploringthemesoftimetravel,ruination,memory,andtheterrorofdiscovery,thispaper will contribute to debates around the speculative nature of archaeology, and the implications ofposthumanistthinkingfortheheritagefield.

PenelopeForeman(BournemouthUniversity):DoHumansDreamofAnalogueSheep?TheconstructionofmemoriesinSFandarchaeology

‘Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture:whocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepast’Thepastisamadething,andthosethatmakeitcancovertlyorovertlycreatefeelingsofnostalgia,familiarity,fear, kinship; a range of powerful, and politically useful, emotional responses. Just as archaeologicalinterpretationspoliticisethepast,sciencefictionpoliticisesthefuture.Thenthereisthenexusoftheseideas–wheresciencefictionpresentsthepoliticisedpastasafacetofourfuture.FromOrwelliantotalitarianparablestoPhilipK.Dick’slong-termgrapplewiththenatureofconsciousness,sciencefictionisusedasalenstoexplorethenatureofhowheritageandmemoryareusedtogenerateanimaginedtime,ofatoxicnostalgiathatfeedsintothebaseinstinctsofhumanbehaviour.Thispaperwilllookattheconstructedpast,theimaginedfuture,andtheintricateconstructionoffuture-pasts,andhowtheseareallusedtomanipulatethememoryandgenerateemotiveinteractionwithcurrent,past,andfutureaffairs.

KatySoar (UniversityofWinchester):Nodiggin’ere!’:Thehauntedspacesofarchaeology in19thcenturyhorrorwriting

Inmanyworksofgothicandhorrorfictionofthelate19thcentury,themonstrousisrepresentedthroughthearchaeological–fromthemummyQueenTerainBramStoker’sTheJeweloftheSevenStarstothe‘whitepeople’ofArthurMachen’seponymousnovella,therelationshipbetweenthearchaeologicalandthemonstrous isacommontheme.Thispaperseekstoexaminethisrelationshipbypositingtheideaoftemporaldissonanceoranachronismsas a sourceof this tension.Monsters, ghosts, and the spectral represent, asDerridaput it, acollapseinthespatio-temporalorder,signallingthecollisionofoldandnew;Iarguethatarchaeologyandthearchaeologicalsubjectalsoactsinthesamemanner,bycollapsingtimeinonitselfandsimilarlycreatingrupturesinthelinearityoftime.Thisde-contextualisationofbothartefactandmonstercreatesanuneasy,eeriespace,hauntedbyanachronisticspectreswhichbelongoutoftime;itiswithinthisspacethatboththearchaeologicalandthemonstrousgaintheiruneasypower.

Thispaperwillexaminethephilosophyofarchaeologyanditsrolein19thcenturyfiction–throughauthorssuchasStoker,Machen,M.R. James,andGrantAllen–toarguefortheeffectivenessofmonstrousantiquities. Isuggestthatthepowerofbothtohauntandtoterrifyliesintheirabilitytodisruptthenaturallinearorderofthings.FlorenceSmithNicholls:ThePower:Speculatingonthefemalefutureofthepast

Professor Naomi Alderman’s 2016 science fiction novel The Power details a ‘speculative dystopia’ inwhichwomengain thepower toelectrocuteatwill, thus gainingphysical dominanceovermen. The story itself isframedasaspeculativeaccountofthaterawrittenbyamaleresearcher,includingdiagramsofbothfictionalandnon-fictionalarchaeologicalartefacts.

Asarchaeologists,weareworldbuilders.UsingThePowerasaprimer,itwillbearguedthatdismissinggenderstereotypesandbinarynotionsofgenderidentityallowsformorenuancedandrigorousinterpretationsofthepast.Furthermore,ThePowerinvitesustospeculateaboutthefutureofourowndisciplinewhichisbecomingincreasinglymoredominatedbywomen,and to interrogate the idea that sucha futurewould inevitablybeutopicordystopicinnature.GlynMorgan (University of Liverpool): Speculative Pasts: Archaeology, alternate history, and excavatingtrauma

When XavierMarch, the detective in Robert Harris’s bestselling alternate history thriller Fatherland (1992)reachesthesiteoftheAuschwitzexterminationcamp,heisforcedtorummageintheundergrowthtofindafewstraybricksasproofofthegenocidethathasbeencommittedthere.Inthisalternatehistory,theNazishavebeenvictoriousinEuropeandhavehiddentheevidenceoftheircrimes.InthisfinalsceneMarchmovesfromtheroleofpoliceofficertothatofarchaeologist,mirroringthedual-roleofthereaderasbothdetectiveandhistorian.

DrawingpredominantlyonHarris’sFatherlandandPhilipK.Dick’sTheManintheHighCastle(1962),thispaperwillexaminethekeyprevalenceofhistoricalobjectsandarchaeologicalimageryinalternatehistory,particularlyexamples centred on the Second World War, and will examine how alternate history, and its alternatearchaeology,becomeachannelthroughwhichtouncover,examine,andcommunicatetraumaticeventssuchastheHolocaust.

AndrewGardner(UCL):OnMostAncientEarth:ThenarrativeroleofstratigraphyanddeeptimeinterrestrialsciencefictionItisaxiomaticthatsciencefictionisaboutthepresentasmuchasthefuture,butthismeansitisalsoaboutthepast:anyfictionalworldneedsasenseofhistorytomakeitaconvincingsetting.Justasthegenreallowscreatorstoexperimentwith futureoutcomesofpresentmoments, it alsomakesuseof theways inwhich real pastsocietiesareunderstoodtodocumentthatpathtothefuture.ThesetemporalpermutationsareparticularlyinterestinginsciencefictionsetonadistantfutureEarth,where‘thearchaeological’isoftenaverypowerfulpresence. This paper will explore how science fiction novels, comics, and games use archaeology, andparticularlystratigraphy,tocreatetalesoffuturepasts.Iwilltriangulatesomecommonthemesandmotifsfromthreecasestudies:therelativelynear-futuresettingof2000AD’sJudgeDredd;therichlyelaboratedTerraoftheWarhammer40,000universe,featuredinthecoregameandnumerousothermediaproducedbyGamesWorkshop;andthedyingUrthoftheBookoftheNewSun,byGeneWolfe.Thesedisparatecreationsacrossarangeofmediasharewaysofusingideasderivedfromarchaeologytotelloften-darktalesofourfutureEarth.JaimeAlmansaSánchez(JASArqueologíaS.L.U):ArchaeologiesofaFutureThatNeverHappened

Thearchaeologicalimaginationshapesthepublicimageofthepast,butalsoours.Thishappensinacontextinwhichwelookatthepastthinkingaboutthepresent(evenfromatraditionalethnoarchaeologicalapproach),tryingtounderstandourcurrentselvesbetterfromthehistoricaljourneywehaveundertakenasspeciesandsocieties.Whatifwecoulddothatlookingintothefuture?Aswellasweimaginethepast,humanityhasimaginedthefutureinverydifferentways,butwithacommonbasisandgoal:howwewanttobe,orwhatwillbeofusifwedonotchange.Ourimaginationofthefutureportraysadystopianimageofourcurrentselvesthatcangoverywellor,usually,verywrong.Mostofthemalready belong to the past. Futures imagined decades ago for realities that we have already lived. Can anarchaeologicalanalysisofthesefuturesthatneverhappenedhelptounderstandwhoweare,whatwewantand,moreinterestinglyforourprofessionaldevelopment,howdowethinkofchangeandtime?Iwilltrytosketchoutsomelinesonthisissuewithdifferentexamplesfrompaperandscreen.

JonathanLast(HistoricEngland):BallardintheBronzeAge?WritingothernessinpastandfuturenarrativesThe tropes of literary science fiction and archaeology (particularly prehistory) are closely connected: as thesessionabstracthas it,archaeologistsandsciencefictionwritersconstructpastandfutureworldsoutofthesamesocialandculturalbuildingblocks.Sciencefictionauthorshavesometimeswrittenabouttheprehistoricpast(oranalogouscultures)withmoreengagingresultsthanarchaeologists!Buttherearedifferentmodesofsciencefiction,justastherearedifferenttypesofarchaeologicalnarrative.Perhapswecanequateprocessualandpost-processualapproachesinarchaeologyrespectivelywith‘hard’sciencefiction,seekingtoextrapolateandunderstandtheconsequencesofparticulartechnologicaldevelopments,andthe‘newwave’,whichaimedtounsettlehumanexperienceoftheworldandexploreotherviewpointsandstatesofmind.Justasthe‘materialturn’inarchaeologicaltheoryhasservedtoreconcileelementsofprocessualandpost-processualapproaches,thispaperwillsuggestthatbothtypesofsciencefictionofferlessonsforwritingnarrativesofprehistorythatseektoconveyboththematerialityandothernessofthepast.Itwillalsoattempttobemoderatelyentertaining.JohnCarman(UniversityofBirmingham):InvertedWorlds:Wherearchaeologyandsciencefictionmeet

MytitlereflectsthatofanovelbyChristopherPriestconcerningacommunitytransportedtoauniversewherephysicsworksdifferently:whileouruniverse is infiniteandcontains finiteobjects, thisuniverse is finitebutcontainsinitobjectsofinfinitesize.Thenovelchartstheprocessbywhichthecommunitymaintainsitsexistence

againstforceswhichwilldestroythem.Ofcourseitisnotassimpleasthatandtheresolutionprovidesanswerstoallthequestionsraised.Archaeologyandsciencefictionsharekeyattributes.Theproductsofbotharewritten.Bothexploredifferenceandalterity.Andatrootbothconcernthepresentratherthanthepast.Whiledystopiantalesofthefutureandutopianvisionsdrawupontrendsinthepresenttoprovidewarningsorhope,archaeologistsconstructvisionsofthepastoutofpresentconceptions.Butmorethanthis:sciencefictionwritersarecommittedtoexploringotherwaysofliving;andarchaeologistsinpastandpresenthavesoughttouseinterpretationsofthepasttoprovidemodelsforhumansociety.Thispaperwilldrawuponsomefavouriteexamplesofsciencefictionwritingtodeveloptheirparallelswiththeprojectofarchaeology.

DotBoughton(TullieHouseMuseum):‘DreamNotofToday’:ArchaeologyinStarTrek:TheNextGeneration

As the studyof past cultures and the study/assumed stories of humanity’s future, archaeology and sciencefictionarefarfrombeingmutuallyexclusive.Infactonewonderswhatwouldanarchaeologistofthefuturedo?Wouldheexcavateourownplanet,Earth,orwouldhumanarchaeologiststraveltoandworkonotherplanetstostudyandhelpexcavatealiencultures?The‘WhatIf’trainofthought(orshouldthatbe‘starshipofthought’?)isendless.TruetoStarTrek’scanonoffuturestafforganisation,efficiency,research,andlearning,everyStarfleetvesselisallocateditsownso-called‘A&AOfficer’inthe23rdcentury(whichwouldbe,truthbetold,myidealjob):thisisaspecialistresearcherinthefieldsofarchaeology,anthropology,andancientcivilizations.Galaxy-classstarships,suchastheEnterprise(NCC-1701-D)evenhavetheirownarchaeologylab.However,justlikeintoday’sworld,thereisalsoadarkersidetoarchaeology:theexploitationofancientsites,humanandalien,andtheillicittradeofantiquities,eitherforreverenceormoney.While in theStarTrekcanon, thehuman ‘archaeologist’andformermemberof theFederationArchaeologyCouncil,Vash,portraysthe‘darkside’ofarchaeology,i.e.theillicittradeandexploitationofsiteswithoutmuchconscienceorcareforpresentculturesandtheirrighttoownershipoftheirownpast,PicardandhiscrewareboundtothePrimeDirectivewhichofcourseprohibitsmeddlingwithculturesandstealingartefactsforprofit.However,evenPicard,whenhelpingatadigonMarloniaduringaholidayaway-trip,wasallowedtotakeawaysomecookwarefoundatthesite–onecan’thelpbutwonderifhehadtoapplyforanexportlicense!

ThispaperwillexplorehowarchaeologyislookedatbyTVseriescreatedtogiveusanideaofourfuture.Thepaper will discuss how archaeologists of both human and alien cultures might fare, hypothetically, usingexamplesfromStarTrek:TheNextGenerationandStarTrek:DeepSpaceNine.MatthewG.Knight(UniversityofExeter)andEmilyJohnson(UniversityofExeter):ArteFicts:Thegood,thebad,andtheuglyportrayalsofarchaeologistsinfictionFictionalarchaeologistscropupeverywhere,fromfilmfranchisestoTVshowstonovels.Thispaperpresentsavarietyofgoodandbadportrayalsofarchaeologiststhroughoutdifferentmedia,buildingonashortblogseriespresentedonlinecalledArteFicts.Wetakewhatwasoriginallyalight-heartedreflectiononthearchaeologicaldisciplineandconsidertheimpacttheseofteninaccurateportrayalshaveonhowarchaeologyispresentedandhowindividualsperceivethefieldandthepeoplewhoworkinit.

TonyKeen(UniversityofRoehampton):TheFigureoftheArchaeologistinAlastairReynolds’RevelationSpaceAtthecentreofAlastairReynolds’2000spaceoperaRevelationSpaceisthefigureofDanSylveste.Whenthereader first encounters him, he is an archaeologist, investigating the 900,000 year-old civilization of theAmarantin. But Sylveste is a particular sort of archaeologist – professionally trained, but something of adilettante,fromawealthybackground,ruthless,driven,andpreparedtotakeseriousriskswithhisteam.ThispaperinvestigateswhyReynoldschoosestodepictthearchaeologistfigureinthisfashion,settingitwithinthewidercontextofReynolds’RevelationSpaceseries.PaulGraves-Brown:ChapwiththeWings...Aldbourne,ScienceFictionandArchaeology

InApril1971theBBCblewupthechurchofStMichaelinAldbourne,Wiltshire.ThisformedtheclimaxtotheDrWhostory,TheDaemons,stillregardedasoneoftheDoctor'sbestoutings.LikemanyScienceFictionstoriesthroughoutthehistoryofthegenre,TheDaemonsalsobringstogetherScienceFictionandArchaeology.Inthefirst episode, curmudgeonly archaeologist Professor Horner (RobinWentworth) opens a chambered tomb,releasinganancientalienbeing,Azal.Thetombwas ‘played’ intheseriesbythesecondoffourBronzeAgebarrowsinagrouplocatedjustoutsidethevillage.InthispaperIwanttouseTheDaemonsandAldbourneasthestartingpointtoexploretherelationshipbetweenArchaeology and Science Fiction.Why have excavations and ancientmonuments been attractive tropes forscience fictionwriters fromLesRuinesdeParis en4875 (Albert Franklin, 1871) toRevelation Space (AlistairReynolds,2000)?DrawinginpartonHGWells'(1902)essay‘TheDiscoveryoftheFuture,’Iwanttosuggestthatthetwofieldsare,inasense,mirrorimagesofoneanother.

HowtoSeeTime:AVisualCulturePerspectiveRoom:0.36

Organisers:FelicityMcDowall(DurhamUniversity),Lisa-ElenMeyering(DurhamUniversity),andKatieHaworth(DurhamUniversity)Time exerts a powerful influence on visual culture.Whether a whole landscape shaped by human agency,architecture,portableobjects,orartwork,allvisualmediahaveatemporalcontexttowhichtheybelong,andallareaffectedbythesubsequentpassageoftime.Thissessionproposestoexplorethewaysthattimecanbemadevisual,captured,orreflectedinarchaeologicalmaterials,andhowweasarchaeologistsinterrogatevisualmaterials.Thevisualappearanceofarchaeologicalmaterial–shape,size,colour,texture–areusedtoplaceobjects intheirtemporalcontext,throughtypologicaldating.Yettherelationshipbetweenarchaeologicalvisualcultureandtimecanbemuchmorenuancedandcomplex.Thepassageoftimecanaffectthephysicalformofvisualmaterials,theirmeaning,significanceorvalue,ortheirreceptionbycontemporaryaudiences.A visual culture perspective provides a critical approach which complements archaeological practice bydeconstructingthepoliticsofviewing,facilitatinga lesssubjective interpretationofarchaeologicalmaterials.Thepapershereexploretherelationshipbetweenvisualmaterialandarchaeologyandhowwecanusetimeasatoolforunderstandingvisualmaterials.Possibleareasforinquiryinclude,butarenotlimitedto:• References in visualmaterial to the past, such as replication or repetition of ideas from the past, or theincorporationofantiquematerialsintonewmedia.

•Changingattitudestovisualculturebylatergenerations,includingreinterpretationand/ormisinterpretation.•Evidenceofextendedinteractionwithand/ormodificationofvisualmedia,acrossmultipletimescales.•Waysofdepicting,measuring,orunderstandingthepassageoftime(bothlinearandnon-linear)throughvisualmeans.•Howwepresentthebreadthoftimetothepublicatheritagesitesandmuseums,especially inrelationtoprehistory.•Visibleindicationsofthepassageoftime.EloiseGovier(UniversityifWalesTrinityStDavid):DoingTime:Ontogenesis,causality,andthelife-matterpredicamentInarecentcritiqueoftheNewMaterialistdiscourseanthropologistTimIngold(2014)raisesconcernsregardingthelackoflife,growth,andmovementintheapproach.Instead,Ingoldencouragesresearcherstoexplorethe‘variabledynamicsofontogenesis’thatistosay:theworkthatbringsthingsintobeing(2014:234).InthispaperIdrawfromKarenBarad’sapproachto‘phenomena’andIngold’sfocusonwork,andpresentavideoartwork that spotlightshuman-material interaction.Theartwork focuseson thehuman-artistworkingwithalargelumpofmalleablematter(2kgofpinkplaydough).Icontendthathowweenvisageontogenesishingesontheissueofcausality.Barad’s(2003,2007,2012)agentialrealistapproachcollapsesthecausalgapbypresenting entities as in-phenomena. Through examining theoretical approaches to human-materialinteractionssuchasMalfouris’discussionofhylonoeticspace(2014),Ingold’smorphogeneticapproach(2013)andBarad’sintra-actions(2003),Iaimtoexaminetimeasa‘doing’andhighlightsomequestionsarchaeologistsshouldconsiderwhenattemptingto‘seetime’.MonikaStobiecka(UniversityofWarsaw):DiscardedMatter:Howdomuseumsdematerializeobjects?In2007HedleySwainnoted thatpeopleusuallyencounterarchaeology for the first time inso-called ‘Über-Museums’.TheBritishMuseum,Louvre,orVaticanMuseumsstandasthemostsignificantexamplesoftheseencyclopaedicmuseums.Thoseinstitutionsaredominatedbyaestheticizedmodelofdisplaying,whichincaseofpresentingarchaeologyequalsmainlywithtypologicalorderingofartefacts.Typologyasascientificmethodhasasignificantoriginandinthefirstmodernmuseumsitservedasawayof legitimizingarchaeologyasanacademicdiscipline.Fromthebeginningitwasimmersedinvisualityandrepresentation.Artefactspresentedthroughlensoftypologicalorderwereandarestillmerelyillustrationsoforder,signsonthetime-axis.Now,after two centuries of typological regime in encyclopaedicmuseums, placeswhere the first adventurewitharchaeologystarts,itisessentialtoreflectuponitsaccordancewithvisitors’demandsandwiththetrendsincontemporary archaeological theory. Themain goal ofmypresentationwill be to critically reflect upon therepresentationalcharacterofarchaeologicaldisplaysinhugemuseums(LouvreandBritishMuseum),takingintoaccountthematerial,notsolelyvisual,essenceofartefacts.DonaldHenson(UniversityofYork):PresentingStoneAgeTimeinMuseumDisplaysThistalkisbasedonmyPhDresearch,lookingatthenarrativesusedtoconveytheMesolithictothepublic.Akeyaspectofnarrativeistemporality.AmongthemediaIlookedatweremuseumdisplays.TheMesolithicisoftentreatedasalargelyahistoricalperiod,inwhichlittlehappenedtodifferentiatetheEarlyandLatephases.However,theMesolithicdoeshavebothatimedepthandanintimaterelationshipwiththetemporalcyclesoftheenvironment.Moderndiscoveriesareevenaddingglimpsesofahistoricitytotheperiod.Iwillpresenttwoexamplesofmuseumdisplays(oneintheUK,theotherinDenmark)whichshowcontrastsintheirattitudetoMesolithic temporality. One manages to avoid temporal clarity through reinforcing stereotypes aboutprehistoriclifeas‘StoneAge’.Theotherusesseasonalitytotakethevisitoronajourneythroughtimedeeply

connectedtohumaninteractionswiththeenvironment.Botharedeeplyboundupwiththeirmateriality,butindifferentways.Iwillsuggestthatconveyingtimeinmuseumsmustbedeliveredthroughasensoryengagementwithmaterialevidenceanditsdisplay.LiSou(UniversityofBradford):ScanningOverTime:DigitaldocumentationofShetland’sIronAgebrochsInsummer2017,theIronAgebrochofMousainShetlandwasdigitallydocumentedinitsentiretybytheauthor,HistoricEnvironmentScotland,andtheUniversityofBradford.Using laserscanningandStructure-from-Motionphotogrammetry,thesitewascapturedatasetmoment intime.Thiswasthefirstcomprehensivesurveyofthebrochinmoderntimes,usingcutting-edgenon-invasivemethodstoproduceanaccurate,detailed3Ddatasetofthebroch’spresentcondition.Mousawasinvestigatedandclearedsubstantiallyinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,andmanyantiquariansitedrawingscontinuetobeusedasthemostdetailedvisualrecordofthebroch.Whilsttheseseemarchaicincontrasttothetechniquesusedinthisnewsurvey,theyareinfactacomplementaryarchive,similarlycapturingMousabrochattheirtime.Broughttogether,themodernandhistoricdatasetswillhelptounderstandhowthesiteofMousahaschangedovertime.Thispaperpresentstheresultsofthisnewsurvey,andhowthecombinationofusingdifferentmediaoftheirtimewillhelptorevealtheeffectsofweathering,modifications,andconsolidationofMousabrochsincethelate19thcenturyandtobetterunderstandthehistoryofthesite.BarnabyChesterton(DurhamUniversity):VisualisingNewPasts:RepresentingGreco-RomanvisualcultureinvideogamesNumerousvideogameshavelookedtoancientGreco-Romanvisualcultureforinspiration:game-worldscreatedutilisingtheartandarchitectureofsuchculturesaresimultaneouslyoldandnew,evocativeofthepast,yetframedbythecutting-edgetechnologyofthepresent.Inthispaper,Ifocusontworecentgames–TheTalosPrinciple(Croteam2014)andApotheon(Alientrap2015),whichfurtherblurcleardistinctionsbetweenancientandmodernintheirrepresentationofGreco-Romanvisualculture.TheTalosPrincipleemploysphotorealisticgraphicstoconjuresemi-ruinedcityscapes,recallingtheancientworldthroughinstantlyrecognisableimagery.However,Idemonstratethatthegamesabotagestheveracityofthatrepresentation,hintingthattheplayer’sengagementwiththegameworldisengagementwithanartificialenvironment-andpurposefullydestabilisingthesimulacrumitconstructs–throughtheintroductionofanachronisticelementsofdesign,alongsideGreco-Roman visual culture. Apotheon, by contrast, eschews photorealism, instead presenting a remarkableintersectionofancientandmodernvisualculture,transformingfeaturesofGreekblack-figurepotteryintofacetsofgamedesign.Throughtheseanalyses,IconsiderthemethodsbywhichgamesmightengagewiththeGreco-Romanpastthroughthereuseofartandarchitecture,assessingthenarrativeandmechanicrolesplayedbytheintersectionofvisualcultures,pastandpresent,withinthemedium.GwendolinePepper(UniversityofYork):Let’sdotheTimed-warpAgain:VisualisingMedievalclothproductiontimeExperimentalarchaeologyplaysanimportantroleinunderstandingthetimeittakestoproducecraftedobjects.Thispaperwilltaketheapproachofexaminingproductiontimeinrelationtoartefacts,basedonfindingsfromanexperimentexploringMedievaltextileproduction.Thisexperimentwasdesignedtointerprettheimpactoftechnologyonproductiontimeduringtheweavingprocess,andilluminatedpossibilitiesforinterrogatingthewayinwhichtimeisreflectedincraftedobjects.Theclothproducedduringthisexperimentisitselfavisual(and

tactile)representationofthetimeput intoproducing it.Experimentalandobservationalexplorationofcraftpracticescanleadtoanunderstandingofhowanobjectreflectstheprocessesofitsmakerandthedichotomyofvisibletimesaved,versusinvisibletimespentwhilemanufacturinganobject.Theimplicationsofproductiontimeinthestudyofartefactsaresignificant,astimeputintolabouroftenreflectslargersocialandeconomicfactors.Thepossibilitiesforthisareaofstudywillbediscussedusingtheaforementionedexperimentasacasestudy.LilianaJanik(UniversityofCambridge):FromPrehistoricRockArttoCubism:SocialandculturalaspectsofseeingtimeinspaceOneofthemostinterestingaspectsofrockartisitspowertovisuallycommunicatetimeandspace.Theimplicitmessagesembeddedinrockartcompositionsgiveuscluesastotheperceptionofthepassingoftime,andthewaytheimageryofeventsindicatespassingtimethroughcyclicityandrenewal.Atthesametimethedurationofeventscanbeseeninspaceasa‘Cubist’-likeprojection,inwhichtimestandsstillandthevieweristakentoadifferentspace,creatingaverysophisticatedvisualnarrativewheretheviewerisledbythecarver/artisttoseewhathashappenedindifferentpartsofthelandscapeatthesametime.ThesocialandculturalaspectsofsuchvisualcommunicationwillbediscussedinthecontextofprehistoricrockartoftheWhiteSea,NorthernRussia,andcontemporary/ourvisualwaysofseeingtimeandspace.TovisualisethepresentedideasIwillshowshortfilmsbasedonthevisualinterpretationoftheprehistoricrockartasawayofseeingtimeinspace.PippaBrowne(UniversityofCambridge):AFeastfortheEyes:SustainingthedeadthroughimagesinancientEgyptThispaperexaminesdepictionsoffoodofferingsinEgyptiantombsoftheOldKingdom(c.2686-2160BCE)andexploresthewaysinwhichtheimagesmightreflectandmanipulatetimeinordertosustainthedeceasedforeternityaccordingtoEgyptianperception.Foodwasnecessarytonourishthedeceasedintheafterlifeandformedacrucialpartofofferingsmadeatthetombbytheliving.Itthereforeactedasameansofarticulationbetweenthislifeandthenext,andbetweendifferentmodesofexistence.Thefoodwasmanifestnotonlythroughorganicitems,butalsoviaimages,objects,recitations,andtexts.Inacademicdiscourse,theorganicofferingsareusuallydescribedas‘real’yet‘temporary’nourishment for thedead,while theother offering types are characterised as ‘magical’ and ‘permanent’ innature.Whileorganicfoodwaspresentedatdifferentpointsintimeandwithvaryingfrequency,visualrepresentationswereever-presentinthetomb.Thispaperinvestigateshowimagesmighthavebeenperceivedtofunctioninsustainingthedeceasedinperpetuity.ItutilisesaframeworkthattakesintoaccountEgyptianemicapproachestotime,magic,andtheontologyofimagesinordertoelucidatethemechanismsbehindvisualfoodofferings.Emily Fioccoprile (Arizona State University/University of Bradford): Picturing Deer Valley: Images,visualisation,biographyandheritageinarockartlandscapePictureahillsideintheArizonadesert.Youstandbelowanalmostendlessmoundofblackandorangeboulders,andslowly realise that theorangebitsare images.Zigzagsandsquiggleswriggle theirwaydownthebasalt.Quadrupedskissandchaseeachotheracrosstheslope.Weatheredhandsandfeetfadebackintotherock,andyouunderstandthatthisplacewillprobablyoutliveyou.DeerValleyPetroglyphPreservesitswithinthePhoenixMetropolitanAreaandisthesiteofmorethan1500petroglyphs,aswellasstonetoolproductionandsmall-scalesettlement.Themajorityofthepetroglyphshave

beenassignedtotheHohokamperiod(c.AD300-1450),butthesitemustbeunderstoodwithin itsbroadertemporalandlandscapecontexts.AnongoingprojectatArizonaStateUniversitytracesthebiographyofDeerValleythroughtime.Itaskshowthecreationofrockartreflectedandaffectedpeople’sengagementwiththislandscapeinprehistory,andconsidersthe importanceoftheplacetosubsequentgenerationsofNativeandnon-Nativecommunities.Thispaperreflectsonhowvisualisationsproducedusingphotogrammetry,RTI,andGIS re-situate this rock art within visitor experiences, and explores how amulti-scalar landscape approachchallengestraditionalnarrativesaboutthesite.BrittanyThomas(UniversityofLeicester):‘ToRenderSensibletotheEye’:NewstoriesforoldpicturesbetweenLateAntiquityandtheGrandTourWhatdowemeanby‘seeing’?Atthemostbasic,weareasking:whatdoeyesdo(physically)?Butalso:Whatareeyessupposedtodo(socially)?Ifwewanttomodelviewershipinthepasttounderstandtherelationshipbetweenhistoricandmodernaudiences,thenwemustnecessarilytheorisethepastnotionsof ‘seeing’thatinformedhowvisualmaterialwascreated.Inmanyperiodsofantiquityvisionwasnotjustawaytoseethings,butawaytoknowthings.Thispaperwillexaminelateantique(c.AD400–600)basilicasinRavenna,Italytodemonstratepastnotionsofviewingagainstcurrentassumptionsabout them.Wecanseehowthese ideaschangedovertimesothatbytheGrandTour‘viewing’wasanexerciseinscepticismratherthanveneration.GrandTournarrativesaboutthechurchofSpiritoSantoprovideaninterestingcasestudythatrevealshowvisualcues in thebuilding itself enabled it tobecome the setting for anewholy legend thatdidnotexist in LateAntiquity.Thispaperdrawsconclusionsabouthowviewers(bothancientandmodern)havehelpedcreatepublicknowledgeaboutbothplaceandtimethroughinteractingwithvisualmaterial.KatieHaworth (DurhamUniversity):WearingHeirlooms:Thedisplayof reusedobjectsonseventh-centurynecklacesfromAnglo-SaxonEnglandThe elaborate necklaces often found in seventh-century female graves from Anglo-Saxon England visuallycommunicatedanumberofmessagesaboutthesocialposition,affiliations,andbeliefsofthewearer.Fromthepresenceofasignificantnumberof‘reused’objects–itemswhichshowevidenceofalongandmorecomplexbiography–itisclearthatoneofthese‘visualmessages’concernedtimeandthepast,bothrecentanddistant.Thereisaricharchaeologicalliteraturediscussingobjectbiographiesandthearchaeologyofheirlooms,butthewaysinwhichtheseitemsaredisplayed,particularlyasanelementofcostume,andthereasonsforthishavereceivedlessattention.Therefore,thispaperwillexaminethedifferentwaysinwhichseventh-centurynecklacesfromAnglo-SaxonEngland ‘reflect’ time,whetherthroughthe incorporationof repurposedobjects, recycledmaterials, or obviously worn pieces, and explore the reasons why these reused or heirloom objects wereselectedfordisplayaspartofelitefemalecostume,whatthissaysabouttheidentitiesofthewomenwearingthem,andhowthisconnectstothechangingburialcustomsoftheseventhcentury.KirkRoberts(UniversityofCambridge/UCLQatar)andLauraMorabito(UCLQatar):ThroughaGlass,Darkly:Identity,collectivememory,andvisualcultureinQatarThispaperexplorestheapparentstabilityofvisualmotifs inthecontextofrapidsocialchangeinQatar.Thetranspositionof visual elements associatedwithmobility andapastBedouinwayof life into settled,urbancontexts is a recurrent theme in Qatari visual culture. We examine archaeological evidence, vernaculararchitecture,materialculture,andmoderniterationsofbothtransportableandnon-transportabletransmittersof visual imagery. In addition,we explore the power of actions such as coffeemaking and falconry, whichexplicitly draw on imagery from the Bedouin past, and can be considered to have a strong performativedimension.

Theconstructionofthissharedvisualvocabularycanbeunderstoodtohavetakenplaceinthecontextofanextremelyrapidanddisorientingculturaltransformation,encompassingbothinternalsocio-politicalchanges,andahugeinfluxofpeopleandideasfromoutsideQatar.Wecontextualisethisvisuallexiconintheframeworkofadeliberateandoftentop-downefforttocementasharednationalidentity,asthelocusofpoliticalauthorityshiftedfromcompetingtribalgroupstocentralisedgovernmentduringtheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury.Thiscomplexinterweavingoftimeandvisualculturecontributedtoanoftenidealisedsenseofnationalidentity.

FailureisNotFatalRoom:0.45Organisers:LornaRichardson(UmeåUniversity)andAlisonAtkin(UniversityofSheffield)‘Successisnotfinal,failureisnotfatal:itisthecouragetocontinuethatcounts.’–WinstonChurchillHumansuccess,ratherthanhumanfailure,hasbeenvalorizedinourunderstandingofwhatitistobehumaninpastsocietiesandthecontemporaryworld.Whatithasbeentofailtosuccessfullyexperience,adaptandsurvivethehumanconditionhasoftenbeen ignoredorunderstatedbothwithinandbeyondtheacademy,save for‘exceptional’examples.WithinWesternsociety,discussionofanykindoffailureisdifficult,oftenatgreatcosttoourmentalandphysicalhealth,anditisseldomdiscussedinrelationtoourownpracticesasarchaeologists.Failurewithin archaeology is potentially disastrous - consequencesmay involve thewithdrawal of funding,academicshame,thelossofdata,andcareerinsecurity.Yetfailurealsohasanirreplaceableroleinlearning,progression,andresilience,individuallyandsocietally.Atatimewhensomanyarefeeling,andbeing,failedeconomically,socially,andpoliticallyonanationalandglobalscale,thistimelysessionaimstoexploreanddiscussthemanycontextsforfailurewithinbothhistoricalandcontemporarysettings.Thesessioncoversarangeoffailureinarchaeologyandrelatedareas:

• The failures of past cultures - failure to change, inability to adapt to climate change/food scarcity,religiouschange,culturaladaption,etc.

• Archaeologicalevidenceoffailure-whatarewemissing?• The failures of the archaeological community itself, past and present - academic,

interventions/excavations,projects,communications.• (Perceived) personal/professional failure, and lessons to be learned and shared - how canwe ‘fail

better’inthediscipline?• Failingtoshareinformationonwhatdoesnotwork,issuesofdatahoarding,andOpenAccess.• Celebrating failures (negative results, repaired artefacts, etc.) and encouraging ‘beta’ mind-sets

towardsarchaeologicalprojects.KatyWhitaker(UniversityofReading):FailureisnotFatal:It’sthesilicosisthatwillkillyouMillionsofwordshavebeenexpendedonthearchaeologyof thenorthWiltshire landscapeeversince JohnAubreyfirststumbledacrossthehengemonumentandstonesettingsofAveburyin1649.Newdiscoveriesinoldcontextsareevennowbeingmade–suchasthesquarestonesettinginsideAvebury’ssoutherncircle(Barkeretal2017).Butthiswholelandscapeiscoveredinarchaeologicalevidenceforfailurethat,todate,hasgoneunremarked.

ThispaperdescribesthemassevidenceforfailureinnorthWiltshire’sextensivenineteenth-centurysarsenstonequarry. Thishasbeen ignored inpreviousaccountsof the stone trade that focuson the familyhistory, anddistributed end products, of the business (Crook and Free 2011, Free 1948, 1950, King 1968). Yet the fieldremainsthemselvesspeakalmostentirelytofailedattemptstoextractandcutthestone.Asawork-in-progress,this paper illustrates the nature and (partial) extent of this failure: and tentatively suggests that it hasimplicationsforboththe long-standingnarrativeofasuccessfultradedevelopedfromsmallyetenterprisingorigins,andalsoforunderstandingprehistoricsarsenextractionfortheconstructionofthosemonumentsthathaveenjoyedthelion’sshareofarchaeologicalattention.RuneNyrup(UniversityofCambridge):NavigatingtheInterpretativeDilemma:Makingprogressthroughfailedanalogies‘TheInterpretativeDilemma’(Wylie2002)isapertinentchallengeforarchaeology,namelywhethertofocusonquestions which are easily testable but relatively uninteresting, or on more interesting but evidentiallyprecarious hypotheses. Take analogies. On the one hand, analogies with known societies provide rich andcompellinghypothesesabouttheculturalpracticesofthepast.Ontheotherhand,manyarchaeologistsworrythatanalogiesrelyontheunfoundedassumptionthatthepastwillresemblethefamiliar.Oneresponseistoemphasisehowarchaeologicalevidencecan‘biteback’(Wylie,2017);thatis,theabilityofarchaeologiststouncovermistakesandbiasesinpreviouslyacceptedinterpretations.However,many(perhapsmost)analogy-basedinterpretationswillstillturnouttobefalseormisleading.Sowhyshouldarchaeologistspursuetheminthefirstplace?Thispaperpresentsaphilosophicalaccountofprogressinarchaeology,whichemphasisesthevalueoflearningfromfailuresandof‘honouringambiguity’(Gero,2007).Usingacasestudyofthe role of analogies in interpretations of Pompeian household artefacts (Allison, 1999; 2009), it willdemonstratehowarchaeologistscansecurevaluableinsightsaboutthepast(andourrelationtoit)byexposingthelimitationsandbiasesofapparentlycompellinganalogies.KathyBaneva(CardiffUniversity):FailureintheMiddle/NeolithicForwardThinking?MyresearchfocusesonarivervalleysituatedbetweensouthwesternBulgariaandnorthernGreece.TheStrumariverprovidesafascinatingcornucopiaofstronglyregionalizedmaterialcultureandpractices.ForoveracenturythisriverhasbeenoneofthemainpointsinmigratoryNeolithizationtheories.AlongtheMiddleStrumavalley,only 20 km from the Greek border is a Neolithic settlement that carries much potential for the study ofregionalizedNeolithicdevelopments.ThesiteofDolnaRibnitsahasbeenacontentiouspointofalittleknowdebateinBulgarianNeolithicscholarship-namely,doesthematerialcultureofthesitesignifyanisolatedcaseof aMiddle Neolithic in Bulgarian Neolithic chronology?My research has ledme to believe that the smallcommunityofthisshort-livedsettlementemergedinatimeofsubtleshiftsinpracticeandlifeways.Itseems,however,thattheirownlocalapproachtomaterialproductiondisappearedwiththeabandonmentofthesite.DidthepeopleofDolnaRibnitsafailtoleavealong-lastingmarkontheStrumavalleyNeolithic?Wasthateventheirintention?Mypaperwilldiscussthepossibleexplanationsforthisshort-livedphenomenonandthewidertheoreticalimplicationsof‘unsuccessful’materialpractices.DarceyGille(UniversityofSheffield):Failure:You’redoingitwrongFailureismostoftendefinedbywhatitisnot:itisnotsuccess,itisnotfulfilment,itisnotachievement,itisnotsatisfaction.Intheprevailingsocialdiscourse,failureandsuccessaretreatedasbinaryopposites–weeithersucceed(good!)orwefail(bad!),whenintruthmostofourhumanventuresareaco-minglingofthetwo.Inanuncertaineconomicandpoliticalworld,weareencouragedtoberesilienttofailure,andwarnedthatresistance(ifnotpreciselyfutile) isproblematic,negative,andperhapsevenunhealthy.Theself-helpindustryoffersus‘Ninehabitstoovercomefailure’,‘Fivewaystomakepeacewithfailure’,itexhortsusto‘Embracefailure!’or

‘BemoreZenaboutyourfailure’andremindsusthat‘Everysuccessstartswithfailure’.Unfortunately,theseeasilyaccessible,instrumentalistaccountsoffailurefailusbyfocusingsolelyonarules-based,operationalone-size-fits-allapproach.Inthispaperwewillchallengethe ‘cultofexcessiveoptimism’,subvertthe‘cultofsuccess’andexploreourembodiedresponsestofailureasameansofdefiningit,inordertoletgoofthat‘…disappointment,[which]…westrangelyhug’.TheresaO’Mahony:WhatPriceisFailure?Tocelebrateourfailuresandtoshowthatfailurecanindeedbetheonesteppingstoneneededtowardsourfuturesuccesses,thispaperwillbeexploringfirstlymyownpersonalprofessionalfailureandthengoontothefailuresofsuccesswithinourowncontemporaryculturalarchaeologicalcommunity.IhavebeentoldthatIamtoowellknown,toocontentiousandno-oneinmultiplearchaeologycommunitiesfeelstheyknowenoughaboutenabledarchaeologytosuperviseanyapplicationforPhD.WhatIhavelearntfromthisfailureandhowIamnowusingthisasasteppingstonetowardsdoingmyownpublishingroutetoaPhDcouldmean Imaywellachievemyaim.Foritisbyourverylearningthesefailuresthatwecanpersonallyinventnewapproacheswhichcanleadtousachievingourownarchaeologicalpurposedgoals.ThefuturecanindeedlookculturallybrightforUKarchaeologyifwelearnfromourfailingsandchangeourpastandpresentculturefromoneoflimitedvisiontoinclusionforall.Fortoolongwehavefailedtoculturallyacceptandwelcomealltoarchaeologywithinourremit.Thingswehaveleftculturallyunseen,invisible,ignored,andunspokencanbecomeacelebrationofsuccesswhichcouldstopmanypeoplefromturningawayfromus,orindeed aid us to learn from our past attitudinal failures and build up towards inclusion for all within thearchaeologywelove.Thispaperwillspeakofhowwecanuseourownandarchaeology’sfailurestocreateaculturalacceptancewhichcouldwellbringusintoasuccessfuleraofallminoritiesinandoutsideofarchaeologybeingabletoaidourskillsshortagesandprojectssuchastheHS2projectvacanciestobefilled.DavidConnolly(BAJR):You’llNeverMakeAnythingofYourselfWordssooftenthrownatus;attemptingtodisempowerandsomehowremoveanyhopeoffuturesuccess.Sowhyisfearoffailuresoendemicinarchaeology(andothersimilardisciplines)–whetherinthefield,wherethecontextrecordsheetiswritteninpencil,forfearofbeingwrongaboutanovercutposthole,ortheacademicwhoistooscaredtoprepareafinalpublicationforfearofridiculeormissingthatpotentialfuturearticlethatmaychallengetheircurrentview?Toall intentsandpurposes,asanarchaeologist, Iamafailure–toa faileddegree,a flittingattentionspan,wastedmonthsonprojectsandideasthatfindthemselvesignoblyconsignedintothedustbinofhistoryaswellasanynumberoffiascos ingeneral life.YethereIam,myownself-worthandesteemnowsuchthat Ievenadvisepeopletomakemistakes,wheretofailmeansnewknowledgeandskills.Thefollowingpaperexplorestheroleofpositivefailureandexaminesbyspecificcaseshowthiscanreinforcesuccessinourworkingenvironments.HebaAbdelGawad(DurhamUniversity):DisciplinaryFailures:It’snotme,it’sthedisciplineWithinaPhDprogrammesuccessorfailureisnarrowlydefinedbycompletionwithintheinstitutionallyimposedtimeframe,bysuchinstitutionalstandardsIhavealmostfailed.WhilebeinganAstarstudentallmylifeevenduringthesupervisedyearsofthePhD,awinnerofanextremelycompetitivegovernmentalPhDscholarship,

anactiveresearchercontributingtoprojects,publishing,attending,andorganisingconferences,Istillstruggletotheoreticallyappraisealargedatasetandplaceitinaframeworktoreflectabiggerpictureandcontributetowiderknowledge.ItwasnotuntilIacceptedthemuchoverlookedrealityoftheinterrelationbetweenmysocio-culturalresearchidentityasanEgyptianEgyptologistandmyfailure–sofar–toproduceaheavilytheoreticalresearchprojectthatIstartedtomakeprogress.Inthispaper,IarguethatmyinabilitytotheoriseisdeeplyrootedinthefailureofthefieldofEgyptianarchaeologytoactivelyengagewitharchaeologicaltheoryandsocialsciences.AncientEgypt is usually absent fromwider archaeological discussions andmultidisciplinary publications.Moreover,fieldworkprojectsarephysicallyandintellectuallyisolatedfrommodernEgypt.Finally,IwillemphasisehowthefailureofEgyptologyisnotonlyself-destructivebutiscausingseveredamagetohowEgyptianheritageisbeingrecorded,researched,andrepresentedbyandforEgyptians.KevinWoolridge:TheFailureofCommercialArchaeologyintheUK–Canitbefixed?SincethepublicationofPPG16inNovember1990,UKarchaeologyhasbecomeincreasinglycommercialised.Thishasresultedinanincreaseinthenumberofsitesunderinvestigationandasaconsequence,anincreaseinthenumberofarchaeologicalemployees.Thispaperargues,however,thatcommercialarchaeologyhasfailedtoincreaseaccessibilityorunderstandingofthearchaeologicalresourceforanumberofreasons:

• Increasinglylimitedaccesstoandavailabilityofarchaeologicalarchives• Alessthanproportionateincreaseinthenumberofanalytical/syntheticreports,• Awideninggapbetweencommercialandacademic/researcharchaeology,• A failure to fully engage digital/social media in promoting and disseminating the results of

archaeologicalresearch• Despite increases in funding, staffing and available projects, commercial archaeology has failed to

createastablecareerstructureinUKarchaeology.Thepaperwillsuggest,however,thatallisnotlost.Thefuturedevelopmentofourdisciplinewilldependuponconfronting, rather than deflecting, issues raised as a result of the commercialisation of archaeology. UKcommercialarchaeologycanaddressmost,ifnotall,oftheseissuesandindoingso,returnarchaeologytoamoreprogressiveagenda:onebettersuitedtothelong-termfutureconservation,access,andunderstandingofthearchaeologicalresource.Hannah Fluck (Historic England) andMeredithWiggins (Historic England): Failure in the Face of ClimateChangeThechangingclimatepresentsachallengeforthosewhoworktoconserveandcurateourheritage.Weareworkingtounderstandtheimpactsofclimatechangeuponourheritagebutitisclearthatlossofheritageassets is inevitable. Coastal erosion threatens archaeological sites andhistoric structures; changing rainfall,temperature,pests,anddiseaseswillchangeourhistoriclandscapes,parks,andgardens.Formanyyearsourapproachtoheritageconservationhasbeenunderpinnedbytheideaof‘preservation’eitherinsituor‘byrecord’butinmanysituationsneitherisapplicableorpractical.Asourwebpagestates:HistoricEngland‘arethepublicbodythatlooksafterEngland'shistoricenvironment.Wechampionandprotecthistoricplaces,helpingpeopleunderstand,valueandcareforthem’.Isacceptinglossofheritageafailure?Howcanwebuildlossintoourroleaschampionsandprotectorsofanation’sheritage?Thispaperwilllookatthechallengesandopportunitiespresentedbyrethinkingtheroleofanationalheritagebodyinthefaceofinevitableloss.

Tim Evans (ArchaeologyData Service,University of York): ‘Nothing, Like Something,HappensAnywhere’:FailureandsuccessinthepublicationofarchaeologicalexcavationsThespectreofthepublicationbackloghaspersistentlyloomedoverthearchaeologicaldiscipline;toleaveonesworkunpublishedorlingeringasgreyliteratureisoftenperceivedasfailure,evenacrimeagainstthediscipline.However,despiteperiodicevaluationsofhowbesttoachievepublicationtheexactextentandcausesofthe‘problem’ are seldomquantified or analysed in detail,more often left as an epistemologically troublesomeknownunknown.Thispaper introducesnewresearchonthesubject–presentingaquantitativeoverviewofwhat isand isn’tpublishedfromcasestudiesinEnglandandexplanationsastowhyfailureoccurs.Thepaperwillalsoassesstheimpactofthissituation,bothfromapracticalviewpoint(‘howdoIfindeverythingthat’sbeenexcavated’?)aswellasthepotentialforsuccesstobeanomalousorevenmisleading.Furthermorethepaperwillalsoreflectonwhat it actually means to be published, especially considering that our current models, despite periodicrefinement,arestillrootedintraditionalnotionsofaliteraloutput.Giventhenewwaveofacademicsynthesesutilisingthe(increasinglyonline)unpublishedresultsofcommercialfieldwork,isittimetoreaddressournotionsofpublicationanddissemination?NeilRedfern(HistoricEngland):LetitGo:LossisgoodforusOverrecentyearsheritagemanagementinEngland/UKhasbecomeincreasinglyfixatedwithprocessandhasfailedtoengageinameaningfuldebateaboutitspurpose.Thisprocessfirstapproachcanbeillustratedbytheconceptof‘HeritageatRisk’andtheneedtofocusresourcesonpreventingthelossofheritageassets:anylossofbeingseenasfailure.InthispaperIwillsetoutacontraryviewandarguethatfarfrombeingfailure,‘loss’isactuallygoodforus(forbothheritagemanagersandthepublic).Indeedasarchaeologistsstudytheprocessoflossandactivelyleadtolossviaexcavationweshouldunderstandthewidercreativeopportunitiesitbrings.My paper argues that cultural heritagemanagement is a creative process and thatwe are normally at ourcreativebestwhenwearedealingwith/threatenedbyloss.Weshouldnotbeconcernedaboutlossbutratherseeitasaveryliberatingandpowerfulopportunitytodosomething,tothinksomethingdifferent,tobecreative.Lossshouldnotbeseenasfailurebutratherasacreativeopportunitytounderstand,sustain,andenhancetheculturalvaluesweassociatewithheritageandthehistoricenvironment.ThomasKador(UCL)andVesnaLukic(UniversityofBristol):ExhibitingFailureWithhistorybeingfamously‘writtenbythewinners’thestoriesofthe‘losers’havebeen,andstillare,frequentlywrittenoutand/orairbrushedaway.However,archaeologistssometimesclaimthatmaterialculture ismoreequalinitspotentialtopreserveandreflectthefailures,ratherthanjustthesuccessstories,ofthepast.Whilethisargumentcanbecounteredbytheindisputablefactthatmorepowerfulgroupsandindividualsundoubtedlyhave the means to make their material remains more durable than the weaker members of society, itnonethelesspresentsahypothesisworthexploringinpractice.In thispaperwewilldiscussourefforts tocuratea ‘museumof failure’utilisingUniversityCollegeLondon’ssubstantialcollectionofarchaeologicalartefacts,historicalobjects,andothermuseumspecimens.Themuseumisdueto‘openitsdoors’atUCL’sOctagonGalleryincentralLondoninSeptember2018andourchallengeishowwetella story (or stories)of failure,usingasmall selectionof theseobjects, fora twenty-firstcenturyaudience. Our presentation will serve to share our experiences with this project so far and partake in aconstructivediscussiononthepotentialfora‘heritageoffailure’.

Archaeology,HeritageandWell-BeingRoom:4.44Organisers:TimothyDarvill(BournemouthUniversity)andLauraDrysdale(TheRestorationTrust)The concept of therapeutic landscapes was developed by Wil Gesler in the early 1990s, building oncontemporarytheoryinthefieldofculturalecology.Ithassinceexpandedtobecomeakeyconceptinhealthgeographyapplicableatarangeofscales.Butwhethernatural,designed,orsymbolic,placesconnectedwithhealingthebodyandsoulhavebeenrecognizedandstudiedformuchlonger.Routesofpilgrimage,destinationsfor health-giving visits, facilities for ‘taking the waters’, hospitals, and gardens surrounding asylums andinstitutions,haveallbeeninstrumentalinformalizingrelationshipsbetweenplace,space,andwell-beingthathavebeenpromotedandappliedinmanydifferentwaysandwithvaryingdegreesofrealorperceivedsuccess.Thissessionwillconsiderarchaeologicalandheritagedimensionsoftherapeuticlandscapes,askingwhatcanbelearntfromthestudyofexistingsitesandwhetherthereisarolefordevelopingnewonesappropriatefortheneedsofthe21stcentury.Contributionsareinvitedinrelationtothreemainthemes.First,studiesofrecognizedtherapeuticlandscapesthroughhistoricalorarchaeological investigationsthatenrichunderstandingsoftheirconstructionanduse.Second,case-studiesofrecentorongoingprojectsthatmakeuseofarchaeologicalsitesorheritageresourcestopromotephysicalormentalwell-beingamongstdefinedparticipantcommunities.Andthird,analysesof thephilosophicalandtheoretical frameworksappropriatetothestudyofarchaeologyandheritageinrelationtohealthandwell-being.TimothyDarvill(BournemouthUniversity):Introduction:Heritageandwell-beingUsingheritageresourcesofvariouskindstopromotewell-beingrepresentsoneofthemostsignificantadvancesin archaeological resource management for many years. This session provides an opportunity to shareexperiencesandtodiscusstheoutcome,implications,andtheoreticalunderpinningsofwell-beingprojects.LauraDrysdale(TheRestorationTrust):WalkingwithIntent:CulturetherapyinhistoriclandscapesTheRestorationTrust supportspeople toengagewithheritage,art, andculture so that theirmentalhealthimproves.Thispaperwill reviewour currentprojects in thehistoric landscape, includingHumanHengeandBurghCastleAlamanac, andwill place them in the context of contemporary culture, health, andwell-beingpractice. Itwillattempttodescribewhat isdistinctivelytherapeuticaboutfacilitatedgroupexperiencesthatcombinelearning,creativity,andwalkinginhistoriclandscapes.ClaireNolan(UniversityofReading):TherapeuticLandscapesofPrehistory:ExploringthetherapeuticvalueandpotentialofprehistoriclandscapesforthepresentdayInrecentyearsheritageprofessionalsandresearchersintheUKhavebeencalledonincreasinglytoevidencethesocialvalueofthehistoricenvironmentintermsofitsimpactonwell-being(EnglishHeritage2014;CrossickandKaszynska2016).Previous research in this areahas successfullydemonstrated thewell-beingeffectsofheritageparticipation,particularlywithregardtothepromotionofsocialandhumancapital.However,provingsomewhatmoredifficulttocapture,theintrinsicvalueofthehistoricenvironmentanditsinfluenceonindividualwell-being remains less well-understood. This paper examines these issues through a review of qualitativefieldwork recentlyundertaken in theStonehengeandAveburyWorldHeritageSiteand theValeofPewsey,Wiltshire, in order to further explore how individuals experience, interpret, and value these prehistoriclandscapes,andhowthisknowledgecansupportthedevelopmentofthehistoricenvironmentasatherapeuticresource forothers in the future.Drawingonpreliminary results fromsemi-structured interviewswith local

residents, and reflectiveworkshopswith student and community groups, this paper considers some of theuniqueandfundamentalwaysinwhichthehistoricenvironmentaffectspersonalwell-being.EllieWilliams(CanterburyChristChurchUniversity),LesleyHardy(CanterburyChristChurchUniversity)andDiarmaidWalshe(ForcesArchaeologicalandHeritageAssociation):‘HeavenIsaPlaceWhereNothingEverHappens’:Exploringheritageandwell-beinginarapidlyevolvingseasidetownIlluminatedinFolkestone’sCreativeQuarterstandsthetext-sculpture‘Heavenisaplacewherenothingeverhappens’, encapsulating, some commentators note, the ennui of seaside towns. The words, however, aredeceptive–Folkestoneischangingrapidly,partlyfuelledbyfundingtoregeneratethroughthearts.Whilstmanyareembracingthissurgeofcreativedevelopment,othersareexperiencingalienation.InJulyweranaten-daycommunitysurveyatthechurch/churchyardofStMaryandStEanswytheintheheartofhistoricFolkestone,akeyaimbeingtoexploretheroleofsmall-scaleheritageprojectsinpromotingparticipantwell-being,principallymilitaryveterans in thiscase.Aswewilldiscuss, theexperienceandoutcomeswererevealing,andat timesunexpected. Immersing – not imposing – ourselves in the daily life of the site also provided a platform forcommunicationwiththemanyindividualsandgroupswhohavetakenownershipoverit,someofwhomareexperiencingsignificant social challenges. Itgraduallybecameclear thatwewerenotcreatinga therapeuticlandscapethroughouractivities,italreadyexisted–althoughnotwithoutsomeconflict.Suddenchangecanbeemotionallydestabilising,butthenatureofsitessuchasthese–theirpermanency–offerfamiliarityandstabilityamidstarapidlyevolvinglandscape.ChristopherHowardElmer:BetweentheBarrows:SeekingaspiritofplaceThe ’Between the Barrows’ project (2016), linked PhD students at the Department of Archaeology inSouthamptonwithanawardwinningcommunitypartnership (AndoverTreesUnited)whichoperatesacrossAndoverinHampshire.TheaimoftheprojectwastousearchaeologytopromptacommunityrevisualisationoflandmanagedbyAndover TreesUnited so that itwas seenas abridge between the local villageat EnhamAlameinandthenearbynewhousingestateratherthanabarrier.Theprojectprovidedavaluablecasestudyofpartnershipactivityseekingtohealariftbetweentwodisparatecommunities,buttheprojectalsotouchedonthepowerofplaceasameanstodrawcommunitiestogether.Thetwo-weekcommunitydigdrewtogethersevenschoolsandfortyvolunteersfromthetwojuxtaposed,butseparated, communities inAndover, and it allowed them todevelopanawarenessof the local archaeologysurrounding themand todebate issuesaroundsustainabilityandprotection. Lessons learned fromthis firstseasonofactivityarebeingusedtodevelopresearchseekingtounderstandthecommunityhealingpotentialofa‘spiritofplace’,andtheprojectcontinuesinto2018.Helen Johnston (ThamesDiscovery Programme,Museumof LondonArchaeology):Messing About on theRiver:Volunteeringandwell-beingontheThamesForeshoreIsvolunteeringinarchaeologygoodforyou?WhatimpactdoesvisitingtheThamesforeshorehaveonpeople’sreportedwell-being?Howimportantisconsideringthesenseofplaceandemotionalattachmentwhenworkingwithvolunteers?ThamesDiscovery Programme has been running for 9 years, and has trained over 675 volunteers as FROGmembers to monitor and record archaeology on the Thames foreshore. Drawing on recent work aroundvolunteering,well-being,andemotionallabour,IwillexaminehowspendingtimeinthehistoriclandscapeoftheThamesforeshoreisakeymotivationforThamesDiscoveryProgrammevolunteers.

Thelinkbetweenvolunteeringandahighersenseofwell-beingisincreasinglybeingrecognisedandhasnowstartedto influencepolicyandpracticethroughthedevelopmentofmodelssuchassocialprescribing intheNHS.Thiscreatespotentialfornewwaysofworkingandopportunitiesforinvolvementinarchaeology.IwilluseourexperiencesatThamesDiscoveryProgramme toexplorehowconsideringpeople'swell-being inhistoriclandscapescan influenceourvolunteermanagementpracticesandthepossibilityofnewwaystoworkwithcommunities.PaulMurtagh(NorthlightHeritage):TheRomanBaths:AplaceofrecoveryItisperhapsacoincidencethatthesitechosentotrialaprogrammeofworkcalled‘RecoveryThroughHeritage’wasaRomanBathhouse,inthatitnotonlyprovidesaconvenientarchaeologicalcasestudytoexploreideasofhistoricalwell-beingbutalsodemonstratesthebenefitsofarchaeologytohelpinrecoverywork.WorkinginpartnershipwithPhoenixFutures,acharitythatsupportspeoplewithalcoholanddrugproblems,theHLFandHESsupportedClydeandAvonValleyLandscapePartnershipheritageprogram(CAVLPHeritage)deliveredbyNorthlightHeritage,haspilotedaprogramthathasworkedwithserviceuserstodesignaheritagetrail, enhance archaeological sites, focusing on the Roman Bathhouse at Strathclyde Park, and help out onarchaeologicaldigs.Thisprogramhasresultedinanumberofoutputsandoutcomesandhasbeenbeneficialforthearchaeology,serviceusers,thewidercommunity,andourselvesaspractitioners.This paper will outline the ways that the ‘Recovery through Heritage’ programme was developed, thearchaeologicalandrecoveryoutcomesachieved,theproblemsandchallengesthathavebeenencountered,andhowtheyhavebeenovercome.WilliamRathouse(MindAberystwyth):ArchaeologyandMentalHealth:WarMemorialsSurvey–CeredigionInspiredbyprojectsincludingOperationNightingaleandThePastinMind,MindAberystwythhasbeenofferingtheirmemberstheopportunitytoworkonasurveyofthewarmemorialsofCeredigion.Thepurposeoftheprojectwastwofold:wephotographed,measured,andrecordeddetailsofmemorialssothat,shouldtheybedamagedordestroyed,theycouldbereconstructed;wealsointendedthatparticipationwouldbenefitmentalhealthserviceusersbypromotingwell-beingandsupportingrecovery.InthispaperIshalldescribetheconductoftheprojectandpresentdataindicatingitseffectiveness.AndrewHoaen (University ofWorcester) and Bob Ruffle (University ofWorcester): Environment, Nature,Nurture:ThesiteofSt.Wulstan’sHospital,MalvernWells,Worcestershire,1943-presentInthispaper,wediscusstheimportantroleofthesensesincreatingahealingenvironment.UsingacasestudyofthegardensattheformerpsychiatrichospitalatStWulstan’s,wediscusshowelementsoftheprecedinglandscapewereused,withtraditionalhorticulturetechniques,tocreategardens,orchards,andvegetableplotsthatwouldprovideaninterestingandvibrantsettingforbothstaffandpatients.Thegardensalsoplayedaroleintrainingpatientsforwork,andprovidingfoodforthehospitalandanincomefromsalesoffruitandvegetablestothelocalcommunity.ThehospitalbeganlifeasaUSarmyhospitalin1943andeventuallybecamealongstaypsychiatrichospitalfrom1961-1986.UnderitsMedicalSuperintendent,DrRogerMorgan,itwasaninternationallyrecognisedpioneerinrehabilitationandtrainingandthereturnofpatientstosociety.Ithadanaveragedischargerateof50%whereasmanyhospitalscouldonlymanagearound5%(Ward2009).Afterclosurethesitewassplitandpartwasusedforahousingdevelopmentwhilstthemajoritywasconvertedintoanaturereserve.Whilstnohospitalbuildings

remain, ornamental trees, shrubs, and avenues still exist, and allow a reconstruction of the groundswhichcontributestoanunderstandingofthistherapeuticlandscape.VanessaHeaslip(BournemouthUniversity):HumanHenge:Stonehengeasahealingenvironmentinthe21stcenturyMentalhealthisafundamentalaspectofwell-being,yet1in4peopleexperienceamentalhealthissueatsomepointintheirlife.Despitethis,thereisevidencethatpeoplelivingwithmentalillnesscanbecomeisolatedduetostigma.HistoricalsitessuchasStonehengeareknowntohavebeenassociatedwithhealinginthepastandthere isan increasing interest inthe impactofhistoryandheritage insupportingandrestoringmentalwell-being.ThispresentationreportsuponacollaborativeprojectfundedbyHeritageLotteryinwhich24peoplelivingwithmentalillnesswereinvolvedinaninnovative,creative‘HumanHenge’programmeoveraperiodof10weeksatStonehenge and the surrounding landscape. This paper presents initial findings from the mixed methodevaluationthatranalongsidetheprogramme,examiningtheimpactofHumanHengeuponindividual’smetalhealth.Datawascollectedviasurveys(incorporatingtheWarwickEdinburghMentalWell-beingScale)aswellasqualitativemethods(focusgroupsandpersonalreflections).Thepresentationwillexplorebothquantitativeandqualitativefindingstodatefocusseduponfourthemes(FeelingSpecial,ChallengingMyself,BeingHuman,ImpactuponMentalHealth&Well-beingandFearfortheFuture).ZenaKamash(RoyalHolloway):MuseumsandMiddleEasternCommunities:Promotingwell-being,memoryandcreativepracticeThispaperwillpresenttheexperiencesandresponsestotheAHRC-funded‘RememberingtheRomansintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica’(RetRo)project.TheRetRoprojecttookplacein2016andwasacollaborationbetween myself, the Petrie Museum (London), the Great North Museum (Newcastle) and three creativepractitioners:SarahEkdawi(creativewriting),MirandaCreswell(drawing),andRoryCarnegie(photography).AcentralaimoftheprojectwastoprovideopportunitiesformembersoftheMiddleEasternandNorthAfricancommunitiescurrentlylivingintheUKtoreengagewiththeirheritagethathascomeunderincreasingattack.Asamemberofoneofthosecommunitieswithfirst-handexperienceofthetraumabeingfaced,Iwantedtoprovideinformalandsafespaceswherepeoplecouldcometogethertocreatenewmemoriesoftheirheritageby regaining a sense of ownership and developing new friendships withmuseum objects through creativewriting,drawing,andphotography.Inthispaper,Iwillsharesomeofthesuccessesandchallengesfacedbytheproject,highlightingwhatworkedandwhat lessonscouldbe learnt for futureprojects.Aspartof this, Iwilldiscusshowparticipantsfeelthisprojecthasinfluencedtheiroutlookandexperienceoneyearon.HannahCobb(UniversityofManchester):SeeingtheUnseenIn 2013 CIfA’s labourmarket study, Profiling the Profession, reported that 98.2% of archaeologists are notdisabled(AitchisonandRocks-Macqueen2013:99).InthispaperIwanttoconsiderhowaccuratethisfigureisbyexploringtheextentofunseendisabilitiesandotherunseenconditionswithintheprofessiontoday.AttheheartofmypaperwillbetheresultsofanonlinesurveywhichIwillbedisseminatingacrosstheprofessioninthemonthsleadinguptoTAG.Todevelopandtheorisewell-beinginarchaeology,Iarguethatwefirsthavetounderstandthefullextentofconditionsthatarenormallyunseeninlabourmarketstudies,andoftenunseenintheworkplacetoo.Theseincludementalhealthissues,dyslexia,dyspraxia,endometriosis,andepilepsy,tonamebutafew.Allarecomplicatedbythefactthatsomemayself-identifytheseunseenconditionsasdisabilities,somemaynot,buthowevertheyareidentified,keepingquietaboutanyorallcanhaveadetrimentaleffectuponwell-being.Isuggestthatweneedanopenandhonestdialogue,beginningbyunderstandingifandwhy

thesemaybeunder-reported, inorder tochallengethestigmaaroundmanyof theseunseenconditions, totheorisehealthandwell-beingincontemporarypracticeandtoenhancedisciplinarywell-being.

ShamansThroughTimeRoom:3.58Organisers:FfionReynolds(Cadw)andHenryDosedla(CINDIS)Shamansarereligiouspractitionerswhooccuracrosstheglobe.Theword‘shaman’comesfromtheTungustribeinSiberiaand itmeansspiritualhealeroronewhosees in thedark.Manyschoolsof thoughtobject to theapplicationofshamanismtoculturesoutside itsTungusorigin,whileotherssuggestthetermmightbeuseduniversally.Acommonfeaturewithinshamanismistheuseofalteredstatesofconsciousness.Ashamancanbeviewed as a highly skilled individualwho ‘acts out’ or performs particular taskswithin the community. Theshaman,fromthisperspective,maybeviewedasanimportantmediatorbetweenworlds.Shamansareactorsofparticularroles,skills,andartsthatrequiretheparticipationofothers.Shamansperform,theyaltertheirconsciousness using various techniques, including hallucinogenic substances, hypnotism, trickery, chanting,dance,andhealing;theyareambiguousindividuals.Thissessionwilllookattheevidenceforshamansthroughtime,discussingthearchaeological,historical,andcontemporaryethnographicevidenceforshamanismacrosstheworld.Shamanismhasbeensuggestedtoexistintheancientpast,fromprehistorytopresenttimes.Whatvalidityistheretotheclaimthatshamanismexistedinprehistory?Whereintheworldtodaydoshamansstillexist?Presentersareencouragedtoexplorethetopicfromtheperspectiveoftheirareaofexpertise,pastandpresent.Topics might include paradigms of shamanic interpretation, misconceptions associated with the termshamanism,thesocial functionsofshamanism;shamanicalteredstatesofconsciousness,musicandecstaticjourney,shamanicpowerobjectsandmaterials;storytelling,performanceandhealing,theuseofplantsandfoodasmedicines;andshamanismandcognitiveevolution.FfionReynolds(Cadw):WaysofSeeing,Being,Doing:EvidenceforshamanisminthearchaeologicalrecordMyinterestinshamanismgrewfromafieldworktripItooktotheAmazonjunglebackin2007,whereIworkedwiththeShipiboshamansofSouthAmericaaspartofmyPhDfieldwork.Backthen,shamanismwasconsidereda ‘fringe’ topic inacademia,andthepublicat largewerestill fairlyunfamiliarwith itswidespreadexistence.Sincethen,shamanismasaconcepthasbeenpopularised,withanincreasingbodyofarchaeology,theoryandanthropology,aswellastelevisionseriessuchas‘Tribe’byBruceParry,makingitamorevisibleworldviewtopractitionersintheWest.In this introductory talk, I will explore howwemight use shamanism to identify practices and worldviewsdifferentfromourown,inthedeeppast.I’minterestedintheideathatshamanismcanprovidearchaeologists,rootedintheconsequencesandpeculiaritiesofenlightenmentthought,withanotherwayofunderstandingtheevidencetheyexcavate.IwillgivesomeexamplesfromBritain,WalesandIreland,anddiscussexamplesofarchaeologicalevidencethatmightbebetterunderstoodandenhancedthroughthelensofshamanism.Exampleswillincludethe‘RedLady’ofPaviland,theentopticrockartofNeolithicpassagetombs,andtheantlerhead-dressesfromStarCarr.

RickKnecht(UniversityofAberdeen)andAnnaMossolova(TallinUniversity):ExcavatingShamanicObjectsattheNunalleqSiteNeartheVillageofQuinhagak,AlaskaYup’ikbeliefsystemsarewellknown intheethnographicrecord,reflected incollectionsofmasksandotherobjectsandinoralhistoriesthatdescribeaspectsofshamanisticpractice.PrecontactYup’ikculturewaspoorlyknownuntilexcavationsattheNunalleqsitenearthevillageofQuinhagak,Alaska,datingfromaroundAD1400-1670.Untilrecentlythesitehadbeenlockedinpermafrost,resultinginextraordinarypreservationoforganicartefactsmadefromwood,leather,grass,andotherrarelyrecoveredmaterials.Objectsrelatingtoshamanismandcosmologyareabundantamongmorethan60,000piecesfoundinthelastsevenfieldseasonsatthesite.Herewediscussthetimedepth,continuity,andchangeinthesematerialexpressionsofYup’ikworldviewandshamanism.Aaron Watson (Durham University): Visions of Transformation: Optics and ritual within the NeolithicchamberedcairnsofBritainandIrelandAlmosttwentyyearsago,IwroteapaperthatsoughttoenrichmyinterpretationoftheacousticpropertiesofNeolithicmonumentsbyreferencingtheanthropologyofshamanism.ThesoundsIwashearinginsidepassagetombswereextraordinary.Usingvocalizationandpercussionitwaspossibletogeneratepowerfulresonancesandechoes,andIwasinterestedtoexplorehowpeopleinashamanisticsocietymighthaveunderstoodsucheffects.IenvisionedthatNeolithicritualspecialistsmanipulatedtheatricalandtransformativesoundstojourneybetweendimensions,ormanifestotherworldlyforces.Fieldworkhassincerevealedthatpassagetombsalsohaveremarkableopticalproperties.Withoutusingalens,Ihaveprojectedmovingimagesoftheoutsideworldintothedarknessoftheirchambers.Anaudiencegatheredinsidecantherebyobserve,inrealtime,theactivitiesofpeoplebeyondthepassageentrance.Inthemodernworldwemightcomparethesedynamicandluminousvisionstoacinematicexperience,butthiscouldnothavebeenaNeolithicunderstanding.Onceagain,mighttheanthropologyofshamanismhelptorevealandinterprettheexceptionalmultisensorypotentialofancientarchitecture?HenryDosedla(CINDIS):Healers,Seers,Mediators:MultitaskingaspectsofshamanicpracticeamongrecentNeolithicsocietiesinMelanesiaInthecourseofyearsparticipatinginfieldworkamongNewGuineanhighlandstribesduringtheearlyseventiesof the last century, when these still greatly presented societies of Neolithic standards, I had the uniqueopportunity of getting revealing insights into many of their secret spiritual traditions. Among my localinformants,includingherbalists,traditionalhealers,andso-calledritualexperts,thereweresomeexceptionalpeoplereputedaspossessingoutstandingmentalabilities.InthevernacularoftheMbowamb,inhabitingthemostpartof theWahgiBasinwithin theWesternHighlandsProvince,suchmenwereknownas ‘mörnwua’(literally‘menofpowerspells’),whereaswomenofsimilarreputationjustwerereferredtoas‘poisonmeri’inthesenseofwitches.Thesemenwerenotonlybelievedtohavethegiftofseers,butalsoofmanagingpersonaldislocationandinvisibility,besidesseveralothersupernaturalskills.Whilethesetopicsforcountlessgenerationsusedtobehandledasmostserioussecrets,evenamonginitiatedmen,atthetimeoffieldresearchtheirmissioninfluencewasalreadygaininggradualdecreaseofsuchsecrecyand,inthecaseofaformer‘powerspellman’whowaswillingtoconverttoChristianity,thisprovidedbestchanceofobtainingfirst-handinformationoftheunderlyingintricatespiritualbackgrounds.

RobertJ.Wallis(RichmondUniversity,TheAmericanInternationalUniversityinLondon):ArtandShamanism:FromcavepaintingtotheWhiteCubeArt and shamanism are often represented as timeless, universal features of human experience, with anapparently immutable relationship. Shamanism is frequently held to represent the origin of religion andshamansarecharacterizedasthefirstartists,leavingtheirinfamousmarkinthecaveartofUpperPalaeolithicEurope.Despiteadisconnectofseveralmillennia,modernartiststoo,fromWassilyKandinskyandVincentvanGogh,toJosephBeuysandMarcusCoates,havebeenlabelledasinspiredvisionarieswhoaccessthetrance-likestatesofshamans,andtheseartistsofthe'whitecube'orgallerysettingarecitedastheinheritorsofanenduringtraditionof shamanicart.Recent scholarshipon rockart contributes to thisdiscourse in rational-materialist‘neurotheological’terms,locatingimageproductionandvisionaryexperienceasuniversalbrainevents.Butthehistoryofthinkingonartandshamanismshowstheseconceptsarenotunchanging,timelessuniversals;theyareconstructed,historicallysituated,andcontentious.IexaminehowartandshamanismhavebeenconceivedandtheirrelationshipentangledfromtheRenaissancetothepresent,focussingontheinterpretationofUpperPalaeolithiccaveartinthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury–akeymomentinthistrajectory–toillustratemycase.MikeWilliams(BrycheiniogJournal):TastingtheSweetnessofDeath:Atimelessmoralityindarkshamanism?Kanaimàshamansgainshamanicpowerbymutilating,killing,and,whenthecontentsoftheputrefyingstomachoftheirvictimtastesweet,usingthedismemberedbodypartsastalismanstoaccessthespirits.Adarkdeedintheshadowsofshamanicliterature.Perhapstoooften,shamanismisconsideredpositive;theshamangainingpowerfrombenevolentspiritstohelpand heal her community. The popularity of shamanic interpretation frequently rests on these tenants,influencingourviews,butbelyingtherealityofmuchtraditionalshamanicpractice.What lens dowe usewhenwe identify similar practice emerging from the prehistoricmind-set? Are their‘shamanic’ritualsfulloflightoristhereadarknesswearemissing?Canwebesurethatthedeadwerealways‘honoured’inthepastandgivenduereverencebytheliving;peoplecuratingbodypartsasameansofkeeping‘ancestral’influenceclose?Or,liketheKanaimà,wastherelationshipdarker,withthelivingmanipulatingthedead for theirownmeansandends; tasting the sweetnessofdeathwithamoralitywewould findhard tostomach,putrefyingornot?PaulDevereux(TimeandMindJournal):LandscapeRelicsofPre-ColumbianShamanismsintheAmericasEvidenceforancientshamanisticpracticesreliesmainlyonethnology,therecoveryofartefacts,andtheanalysisandinterpretationofrockartinconjunctionwithethnologicalinformation.Thishighlyillustratedpapertakesacomplementary approach and looks atmaterial evidence in the landscape. It briefly overviews examples ofgeoglyphs(petroformsandintaglios),earthworks,andcontextualisedrockartlocationsmainlyinNorthAmericaplusafewinSouthAmerica.MikeCrowley:StealingWomen'sClothes:Patriarchalappropriationofwomen'smysteriesVariouscultureshaveexamplesofreligiouscross-dressingbut, ineverycase, it ismenwhodressaswomen,neverthereverse.InSiberia,forinstance,wherewomenareconsidered‘naturalshamans’andwheremenaresaid to ‘change sex’ upon becoming a shaman, shamanswearmetal disks as surrogate breasts, as did thecastrated,transvestitepriestsofCybeleinancientAsiaMinor.Thecross-dressingrenunciatesofIndiaknownasSakhiorRasikastatethattheyneedto‘becomeRadha’inordertoworshipKrishna.Inacelebratedepisode,

Krishnadiscoversagroupofmaidensbathingnakedandstealstheirclothesbutreturnsthemwhenthemaidensworshiphim.Inasimilartale,thetribaldeityBirKuaristornapartby‘witches’,muchasthecross-dressedKingPentheuswasdismemberedbythefemalefollowersofDionysos(maenads).Elementsofmyth,iconography,andfolkloreareusedtoadvancethehypotheses(i)thatallthreegodsareapotheosesofentheogenicplants,(ii)thatthesedrugsweretheexclusivedomainofwomenand(iii)thatthemythicmotifstealingofwomen'sclothesrecordsthepatriarchalappropriationoftheirrites.AndyReyman (Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt):WordsComeEasy:About theproblematicusabilityofanon-operationaltermfordescribingdeviantprehistoricburials‘Themostdangerousofthesevaguewordsisshamanism.’AsthefamousArnoldvanGennepwrotethesewords1903,thetermshamanismwasalreadyknownfornearly200yearsinthewesternscience–althoughthephenomenonwasn’tasoldasmanyresearcherswouldhaveguessedatthetime.HavingbeentranslatedfromanexiledRussianpriestandbeingusedasTerminusTechnicusforreligiousspecialistsalloverSiberiashortlythereafter,thewordveryquicklybecameastereotyperatherthanadescriptionofreality.Forthisreason,vanGennepwarnedscientiststhatusingthetermcouldbeproblematic.Now,morethanonehundredyearsafterhiswords,shamanismisstillatermoftenusedto identifydeviantburials inarchaeology,commonlyusedsynonymoustoothertermslike‘priest’, ‘wiseman/woman’, ‘healer’,‘medicineman’andmostoftenhandledasphenomenonwithaverywidedefinition.Intheplannedpaper,whichisasummaryofaPhDaboutthesamethemepublishedin2015inGermany,theproblemsofthistraditionwillbeshown,referringtotwoexemplarycases,thewell-knownGerman‘ShamanfromBadDürrenberg’and‘Kyss’,thejakutiangraveofayoungwoman.RobertDickins(QueenMary,UniversityofLondon):DomesticShamanismintheVictorianMiddle-ClassesDuringthemid-Victorianperiod,againstabackdropofincreasedurbanisation,technologicaldevelopment,andabroadermiddle-class,individualsemergedwhoprofessedtohavespecialaccesstothespiritworld–so-called‘mediums.’OstensiblyChristian,theyutilizedasetofritualpracticesintheprivacyoftheirownhomes,whichbeliedthebeliefsoftheestablishedChurch,andexhibitedacommonalitywithwhatwouldlaterbedescribedasanimistbeliefsbyanthropologists.Indeed,themediumswereveryoftenmarginalizedfiguresinVictorianBritain,suchaswomenandchildrenwhowerelargelydebarredfromanyspiritualauthorityinpubliclife.Smallfamilialcommunities,knownas‘circles,’wereestablishedaroundthem,however,andwhatemergedwasaformofdistinctdomesticspirituality.Thehomeitself,withitsparticularmarkerssuchasfamilyandprivacy,becameasiteofliminalcommunity.Thispaperwillexplorethemediumintermsthatarerecognizably‘shamanic’bytoday’sunderstanding.Theirfunctionwas the renewal andmaintenanceof the spiritual lifeof their kinship group,which theymediatedthroughnavigating the liminal spacebetweentheworldsof the livingand thedead.Assuch, theyprovidedhealing,spiritualcohesion,andmoralguidance,througharangeofritualtechniquesandpractices.

Tuesday19thDecember(AM)ParallelWorlds:StudiesinComparativeEuropeanArchaeologiesRoom:2.03Organisers:OliverDavis(CardiffUniversity)andJamesWhitley(CardiffUniversity)Alltoooftenweasarchaeologistsaresolelyengagedwiththestudyofparticularperiodsofthepastorparticularplaces.Ourworkis,perhapsnecessarily,rootedwithinspecificintellectualframeworks–aproductofthediversesocialandpoliticalcontextsofthecountriesorinstitutionsatwhichwearebasedandthecontrastinghistoriesandtraditionsofstudyofdifferentperiodsandregions(‘Celtic’prehistoryvsClassicalarchaeology,forexample).Oneunfortunateby-productofthisgulfbetweenintellectualtraditionsisthecreationofintellectualsilos,whichinturnhasledtosignificantdivergenceacrossEuropeandthewiderworldinbothmethodandtheory.ThereisnowconsiderableunfamiliaritybetweentheapproachestothearchaeologiesofEuropefor instanceeven inadjacentgeographicalareasoramongstthosestudyingbroadlythesameperiod.Notabledivergencescannowbeseeninthestudyoflaterprehistory(lastmillenniumBC)inEuropebetweenscholarsfocusedsolelyonBritain,thosewhostudytransalpineEurope,andthosestudythe‘CorruptingSea’anditsinterconnections.Asaresult,similar problems of interpretation encountered in different places or periods are treated as if they requireentirelyseparatedebates.Notionsofpersonhood,materiality,embodimentandtheroleofritualizedfeastinghave all croppedup in the studyof both theAegeanandBritish IronAges, but this fact hasoccasionednodiscussionacrossareaspecialists.Theaimofthissessionistoopenupadialoguebetweenscholarswhomaybeworkinginwidelydifferentareasorperiods.Byhighlightingcuriousparallels,connectionsandtrajectoriesthatare synchronised across large geographic areas the sessionwill begin to explore the entanglement of bothendogenous and external practices which caused similar patterns of behaviour. We welcome papers thatattempttointerpretarchaeologiesthatcutacrossnationalboundariesandfocusonhighlightingthepeculiarparallelsbetweenpastsocieties.MaximilianBuston(OxfordUniversity):Diversity,SimilarityandTimeMislead:10,000fibulaefromtheAegeanandAnatolia,anewtypologyandtheirstylisticvariationDiversityisfundamentaltoarchaeology.ForGordonChilde(1950)diversityofmaterialculturewassynonymouswithdistinctcommunities,whilstforDavidClarke(1972,418)variationwasemployedbysocioculturalsystemsto‘minimizethemaximumamountofimmediatesystemdislocation’.Otherscholars(e.g.MarianFeldman)havearguedstylisticdiversity is controlledbypolitical ideology.Akin todiversity is similarityand innovation,andthese underpin key elements of archaeology, namely network analyses, ceramic chronologies and culturaldiversity.Thequestioniswhatdoesdiversityactuallymean,andhowmightitmisleadusmoregenerally?Anetworkanalysisofshared-type-presencemayover-readinteractioninperiodswherecertainartefact-classeswerethelocusofanexaggerateddiversity.AnAegeanchronologybasedondead-reckoningmaybeunreliable,asagivenamountofdiversityistakenasproportionaltoacertainamountoftime.Moreover,stylisticdiversitymay not have been particularly meaningful, a result of what evolutionary archaeologists call cultural-drift.Variationmayresultasmuchfromcopy-error,populationsizeortool-type,thanadesirefor‘individualising’objects.Thispaperpresentstheresultsofanewtypologyof10,000fibulaefromtheAegeanandAnatoliatoposithowtheseissuesmayaffectarchaeologiesacrossparallelartefactclassesandregions.

DonaldCrystal(CardiffUniversity):UnpackingtheTerm‘Dolmen’AroundtheBlackSeaCoast‘Dolmen’isdefinedasa‘tombwithalargeflatstonelaidonuprightones.’(OED).Yet, itssubsequentuseinarchaeologicalparlancehasresultedinthetermbecomingsynonymouswiththeNeolithicofwesternEurope.‘Dolmen’,therefore,needstobeunpackedinordertohelpexplainthemegalithicphenomenaaroundtheBlackSeacoast(RussiaandBulgaria)whichdatesfromtheLateBronzeAge/EarlyIronAge(cf.ТрифоновиШишлина,2014:19-37;Смирнов,2010:169-184;Кудин,2008:27-31).TherehasseldombeenAnglophoneresearchonthisphenomena in eastern Europe since Minns (1913) and Velkov. (1938). Consequently, the occurrence ofmegalithsineasternBulgariaandsouthwesternRussiaremainsrelativelyunknowninAnglophonescholarship.Interestingly,themegalithsinbothregionssharenumerouscharacteristicswhichtheydonotsharewiththedolmens of western Europe. Nevertheless, that has not stopped local archaeologists from calling thesemegalithicstructures‘dolmens’.Therefore,thistalkwillhavethreeaims.Firstly,Ishallaimtoassesswhatthetermdolmenmeansandwhetheritcanbeappliedtothesemegaliths.Secondly,IshallpresentthephenomenaofRussio-BulgarianmegalithstoanAnglophoneaudience.Thirdly,IshallseektofittheiroccurrencewithinawidernarrativeofEuropeanprehistory.AlexDavies(OxfordArchaeology):Feasting,DepositionandtheDead:SocialchangeandsocialintegrationinBritainandtheAegeanduringthe8thcenturyBCThe8thcenturyBCwasaperiodofgreatchangeinbothsouthernBritainandtheAegean.AstheAegeanwasemerging from its Dark Age, there was an explosion in population and material culture, shifts in religiousexpression and the rise of city living. In southern Britain, the Bronze Age had ended, alongwith exchangenetworksandpatternsofvotivedepositionthathadmillennia-oldorigins,heraldingchangestoformsofsocialinteractionandconceptsofpersonhoodthatweretofurtherdevelopovertheensuingIronAge.Inbothregionsduringthe8thand7thcenturiesBC,mechanismswererequiredtoassisttheintegrationofnewsocialformsduringthisperiodofupheaval.Inbothcases,feasting,accompaniedwithdeposition,appearstohavecometothecentrestage.Thisseemstohavehelpedsteersocietythroughpoliticalshifts.Theincreasedemphasisonassociating living individualsandthedeadalsoappears tohaveprovidedanothermeans to tiesocietytogetherbylegitimizingnewroles.Whiledevelopmentswerenotalwayssynchronous,andthesocietiesinquestionquitedifferent,anumberofparallelscanbedrawnbetweentheAegeanandsouthernBritainduringthe8thand7thcenturiesBC.OliverDavis(CardiffUniversity):HillfortCommunitiesinEarlyIronAgeEuropeTheIronAgeintemperateEuropeischaracterisedbytheemergenceofhillforts.Whilesuchsitescanbehighlyvariable,theyalsosharemanycommoncharacteristics, implyingcultural linkagesacrossawidegeographicalarea.Yet,theinterpretationofhillfortshasincreasinglyseensignificantdivergenceintheoreticalapproachesindifferentEuropeancountries. Inparticular, IronAgestudiesinBritainhavebecomeincreasinglyseparatedfromthoseadoptedincentralEurope.Thispaperattemptstoaddressthisissuebyanalysingthearchaeologiesoftwoofthebest-knownhillfortsinEurope–Danebury,inWessex,southernEngland,andtheHeuneburg,inBaden-Wurttemberg, south-western Germany. The paper highlights that the two sites possess remarkablysimilaroccupationalsequencesdespitebeingthecreationofverydifferentIronAgesocieties.Thesesynergiesarearguedtobearesultofsimilarresponsestoasharedproblem–howtocreateandsustainalargecommunityofpeople.

Manuel Fernández-Götz (University of Edinburgh): Cut off by the Pyrenees? Some thoughts on Iron AgeresearchintheIberianPeninsulaResearchon IronAge Iberiahas traditionallybeen largely isolated frommainstreamtrends inotherpartsofEurope. As a result, the archaeology of the ‘FarWest’ is underrepresented in international debates on theperiod. This is particularly the case for the central and northern regions, the so-called ‘Celtic’ Iberia. Theexplanation is twofold: the history of research of Iron Age archaeology, which has focused on the CentralEuropeanarchaeologicalculturesofHallstattandLaTènethatwerelargelyabsentintheIberianPeninsula;andthetraditionalisolationofSpanishandPortuguesearchaeology,withonlyalimitedpresenceininternationalforums.Nevertheless, this situationhasbegun tochange thanks to theappearanceofagrowingnumberofpublicationsinEnglish,andtheincreasingparticipationofyoungSpanishscholarsatinternationalconferences.Atthesametime,however,newdividesaresharpeninginsideIberia,mostlybetweenarchaeologistsworkingontheMediterraneanregionsandthoseresearchingthe‘Celtic’areas.Modernadministrativedivisionshavedeepened the divide between archaeologists of different autonomous communities and even provinces,creatingmodernbarriersthathinderourunderstandingofthe1stMillenniumBC.Afterdiscussingthepreviousstateoftheart,thispaperwillpresentanoverviewofthemainchallenges,butalsoopportunities,currentlyarising.MatthewHitchcock(UniversityofManchester):CelticArtinBritainandtheContinent:AnarchivalapproachtounderstandingknowledgeproductionThispaperwillexploretheproductionanddistributionofknowledgeaboutthepast,andtheextenttowhichthisprocessisdictatedandconstrainedbythecircumstancesinwhichweliveandwork.WithafocusontheIronAge,thestudyofCelticArtinBritainwillbecomparedwiththatofcontinentalEurope.ThecreationoftherelatedseminalworksoftwogreatscholarsoftheIronAge,PaulJacobsthalandMartynJope,willactascasestudies,andhavebeenunravelledthroughconsultationwitharchivesoftheirletters,notes,drafts,photographsandsketches.Throughthisarchival‘excavation’,thefactorswhichaffectedthequestionstheyposedabouttheIronAgeinhabitantsofBritainandEurope,andthedifferentwaysinwhichtheywentaboutansweringthem,willbeunravelled.BasedonaMastersdissertationproducedattheUniversityofOxford,thiscasestudywillgotowardhighlightingthesocial,political,economicandpersonalfactorswhichshapeacademicstudiesoflaterEuropeanprehistory.Iarguethatbyusingarchaeologicalarchivestobetterunderstandtheseoftenhiddenprocesses,wecanachieveabetterunderstandingofhowtoreconcilediffering,entrenchedacademictraditionsinEuropeanarchaeology.JamesWhitley(CardiffUniversity):SocietyandPersonhood:Homerin(several)IronAgesHomerremainsanoddlypopularfigurewelloutsidethenarrowfieldoftheAegeanorMediterraneanintheIronAge.VarioussocialmodelsderivedfromEpicpoetry(chieflybutnotexclusivelyHomer)havebeenusedtounderstandavarietyofsocialformsinvariouspartsoftransalpineEuropeinthelastmillenniumBC(notablybyKristianKristiansen).ThesemodelsseemtoderivefromMosesFinley’swork.Thereadinesstouse‘Homeric’modelsinthispartoftheworldcontrastsoddlywiththearchaeologicalconsensusintheAegeanworld.Thoughthenotionof‘HomericSociety’haslongbeenusedasaconvenientshorthandtodescribethesocialorderoftheEarlyIronAgeintheAegean(pre700BC)itsuseevenwithinapurelyAegeancontextismuchmorepopularwithancienthistoriansthanwitharchaeologists.Thenotionofasociallyhomogeneous,Aegean-wide‘society’sitsuncomfortablywiththeextremematerialandregionaldiversityoftheAegeanworldfromthetenthtoeighthcenturies BC. Prehistoriansworking in transalpine Europehavebeenoddly unconcernedwith theproblemsraisedbyAegeanIronAgespecialists.

Thispaperarguesthatwecannottalkusefullyabout‘Homericsociety’eitherintheAegeanoranywhereelse.But we can usefully talk about Homeric notions of the self and of personhood, and thesemay indeed beapplicablemorewidelytotheEuropeanaswellastheAegeanworld.

StuffandNonsense?TheoryandMedievalMaterialCultureRoom:3.62Organisers:AliceForward(CardiffUniversity)andBenJervis(CardiffUniversity)Tenyearsago,theSocietyforMedievalArchaeologysoughttotacklethedifficultrelationshipbetweenMedievalarchaeologyandarchaeologicaltheorywithaseriesofsessionsatTAGinYorkandSouthampton.Thissessionwillreflectupontheimpactofthisinitiative,toquestionwhetherweareanyclosertodevelopingtheoreticallyinformed,innovativeandchallengingapproachestothearchaeologyoftheMedievalWorld.Inthistimesomeofthemostrevolutionaryworkhasbeenundertakeninthefieldofmaterialculturestudies,fromthestudyofbrooches(Martin2013)totheanalysisofpotteryandHanseaticidentities(Gaimster2014;Naum2013;2014).Despitethis,withnotableexceptions(JervisandKyle2012;CumberpatchandBlinkhorn2014)MedievalmaterialculturestudieshavebeenpoorlyrepresentedatTAG.Thissessionseekstoreflectuponhowfarwehavecomeand explore the directions that futureworkmight take, tomoveMedievalmaterial culture studies from adisciplinelargelyconcernedwithdescriptionandcharacterisationtoonewhichhelpsustounderstandwhatitwastobeMedieval.Contributionsarewelcomewhichaddressthematerialcultureofanyregionortimeperiodwithin the Medieval period (broadly conceived), and contributions which explore material culture in aninternationalperspectiveareparticularlywelcome.Themesmayinclude,butneednotbelimitedto:

• Theapplicationofnewtheoreticalorontologicalapproachestomaterialculture.• Therelationshipbetweenarchaeologicalobjectsandtext.• ThecontributionthatmaterialcultureanalysiscanmaketobroaderquestionsinMedievalstudies.• The contribution thatMedievalmaterial culture studies canmake to archaeological theorymore

generally.

ChrisCumberpatch:Downandout inDurhamandCardiff:People,potsandstructure inMedievalceramicstudiesInthispapertheauthorwillreflect,somewhatselectively,ontheoreticalapproaches(orthelackthereof)toMedievalandlaterpotterysincetheearly(Durham1993,Bradford1994,Bournemouth1997)andmorerecent(Sheffield2005)TAGsessionsdevotedtoapproachestomaterialculture.Istherestillaneedfor,andaninterestin,theoreticalandinterpretativeapproachestoceramicsoraresuchapproachesdoomedtoremainaminorityconcern,thepreserveofafewageingradicalsandirritableoldfogeys?Isittimetositbackandletcomputeralgorithmsidentify,classifyanddateourpotterywhilearchivesareconvenientlydisposedofinlandfillsitestosavevaluableshelfspaceinthoselocalandregionalmuseumswhichhavesurvivedthehostilityofpoliticiansand the incomprehensionof themanagerial elite?Whyare sherdweights and counts considered tobe thelegitimate outcome of ceramic analysis while accounts of structure and practice are not? Should we beconcernedwiththemakersandusersofpotteryorcanwesafelyleavetheirshadowswandering,lostinthefogofagency?Someoftheseissueswillberaisedinthispaper.Otherswillnot.AliceForward(CardiffUniversity):CreatingCommunitiesandaSenseofPlaceinMedievalSouthWales?FourramaquamanilesfromSouthGlamorganDuring the past 35 year a group of ram aquamaniles has been discovered on fourmanorial sites in SouthGlamorgan,Wales.Theseobjectsaregenerallyfoundinassociationwithmanorialandecclesiasticalsettlementsandarezoomorphicinformwithrams,lions,andhorseandridersbeingthemostcommonlyfoundfigures.The

datefortheseobjects,13thcentury,isrelativelynarrowincomparisontootherMedievalceramicforms.Whilstnotunusualvessels,theyarenotalwayspartofaregion’sceramicrepertoire.ThispaperwilllookatthecontextforeachofthefoursouthGlamorganrams,takingintoconsiderationthelocalceramictraditionandthedetailsoftheirdiscovery.Understandinghowtheseobjectsenteredtheirrespectivehouseholdswill be explored using ideas concerning the process of gifting. The aquamanileswill be used toexplorepotentialrelationshipsthatmayhaveexistedbetweenthefourmanorialestates.Inparticular,thesocialandpolitical relationships thatwouldhavebeendeveloped through the12thand13th centuries follow theNormanConquest.Justine Biddle (University of Central Lancashire): Close to Home or Far Away? Exploring identity in earlyMedievalSuffolkWhatdochangesinthematerialexpressionofidentitytellusaboutsocialdynamicsin5thto9thcenturyEasternEngland? Dowider geographic patterns show influences shifting from east towest, or is societal change alocalizedprocess?Thisresearchusescomparativeanalysisofover4,000metalartefactsfromSuffolktounderstandthesepatternsagainstthebackgroundofarapidlychangingpoliticalworld.Theriseofkingdoms,theincreasingimportanceofoverseas connections andmigrations to and fromEurope, and local versusnational economicswill all haveplayedapartininfluencinglocalidentity.IsthisinfluenceequalinallcenturiesoftheearlyMedievalperiodoraretheredifferentdynamicsinplayateachstage?RyanLash (NorthwesternUniversity):TaskscapesofPebblesandPilgrims:Asensoryapproachto ‘natural’stuffinIrishpilgrimagetraditionsIrish pilgrimage traditions are renowned for their engagement with natural features, including islands,mountains,springs,trees,andstones.Ofteninterpretedasaheritageofpre-ChristiananimismoraglossofNewAgeSpiritualism,fewhavequestionedhownaturalstuffstructuredembodiedexperiencesandsocialrelationsintheearlyMedievalperiod(400-1100CE).Newarchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthatpebbles–roughandwater-worn,decoratedandundecorated–playedavitalroleinearlyMedievalritual,justastheydoinsomecontemporarypilgrimagetraditions.Inspiredbytheoriesofmaterialityandsensoryapproachesinarchaeology,IsuggestthatataskscapeanalysiscanilluminatetheMedievalandmodernusesofpebblesand,moregenerally,transformhowscholarsinterpretcontinuitiesoftraditionovermassivetimescales.Interweavingarchaeological,textual,andfolkloricevidence,Iexaminethetaskscapeofhumanandnon-humanactionsthat‘natural’featuresembodyandthesensoryexperiencestheyafforded. Isuggesthowtherendering,gathering,deposition,andcurationofpebblesengagedworshipers’commonsensoryexperiencesofenvironmentalprocesses,butwithvastlydifferentideologicalunderpinningsandsocialconsequencesacrosstime.Applyingnewapproacheswithina long-term perspective, this paper highlights the potential for Medieval archaeology to contribute toanthropologicaltheoriesofculturalmemoryandcontinuity.GemmaWatson(UniversityofReading):LoveSexMagicinMedievalEurope:ThearchaeologicalevidenceLovemagicwasusedforavarietyofpurposesconnectedtolove,sexandreproductionintheMiddleAges.Itwasmostoftenusedtoarouseloveorsexualdesire,ortoimpedeitbycausinghatredor impotence.Itwasoccasionallyusedtopredicttheidentityoffuturespousesandhelporimpedeconceptionofachild.Medievalmagichasbeenstudiedbyhistoriansforsometime,butisanewfieldofenquiryforarchaeologists.Consideringthat theMalleusMaleficarum, the15th-century treatiseonwitchcraft, states that lovemagicwas themostcommonformofwitchcraft,whereisthearchaeologicalevidenceforit?InthispaperIconsiderthisquestionby

reflectingon a typeofmaterial culture thathasbeen largely ignoredby archaeologists –Medieval profanebadges.Theselead-alloybadgesdepictavarietyofsexualthemesandhavebeenfoundacrossNorthernEurope,butareespeciallyprevalentintheLowCountries.Althoughstudiedbyarthistoriansandfolklorists,thepurposeof these badges is still unknown. Are they just rude badges intended to amuse? Or were theyapotropaic/magical? I argue that an archaeological approach that considers their contextual as well asiconographicalmeaningmayprovidefurtherunderstanding.CharlotteHowsam:LateMedievalBooksandtheirFittings:AmaterialculturestudyTherehavebeenvariousapproachesappliedtostudyandunderstandthenatureofthe lateMedievalbook,includinghistorical,palaeographicalandcodicologicalmethods,andyet,traditionally,littleattentionhasbeengiventothebookasaformofmaterialculture,especiallybyarchaeologists.Thispaperwillbrieflydiscussthedifferentapproachesthathavebeenappliedinrecentyearstothestudyofthebook,beforegivingadetailedconsiderationofhowthearchaeologicalinvestigationintolateMedievalbookfittingsexcavatedfromEnglishmonasticsitesoffersaninnovativeapproachtothewiderstudyofthelateMedievalbook.TomovebeyondsimplydefiningthevarioustypesoflateMedievalbookfittings,aninterdisciplinaryapproachcanbeappliedtofurtherunderstandthenatureofthistypeofmaterialculture,includingthebooksonwhichfittingswereused,the influences of different monastic orders, their geographical distribution and the significance of theirdeposition.ItisthepurposeofthispapertodemonstratehowthearchaeologicalinvestigationofbookfittingsprovidesnotonlytheopportunitytostudybookfittingstypologicallybutalsotoplacesuchmaterialcultureintoitswidersocialandculturalcontextswithinlateMedievalsociety.BenJervis(CardiffUniversity)andSarahSemple(DurhamUniversity):TextualWorlds,MaterialWorldsArchaeologistshave longgrappledwith the relationshipbetween text andmaterial culture; shouldmaterialculturebereadastext?OrareMedievaltextsaformofmaterialculture?Drawingonresearchfromarchaeology,historyandliteraturestudies,thispaperexplorestheimplicationsofobjectsandtextsforeachother.Whataretheconsequencesoftextualisationforthings–bybeingwrittenaboutdonewtypesofthingsemerge?Andhowdoes the process of textualisation lead to the emergence of distinctive objectworlds? The paper draws onexamplesfromacrosstheMedievalperiod,withaparticularfocusonwillsandinventories,toexploretheroleoftextsintheemergenceofMedievalobjectworlds.Annika Nordström (Uppsala University): Becoming Urban? Actors and social identity in a MedievalScandinaviantown(c.1100–1300AD)During the last decades there has been a significant change in Scandinavian urban archaeology in terms ofdirection and perspective. The research has turned towards a wider regional and international time-spaceperspectiveandissuesregardingeverydaylife,theindividual,identityandgenderareincreasinglydiscussed.InmyPhDproject IstudyhowaSwedishMedievalsmall town(Nyköping)developedtobecomea livingurbancommunitywithdifferentfunctions,activities,inhabitantsandvisitors,andhowthischangesovertime(c.1100–1500 AD). Qualitative analyses are conducted on a highly resolved source material from two large scaleexcavationsinNyköping,applyingsocialpracticetheoryandstudiesonsocialidentity.InthispaperIwilldiscusshowdifferenttypesofmaterialculture(artefacts,botanicalremainsandstructures)canbeusedtounderstanddifferentaspectsofsocialidentity(inthispaperinregardstoage,genderandclass)onagroupoftraditionallyvoicelessactors–theordinarypeople.Theexamplesmayalsoserveasabasisofdiscussionfortheconceptofbecomingurban,howordinarypeopleusedtheopportunityofanewsettingtonegotiatethe‘urbanwayoflife’.

SavingTime:ConservationasaMeansforPreservingandAdvancingArchaeologicalContextRoom:1.69Organisers:AshleyLingle(CardiffUniversity)andJerrodSeifert(CardiffUniversity)Modern conservation practices and analytical techniques offer an array of information for buildingarchaeological understanding and interpretation. Conservation can be an integral part of archaeologicalpractice,creatinginformedstrategiesforproactiveresearch,andtothisendcanbeusedasatoolforpreservingand furthering archaeological context with appreciable outcomes. Employing experimental methods thatadvancebothrealworldandtheoreticalframeworks,archaeologicalconservatorsareincreasinglybeingutilisedas on-site material scientists, instrumentation authorities, and micro- and macro-excavation specialists. Acontinuingdialoguebetweenconservatorsandarchaeologistsservestofurtheradvancecontextualtheorywhilebalancingthepragmaticneedsofarchaeology.Thissessionlookstoexplorethewaysinwhichconservationcanbenefitarchaeologicalpracticeandprovideinsightbefore,during,andafterexcavations.Wewelcomeproposalsthatinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowingtopics:

• Reflectivepracticewithinarchaeologicalconservation• Digitalpreservationanddocumentation• Innovationsinanalyticalequipmentandtheiruseinthefield• Collaborativeprojectsbetweenconservatorsandarchaeologists

NeilMahrer (JerseyHeritage),Georgia Kelly (JerseyHeritage) andViki LeQuelenec (University of CentralLancashire):TorqueoftheTown:Conservingtheworld’slargestIronAgecoinhoardRecordingmethodsinarchaeologyarecrucialintheconstructionofthefinalarchive,allowingthepreservationandcontinuedanalysisofthearchaeologicalcontext.TheLeCatillonIIprojectusesinnovativerecordingmethodsinthemicro-excavationoftheworld’slargestIronAgecoinhoard.Asixaxismetrologyarmfittedwithscanninglaserandpointprobeheadsproducedbothlaserscansofthehoard’ssurfaceand3Dmapsofcoinandobjectpositionofwithinthehoard.Thesemodelsallowthepreservationoftheoriginalcontextinadigitalformat,whichgivesussignificantscopetousethehoardinnewandinnovativeways.This technology has not only proved to be crucial in the conservation of the hoard but has impacted ourunderstandingofthearchaeologicalcontext.Byconsideringthehoardasamicro-excavationinitself,thedualscanningtechniquesenableustoretaininformationregardingthecontextofeachaspectoftheremovalprocesswhichenablesadeeperunderstandingofthenatureofthehoard’sconstruction.The ability to combine the scans and collection management system, as well as the decision to leave apercentageofcoinsandartefactsuncleanedhasprovidedabackdropforfutureresearch.KarlaGraham(HistoricEngland):UsingInvestigativeConservationtoUnderstandRomanBurialPracticeontheNorthernFrontierWhenaRomancremationurnfromBirdoswald,afortonHadrian’sWall,wasroutinelyX-rayed,weexpectedtofindasmallamountofcrematedboneinsideandbuildourunderstandingoftheconditionoftheceramicurn.Thiswasthecasewithotherurnsfromthesite.Whatwastotallyunexpectedwastoseeacomplexassemblage

of predominantlymetal objects under the crematedbone. The assemblage comprises amass of chainmailwrappedaroundorcorrodedontoatleast10othermetalandinorganicartefacts.Thispaperwillpresenttheconservationworkthathasallowedustounlocktheevidencecontainedwithintheurn; howwe have had to adapt our normal approaches of study; and howwe havemanaged the varyingdemands.Itwillpresenthowourthinkinghasevolvedduringtheprojectbothintermsofthemeaningofthecontentsbuttherelativevalueofthecontentsandhowtheyshouldbestudiedandpreserved.Whilst conservationhasbeenat the coreof theproject, the keyhasbeenworking closelywith theprojectarchaeologists;findsspecialists;environmentalandmaterialscientistsandillustrators.Thishasenabledustorespondtotheneedsofeachspecialistwhowereunabletoaccessindividualartefactsorecofactsburiedwithinthemassofchainmail.Thepaperwillpresentthedigitalrecordingmethodsusedtovisualiseandrecordthecontents as well as the analytical methods used to characterise the contents; understand the process ofdeposition;andultimatelyburialpracticeattheNorthernlimitoftheRomanEmpire.GesualdoBusacca(StanfordUniversity):ThepaintingsfromNeolithicÇatalhöyükandtheDelicateBalanceBetweenArchaeologicalResearchandConservationConserving prehistoric architectural paintings presents a number of challenges. On the one hand, theirconsolidation ismadedifficultby the fragilityand fastdecayof theirearthensupportsonceexposedduringarchaeological excavation. On the other hand, paintings often show complex sequences of superimposedplasteringandpaintingevents,demandingadelicatenegotiationbetweentheneedsofconservationandthoseofarchaeologicalresearch.Whiletheconsolidationofpaintedplastersenhancesthedurabilityofthephysicalobjectsthereforeenablingtheirpresentationtothepublic,italso‘freezes’paintingsatonemomentintime,rendering static and durable something that is archaeologically understood as highly dynamic and ever-changing.ThispaperdiscusseswaysofbalancingresearchandconservationinarchaeologicalpracticewithafocusonthearchitecturalpaintingsfromtheNeolithicsiteofÇatalhöyük(Turkey).Inparticular,itwilldiscussmethods of archaeological research that enable investigation of the complex morphology and temporaltransformationofthepaintingswhileminimizingthedestructiveimpactoftraditionalarchaeologicalmethods.A major focus of this paper will be on block plaster sampling, small-scale targeted excavation, and digitalmethodssuchas3DmodellingandReflectanceTransformationImaging.J. Cowey, L.Gutierrez,A.Monreal,M.D.Murillo, Y.AlAli andA.Mahmoud (ArtfixConservation&DubaiMunicipality):ConservationofSaruqAlHadid(UAE):ObjectsasaKeyforArchaeologicalInterpretationTheaimofthispaperistohighlighttherelevanceoftheConservatortothearchaeologicalprocess,fromtheexcavationofanartefacttoitsinterpretation.AtSaruqalHadid,anIronAgesiteintheUnitedArabEmirates,conservationhascontributedtothedecadesofarchaeologicalexcavationandstudywhichhasrevealedtensofthousandsofobjectsincludingcopperalloyaxes,arrowheads,knives,incenseburners,bowls,andironswords.Duetothespecificburialconditionsofthesiteandtheresultingcorrosionprocesses,thesurfacesofthemetalartefactsarealmostcompletelyobscuredbycarbonatesandcorrosionproducts.Theconservationteamhaschosentoapplyaminimalinterventionapproachusingappropriatecleaningtechniques,informedbytheresultsofpreviousanalysis.This approach has allowed conservators to reveal decoration and which was not previously detected byarchaeologistsor investigativetechniques. Inadditiontodecoration,ArtfixConservation’sworkhasrevealedevidenceofmanufacturingprocesses,repairsandevenpossibleintentionaldestruction.

Thispaperwilldemonstratehowhoursofmeticulousconservationhasrevealedevidenceofobjectswhichhavebeen burnt, pierced, hammered, bent, and repaired. This information could influence the archaeologicalinterpretationofanobject,acontext,oreventheentiresite.NatalijaĆosić (Central Institute forConservation inBelgrade):ArticulatingDiscovery: Experience from theNeolithicsiteofDrenovacAsarguedbyMattEdgeworth,amongmany,theexcavationiswherearchaeologistcomesintodirectphysicalcontactwithunfoldingmaterialevidencethathaspowertoquestionandchangeideasaboutthepastandhowweperceiveitinpresent.Asdiscipline,archaeologyisintheheartofinterplaybetweenthosetwoworlds,sinceitproducesknowledgeaboutthepastwiththeauthoritythatnoneotherdisciplineshas.This multilayered relationship is inevitably closely connected to conservation practices that simultaneouslyshape and determine the final image of the past. Therefore,material remains, site structures and findings,throughconservationactivities,oughttojustifyand‘fix’appliedconceptsandmodelsaboutwhathappenedindistant time. But different disciplinary histories and configurations led to different understandings ofrelationship and role of archaeology and conservation, consequently diverse perceptions of presentationapproachesandauthenticitymatter.Drawingonthewiderangeexperiencesofethnographyofarchaeologicalandconservationpractice,thispaperdescribeshowarchaeologicaldiscovery isbeingarticulatedduringthesite investigationprocess.Specifically,this research aims to shed light on intertwined practices of archaeology and conservation and how theyinfluenceinterpretationimaginingonNeolithicsiteDrenovacinSerbia.WilliamTregaskes:LosingContext:Doescontextchangeimpactourphenomenologicalexperienceandabilitytocreateagency?Howdoesthecontextofculturalheritageaffectourperceptionofheritagetoday?Doesachangeofcontextfundamentallychangeourphenomenologicalexperience,ourabilitytoformaconnectionwiththemonument?Takeforexamplestonemonuments,foundacrosstheUnitedKingdomfromStonehengetotheCenotaph,theyhold a unique place in society. They are focal points where people have and will come together (e.g.RemembranceSunday).Wecreateagencywiththesemonuments,theyreflectourhumanidentity.Contextiskeytothesemonuments;thelandscapesettingisakeycomponentoftheircontext.Manystonemonumentsarehoweveratrisk;fromenvironmentalexposure,vandalismandsocialchanges(e.g.theclosureofchurches).Asaresult,somemonumentsareplacedinprotectiveenvironments,museumgalleriesandstorage.Isthisremovalfromthehistoricallandscape,breakingdownthecontext?Isitaffectinghowthepublicviewourheritagetoday?Istherealossofconnectionbetweenourheritageandthepublic?Arewe,aswetrytopreservethephysicalmonument,causingthesystematicdecayoftheintangible?Doweneedmoreinformedconversationsandco-operationbetweenarchaeologistsandconservatorstopreserveourintangibleandtangibleheritage?EricNordgren(HistoricEngland)andAshleyLingle(CardiffUniversity):3DDigitalDocumentationinArchaeologicalConservation:Revolutionorevolution?Hardwareandsoftwareforrapid3Ddigitalimagingusingtechniquessuchasphotogrammetry,laserandwhitelightscanninghaverecentlybecomemoreaccessiblethaneverbefore,leadingtoincreasingadoptionofthesetechniquesasstandardpracticeinbotharchaeologicalandconservationrecording.Thebenefitsof3Dmodellingfor visualization, dissemination and outreach are often cited. How can these techniques be applied to

significantly enrich information on objects and sites gathered by conservators, and how can conservationperspectivesondigital3Drecordingaddtoarchaeologicaldatasets?

Tuesday19thDecember(PM)WhydoUndergraduatesHateArchaeological Theory? ImprovingStudentExperiencesofLearningTheoryRoom:2.03Organisers:PennyBickle(UniversityofYork),BenjaminGearey(UniversityCollegeCork)andEmilieSibbesson(ChristChurchCanterburyUniversity)TheQAABenchmarking Statement for Archaeology states that ‘the vitality of theoretical debatewithin thesubject isoneof its intellectualattractionsasanHEsubject’.Yet,anecdotally, the ‘theorymodule’ tends toreceivepoorstudentfeedback,andamongacademicstaff it iswidelythoughtofasachallengingmoduletoteach.Thissessioninvitesspeakerswhoconsiderthechallengesofteachingandlearningarchaeologicaltheoryinauniversitysetting.Topicsmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

• Whyisthereadisconnectbetweenstaffappreciationthat‘theory’isanintrinsicpartofoursubjectandstudents’exasperationwiththetheorymodule?

• Doesstudentengagementdifferbetweenthetheorymoduleandothermodules?Why?Howcanweenhanceengagement?

• Examplesofsuccessful(ornot)pedagogicapproaches• Whatdostudents‘get’fromthemodule?Dotheyapplytheknowledge/skillslateron(inothermodules,

aspostgraduates,inlife)?Ifnot,what’sthepoint?• Experiencesof‘learningtheory’fromrecentgraduates(andcurrentundergraduates!);whatworksand

whatdoesn’t?• Shouldarchaeologicaltheorybecompulsoryforundergraduates?Iftheorypermeateseverythingwe

do as archaeologists, is it not embedded within other modules anyway? Is it time to abolish thededicatedtheorymodule?

The session is intended to help gaugewhether there is appetite for a network and/or collection of sharedresourcesforlecturerswhoteacharchaeologicaltheory.Catherine J. Frieman (Australian National University): Building a Community in the Theory Classroom inAustraliaPriorto2013,noonehadregularlytaughtarchaeologicaltheoryattheAustralianNationalUniversity.Specificideascertainlyemerged insomeclasses,but theory isnotwidelystudied inAustraliaand ithadnotbeenapriorityoftheundergraduatedegreeuntilIwashired.InthispaperIwillreflectontheprocessofdesigningatheory class for Australian undergraduates, and how I used the concepts of cooperation, collaboration andcommunitybuilding tostructure it.Asweall know,gettingstudents to tanglewithdifficult ideas isamajorchallenge;but,basedonmyexperiencesteachingtheoryDownUnder,Iwouldarguethatalittlecreativityanda willingness to expose your own vulnerabilities goes a long way. Not only have students responded withuniversallypositivereviewstomytheorymodule,theworkIhavedonetodevelopthismodulehasfed intoconversationswithmycolleagues,resultinginmoretheoreticallyinformedteachingacrosstheboardatANU.

HannahCobb(UniversityofManchester)andKarinaCroucher(UniversityofBradford):AssemblingTheory:Teaching,learningandembeddingarchaeologicaltheoryWhileithastraditionallybeenthecasethatarchaeologicaltheorycanbeunpopularwithstudents,weargue,basedonourexperiencesofteachingattheUniversitiesofBradfordandManchester,andfromworkwiththeHigherEducationAcademyandontrainingexcavations,that itdoesn'tneedtobe.Applyinggoodpedagogicpracticeandahealthyenthusiasmwillgoalongway.Wealsoadvocatetakinganassemblagetheoryapproach,recognisingtheconnectednessandimportanceofthestudentexperience.Wearguethattheorycan,andshouldbeenjoyabletoteachandlearn,andisafundamental,compulsorypartofanarchaeologicaleducation.BenjaminJennings(UniversityofBradford):WhydoUndergraduatesHateArchaeologicalTheory?Isitonlythestudents…?TheteachingofarchaeologicaltheoryhasbeenthecentreofdiscussionatseveralEAAconferencesinrecentyears,oftenwithlimitedacademicengagement.ReturningtothespiritualhomeofTAGoffersanopportunitytoredefinetheroleofarchaeologicaltheorywithinthediscipline.Inaneraofdecliningstudents,evermore‘streamlined’academicprogrammes,restrictedresearchfunding,andcommercialfieldworkfocusofgraduates,is the need for dedicatedmodules on theoretical archaeology still there? A survey of UK based universityarchaeologydepartmentalstaffandfocussedrecentgraduatesandcurrentstudentspermitstheanalysisofbothstudentandacademicapproachestotherelevanceof ‘theoreticalarchaeology’modules,andthebenefit(orlack of?) their inclusionwithin an archaeological degree programme.Howare these approaches and topicsperceivedwithintheworldofcommercialarchaeology,bybothstudentsandemployers?Thepaperaimstoexplore current trends in the teachingofarchaeological theory, andperspectives frompotentialemployers,currentstudents,andrecentgraduates.MargeKonsa(UniversityofTartu):ApplicationofStudent-centredTeachinginLearningTheoryTeacher’sguidebooksmakeonebelievethatwiththesuitablemethodyoucanteachanything.However,findingtherightmethodforasubjectasdifficultasarchaeologicaltheorycanbeverychallenging.Iamakeenadvocateofactivelearningmethodswithgoodexperienceusingthemtoteacharchaeologicaltheoryforgraduate(MA)students.RecentlyIbegantoteachtheoryatundergraduatelevelanditsoonbecameclearthatmypreviouslyusedmethodsarenotsoeffectiveanymore.Thisispartlybecauseofthebigdifferencesintheundergraduates’backgroundknowledge,learningskills,andmotivation.Itseemedthatastudent-centredapproachinteachingcouldhavebeenagoodsolutionbecauseittakesintoaccountthestudent’s individualityandpromotesself-directedlearning.Thisgivesstudentsgreaterfreedomofchoicebutalsoresponsibilityfortheirownlearningprocess.InthepaperIwillintroducemyapplicationofstudent-centredteachingmethodandstudentfeedback.DanielMartinsdaSilvaRodriguesdeCarvalho(UniversidadedeLisboa):Theory?NoThanks.AnapproachtotheissuesofArchaeologicalTheoryinscientificdiscourse.ThePortuguesecaseThisworkintendstofindthemainissuesofarchaeologicaltheorythroughoutthehistoryofthedisciplineinPortugal.Withtheanalysisofvariousauthors,notablebytheircontributiontothePortuguesearchaeology,itisarguedthattheissuespresentedpossessacumulativenature,allofthemcondensedinthepresent.Whenthetime comes for evaluating if theory should bemaintained as amodule to be taught, the discussion of thiscomponents become imperative, either for understanding its present status or to know the path that hadtraversed. This presentation provides one brief insight into the history of Portuguese archaeology, itsstakeholdersandtheiropinionsaboutarchaeologicaltheory.

SophieJorgensen-Rideout(UniversiteitLeiden)andIsobelWisher(UniversityofYork):ArchaeologicalTheory:TheMarmitemodule?Archaeologicaltheorymodulesfrequentlyreceivemixedfeedbackfromundergraduatestudents.Somestudentsrelish thenotionofunderstandingdifferent theoretical frameworkswithinarchaeology,and toothers therecouldnotbealessappealingthought.Consequently,thisbafflesbothkeentheoretically-mindedstudentsanddepartmentalstaffalike,resultinginthecontinuousrevisionofarchaeologicaltheorymodulesinanattempttoappealtothemajorityofthecohort.Thedisconnectbetweenundergraduatestudentsandtheoryisanissuefacedbymostarchaeologydepartments,whichseemstohavenoapparentresolution.Astworecentgraduateswhoenjoyand frequentlyutilise theory inour research,weaim toprovidea freshperspective to this issuethroughevaluatingourownexperienceswitharchaeologicaltheory.Ourenthusiasmfortheorythroughoutourundergraduatedegreeprovidesausefulcasestudytounderstandthefactorswhichbenefittedoureducationofthistopic,whilstalsoprovidinganinsightintothefactorswhichmayhavedeterredourfellowstudents.Thisresearchwillthereforeanalyticallyreviewourownengagementwiththeory,evaluatepotentialfactorswhichdeterstudentsfromengagingwiththeory,anddiscusswhetherthe lackofundergraduateengagementwiththeoryrepresentsadeeperdisconnectbetweentheoryandpracticewithinthediscipline.PennyBickle(UniversityofYork):EmbeddingDebateFromtheBeginning:TeachingtheoryinYear1AlthoughtheArchaeologicaltheoryisregardedasanessentialpartoftheundergraduateArchaeologydegree,the‘theory’moduleisoftenlefttothesecondorthirdyears.Rather,thehistoryofthedisciplineiscommonlytaughtinthefirstyear,actingasanintroductiontotheoryanditplacewithinArchaeology.Incontrast,Yorkhaschosentoembedtheorywithinthehistoryofthediscipline,inafirstyearmodule.Thispaperwillexplorethepedagogy behind this decision and raises two areas for debate; (1) the relationship between teaching thenarrative of disciplinary development and presenting different theoretical approaches; and (2)whetherweshouldthinkcarefullyaboutthepointatwhichtheoryistaughtasadistinctmodulewithprogrammes.Finally,thepaperasksisthedisciplinaryunderstandingofthenatureof‘theory’changing,andisthatfeedingintotheteachingoftheoryinHigherEducation?JulianThomas(UniversityofManchester):UndergraduatesDon’tHateTheory:ReflectionsonthreedecadesofteachingarchaeologicaltheoryAlthough‘thetheorymodule’issometimesviewedwithtrepidationbystudents,myexperienceofteachingacoursecalled‘TheoryandPhilosophyofArchaeology’(orsomethingsimilar)atthreedifferentinstitutionshasbeenoverwhelminglypositive.Theprocesshascertainlybeenoneoftrialanderror,andinthiscontributionIwilloutlinewhathasandhasn’tworkedforme,andwellasindicatingwhatIhavehopedtoachieveinteachingthecourse.

DykesThroughTimeRoom3.62Organiser:HowardWilliamsInstarkcontrasttoRomanarchaeologyanddespitetheirmagnitude,linearearthworkshavebeenmarginalisedininvestigationsoftheEarlyMiddleAges(c.AD400–1100).Forexample,amongthe52chaptersinTheOxfordHandbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Hamerow, Hinton and Crawford (eds), OUP, 2011),Offa’s Dyke ismentionedonlytwice,Wat’sDykeonce,whileothersignificantlinearearthworkssuchasEastWansdykereceivenomention. Not only have earlyMedieval settlement, burial andmaterial culture studies side-lined linearearthworksinrecentdecades,dykesareevenperipheralamongmostrecentinvestigationsofearlyMedievalterritorialorganisation,warfareandlandscape.Withonlyafewnotableexceptions,thisconstitutesacollective‘forgetting’ofearlyhistoriclinearearthworksasfociforarchaeologicalandinterdisciplinaryearlyMedievalresearch.Thissituationisparadoxicalgiventhelong-termambitionstoconserveandmanagelinearearthworksandtheheritagesuccesswhichconstitutestheincorporationofoneintoahigh-profileNationalTrailsincethe1970s:theOffa’sDykePath.Thisisalsoaneerieacademic silence given the recent high-profile political debates on migrations, ethnicity, frontiers andnationhood (fromDevolution to Indyref and Brexit) intowhich earlyMedieval dykes have been repeatedlymobilised.ThissessionaimstofosternewapproachesandinvestigationsofearlyMedievallinearearthworks,theorisingtheirsignificanceinthepastandthepresent.Thefocusinparticularisuponthetemporalitiesandmaterialitiesof early Medieval linear earthworks as monuments operating to perform a series of complex space-timelandscape dynamics. Incorporating new perspectives on historical, archaeological, literary and place-nameevidence,thesessioninvitescontributionstoaddressoneormoreofthefollowingthemesrelatingto linearearthworks as boundaries, components of frontier zones, and elements of broader political and culturalgeographiesintheEarlyMiddleAges:

• datingdykes;• theorisingbeyonddefenceanddisplay;• reinterpretingconstructionandmateriality;• rethinkinglandscapecontextsanddynamics;• evaluatinglife-historiesfromPrehistorytothepresent;• critiquingheritageconservation,managementandinterpretation;• usesandabusesincontemporarycultureandpolitics.

MarkBell:BringingtheDykesintothe21stCentury:Howdidwegethere?Thispaperexploreshowthedykeswerefirstbroughttogetherasacoherentgroupofmonumentsbetweenthe1920sandthe1950sandhowtheyfittedneatlyintotheprevailingideasaboutenvironmentandsociety.Manyoftheinterpretationsofhowdykesworkedinthelandscapeeitherconsciouslyorunconsciouslyreflectedtheturmoil of the period. By the 1960s and 1970s, after a huge upheaval in our understanding of society andenvironment,thedykesdidnotfitsoneatlyintothenewpictureofpost-RomanBritain.Therelativeneglectofthedykesinthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturyhasleftthedykesstrandedoutonaconceptuallimb.Modernwritingsaboutthedykessometimesseemstrangelyoldfashionedastheyfollowmodelsfirstsetinthe1950s.If thedykesare tobebrought into the21st century then then theold interpretationsneed tobe rigorouslyquestionedandevenbasicideassuchastheextentofparticulardykesneedtobelookedatagaininthelightofnewevidence.

RichardMortimer(OxfordArchaeology):TheEarlyIronAgeOriginsoftheCambridgeshireDykesDespite a long history of excavation and academic research no clear date (beyond ‘post-Roman’) has beenproduced for the construction of themonumental phases of the four Cambridgeshire ‘Anglo-Saxon’ Dykes.However, recent work along the westernmost of these, the Bran Ditch, has dated the initial phase ofconstructiontotheEarlyIronAge.Threeparallelditches,onthesamealignmentastheBranDitch,weredatedtotheEarlyIronAgethroughceramics,radiocarbonandstratigraphic/spatialrelationships.Twotriple-ditchedalignmentsarealreadyknownfurtherwest,onealreadydatedtotheMiddleIronAge.Theseearlyalignmentsmayhavefunctionedasbothterritorialboundaries,crossingtheIcknield/Ashwellbelt,andasroutewaysattheedgesoftheseterritories–bothlong-distanceandbetweenuplandandlowlandpasture.Twonewtriple-ditchalignmentshavebeenrecordedinthegapsbetweenthemonumental‘Saxon’Dykes,furthertyingthemintotheIronAgeboundariestothewest.AndrewSeaman(CanterburyChristChurchUniversity):LlywarchHen’sDykeandtheRoyalEstateatLlan-gors:DefiningspaceandpowerinEarlyMedievalWalesClaudLyuarchhen(LlywarchHen’sdyke)isnamedintheboundaryclauseofanearlyMedievalchartercontainedinthetwelfthcenturyBookofLlandaff.ThechartergrantsanestateatLlan-gors(Brycheiniog),andpurportstohavebeenmadeaKingAwstandhissonsintheearly-tomid-eighthcentury.Theplace-nameisaclearreferencetotheLlywarchHenofWelshpoetictradition,andacasehasbeenmadeforthepoemshavingbeenwrittenatLlan-gorssometimebetweentheeighthandtenthcentury(Sims-Williams1993).Thedykecanbeidentifiedonthegroundasapenclawdd(head-dyke);alandboundarythatseparatedlowlandinfieldfromtheunencloseduplandpastures.Thus,whilstthedykewasaprominentfeatureinthelandscapeitisunlikelytohaveservedasadefensiveearthwork.Nevertheless,itcanbearguedthatLlywarchHen’sdykewasmorethanjustaconvenientfeature with which to define an estate. Rather, the earthwork and the oral traditions associated with itperformedadidacticrolethatreinforcedknowledgeofthephysicalextentoftheestateandofthestatusandpowerofthosewhoheldit.DriesTys(VrijeUniversiteitBrussel):DykesasIdeologicalMarkers:EmbankmentandstateformationinthesaltmarshesofFlandersThefirstembankmentsincoastalFlanderswereinitiatedbytheearlyCountsofFlanders(familyofthedynastyofWessex).Theymadethechoicetoembankthesaltmarshes,whichnotonlymarkedanewperceptionofandstrategytowardstheenvironment,butalsotheemergenceofimpressivecomitalestates.Thesedykeswheresomuchmorethandefensivefunctionalelementsagainstthetides,theyalsoactedassocialandpoliticalmarkers,throughwhichthecounts'administrationinteractedwithothersocialgroupsincoastalFlanders(thesocalledMaritimiFlandrenses).Theyembodiednewpower,andnewwaysoflife,andwereassuchimportantsymbolsofearlystateformationbythepowerfuldynastyoftheCountsofFlanders.MelanieLeggatt(UniversityofBirmingham):UnderstandingPeripheries:Power,performanceandplaceinthewestofMerciaAs the twenty-first century plays out our need to understand borders and contested spaces continues toincrease.Whatpartcanarchaeologyplayinenhancingourunderstandingoftheseenvironments?How,duringtheir apogee, do Mercian attempts to manage their western borders mirror and inform our responses tocontemporarycontestedspaces?WhatoftheBritishresponsestotheseactsofhegemony?Howdopopulationsfindawaytofunctioninandaroundborders?

Theoreticalandmethodologicaldevelopmentsoverthelastthreedecadeshaverevolutionisedtheconceptualframeworkstowhicharchaeologicalresearchershaveaccess.Asthefieldsofbothlandscapeandborderstudiescontinue to embrace analyses with a temporal element into their mainstream archaeologists have anopportunitytodrawonandcontributetowideracademicdebatesoncontestedspaces.Typifiedbyincreasedscholarlyinterestinquestionsrelatingtospaceandplaceandsupportedbynewdatasetsandincreasinglypowerfulcomputationaltoolkits,theseadvancespromisenewandfruitfulavenuesofenquiry.ThisprojectcombinesresearchstrandsbornoutoftheinterdisciplinarySpatialTurnparadigmshift,psychology,landscapeandborderstudiestoundertakeanarchaeologicalstudyofthelong-standingcontestedenvironmentoftheAnglo-WelshborderintheearlyMedievalperiod.AndrewFleming:Offa’sDykeandtheCheshireCatSyndrome:InterrogatingdykesandroutewaysLinear earthworks are about nothing if notmovement through landscape; froma landscape archaeologist’sviewpoint,longearthworksandlong-distanceroutewayshavecertainsimilarities,notleastintermsofscaleand‘behaviour’.Especiallywhereneighbouringpolitieswererelativelylargeandethnicallydifferent,‘frontierworks’musthavebeenrelated to,andcomplementedby,aneffectivesystemof routeways/roadsandsurveillancepoints.Theseissuesarediscussedinrelationtoawell-knownconundrum:howdoweinterpretthebehaviourofOffa’sDykeinHerefordshire,whereitapparentlybecomes‘hyphenated’andthendisappearsaltogether?Inthisarea,theDyke’selusivecharactermayhelpustodevelop insights intothenatureoftheearlyMedieval‘frontierzone’.PaulBelford(Clwyd-PowysArchaeologicalTurst):Offa’sDykeandtheCreationoftheWelshMarchMostresearchonOffa’sDykehasfocussedonthepolitical,socialandlandscapecontextsofthetimeinwhichitispresumedtohavebeenbuilt,namelythelate-eighthcentury.However,workonOffa’sDyke–andindeedotherMedievallinearearthworks–hasentirelyignoredtheincreasinglywell-developedtheoreticalperspectivesinthefieldofcontemporaryborderstudies.Hereithasbeenarguedthatbordersandbordermonumentsshouldbeviewedlessasmarkersofdivisionandmoreasmechanismsofconnectivityandencounter;bordersareliminalspaces,providingmeansofpassageandfacilitatingthecreationofcross-bordernetworks.Borders–whetherrealorimagined–createa‘borderland’:anareawhichisadministrativelyandpoliticallyconnectedtoonepolity,butwhichcomesunderstrongeconomic,culturalanddemographicinfluencesfromanother.ThispaperlooksafreshatOffa’sDykefromthesetheoreticalperspectivesandarguesthattheconstructionoftheDykewaspartofadeliberateprogrammetocreatesucha‘borderland’landscape.IntheeventthisdidnotbenefitthekingdomofMercia,butitdidgenerateadistinctiveculturalandphysicallandscapewhichinfluencedpoliticalandsocialchangeforthenextthousandyears.DarrellJ.Rohl(CanterburyChristChurchUniversity):TheVallumAntonini,Grymisdyke,andtheAntonineWallTheAntonineWall is theremainsof imperialRome’snorth-west frontier incentralScotlandandpartof themulti-national Frontiers of the Roman EmpireUNESCOWorldHeritage Site. Although theWall has a lowerpopularprofilethanitscounterpartsinEnglandandGermany,ithasneverthelessbeentheobjectofsignificantstudy,witharesearchtraditionthathasresultedinanumberofsyntheses.Thesefocusonitsinitialperiodofconstruction,functionaloperation,andabandonment,aswellastheuniquecharacteristicsthatmake it ‘themostcomplexandhighlydevelopedofallfrontiersconstructedbytheRomanarmy.’This paper looks beyond the period and themes that have characterised theWall’s research tradition, andsituatesitwithinrecentdiscourseontheafterlifeoffrontiers:anagendathathasbeenparticularlypursuedfor

Hadrian’sWall. It is argued that traditional research artificially elides time between the present ofmoderninvestigationandthepastoftheRomanperiod, leavingtheinterveningpost-Romancenturiescomparativelyunexploredandabsentfromacademicdiscourseandpublicpresentationsofcontemporarysignificance.AnewdiachronicframeworkisproposedthataccommodatesbothtraditionalRomanfrontierconcernsandemergentthemesfromnewinvestigationoftheWall’swiderbiography.PassageofTimeandDynamicsofPracticeRoom:1.69Organiser:PeterS.Wells(UniversityofMinnesota)Incontextswithexceptionallygoodchronologicalcontrols,wecanexaminechangesinthewaysthatpracticesandbehaviourswereperformed,enablingustoexamineprocessesofculturalchangeatmuchfinerscalesthanisusuallypossible.Changes inthewaysthatfuneraryritualswereperformed, inthewaysthatobjectsweredeposited,andinthewaysthatbuildingswereconstructed,forexample,caninsomecasesbeexamineddecadebydecadeorgenerationbygeneration.Suchanalysiswithtightchronologicalcontrolsallowsustogetmuchcloser to details in theprocesses of change fromoneperformance to thenext, providingunusually preciseopportunitiestoexaminedetailsofchangeinpracticeandbehaviour.Possibleexamplesincludedistinguishingchangesinthewaysthatburialmoundsweresituatedwithrespecttosettlements,inthewaysthatpotteryandpersonalornamentswerearrangedingravesinacemetery,inthewaysthatmetalobjectsweredepositedinpits,andinthewaysthatweaponswerelaidoutonsanctuarysites.ManuelFernández-Götz(UniversityofEdinburgh):AJourneyThroughGenerations:BiographiesoflivinganddyingattheEarlyIronAgeHeuneburgAftermorethanacenturyofarchaeologicalfieldwork,theEarlyIronAgesettlementandburiallandscapeattheHeuneburg(southwestGermany)offersoneofthebestchronologicalframeworksoftheentireEuropeanIronAge.Changesinhousebuilding,fortificationdesignandburialdepositionscanoftenbeexaminedgenerationbygeneration, allowing the reconstruction of an eventful settlement history. This includes dramatic fires,ideologicalchanges,adoptionofforeigntechnologiesbutalsoaconsiderableamountofresilience.Adoptingabiographical approach, this paperwill examine the dynamic social transformations experienced by the LateHallstattcommunitiesattheHeuneburganditssurroundings.Itwillalsoexplorehowissuesofsocialmemorymighthaveinfluenceddecisionsonthebuiltenvironment,shapinganancestrallandscapeofhighsignificancefortheliving.HelenChittock(OxfordUniversity):CelticArtandIronAge‘Histories’CelticArtobjectshaveplayedcrucialrolesintheconstructionofEuropeanIronAgenarrativessincethe19thcentury.Traditionally,variationsinthestylewereseentorepresentthelineardevelopmentofmotifsovertime.ThiswasusedtobuildrelativechronologiesthattrackedthespreadofCelticArtacrossthewholeofEurope.ThispaperwillapproachCelticArtobjectsfromadifferenttypeoftimescale.RatherthanlookingattheminthecontextofthewholeMiddle-LateIronAgeitwillusenew,detailedevidenceonuse-wear,repairsanddepositionto consider Celtic Art objects in the contexts of the human lives they were involved in. By combining thisevidencewithrecentabsolutedatesforCelticArtobjects(Garrowetal.2009,Jayetal.2012)IhopetobuilduppicturesoftheuseandownershipofCelticArtobjectsduringhumanlifespansand,insomecases,overmultiplegenerations.ThepaperwillrestontheimportanceofthelongbiographiesofsomeCelticArtobjects,andthepotentialsignificancethatvisiblesignsofuse,wearandrepairhadinmaterialisingIronAge‘histories’.

Jody Joy (University of Cambridge):Marking Time: Re-examining the Iron Age hoards from Snettisham,NorfolkTodate,atleast14separatehoardsdatingtothelateIronAgehavebeendiscoveredatKenHillnearthevillageofSnettisham,Norfolk.Thehoardscontainneck-ringsknownastorcsaswellcoins,bracelets,armletsandingots.ManyartefactsaremadefrompreciousmetalanditisoneofthelargestconcentrationsofpreciousmetalknownfromprehistoricEurope.ThehoardshavepreviouslybeendatedtobetweenthelatesecondcenturyBCandthefirstcenturyAD.UsingnewdatingofIronAgecoinageandradiocarbondating,ithasbeenpossibletorefinethisdating.WecannowdividethehoardsintotwogroupswiththemajoritydatingtobetweentheendofthesecondcenturyBCand60BC,withagapindepositioninthelatefirstcenturyBCfollowedbyaseriesoflaterdepositsshowingthesitemaintaineditssignificanceintothefirstcenturyAD.Similarly,radiocarbondatingoforganiccomponentsfromsomeoftheobjects,aswellasdetaileduse-wearexamination,hasshownthatmanywereofconsiderableageatthetimetheyweredeposited.Mostwereprobably20-30yearsoldwhentheywereplacedinthegroundbutothersmayhavebeenbetween50-100yearsoldandonewaspossiblyupto150yearsold.Whencombined,thisinformationallowsustoasknewquestionsconcerningthesiteanditssignificancesuchas,whatwasthefrequencyofdepositionofhoardsatthesiteandhowwasthematerialgatheredandcollected?Katherine M. Erdman (University of Minnesota): Continuity or Coincidence? Interpreting 2,500 years ofdepositsatthesourceoftheDouixTheSourceoftheDouix(Châtillon-sur-Seine,France)hasbeenvisitedbylocalinhabitantsforover2,000years.FibulaerituallydepositedintothespringduringthelateHallstattandearlyLaTèneperiodsarecontemporarytothosefoundatthenearbyprincelycenterofMontLassois,bestknownfortheelaborateburialofthePrincessofVix.LateLaTèneandGallo-Romanperiodcoins,representations,andpersonalornamentationareconcurrentwiththespringsanctuaryphenomenonoccurringacrosstheregion,whichoftenemphasizethehealing,fertility,andthehealthofwomenandchildren.InthelateMedievalperiod,thesiteisfrequentedbyyoungwomenwhodroppinsintothewaterintheirquestforluckinloveandmarriage.Thedepositsfromeachoftheseperiodsseemtohaveaconnectionwithwomendespitebeingseparatedbyhundredsofyears.Isitpossiblethatthisthemeistheresultofacontinuityofideas,oristhisjustcoincidence?ThispaperexploresthearchaeologicalmaterialsfromtheDouixandotherregionalsitestoaddressthisquestion.ChristopherEvans(CambridgeArchaeologicalUnit):RobustSequences:Fillingtime(andtrackingabsurdity)Wheninvestigatinglarge-scalelandscapesthereisanonusonustofullytease-outandarticulatetheirsequencesinordertodosomesmalljusticetothemanyliveslivedoutinthem.Afterreviewingtheresultsofthreesuchprojects,thispaperwillconcentrateononespecificcase–theNorthWestCambridgelands–arguingthat,whensodetailed,insuchaUniversity-fringelocaleresultantlong-termjuxtapositionsinvariablymakestime-in-landseemabsurd.PeterS.Wells(UniversityofMinnesota):Memory,Continuity,andVariabilityinThreeGenerationsofFuneraryRitualPrecisedatingofeventsinfuneraryritualsenablesustoexamineinclosedetailaspectsofritualperformancethatwerepreservedandrepeatedovertime,andaspectsthatwerealtered.Sixrichlyoutfittedburialsatthelatesixth-earlyfifthcenturyBCcenteroftheHohenasperginsouthwestGermanycanbedatedtoapproximately525,510,500,500,480,and440BC.Muchabouttheritualsperformedinthecreationandoutfittingofthesixburialsover thecourseof the85years is consistent throughout the threegenerations.But some importantdetails changed over time. The consistent practices in the performances of the funerary rituals show thatmemoriesoftheperformancesofpastburialsplayedmajorrolesinthestructuringofperformancesforlater

ceremonies.Butchangingsocialandpoliticalcircumstancesintheculturallandscapebetweentheearliestandthelatestburialsarereflectedinchangesinthecontentofperformances,inthechoicesofobjectsplacedinthegraves,andinthewaysinwhichthoseobjectswerearranged.ExaminingthechangesgenerationbygenerationenablesustogetmuchclosertounderstandingthecharacterofthesocialandpoliticalchangesthatweretakingplaceinEuropeduringthisdynamictime.

Wednesday20thDecember(AllDaySessions)ParsingPosthumanismRoom:2.01Organisers: Oliver Harris (University of Leicester) and Craig Cipolla (Royal Ontario Museum/University ofToronto)

Posthumanism encompasses a variegated array of theories and critiques from the humanities and socialsciences.Fromnewmaterialismstoobjectorientedontologyandfromsymmetricalarchaeologiestothenewanimistapproaches,posthumanism’sinfluencesinarchaeologicaltheorycontinuetogrowanddiversify.Eachoftheseapproachesorientsaroundageneralcommitmenttochallengingthelimitationsofmodernist,westernperspectivesontheworld.Thiscanentailmovingbeyondthe limitationsofassumedhumanexceptionalismthroughrecognitionofthevibranciesofmatterandthecomplexhuman-nonhumanrelationshipsthroughwhichagencyemanates.Oritcaninvolveembracinghowobjectsalwayswithdrawfromourknowledgeofthem,andindeedfromallrelations.Sometimesitinvolvesexamininghowthingsopenusuptothealterityandothernessofthepast.Intheend,theseargumentsaskustogivethings‘theirdue’.Archaeologists tend to orient themselves to these ideas in a dualistic fashion: enthusiastic adoption versusoutrightrejection.Theformergroup isquicktoapplaudthe intellectualbinariesthat thesenewapproachesreportedlyundercut;theycelebratethewaysinwhichvariousstrandsofposthumanistthoughtleadthemtonewand interesting questions/problems in archaeological theory. The latter groupoffers sharp critiques ofposthumanism,oftenforitspurportedlackofengagementwithpolitics,power,identity,representation,andhumansingeneral.Papersinthissessionrejectbothofthesecaricaturedpropositions,parsingposthumanisminarchaeologicaltheory.Presentersprobetheirownarchaeologicalresearchspecialtiesandintereststoaddresswhataspectsofposthumanismworkforthem,whataspectstheyfeeltheymustdisregard,andwhataspectsareinneedoffurtherarchaeologicalmodification.Craig Cipolla (Royal Ontario Museum/University of Toronto) and Oliver Harris (University of Leicester):Introduction:ParsingposthumanismThispaperframesthesession,developingseveralthemesexploredinthepapersandaskingbroaderquestionsabout thediversityofposthumanapproachesemployed inNorthAmericaand theUK, in anthropologyandarchaeology,andforthestudyofdifferenterasofhumanhistory.AsanAmericanarchaeologist focusingonIndigenous-colonialhistoryandaBritisharchaeologistlargelyfocusingontheNeolithic,weuseourdistinctivetrainingandresearchintereststohelpusinvestigatethesequestions.Hereweemphasizetheimportanceofparsing posthumanism, particularly on some important differences we find between notions of networks,assemblages,andobjectorientedontologies.Weconsiderhowthesedifferencesandthevariousapproachesfeaturedinthesessionrelatetobroaderchallengesassociatedwithmovingbeyondrepresentationandcomingtogripswithpowerandpolitics.BrianBoyd(ColumbiaUniversity):PosthumanismandEcologiesofHumanResponsibility:AnarchaeologicalcontributionThis paper considers how archaeologymay contribute to the development of posthumanist approaches toencounterswithanimal,plantsandothernonhumanspecies.Iarguethattherecent‘multispeciesethnography’is not a sufficient mode of historical-ecological analysis, and explore archaeology-centred alternatives.Posthumanistapproachestohuman-nonhumanecologiesandinteractionscanbeeffectivelyenrichedbythe

deep historical enquiry that archaeology can offer. Central to my argument is that while the non-anthropocentricism and non-speciesism advocated by multispecies ethnographers may be desirable, it isontologicallyunachievableandcanleadtoanabdicationofhumanresponsibilityanddecision-making inthecreationofco-inhabitedworldsandinurgentecologicalmatters.AleksaK.Alaica(UniversityofToronto)andEdwardSwenson(UniversityofToronto):AssessingtheRoleofCamelid Lifecycles in the Formation ofMoche Political and Religious Institutions: A critical application ofposthumanisttheoryInthispaper,wehighlightsomeoftheimportantcontributionsofposthumanisttheorybyexamininghowthelifecycleofllamasintheancientAndesstructuredthepracticesandtemporalitiesofhumancommunities.Wepresentnewdatathatcamelids(llamasandalpacas)playedakeyroleinexchangeandthemovementofpeoplealong the sacred landscape of the southern Jequetepeque Valley centred on the important Late Mocheceremonial siteofHuacaColorada (AD650-850). More specifically,wewill argue that camelid reproductivecyclesconstrainedandenabledmanyinterrelatedhumantasksincludingpilgrimage,farming,fishing,calendrics,feasting and ritual observations. The extensive faunal evidence at Huaca Colorada provides importantinformationon camelid lifeways, andhow the timingand socialmanagementofbreeding, rearing, training,herdingandbutcheringunderwrotetheschedulingofothereconomicandritualactivitiesatthesite.Infact,thelargerpoliticalorganizationofthecommunitywasstructuredsignificantlybythebiologicalneedsandritualand economic affordances of camelids. The evidence from Huaca Colorada supports a central critique ofposthumanisttheory:archaeologyhasfocusedtoonarrowlyonhumanagencyandintentionalityastheprimemoverofstructuration.RachelCrellin(UniversityofLeicester):PowerinaWorldWithoutSubjectsandObjectsThispaperadoptsarelational,assemblage-basedapproachtothepastwhichseekstoprivilegeneitherobjectnor subject – rather animals, things, beliefs, plants, and people are placed on a potentially equal footing.Relationalapproacheshaverightlybeencritiquedforafailuretoengagewithpoliticsandpower.Inourownworldpoweriswritlargeandweignoreitatourperil.Powerisacriticalpoliticalvectorwithobvioussocialandhistoricalsignificance.Iarguethatalltoofrequentlytodaypowerisunderstoodtobeexercisedbymalesubjectsoveramultitudeofincreasinglypowerlessobjects;objectsincludingthings,plantsandanimalsbutalsowomen,minorities and the less privileged. Beginning with a flat ontology opens up multiple possibilities fordemonstratingalternatewaysofbeingintheworld,but,ifwefailtoengagewithpowerwerobsuchapproachesoftheirtruepotential.InthispaperIexplorehowweshouldconceptualise,understandandengagewithpowerinatheoreticalframeworkthatrejectshumanexceptionalismandthesubject:objectdualism.SteveKosiba(UniversityofMinnesota):WhenThingsMovePeoplePosthumanist literaturehaspromptedarchaeologistsandethnographers tomovebeyond interpretationsofsocial life that explain politics and historical transformation solely in terms of a struggle for dominance.Previously,manytheoriesheldthathistorywasconstitutedbyasymmetricallypositionedhumanagents,whoperiodicallycameintoconflictwhentheysoughtcontrolovermaterialresourcesandideologicalmedia.Someposthumanisttheoriestakeanalternativeapproach,turningfromanemphasisonhumanconflictandideology,and instead emphasizing how things constitute social life. Thoughproductive, such theories often implicitlyresurrectananalyticalbinaryofmaterialsanddiscursiveideologies.Herein,Iseektoparsetheseposthumanisttheoriesbyarguingthattheycansharpenourintellectualfocusonboththethingsandthediscursiveideologiesthat shape politics. I do so bymoving from an exploration of alternative ontologies (how things actwithinassemblages of people and matter) to an inquiry into the temporality and situatedness of human-thingengagements (when things becomeobjects of human discourse and subjects of political action?). I present

archaeologicalandethnohistoricalcasesfromthecentreoftheIncaEmpire(Cusco,Peru)thatdemonstratelinksbetweenontologicalconcerns,ideologicalinnovations,andmomentsofsocialupheaval.SophieMoore(BrownUniversity):APosthumanistArchaeologyofByzantineSongWhatdoesposthumanistarchaeologycontributetothestudyofadeeplytextualfieldlikeByzantium,wherehumanaccountsofreligiousexperienceareoftenheldfrontandcentre?Thispaperexplorestheintersectionsbetween the new materiality and the immaterial nature of the Byzantine spiritual world (cf Buchli 2016).Exploring human experience does not necessarily require us to privilege human agency: the relationshipsbetweenarchitecture,feeling,allegoryandthedivineexistedpriortothemiddleByzantinemomentsinwhichtheywereexperienced.Iwilldiscusswhetherornotthereisanysuchthingasaposthumanistphenomenology,or whether those terms are inherently self-contradictory, through considering the archaeology of song inByzantinechurchspaces.ZoeCrossland(ColumbiaUniversity):CorpseLife:Semiosicprocessesofforensicinvestigation

Thepracticesinvolvedinforensicinvestigationrevolvearoundasearchforcluesandtracesusedtoreconstructpastevents.Thisfocusbringsthequestionofsemiosisclearlyintoviewanddemonstrateshowforensicsignsoperatebothwithinandbeyondtherealmoflinguisticmeaning,providingameanstosituatelinguisticsignswithinabroadersemiosicworld.Forensicinvestigationrevolvesaroundamateriallygroundedsemioticsthatdoesnotsearchforthe‘real’materialcorpselyingbehindaworldoflanguageorofdiscursivesigns,butratherthatshowsanentitywhoserealityisdisclosedandacteduponthroughthesignsthatdifferentbeingsperceiveinhering in it. It therefore provides insights into the semiotic practices of archaeologymore generally andprovides a productive site for thinking aboutwhatwemean by ontology in the context of posthumanism.Forensicsignsstretchacrossourdividedcategoriesofthelivingandthedead,humanandanimal,natureandculture,providingalternatewaystoconceptualizetherelationshipsatplayinsuchassemblages.

Oliver Harris (University of Leicester): Rethinking Relations: Characterising connections in the light ofposthumanism

Fromtheturntopracticeinthe1980s,throughconcernswithphenomenologyandpersonhoodinthe1990sand2000s,totoday’sinterestinposthumanism,archaeologyhasbecomeincreasinglyinterestedinrelationsasacentralelementofourontology.WhetherdiscussingLatouriannetworks,Ingoldianmeshworks,orBaradianphenomena,relations,andbeingrelational,arenowcriticaltomanyofourmodesofanalysis.InthispaperIwanttothinkmoreabouthowwedescribeanddiscusstheserelationshipsinthelightofposthumanistthought.Adangerinrelationalapproachesisthatthedescriptionofrelationsbecomesanendinitself,andwelosesightofthehistoricalprocessesthroughwhichthingscomeintobeing,subsistandend.Wealso,Isuggest,needtodevelopamorenuancedvocabularyfordiscussingdifferentqualitiesofrelationships.ToaddresstheseissuesIwilldrawprincipallyontheworkofGillesDeleuzeandFélixGuattari,butalsofromthephilosophersthatinspiredthem,includingCharlesSandersPeirce.

CraigCipolla(RoyalOntarioMuseum/UniversityofToronto):FearofOntologicalWolvesI framethispaperasadirectresponsetoViveirosdeCastro’s2014Cambridge lecture, ‘Whoisafraidoftheontologicalwolf?’.Iofferacriticalassessmentofontologicalquestionsinarchaeologicaltheory,particularlyastheyrelatetothepracticeofcollaborativeIndigenousarchaeologyandthearchaeologyofcolonialisminNorthAmericancontexts.ViveirosdeCastro’slectureprovidedanup-to-datesynthesisofontologicaltransformationsand debates in the discipline of anthropologywhile emphasizing the importance of Deleuze and Guattari’swritings.Drawingdirectlyontheworkof thesethinkersandmore, Ioutlinetheadvantagesthatontological

questions afford archaeologists who work with Indigenous communities and who strive to decolonize ourdiscipline. However, I also place emphasis onmy fears and anxieties, what I see as the shortcomings andomissions of the ontological turn in archaeology. These relate directly to certain ontological arguments fordissolving, or inmy opinion, glossing over themeta-ontologicalmoorings of the archaeologist in favour ofmultipleontologiesandnovelexplorationsofalterity(e.g.,‘Otherworlds’).Asawhitemiddle-classmalewhoworks in collaborationwith Indigenous communities to rethink colonial histories, I discusswhy I find theseproposedontologicalleapsbothchallengingandcolonial.Darryl Wilkinson (University of Cambridge): Uncertain Allies? The place of indigenous metaphysics inposthumanistthought

Theterm‘relationalontologies’hasawidepurchasethesedays,oftenusedtocoveranythingthateschewsamodernistbinarybetweenhumanandthing(subjectandobject,natureandcultureetc.).Thusanewmaterialistmetaphysics as espoused by Latour or Barad might be considered a relational ontology, as might manyindigenousor‘animist’perspectives.Yethowcomfortablydoindigenousontologiesactuallyfitwithinthewiderfamily of posthumanist approaches? Perhaps understandably, the critical impetus thus far has been gearedtowardsunderminingmodernity’sperniciousgreatdivides,aswellasdebatingthefinerdistinctionsbetweenleadingWesterntheoristssuchasLatour,Bennett,Barad,Deleuze,Ingoldandthelike.Butmuchlessattentionhas been paid to the specificities of indigenousmetaphysical commitments, although they occasionally getdrawnintonewmaterialistrhetoricaspotentialallies.Inthispaper,drawingontheInkasasacaseinpoint,Iwill consider just how closely ancient Andean ontologies reflect the posthumanist Zeitgeist in themodernacademy.Ratherthantryingtopresentposthumanismaseithera‘good’or‘bad’lensthroughwhichtointerprettheInkas,I suggest that there aremomentsbothof agreement and sharpdivergence; and theseare themselves veryinstructiveforhighlightingmanyimplicitpremisesofposthumanisttheory.

MattEdgeworth(UniversityofLeicester):ThePost-HumanDimensionofArchaeologicalArtefacts

Wetendtothinkofarchaeologicalartefactssuchashandaxesorpotteryvesselsasrecordsofthepast,whichofcoursetheyare.Butthatdoesnotwhollyoradequatelydescribethem.Suchobjectsareonajourneythroughtime,andtheirsojourninarchivefindsboxesorglassmuseumcasesisonlyatemporaryone.Onedaytheymayreturn to the dark earth fromwhich they (perhaps briefly) emerged. Evenwith generous estimates of thelongevityofhumancultures,theprobabilityisthatthesethings,beingmadeofdurableandlong-lastingmaterial,willenterapost-humanphaseoftheirexistenceatsomestageinthefuture.

Acknowledgingthis tobethecase is important, for it implieswecannevercompletely 'own'or 'contain'anarchaeologicalobject.Likeadomesticcatwhichtoleratesthehumanworldbydaybutinsistsonkeepingitsownindependentexistencewhenitgoesoutatnight,theartefactalsoretainsitsfreedomtoroam(inthecourseoftime)beyondthehumandomain.

Envisagingthepost-humanworldisdeeplyparadoxical(forallthereasonsthatcritiquesofspeculativerealismhavepointedout).Envisagingartefactsinthepost-humanworld,however-whilenotescapingfromparadox-doesprovideusefulinsightsintoallsortsofthings.Iwillgivesomeexamples...

TimeandTemporality:TwentyYearsonFromTime,MaterialCultureandBeing–WaysofThinkingAboutNarrative

Room:0.31

Organisers:JulianThomas(UniversityofManchester)andSerenGriffiths(UniversityofCentralLancashire)Anumberofkeypublicationsinthe1990saddressedthethemeoftimeinarchaeology,includingworksbyTimMurray,JulianThomas,andTimIngold.Specifically,thepublication20yearsagoin1996ofTime,CultureandIdentity:AninterpretivearchaeologybyJulianThomasprovidesawatershedinthinkingaboutmaterialculture,timeandnarrativeinrecentarchaeologicaltheory.Thisandanotherkey1990spublication–TimIngold’s‘TheTemporalityofLandscape’publishedinWorldArchaeologyin1993–setthesceneforspecifictypesofthinkingaboutarchaeologyandaboutapproaches toarchaeological theory in the1990s.The fundamental impactoftemporalityasaconceptcanbeseenintherapidpost-1993boominpublicationscitingtheterm.Inpartthisemphasisontemporalitywasakickingbackagainsttheabstractingapproachesfound,forexampleintheworkofClarkeandBinford,whichwasconcernedwithamoreinterpretively-informedwayofwritingandthinkingabout materials. The emphasis in the 1990s on temporality holds a number of interesting parallels withcontemporary archaeological practice,where awealth of new evidence – especially from themore precisechronologiesaffordedbyBayesianstatisticalmodelling–meansthatitisnowtimelytoreturnindetailtotheimportanceofboth‘time’and‘temporality’asconstructsinformingtheproductionofarchaeologicalnarratives.Thissessioncallsforpapersfocusingontheinterplayoftimeandtemporalityinarchaeologicalwaysoftelling,includingtheproductionofarchaeological textualnarratives, theuseofspatialand landscapeanalogues fortemporality,therelationshipsbetweenourunderstandingsofdataand interpretation,totalisingandspecificnarratives,materialcultureaswayoftelling,andtherelationshipsbetweenmaterialsandframingintellectualstructures.

AgniPrijatelj (DurhamUniversity):VibrantPlaces:Towardsahybridapproach inunderstanding long-termhistoriesofcavesandrockshelters

Placesarevibrant,hybrid,participantandcontinuouslychanging:theyaremadeupofmatter,meaningandmemory;suffusedwithdifferenttemporalities;andentangledwithinameshworkofmultiplesymmetricandfluidconnectionsbetweenpeople,animals,plants,materials,things,placesandlandscapes.Howdowe,then,asarchaeologists,approachthetaskofrecountingthebig,long-termandnon-linearhistoriesof a particular place? Drawing on my own cave and rockshelter research, I examine the development ofarchaeologicaltheoryandmodernscientifictechniquesthathaveinfluencednarrativesonundergroundplaces,andargueinfavourofahybridapproach,wheretheplace’slong-termmediationofthesocialisreconstructedthroughamultivocaldiscourseinwhicharchaeologicaltheoryandvariousdistinctanalyticaltechniquesengageinanactivedialogue.BenEdwards(ManchesterMetropolitanUniversity):InanInstant:ThoughtsonanarchaeologicalphilosophyoftimeThispaperisanattemptatdevelopingaphilosophyoftime,formulatedfromanexplicitlyarchaeologicalpointofview.Inrecentyears,archaeologicalliteraturehasseenarevivalinthenumberofstudiesdealingwithtimeinarchaeological interpretation.WorkbyGavinLucas(2005;2015)has, largely,setthetoneofdebate,withinteresting contributions on the case for ‘time perspectivism’ from Geoff Bailey (2007; 2008); and SimonHoldawayandLuAnnWandsnider(2008).Thesestudieshavefocusedonthemannertimeisusedorpresented

bythearchaeologicalinterpreter–eitherasatimeofexperienceofthehumansubject;asasystemthatbothstructures and is structured by our categorisation of data; or as a range of scalar differentiation allowingdifferenttypesofanalysis.However,whatthemajorityofthesestudiesshareisanassumptionthattime,atitsmostbasic, isathingthatexistsforustostudy inthephysicaldepositsofthepast.Surprisinglythough,thenatureoftimeasweencounteritinthearchaeologicalrecordishighlyunder-theorised.Moststudiesanalyseourapproachtotimeinthe‘interpretativespace’ofpost-excavationdiscussion,butsurelyourphilosophyoftimemustbeginbeforethis–atourencounterwithourobjectofstudy,eitherintheground,ontheshelf,inthedrawer,orinthefield.Inorder to formulateanarchaeologicalphilosophyof time, thispaperwilladvance fourpropositions,basedupon time as it is encountered through the excavation and interpretation of archaeological deposits. Thepropositionsareformedasthebasisfordebate,asarethecorollariesprovidedattheendofthepaperbasedupontheacceptanceofthesepropositions.RichardBradley(UniversityofReading):TimeSignatures:BayesandtheBritishNeolithicDuringthelasttenyearstheapplicationofBayesiananalysishasprovidedamoreprecisechronologyfortheBritishNeolithicthanwasavailablebefore.Thisworkhasfocusedonthedatingoflongbarrows,causewayedenclosures and cursus monuments. Two of these types – the enclosures andmounds – were shared withContinental Europe, while cursuses were an entirely insular development. The results of the new researchpresentsomeproblems,asthestructuresitconsideredseemtohavebeenassociatedwithdifferentconceptionsoftime.Thelongmoundssharedsimilarstructuralhistories.Despitetheirresemblancetooneanother,theywerebuiltatcompletelydifferentdates.CausewayedenclosuresareanotherwidespreadtraditioninEurope,buttheBritishexamplesseemtohavebeenconstructedalmostsimultaneously;someremainedinusewhilstotherswereabandoned.Fewof theContinentalexampleswithwhich they share features in commonwerecontemporarywiththem.Finally,theconstructionofcursusesextendedoveralongerperiod.Itstartedinthenorthand thesemonuments changed their characterover time.Thispaperaskshowwecan interpret suchdistinctivesequencesandhowtheywererelatedtooneanother.HannahCobb(UniversityofManchester):TellingTime,TideandTombInanisolatedandemptybay,onthenorthcoastoftheArdnamurchanPeninsula,WesternScotland,thereisanunassumingmound.Mergingwiththecontoursoftheraisedbeach,andovergrownbybrackenandgrasses,thisunassumingmoundcouldbeeasilymissedtodaybyeventhekeenestarchaeologicaleye.Yethere,atthesiteofCladhAindreis,therehasbeenlifeanddeath,andtimeandtide,fornearly6000years;excavationsbytheArdnamurchanTransitionsProjecthave revealeda successionof activity,where theusersof the cairnhavecontinuedtociteearlieractivitiesandthewider landandseascapethroughthemonument’shistory. In thispaperIturntoavarietyofdifferentapproachestoexplorethetemporalityofthismonumentandtoaskhowwetellthenarrativeofthisplace;doesthetombgathertimetoit?Howweredifferentmomentsterritorialised?Andhowdowetellthisprocess?Willa linearbiographydo?BeginningwithinsightsfromTime,CultureandIdentity,andmovingtowardanassemblageapproachIusethismonumenttoexploredifferentwaystoconsidertimeandnarrative.JamesDixon(AmecFosterWheeler):Duration,Endurance,andClumpsofOngoingnessThispaperwillfocusonrecentandcontemporaryurbanlandscapesandpublicartworks,howtheyarecreated,experiencedandchanged.Duration isan importantaspectof these landscapesand their contents,manyofwhicharecreatedspecificallytobeexperiencedinaparticularwayatcertainscalesoftime.Thesedurationsdonot succeed each other, but overlap, co-exist and intermingle. Think perhaps of the seconds-long passing

encounterwith a sculpture,within the forty-fiveminute commute,within theworkday.At the same time,longer,moreconceptualdurationscomeandgo;evocationsofthepast,fearsforthefuture.Iwilldiscussherehowwemightbegintoacknowledgeandunderstandthiscomplexity.Iwilltrytoshowhowworkingwiththeclumpsofongoingnessthatcharacterisethedurationalexperienceofthecontemporarycityhaveimplicationsforhowwethinkabouttime,cultureandidentityinplacesandagesotherthanourown.KeithRay:TimeandSocialTransformation:Someimplicationsof‘compoundtemporality’forarchaeologicalnarrativesTime,asahumanconditionandconstruct,iscomplex:bothaslivedandasreflecteduponintheconstructionof history. The implications of this for thewaywe think through andwrite archaeological narrativeswas apreoccupation of Thomas’ Time, Culture and Identity (1996) and he identified the project of attempting toresolve(someof)theparadoxesconcernedascentraltoanintegratedinterpretivearchaeology.Anexampleofsuchparadoxishowresiduesandartefactsareatoneandthesametimestaticanddynamic.Andonewaytoattempttoresolvethisparadoxconcernsourrecognitionofthephenomenonofimplication:howthepresenceofanobject,ortheconductofanactivityinoneplace,implicatesnetworksofpracticesandplacesindifferenttimesandlocations.Thispresentationwillreflectbothuponhowweidentifythetemporalitiesimplicitorevokedmateriallyandupontheconstructionof(contemporaryandfuture)archaeologicalnarrativesthatfocusonsocialtransformationasmulti-facettedandcontinuallyunfoldingratherthanlinearorstadial.Alongthewayitwillconsider also our capacity to understand ‘The Times of Their Lives’ as having involved also, the active andconsciousconstructionofthepastinthepast.MariaEmanuelaOddo(MTSchoolforAdvancedStudies,Lucca):ApologhìaforChronology:Anappraisalofchronologyasamulti-layeredproblemOverthelastthirtyyears,timeandtemporalityinarchaeologyhavebeenthesubjectofalargebodyofliterature.Despite the abundanceof divergent opinions in the discussion, one crucialmatter seems to standout as acommongoal:goingbeyondchronology.Evenscholarswhorecognizeitsessentialbenefits,tendtoconstructchronologyasaunilineal,directionalandsequentialviewofhistoryor,atleast,asasetofpracticesenablingsuchview.Isuggestthatsuchanunderstandingofchronologycanbereductiveandhidethetheoreticalcomplexitythatunderliesthediscipline.Iwillstartbyprovidingamoreinclusivedefinitionofchronology,characterizingitasanintellectual field that dealswith time reckoning in historical investigations. I will then bring examples fromarchaeology,arthistory,historiography,diplomaticsandepigraphy inordertoprovethatchronologycanbemultilinear,non-sequential,andbidirectional.FinallyIwilltackletheargumentthatchronologyflattenshistoryandmakestimehomogeneousasifthepaceofchangewasconstant.Indeed,oneofthemostcommondatingmethodsinarchaeology,seriation,issolelypossibleassomeartifactsaremoreresistanttochangethanothers,andbecausedifferentshapescancoexistforalongtime.LaylaRenshaw(UniversityofKingston):TheLimitsof‘ForensicInterest’:Expandingthechronologiesof20thcenturymassgravesAsanemergingdiscipline,ForensicArchaeologyhasdefineditselfbyoperatingwithinveryshorttimedepths,particularly inrelationtomoretraditionalarchaeology.Theperiodof ‘forensic interest’, typically lessthanahundredyears,oftenrelatestothestatuteof limitationsoncertaincrimes,orthefeasibilityoffinding livingwitnessesandperpetratorsforthelegalprocess.Thispaper,basedonextensivefieldworkaround20thcenturymassgraveexhumationsinKosovo,SpainandtheWesternFront,willproblematizetheseshorttimeframes,andtheimpositionofarbitrarylimitsonthepast.Iarguethat,particularlyinrelationtomassgraveexhumations,

whichnecessitateaconfrontationwiththetraumaticpast,andquestionsofdeath,ancestors,andtheafterlife,thecommunitiesaffecteddrawonmuchlongerchronologiestoconstructinterpretativeframeworksanddrawmeaningfromthegraves.Thismayentailcompressingandelidinghistoricaleventsandepochs,inunexpectedways.Aconsiderationof theexpanded time frames that surround20thcenturymassgravescangivewiderinsightsintovernacularapproachestohistoriography,chronology,andtheperceptionoftime.SerenGriffiths(UniversityofCentralLancashire):OnCulturesTheroleofculturesinarchaeologicalnarrativeshasimportancebothinthewaysinwhichwethinkaboutthematerialremainsofthepast,andthewaysinwhichweapproachthesematerials.Thispaperwillexaminehowarchaeologists think about things with regard to two axes – the temporal and the spatial. Excepting thesefundamentalaxes,everythingelse,moreorless,isCulture.Thispaperwillexaminethe‘moreorless’aspectsofculturewithregardtotimeandspace–howstructuringmaterialcultureprovidesanoverarchingintellectualapproachtopastsocieties,whileatthesametimebeingthesubjectorsequenceofinvestigation.DrawingontheworkofStukely,Childe,ClarkeandSherrattaswellasmorerecentwriters,thispaperwilltakealongview.Aspartofthis Iwillconsiderhowtheorderingofarchaeologicalthings intime,spaceandcultureinfluencesarchaeologicalnarratives,andhowdifferencesinemphasisontime,spaceandculturerecurbetweenshiftsinemphasisfromthenatureofthings,tothenatureofarchaeologicalknowledge.BrunoVindrola-Padrós(UCL)andAnaPaulaMotta(UniversityofWesternAustralia):UnchainingMemory:AdiscussionoftimeandtemporalityinthechaîneopératoiremodelThispaperdiscussestheconceptsoftimeandtemporality inbuilt inthetraditionalconceptionofthechaîneopératoire.Archaeologicalresearchinterestedinreconstructingpasttechnologicalmodelsenvisageanobjectiveunderstandingoftimeasasequenceofactions,inwhichmaterialsaretransformedintoobjects.Yet,itisintheconceptofoperationalmemory, i.e. the sociallymotivatedembodimentof tool andgesture (Leroi-Gourhan1993, 230–234),where human agents’ perceptions of change (temporality) is introduced as the explicativeelementofthereproductionof individual/collectivehabits.Despiteredefinitionsoftheterm, inpracticethisnotion continues to be grounded on a static conception of memory, where the learnt content remainspermanently impressed in the subject’smotor habits. Following AlfredGell’s (1992) reinterpretation of theHusserlian approach to time consciousness, which incorporates the subject’s changing perception in socialpractices,weaimtoovercomesomeoftheselimitations.Accordingtothisapproach,thepresentiscomposedbymultiple‘nows’,where(primaryandsecondary)memoriesarecontinuouslymodifiedandmaterialityplaysacreativerole.Consequently,somechangesaresuggestedontheconceptof‘operationalmemory’,andtwocasestudies are explored to showcase the proposed modifications: (i) rock art production and (ii) potterymanufacture.JulianThomas(UniversityofManchester):TwentyYearsAfter:Reflectionson‘Time,CultureandIdentity’Readingone’sownwork longafter itspublicationcanbeadizzying,butsalutaryexperience. Inparticular, itsometimesbecomesclearerwhatonewasgropingtowardatthetime.InthiscontributionIwillreturntotheargumentsmadeinTime,CultureandIdentity(1996),toconsiderwhathasremaineduseful,andwhathasbeensuperseded.Inparticular,Iwillfocusontherelationshipbetweenthephenomenologicalaspectsofthebookandthemorerecentturnto‘newmaterialisms’,andtheimplicationsforthinkingabouttimeinarchaeology.

TheorizingVisualisation:FromMoleculestoLandscapesRoom:1.69andVisualisationLab(2ndFloor)Organisers:MartaDíaz-Guardamino,JacquiMulville,IanDennis,andRhiannonPhilpVisual representations have been seminal to the generation of archaeological knowledge since the birth ofarchaeology.Nowadaysarchaeologistsofallbranchesandtheoreticalorientationsdeploy,onaregularbasisawidearrayofvisualmethodstorepresentempirical(i.e.sense)data;fromdrawingsandphotographstoimagesproducedbyadvanceddigitaltechnologies(e.g.withintheframeworkofmicroscopy,geospatialtechnologies,etc.). Influentialworkshavehighlighted the roleof images in framingquestionsand interpretations (Moser,Perry), inre-creatingtheCartesiandividebetweenbodyandmind(Thomas),and image-making,particularlyillustration,asa creativeprocess in thecraftingofarchaeologicalnarratives,while calling for reflexivityandmulti-vocalityinimageproduction(Perry).Yet,giventherelevantrolethatimagesofallkindsplayinourdailypracticeasprofessionals, researchers,andteachers, it is surprising to find that therearemanyprocessesofimage-productionthatarestilltakenforgranted(i.e.‘black-boxed’),whiletheuseandpotentialofnumerousvisualmethods (particularly those consideredmore ‘scientific’) have not yet been critically scrutinized andremainwithintherealmofrestrictivenormativepractices.

Thesession’scontributorswillexpandonexistingtheoreticaldebatesand/orinterrogatevisualmethodsfromnewperspectives,including:

§ Imageandimage-makingfromtheperspectiveofrecenttheoreticaltrends,suchasNewMaterialism(i.e.assemblagetheory,agentialrealism).

§ Image-making,multi-vocality,participatorypractice,andcommunitiesofpractice§ Archaeologicalvisualculture§ Visualrepresentationasalearningtool§ Thecirculationofimages§ Imageandtemporality,multi-temporalrepresentations§ Visualrepresentationsandthesenses§ MergingmethodsandthecreationofhybridsYasuyuki Yoshida (KanazawaUniversity):Visualizing Prehistoric People in Japan: From the perspective ofsociologyofarchaeologicalknowledgeInJapan,popularvisualizationsoftheremotepastbeganinthemodernera,theendof19thcentury,coincidingroughly with the introduction of archaeology and anthropology was from Western countries. This paperexaminesthetransitionsinhowprehistoricpeoplewerevisualizedinJapanfromthesebeginningsanduptothepresent.Itraisesseveralkeytermsandprovidesacomprehensiveframeworktograsptheimage-productionprocess.Thiskindofanalysis tendstofocusonthe interactionsbetweenarchaeologyandsociety,regardingeachasacollectivebody.Incontrast,thispaperattendstoamoredetailedunit,thatoftheactors’networksurroundingthevisualizationofprehistoricpeople.Inthiscase,thetermactorincludeshumanandnon-humanssuchas the individualsproducing images, archaeological discoveries, thepolitical climate, and thedrawingsthemselves.VisualizationsofprehistoricpeoplemainlyreflectthechangesinJapanesepoliticalclimatewhichaffectedarchaeologicalpracticesfrombeforeandduringthewartopost-warera,itshowsthediversityofactorsinvolved,andhighlights interactionswithWesternarchaeology.Conversely, it is a key tounderstanding thebroaderwaysinwhicharchaeologyinfluencessociety.

LineLauridsen(AarhusUniversity),ChristianStevenHoggard(UniversityofSouthampton/AarhusUniversity)andFelixRiede(AarhusUniversity):ACriticalReviewofVisualMediainArtefactShapeAnalysisResearchershavelongstressedtheroleofscientificillustrationsincreating‘expertknowledge’(sensuMoser2014)andtheshapingandframingofinterpretationsandfutureresearchquestions(Perry,2015).Intheirverynature, these scientific illustrations are reductionist, compartmentalising analyses into a small number ofvariables,nodesortaxa.Itisthereforeimportantthatthemorevisual,orocularcentric,frameworksarecriticallyassessedandbetterevaluatedwithinthenormativeprocessesofhypothesistestingandnarrativebuilding.Oneparticularlyvisualexampleisinarchaeologicalshapeanalysisandspecificallyingeometricmorphometric(GMM)methodologies.Intheiruse,artefactsaredecomposedandsimplifiedtoanumberofpoints,sides,curvesorsurfaces, with theoretical shape changes andmean shapes often fuelling further analyses and thus expertknowledge.TheillustrationsproducedfromGMMarepowerfulimagesdocumentinghowanassemblagecanbeunderstoodintermsofshapevariance,howeverthesehavebeenacceptedatfacevalueandnotcritiquedfor their role in knowledge construction. This presentationwill therefore examine the role of visualmediadesigned throughout archaeological shape analyses, and their role in the construction of archaeologicalnarrativesandtheknowledge-creationprocess.Usingavarietyoftwo-dimensionalandthree-dimensionalcasestudies,thispresentationaddressestheepistemologicalsignificanceofthevisualmediacreated,andprovidesan example of how archaeologists need to reflect and consider the scientific illustrations they create anddisseminate.RachelOpitz(UniversityofGlasgow):Visualization,DepictionandInterpretation:AnongoingconversationaboutengagingwithlandscapetopographyThispaperexploresatensionattheheartoflandscapearchaeologicalfieldpractice.Digitaltopographicdata(3D)areproliferatingrapidly.Powerfulwaysoflookingatdigitaltopographyhaveemerged,drawingondatavisualizationandenhancementtechniquestohighlightfeaturesinwaysnotpossibleinthefield.However,thisdoesnotequatetointerpretingsuchdata,forexamplebydeterminingandrepresentingsequencesoffeatures.In contrast, traditional archaeological survey of earthworks draws on over 100 years of practice and anestablished means of representing interpretations of archaeological features. This is an approach that hasarchaeologicalexperience,fieldobservationandvisualrepresentationatitscore,workingonsitetounderstandanddepicttheobserver’sarchaeologicalinterpretationoffeatures,oftenusingthelong-establishedconventionof hachures. There are clear synergies between the traditional field- and experience-based approaches tounderstandinganddepictingearthworksandthemultiplicityofanalyticaltoolsandvisualisationsaffordedbydigital3Denvironments.Thispaperwilldiscussconnectionsbetweenourvisualengagementwiththelandscapethrough traditional archaeological earthwork survey and hachure drawing and digital engagements throughvisualizing remotely sensed 3D data. It will consider the impact of the variousmechanisms andmodalitiesavailableandthepotentialforhybridapproaches.JoanaValdez-Tullett(HistoricEnvironmentScotland):ToSeeorNottoSee:ComputingandsensingAtlanticart’s(in)visibilityAtlanticArt,widelyspreadacrosstheAtlanticseaboard,iswell-knownforitscup-marksandcup-and-ringmotifsaswellasothervariationsoftheseimages.Althoughinitiallyresearchofthisrockarttraditionwasfocusedontheiconographyandtypicallystudiedthroughstatictypologicaltables,inthe1990sanimportantturn,ledbyRichardBradley(e.g.1997),placedtheemphasisonthelandscape.Sincethen,AtlanticRockArthasbeenoftenapproachedunder thepremiseof LandscapeArchaeology.Oneof themain features studied is the visibilityaffordance of the carved rocks, since it is believed that extensive viewsheds and inter-visibility were twoimportantfactorsinvolvedinthedecisionofwheretocarve.

RecentlyIhavecompletedare-assessmentofAtlanticRockArtconsideringtheevidenceofthevariousmoderncountriesinwhichthetraditionwaspracticed.Thestudyencompassedseveralscalesofanalysisandmethods,including a landscape appraisal in which visibility and viewsheds were analysed. The development of an‘embodiedGIS’(Eve2014)whichcombinedtheresultofGISanalysiswithasensorialapproachtothelandscapeenabled interesting conclusionsand the suggestion that visibilitywasprobablynotaprioritywhendecidingwheretocarveAtlanticmotifs.Infact,thisdimensionisprobablyoverestimatedbyresearchers.InthispaperIwilldiscusstheresultsofvisibilityandviewshedobtainedthroughGISanalysisandcontrastthesewithempiricalobservations,drawingconclusionsabouttheimportanceofextensiveviewstoAtlanticArt.FrancescaDolcetti(UniversityofYork):DigitalInteractiveVisualisationofArchaeologicalSites:AcasestudyfromMiddleBronzeAgeCyprusArchaeology has always been a profoundly visual discipline as it frequently utilises pictures, drawings,illustrations, artist’s impressions and, more recently, 3D models. However, while well-established inarchaeology, 3Dmodels areoftenuncritically adoptedwithout a clear ideaofhow theymightbeusedandperceivedbydifferentaudiences.TheresearchprojectIpresentisaimedatevaluatinghowvaryingaudiencesperceive3Dinteractivevisualisationsofarchaeologicalsites,engagewithandlearnthroughthem.Usingthecase study of theMiddle Bronze Age Cypriot settlement at Erimi- Laonin tou Porakou (2000-1450 BC), thisresearchconsiderseachphaseofthemultistageprocessfromthecreationofaninteractive3Dmodel,toitspresentationtovaryingaudiencesinarangeofsettings,totheevaluationofitseffectivenessandthedefinitionofguidelinesforasubsequentimprovementusingusers’feedback.Themethodologyproposedforthisprojectentailstheapplicationofbothqualitativeandquantitativeapproachesandanevaluationframeworkinvolvingmultipleiterations.Throughastudyconductedusingdifferentusergroups(composedofexpertandnon-expertusers),Icollectedandanalysedusers’feedbacktoidentifythebestwaytopresent3Dmodelsofarchaeologicalsitestodifferentaudiences,improvingtheirimpactandcomprehensibility.MateuszSosnowski(CopernicusUniversityinToruń),JerzyCzerniec(PolishAcademyofScienceInstituteofArchaeology and Ethnology) and Krystian Kozioł (AGH University of Science): To Find Un-Findable: HowanalysisofDTM(DigitalTerrainModel)offorestareascanboostarchaeologicalsurfacesurveytothenewlevelThispaperisabouttheinitialanalysisofaseriesofanthropogenicobjectswhichwerediscoveredinnorthernPolandthankstoanalysisoftheDTMs(DigitalTerrainModel)offorestedareas.Recently,withintheFrameworkof thegovernmental ISOKProject, thewhole territoryofPolandwas coveredby LIDARaerial scanningwithresolutionof4to12pointsperm2. Inthiscontext,DTMisprovidingnewopportunitiesforthediscoveryofarchaeologicalsitesinforestedareas.Monumentswithprominentterrainforms,suchasmoundsorhillforts,arerevealedthroughhillshadetypeanalyses.However,poorlynoticeablefeatureswithlargesurfacebutsmallexposureareparticularlydifficulttovisualize.Theserequirehigherresolutionanalyses,whichgeneratemorenoise and worse resolution. This paper will present the results of recent research aimed to optimize thevisualizationandinterpretationofsuchfeaturesbymeansofavarietyofadvancedanalyticalmethodsbasedonDTMdata. The case studies are a series of enclosures located in Świecie Plain near the villagesOsie, Tleń,MiedznoiWierzchy,OsieCommune,ŚwiecieDistrict.TheresultsofthisresearchrevealhowtheselectionandorderoftheanalyticaltoolsareasrelevantastheparameterschosentoundertakeDMTanalyses.

PracticalDemonstrations(VisualisationLab)RhiannonPhilp(CardiffUniversity)andJacquiMulville(CardiffUniversity):MicrotoMacro:VisualisationofenvironmentalarchaeologyfordiverseaudiencesHowdoyouconveyenvironmentalarchaeologytothegeneralpublicwhentheevidenceisonsuchasmallscale?Anew3DpollenreferencecollectionhasbeencreatedaspartofapilotengagementprojectfundedbyCardiffCityRegionExchangeinordertoassistwithapollenidentificationchallengeaimedatbothschoolworkshopsandmoregeneraloutreachevents.Thisdemonstrationwilloutlinethemotivationforcreatingsucharesource,themethodology formanufactureandfeedback fromuseof theresourceso far. Itwillaimtoshowthatbycreating tangible accurate models, we can not only inform the public on the more invisible aspects ofarchaeology,butalsobuildthe linkbetweenarchaeologyandthesciencesthat isperhaps lacking incurrentpublicunderstanding.IanDennis (Cardiff University) andMartaDíaz-Guardamino (Cardiff University):Multi-vocal Visualization:Exploringthecross-fertilizationofillustrationanddigitalimagingTraditionalarchaeologicalillustrationmethods(penandink)andadvanceddigitalimagingtechniques,suchasRTIor3Dmodelling,havebeencommonlydeployedandtreatedasdivorcedmethodologieswithinarchaeology.Theformermethodsareconsidered‘traditional’and‘subjective’,whilethelatterareheldasmore‘scientific’and‘objective’.Webelievethisdichotomizedviewtobemisleadingandthatitisincorrecttoconsiderdigitalimagingtechniquesasamethodofovercomingandsubstitutinganeedfortraditionalarchaeologicalillustration.Earlyillustrationmethodswereattemptingtoproduceillustrationsofobjectsasschematicrepresentationstoaidinthecataloguingandclassificationofcollections.Laterdevelopmentsinarchaeologicalillustrationsawtheemergence of realistic (2D to 3D), aesthetic, accurate measured ‘scientific’ drawings, with standardisedconventionsrepresentingdifferentmaterialtypesforeaseofrecognitionandinterpretation.Inthe21stcentury,with the use of computers, we argue that many object illustrations have become over simplified and lessinformative. Furthermore, digital imaging techniques such as photogrammetry may produce more ‘robust’representationsbutthesearenotentirelyobjective,theyaremediatedbyabroadrangeoffactors/agencies.Additionally, archaeological illustration and digital imaging offer a range of perspectives based on differentperceptions,experienceswithobjects,setsofinformationandlevelsofexpertise.Inthisdemonstrationwewillnotonlyshowhowarchaeologicalillustrationanddigitalimagingcancomplementeachotherbutalsopresenttheresultsofexperimentsofhybridisationbetweenarangeofdigitalandanaloguetechniquesofarchaeologicalrepresentation.CatrionaCooper(UniversityofYork):AuralizationMakinginPracticeTheuseofauralizationand theuseofacousticalmodellingarestarting to influencearchaeologicalpractice;openingupquestionsabouttheauditoryandmultisensoryexperienceofthepast.Themethodforcreatinganacousticalmodelofabuildingiscomparabletothemethodforproducingathreedimensionmodel.Throughthe process of visualisation creation we naturally critique and amend based on what we are seeing. Anauralizationisassessedonwhatitsoundslike;doesitsoundright,appropriateforthespace?However,thisisoftenjustonestepintheprocess.Asignificantamountoftheassessmentisundertakenbasedonourinitial,visual,perceptionofthemodel,andthevisualperceptionoftheresults.Thispresentationaimstoquestionthepracticeofmakinganauralization.Isourrelianceonthevisualelementsofthemodelandresultsbasedonourreliance,orourprioritisationofthevisualovertheothersenses?Orisbasedonourunwillingnesstoengagewiththecreativeelementsinherentlyinvolvedwiththeproductionofvisualisationsandrepresentationswhichstillapplyintheproductionofauralizations?

ScottWilliams(CardiffUniversity):TheDigitalLandscapeRepresentation:AnepistemologicalresearchtoolModerncomputersoftwareaffordsthearchaeologisttheabilitytoconstructthree-dimensionaldigitalmodelstorepresentheritagelandscapesthatmaynolongerbeextantoraccessible.Usingthismediumtorecreatethepalimpsestofarchaeologicalactivityatasitegeneratesamorenuancedunderstandingoftheancientlandscape.Through theapplicationofnumerousarchaeological reportsandarchivalmaterials required throughout theconstructionprocess,thearchaeologistbecomesmoreconnectedwiththesite,bothvirtualandactual.Digitalrepresentationscanprovideresearcherswithapowerfulplatformforshapingdynamicarchaeologicalnarrativesforhistoricallandscapes.Oftengeneratingnewquestionsand(hopefully)answeringexistingones,thedigitallandscaperepresentationcanbeboth‘morethan’and‘lessthan’thereal-worldarchaeologicalresource.Thisbriefpaperwilldrawupontheauthor’sDigitalSaqqaraprojecttoillustrateanddiscusstheconstructionofacomplexdigitallandscaperepresentationthatiscontributingtoare-evaluationoftheLatePeriodlandscapeofSaqqara.BenjaminHunt(UniversityfortheCreativeArts):ADirtyDialecticMypracticebranchesexperimentallens-basedimage-makingwitharchaeological/architectural/anthropologicalprocesses.Theworkingtitleformycurrentresearchis‘Howcanreflexiveindexicalimagemakingexpandthevisualcommunicationofgeographicliminalspace?’Ioftendealwithtransitorycoastalarchitecturalspacesthatengageatensionbetweenitsmaterialformandconsciousnessgivenidentity.Onceaspacehasbeenselected,initialresearchisperformedtouncoverrhythmicpatternsinherentwithinthesite.Diagramsarethendesignedthat amalgamate the research and transcribe it into image-making scores. The camera is then placed andmanoeuvredwithinthespaceinaccordancewiththediagram(s).Theimage(s)arethencuratedinthespaceofwork. The key work being shown is Northern Rock – Aka Doggeland. I searched forrhythmic/dialectical/problematic representations of this concealed space in order to propel the subsequentworkmade.RebeccaDavies(TruroCollege,PlymouthUniversity):TheInterfaceBetweenExperientialandExperimentalArchaeology:AcasestudyinhornworkUsingtheholisticexperienceofengravingthistactilematerial,Iexperimentedwiththetechnologiesemployedinanattempttogetintothemind-setofthemakerandgainagreaterappreciationofhisworkbeyondamerelyocularcentricmodel.Thisapproachwillassist indistinguishing themaker fromtheuserasboth leavevisualtraces.Cow’shornisanaturalplasticandhasbothfunctionalityanddesignpotential.Itisawidelyavailablebutnotoriouslyfrangiblematerialandsoisseldomfoundinthearchaeologicalrecord.Mindum’sElizabethanshoehornsareanotableexceptiontothisrule.Eachshoehornisdedicatedtotheindividualforwhomitwasmade.The intricacyof thedesignelevates thembeyond the intimateactofputtingonshoes towhatsomewouldregardasanartform.Yetbytheirwear,theywereused.TheuniquecharacterofeachoftheseartefactscanbecritiquedusingthetheoryofAgencywhichenquiresabouttheinter-relationshipbetween‘things’andpeople.This raises questions connecting theMaker, theArtefact and theRecipient. The concept of BodyAgency isparticularlyrelevanthere,duetothehapticqualityofthehornware.

Wednesday20thDecember(AM)ThePastinthePast:InvestigatingtheSignificanceoftheDepositionofEarlierObjectsinLaterContextsRoom:2.03Organisers: Matthew G. Knight (University of Exeter), Dot Boughton (University of Central Lancashire) andRachelWilkinson(UniversityofLeicester/BritishMuseum)Prehistoricandlatersocieties'perceptionofthepasthasreceivedincreasingattentionoverrecentyears.Onepracticethathasreceivedrelativelylittleattention,however,istheassociationofalready'old'objectswithlatercontexts,despitebeingnotedacrossmultipleeras (e.g.BronzeAgemetalwork in IronAgehoardsorRomanartefactsinAnglo-Saxongraves).Interpretationsfortheseitemsrangefromthediscardofscraptoobjectsofveneration,thoughtheymayhavebeenimportanttoolsformemorialisingor,conversely,forgettingthepast.Whilstsomeoftheseobjectsmayhavebeenheirlooms,othersmayhavebeenuncoveredduringbuildingoragriculturalworkperhapsimpactingontheirbiographyforthosewhoredepositedthem.Oftenthecontextsinwhichtheyaredepositedformsignificantlocationsinthelandscape,whichmayinturnhavetheirownhistoriesandsignificancetopastcommunities.Suchobjectsthusholdinterestinginsightsintoconceptionsoftimeandmemoryinthepast.Thissessionaimstobringtogetherarangeofcasestudiesandtheoreticalapproachestobetterunderstandthispracticeacrossalongertemporalspan.SarahBockmeyer:MovingMemories:RememberingancestorsintheSingleGraveCulture(2800-2200BC)inNeolithicnorthernGermanyTherearenumerouswheelandaxlefindsfromthe3rdMillenniumBCinnorthernGermanydatingtotheSingleGraveCulture(EGK).Especially inoraroundso-called‘bogways’manyaxlefindsstemfromrepairs,buttwopairsofaxles–foundattwodifferentsites–standout.Inbothcasestheaxlepairswerefoundonly1.5mand4.5mapartfromeachotherinthesub-constructionofthebogwaysandbothaxlepairsprecedethebogwayby500yearsand700yearsrespectivelyandthereforebelongtothelateFunnelBeakerCulture(TBK).ItisunlikelythattheaxleswerefoundinthebogsduringtheconstructionofthebogwaysasthereisnoactivityoftheTBKnear thebogways. It ismore likely that theseaxleswerepreserveduntil theconstructionof thebogways,perceived,asIargue,asanobjectofancestorcommemoration.WheelsandwagonshadaspecialmeaningintheTBKduringthe4thMillenniumBCastheyoftenappearedinfuneral contexts and the ‘burial’ of theseaxles several hundred years laterduring theEGK in thebogwaysappearssignificant,dealingwithancestorsofacompletelydifferent‘culture’.CatrionaGibson (UniversityofReading)andAdrianChadwick (UniversityofBristol):DaysofFuturePasts:MaterialmemoriesinpastsocietiesThereisgrowingarchaeologicalevidenceinBritainforobjectsdeposited‘outoftime’,thatarepotentiallymanygenerationsorevenhundredsorthousandsofyearsoldatthetimeoftheirdeposition.Someoftheseitemshave been dismissed as residual and the result of mere happenstance or casual appropriation, but it isincreasinglyapparentthatmanywerecarefullycuratedbeforebeingdeliberatelydepositedbylaterpeople.Thisburgeoningevidenceispartlytheresultoftheenormousincreaseindeveloper-fundedfieldwork,butalsorecentlarge-scale research projects that have been analysing grave good data from burials, and/or utilisingmoreextensiveprogrammesof radiocarbondatingandBayesianmodelling.Werethesesimply ‘heirloom’objects,however,orwereothermorecomplexprocessesinvolved?

ThispaperwillexamineindetailaselectionofexcavatedexamplesdrawnprimarilyfromChalcolithic,BronzeAge,andIronAgeBritain.Someitemswererecoveredfrommore‘formal’settingssuchasburialsandritualmonuments,othersfrommore‘everyday’contexts,buttheycanbeinterpretedaspartofcomplexandvariedsocialpracticesofidentity,memoryandforgettingwithinpastsocieties.AlexDavies(OxfordArchaeology):'Multi-period'HoardsfromtheLateBronzeAgeandIronAgeinSouthernBritain:InterpretingpatternsandcontextualisingdepositionTherecentlydiscoveredValeofWardourhoard,excavatedunderarchaeologicalconditions,hasinvigoratedadebateon'multi-period'hoardsinlaterprehistory.Theseoftenastonishingcollectionsofobjects,sometimescomprisingmetalworkfromfiveorsixdistinctarchaeologicalperiods,havepreviouslybeenunder-studiedandeithernottrustedastruedepositionsduetotheirlegitimacyoforseenasanomalousandignored.However,recentresearchhashighlightedthepotentialthatthesehoardshaveinfurtherunderstandinglaterprehistoricsocieties.Thispapercompares'multi-period'hoardsthatappeartohavebeendepositedinthelateBronzeAgeandIronAge,anddemonstratespatternsthatcanbeusedtointerprettheprocessesbehindthecollectionanddepositionofthesealreadyancientobjects.ExamplesfromotheraspectsofthelateBronzeAgeandIronAgearchaeologyofsouthernBritainwillbeusedtohelpcontextualiseandinterpret'multi-period'hoards.HelenChittock(OxfordUniversity):FragmentationandReassemblyintheIronAge:TracingthebiographiesofheirloomobjectsThephenomenonofdepositingheirloomobjectsisonethatappearsindifferentformsacrossMiddle-LateIronAge Britain. Objects such as shields, swords and cauldronswere seeminglywell used overmany years andsometimescuratedforgenerationsbeforebeingdepositedinhoardsorburials,forexample.Thispracticeraisesanumberofquestionsaboutthemotivationsbehinddepositingtreasuredobjects,aswellasthemotivationsbehindcuratingthemforsuchlengthyperiodsoftimeinthefirstplace.In this paper, I will bring together evidence from Britain, also making use of Continental comparisons, toapproachthesequestionsfromtheperspectivesofthelongandvisiblebiographiesof ‘old’ IronAgeobjects.Evidence foruse-wearandrepairwillbecombinedwithnewevidence for thedeliberate fragmentationandreassemblyofcompositeobjectstoanswerquestionsaboutwhyobjectswerecuratedandmodifiedovertime.I will argue that the visible biographies of old objects were important, allowing them to take on valuablemnemonicpropertiesandmakingtheireventualdepositionallthemoresignificant.MarkLewis(NationalRomanLegionMuseum,Caerleon):TheAntiqueAntique?RelationshipswiththepastaredocumentedbycontemporarywritersduringtheRomanperiodbutpersonalattachmenttohistoricobjectsmayalsobeinferredstylisticallyandthroughexamplesofdepositionalcontext.ThisbriefpaperusesitemswithinthecollectionsoftheNationalRomanLegionMuseum,Caerleon,orreportedthereasareportingsiteforthePortableAntiquitiesScheme(PASCymru),inordertoexplorepossibleRoman(andpost-Roman) attitudes to the historic.Historicity or utility? - Case studies include theCaerleon jacinthmarinegoddessorNereid,possibly2nd-3rdcenturiesBC;theCaerleongeniustogatusfigurine,depositedpost-AD317,adebasedJulio-Claudianstylestillprevailsinthelate-3rdcenturyorlater;theCaerleon‘CelticHorse’stud,a4thcenturydepositionofasimilarlydatedartefactbutstylisticallyverysimilarto1stcenturycoinage–its report suggested implied survival of heirlooms; reworked antefixa from the Caerleon fortress baths andextramuralarea;andaseeminglyintentionallydeposited‘dedicatory’RepublicandenariusfromthePraetorium.

StephenSherlock:TheReuseof‘Antiques’inAnglo-SaxonGravesMypaperisbaseduponastudyrecognisingthatmanysocietiesacquiredthesymbolsandartefactsfromearliercommunities for a variety of reasons, but something different was happening in the C7th in Anglo-SaxonEngland.AtthistimeasConversionPeriodcemeteriesarebeingestablished,anumberofhighstatusburialshaveancientartefactsplacedwithinthegrave.Theseitemsdonotappeartobeheirloomsinthattheyareover100yearsoldsocannotbefromaknownrelative.WhilstsomeitemsarelateRomanorearlyAnglo-Saxon,othersaremucholderandtypesofjewellerywhichinsomecasesbetracedbacktotheIronAge.Werethesecuratedoritems‘wonorstolen’fromearliersites?Atadifferentlevel,itissuggestedthatatypeofIronAge‘safetypin’broochbecamepopularatthistimeinthemid-7thcentury.Somereasonsforthiswillbepresented.MurrayAndrews(UCL):Treasuredpossessions?HeirloomsandantiquitiesinMedievalcoinhoards,ADc.1000-1550Whiletherehasbeenanincreasingconsiderationofthesignificanceof‘oldthings’inearlyMedievalsocieties,rather lessattentionhasbeenpaid tocorrespondingphenomena in thearchaeologyof thecentraland latemiddleages.Despitethis,itisclearfromcontemporarytextualsourcesthatlaterMedievalpeoplewerenolessconcernedwith old objects than their forebears; account rolls andwills outline the complex trajectories ofpossessionshandeddownacrossgenerations,andlawcodes,courtrecordsandmiraclestoriesreferencetheoccasionalrediscoveryandreuseofearlierantiquitiesinthecenturiesapproachingtheReformation.Thispaperreviewstheuseandsignificanceof‘oldobjects’incentralandlateMedievalEuropethroughthelensofhoardevidence,consideringexamplesfromthetenthtomid-sixteenthcenturies.

My Chemical Romance: Keeping our Theoretical Heads in the Face of SeductiveMethodological‘Certainties’Room:0.36Organisers: Susan Greaney (Cardiff University/English Heritage), Anne Teather (UCL) and Emily Wright(UniversityofCambridge)Over the past twenty years, archaeology has benefited from a raft of new and improved scientific datingmethods,allowingustobemoreprecisethaneverbeforeaboutthedatesofsignificanteventsandpracticesinthe past. Through the increased use of sophisticated techniques including radiocarbon, archaeomagnetic,dendrochronologicalandluminescencedating,andwiththeapplicationofstatisticalmethodssuchasBayesianapproachesorquantumtheory,wehaveevermoredataavailabletoinformus.Whileallthesemethodsandapproacheshavebeentakenupbythediscipline,theyarenotwithouttheoreticalramifications. This session aims to assess the impact of this numerical revolution on archaeologicalinterpretations,askingwhetherourwidertheoreticalapproacheshavecaughtupwiththesenewformsofdata,questioningtheimplicationsoftheblindacceptanceofstatistics,andexaminingtheeffectsonournarrativesofthepast.How canwe compare sites and areaswith significant differences in the levels of chronological informationavailable?Isthereadangerthatproposedstatisticalmodelsbecometheunchallengedstatusquo?Whatkindsofdataarethesescientificmethodologiesproducing,whataretheynottellingus,andhowdoesthisaffectourresearch outputs? When do these techniques and approaches become problematic for historicalinterpretations? Do we have adequate training in archaeology to ensure a robust understanding of these

complexmathematicalmodels?Further,howdoweaddresstheconstructionofnewcategoriesofinterpretivedatafromdatingsummariese.g.'outliers'and'residuality'?Aswellasscientificdating,therewillberelevantimplicationsforothernewscientificanalyses(suchasDNAandgeneticsresearch).Papersexplore thisbroad theme,providingcasestudiesorcommentariesonarchaeological researchwherechronologieshaveprovidedtheoreticalchallengesoropportunities.MariaEmanuelaOddo(IMTSchoolforAdvancedStudies,Lucca):HowManyHandsHasaClock?Integratingchronologicalrecords:AsemioticapproachSomeofthemainchronologicalproblemsthatarchaeologyisfacinginthe21stcenturydatebacktotheverybirthofthisdiscipline.Manyhavearguedthatsuchissueswillberesolvedthroughtheacquisitionofnewdataandtheprogressiveimprovementofdatingmethods.Ipresentthehypothesisthatsuchcontroversiesmightinsteadoriginatefromtheoreticalandhistoricalissues.Borrowingsometoolsfromsemiotics(C.S.Peirce)andfromthelogicisticapproachtoarchaeologicaltheory(J.C.Gardin),datingmethodscanbedissectedintheirepistemologicalcomponents.Differentdatingmethodsarebuiltonpeculiar–andsometimesconflicting–models,whichrelyontheoriesandarebasedonunitsofanalysiswhoseintegrationcanleadtosomeinconsistenciesinresults.Moreover, both dating methods and chronological controversies are historical entities. Some of the mainchronologicalcontroversieshavebeenobjectsofresearchformorethanacentury.Whendataareunderstoodto be (at least in part) dependent on the intellectual context that generated them (Kuhn), long-lastingchronologicalcontroversiesappeartobeacrucibleofdifferentapproachesabouthistoricalchange,timeandtheverynatureofthediscipline.Expectingaflawlessconsistencytocomefromanadditionofnewdateswouldbe unrealistic.While this does not undermine the validity of themethods, it does corroborate the view ofperspectivalrealismonscientific‘truth’(M.Massimini).SusanGreaney(CardiffUniversity/EnglishHeritage):TheSpiralof Interpretation:ThoughtsonconstructingnarrativesusingprecisechronologiesItisnowtenyearssincethepublicationofthechronologiesofearlyNeolithiclongbarrowsproject(BaylissandWhittle2007),whichcanbecreditedwithbringingtowideattentionthepossibilitiesofusingBayesiananalysisofradiocarbondatestoproducerobustandprecisechronologicalmodels.Sincethen,themethodologyhasbeenappliedwidelyinBritishandIrisharchaeology,initiallytotheearlyNeolithicandmorerecentlytootherperiodssuchas the IronAgeandAnglo-Saxon.A recent volumeofWorldArchaeology (Pettit and Zilhao2015)wasdedicatedtoreviewingtherapidspreadofBayesianapproachesandreflectedconcernsfromanumberofperiodexpertsanddatingspecialiststhatflawedmodelswerebeingpublishedanduncriticallyacceptedbythewiderdiscipline. In particular, the responsibility of archaeologists in rigorously selecting and clearly justifying thearchaeological samples and their association information (priors) was highlighted, and the need forarchaeologists and statisticians to work together to refine and model alternative interpretations of thearchaeologicalevidencewasemphasised.This paper takes the critique one step further, particularly discussing how thesemodels affect the sort ofnarrativesthatweconstructforthepastandwhattheycanmeanforthe‘hermeneuticspiral’ofunderstanding.ThelateNeolithichengemonumentofMountPleasantinDorsetwillbeusedasanexampleinthisdiscussion,withanexplorationofprevioustheoreticalnarrativesofthismonumentandhowtheyrelatetoourchangingunderstandingofthechronologyofthesite.‘Events’,suchasthestartandendofconstructionofamonument,ordurationofuseofacemetery,aretheeasiestquestionstodefine,butaretheyouronlyresearchquestions?

Whatabouttheratesofchangeandthetempoofprocesses?Howeasyisittocomparebetweensitesormapchangesinmaterialculture?Similarly,onceBayesianmodelsarepublished,howarethesebeingusedintheconstructionofarchaeologicalnarratives?Areourdiscussionsofhumanagency,memoryandhistorybecomingmorenuancedtoreflectthenewprecision?Archaeologistshavearesponsibilitytousethemodelsfromthesedatingprojectsresponsiblyandwisely,withagoodunderstandingofthemethodologiesbehindthem.Anne Teather (UCL): Revealing a Prehistoric Past: Evidence for the deliberate construction of a historicnarrativeintheBritishNeolithicOver the past decade, event based narratives have become a norm in discussions of the British Neolithic.Statistical analyses of radiocarbon dates, combined with a detailed approach to individual contexts, haveproducedchronologicalresolutionsthathaveenabledagreaterunderstandingoftheconstructionanduseofsomemonuments.Whilethesehavebeeninformative,theyincludeinterpretivenomenclaturewithtermssuchas 'outliers' and 'residuality' applied todata thatdoesnot agreewithotherdata.Notonly are these termsuntheorisedandtheirmeaningsunclear,theycouldbesaidtocreateaghettofordatesthatarenotusefulforBayesiananalysis,oranyotheranalysis.This paper argues that this position is inadvertently ignoring evidence of wider cultural understandings. Inparticular,evidenceofthedeliberateinclusionofalreadyoldboneinNeolithicdepositshasbeenidentified,indatesrejectedfromBayesianstatisticalanalyses.Thisisarguedtorepresentaculturalpracticethatmaysuggesta complex social reinforcementofNeolithicbeliefs at their timeofdeposition that createdamanufacturedhistoryofdomesticityforNeolithicpeople.KathyBaneva(CardiffUniversity):Good,BadorAbsolute?IsCultureHistoryEvil?In the current research paradigm of British archaeology, we are accustomed to keeping in line with theconsumer, innovation-driven spirit of theWestern Zeitgeist. Studentsof archaeology are taught at the verybeginningoftheireducationthattherearecertainapproachestostudythatarenowsafelytobearchivedasathing of the past. The culture historical approach is one of these; outdated, non-concrete and relative in amanner,whichdoesnotservethecontemporarystrivefornarratinggenerationalhistoriesinprehistory.Theuse of relative chronologies in line with a culture-historical paradigm is, however, still a main axis ofarchaeological investigation in a number of European countries. The mode of thinking in which Britisharchaeologyispresentlygrounded,thusoftenclasheswithparticularpracticesandcouldbeseenasseverelyrestrictingtheengagementofBritisharchaeologistinthesefieldsofresearch.Mytalkwillexaminetheinevitableclash of approaches when attempting to analyse the Bulgarian Neolithic through a British methodologicalperspective.MattersofabsoluteandrelativechronologieswillbediscussedinlightofmyownresearchoftheproblematicimpassebetweenNeolithicchronologiesinthesouthernBulgaria/northernGreecearea.Thepaperwill aim to answer whether we can reconcile the ‘evil’ relative and ‘good’ absolute in order for Britishprehistorianstoremainrelevantpartiesinsouth-easternEuropeanscholarship.EmilyWright(UniversityofCambridge):BadTiming:ProblemswithchronologiesandnarrativesbynumbersinMediterraneanprehistoryBig picture research, successfully carried out in theMediterranean through the framework of connectivity(HordenandPurcell2000;Broodbank2013),hingesonunderstandingbroadhistoricalnarrative,the‘absolute’chronologyofeventsanddegreesofcontemporaneity.Unfortunately,workonthechronologyoftheBronzeandIronAgesintheMediterraneanisbesetwithproblems–long-term,tiedtothenatureofthearchaeologicalevidence, inherent in thepracticesused tocollectandanalysedata,and,perhapsmostdisappointingly, the

productofzealousself-assuranceanddisciplinaryin-fightingregardinginterpretation.Duringthisperiod,theregionhasmorethanone‘Highvs.LowChronology’debate.Thispaperwilladdresstheseparationof‘time-as-experience’and‘time-as-narrative’approacheswhichimpactonhowwereconcilearchaeologicalevidenceatmanydifferentscales.The‘certainties’offeredbytechniquesincluding Radiocarbon dating and Bayesian analysis will be discussed in the context of archaeologists’ ownsubjectivityandstratigraphicmethodology.Thereisno‘absolute’chronology;thereisonlytimerelativetoitsmaterial perception and the circumstances of its measuring. Despite this, narratives by numbers offer anessentialcountertoourdiscipline’sblindadherencetolabelsoftimethathaveoutgrowntheiroriginalefficacy.

FuturesofthePast:EverydayLandscapesandtheArchaeologyofAnticipationRoom:0.45Organisers:AndrewGardner(UCL),LaceyWallace(UniversityofLincoln)andBenJervis(CardiffUniversity)Theaimofthissessionistoexplorehowpeopleinpastsocietiesmanipulatedtemporalityinthelandscapesthattheycreatedbyaskinghowwecanunderstandanticipatoryactions. Studies thatexplicitlyunite spatialandtemporalconceptsasmeaningfulconstructshavetendedtoemphasisememoryandpast-nessinthepast;inthis session, we wish to re-orient this focus towards the past futures that people sought to shape.Asarchaeologists,ournaturalinclinationistoworkbackwardsfromwhatweknow,fromwhichperspectivethefutureisafaitaccompli.Realityis,ofcourse,verydifferent,andisratherorientedtomoreorlessopenfutures.Wewishtoask,‘howandwhydidpeopleinthepastdefinehowalandscapewouldbeexperienced,howtheirdescendantswoulduseit,andhowtheywouldberemembered?’Inachievingthisshiftintime-perspective,wealsoseektobreakdownthreesetsofboundaries:thosebetweenthephenomenologicaltraditionsthathaveinfluenced archaeology thus far and other theoretical perspectives dealing with time; those between laterprehistoric scholarship,where experiential studies are common, and that ofmore recent societies; and theboundaries between themonumental and the everyday, expanding investigation of the latter to place theformer in proper context, and emphasising the dialectical nature of power relations in the landscape.Papersareinvitedwhichtackleanyoralloftheseissues,usingmulti-temporalarchaeologiesatsiteorlandscapescalestoconsiderhowexperiencewasconstructedtoshapefutureactionsandmemories,andhowdifferentculturalunderstandingsof‘thefuture’mightenableorconstrainpastagency.Papersthatexplorethechoicesand changes made by people in the past in relation to group identities, hierarchies, ideologies and otherstructureslinkedtoforceslikecolonialismorglobalizationwillbeparticularlywelcome.KevinKay(UniversityofCambridge):PitsandPlaces:UsinganticipationtocharacterizedepositsatNeolithicÇatalhöyükTheburialofassortedartefactsinpitsorfilllayerspresentsaninterpretivechallengetoarchaeologists.Ourfirstinstinctmaybetocategorizeburieddepositsbasedontheircontents,asintheexamplesofgraves,hoards,andstoragepits.Inmanycases,however,thecontentsofpitsvarywidely,provingambiguousandhardtoclassify.Iproposethatunderstandingburieddepositsasfundamentallytemporaleventsinvolvedinmakingspaceoffersonefruitfulwayforward.Byconsideringthelocaltrajectoriesthatleduptoburialevents,andthefuturesthatburieddepositshelped tobringabout ina space,wecandistinguishproductivelybetweenkindsofdepositwithoutflounderingonthesheervarietyoftheircontents.TakingdepositswithinhousesatÇatalhöyükasanexample,Iusesequentialassociationrulesanalysis–asimplestatisticalmethodforidentifyinglinksinseriesofevents – to distinguish among deposits differently involved in making social space. In this instance, an

archaeology explicitly tailored to the diachronic character of space, highlighting links of anticipation andsynergies across time, offers a clearer view of the archaeological record than more conventional, staticapproachestoclassifyingandinvestigatingdeposits.LauraGhisleni(UniversityofWisconsin–Milwaukee):FuturesThatCouldHaveBeenOtherwise:TimeandthepastinanImperiallandscapeThispaperconsidersthepastintermsofitspotentialfutures,exploringtheimplicationsofthisperspectiveforanunderstandingoftimeandhistoricalprocess.Suchanarchaeologycentredonpossibilitiesseekstotracenotonlytheelementsthatappeartoundergirdorguaranteeaparticulartrendoroutcome,buttheheterogeneousconditionsof emergence that couldhavebeenoriented towarddifferent anticipated futures. Thegoal is toconfront thespectrumofvariability inwhichpastactionsweremobilized,possibilities thatmightchallenge,coexist,orconflictwithahegemonicorpresumedinevitablenarrative.FocusingontheRomanoccupationofsouthern England, the paper explores themeaning of long-term trends in the context ofmultiple potentialfuturesforthepast,engagingwithintersectionsoftimetraditionallysegmentedintosequentialperioddivisions.Theanalysisexploreshowcyclesofsettlementuseanddisuseactivatedpastcontextsforinteraction,includingNeolithicandBronzeAgeearthworksandfields,ascontingentyetpotentsitesofsocialarticulationinIronAgeandRomanlandscapes,reframingunderstandingsofcontinuitiesandrupturesduringimperialoccupation.Lacey Wallace (University of Lincoln) and Andrew Gardner (UCL):Making Sense of Past Futures: RurallandscapetemporalitiesinRomanBritainInthispaper,weseektoexplorethewaysinwhichlandscapesbecomevenuesnotonlyformanipulationsofthepastinapresent,butalsoforshapingpossiblefutures.Considerationsoftemporalityandbeinginthelandscapehavebeenmorestronglyfocussedonthepastandsocialmemorythanthefuture,anticipation,andprojectivity,but thesearevitalconsiderations ifweare topreserve thepossibility thatpastpeople imaginedalternativefutures.AfruitfularchaeologicalcontextforanexplorationofpastfuturescanbefoundinthechoicespeoplemadeduringthelateIronAgeandRomanperiodinBritain,whichhasanincreasinglyrichandhigh-resolutionmaterialrecordforcomplexchangesandcontinuitiesduringaperiodofculturalinteractionsandimperialpowerdynamics. More specifically, recent research into the architectural and material practices evident on ruralsettlementsitesandacrosslandscapesforcesustochallengepre-conceptionsaboutthereactive/reactionaryculture of rural societies. Case-studies from Kent and the West Country will be deployed to develop theargumentthatinthematerialisingoftime,thefuturehasaverysignificantparttoplay.BenJervis(CardiffUniversity):AnticipatoryAction:Archaeology,powerandclairvoyanceinaMedievaltownResilienceisanincreasinglyimportantconceptacrossthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.Archaeologicalstudiesof resilienceallowus tobetterunderstand itsconsequences in long termperspective. Inbuilding resilience,communitieshavetolooktothefuture,toanticipateandadapttoallowthemtopersistinthefaceofadversity.Thisisanintenselypoliticalmatter;whatisitthatacommunitywishestoretain?Andwhoisinapositiontoenact such decisions? Building resilience therefore has consequences and anticipatory action may haveunanticipatedconsequences.InthiscontributionIputtheseideastowork,inparticularbycombiningrecentinterdisciplinary literature on resilience, assemblage thought and archaeological evidence, in the context ofMedievalSouthampton,toexplorehowresiliencewasbuilt(ornot)atdifferentscales,toexplorehowconcernswiththefuturewerebroughttobearonthelivesofaMedievalcommunity.

MarcusBrittain (CambridgeArchaeologicalUnit):ArchaeologyofUtopia:The futureand legacyofa19th-centurysocialistcommunityatManeaFenIt isadefiningandconstitutive featureof thehumanconditiontomeasurethestandardsof lifeagainst thepossibilityoftheirimprovementinthefuture.Inthe19thcenturyvariousgrandexperimentswereattemptedtoestablishnewandalternative foundations forhumanity’scourse toa futureofequitable socialharmony.Archaeologymayexaminehow,throughtheirdifferentstrategies,theseprojectsenvisagedtheirownformofUtopia as an outcome of a combination of particular material environments and sound moral conviction.SupportedbyaLottery-fundedcasestudyofrecentfieldworkonthesiteofamid-19th-centuryUtopiancolonyin the remote Cambridgeshire fenland, the agency of anticipated futures – and their material legacy – onsubsequentgenerationsofinhabitantsmaybejudgedagainstthedocumentationoftheirhistoricaloutcome.

TheWindintheWillows:EmployingtheNarrativeinEnvironmentalArchaeologyRoom:4.44Organisers:LeeG.Broderick(OxfordArchaeology)andSuziRicher(UniversityofYork)Scientificcommunicationisoftenpresentedaslogicalandempirical(context-free).Thefacts,however,donotspeakforthemselvesandcontextservesaverynecessaryfunctioninprovidingmeaningfordata.Honestly,whocaresthattherewere14ducksa-dabbling,orthattheWildWoodwasbiggeratsomepoint?Secretly,evenmostspecialistsdonot.Yetasspecialists,wecontinuetocomplainthatourreportsareconsignedtothegraveyardoftheappendiceswheretheycanbesafelyignoredbynon-specialists.Storytelling might appear to be anathema to rigorous scientific approaches to data. Literary theory andpsychologyresearchbothsuggestthoughthatreadersbetterunderstandnarrativewritingincomparisonwithexpositorywriting.Ithasalsorecentlybeendemonstratedthatclimatechangesciencepaperswhichadoptanarrativestylearebothmore likelytobecitedbypeersandmore likelytohaveawider impactbeyondthespecialistaudience.Environmentalarchaeologyisinauniqueposition–abletocontributeequallytoarchaeologicaldebatesandtothediscoursesurroundingclimatechange.Assuch,itisespeciallyimportantthatourvoiceisheard–notjustthat our data is published but that our interpretations are understood and remembered.We believe thatadoptinganarrativeapproachinourwritingmaybeonewayinwhichtoachievetheseaims.TerryO’Connor(UniversityofYork):‘It’sMuddyandItSmells’:TellingthepasthumanenvironmentEnvironmental archaeology needs robust data in order to infer the proxy evidence of the past humanenvironment.Ourperspectiveworksatarangeofspatialscalesandoftenwithalongchronologicalcontext.Thatparadigmallowsusmanywaystoaddressthecentralquestionofenvironmentalarchaeology–‘Whatwasthisplacelikeatthattime?’Whatitlacksistheperspectiveofthecontemporaneousindividual.‘Whatwasthisplace like,standinghere5000yearsago?’ isadifferentquestion,onethatneedsourhypothetico-deductivequestioningofthematerialevidence,butthatneedsmuchmorethanthepresentationofthatevidencetoattainasatisfactoryanswer.Speculativenarratives,includingdeliberatefiction,allowthatalternativeview,byplacingtheindividualandher/hisperceptionofshortertimescales,attheheartoftheexperience.Thosenarrativesalsoopenupnewresearchquestions,forexampleaboutsoundandsmellandaboutweatherratherthanclimate.Theboundarybetweeninferencefromevidenceandspeculativeconstructshastobeabsolutelyclearandthoseconstructsmustnot contradict robustevidence.Given those caveats, narrativeaccountshavean importantplacebothinthecommunicationofenvironmentalarchaeologyandinallowingusdifferentwaysofexploringourmaterialevidence.

MattLaw(BathSpaUniversity/LPArchaeology): ‘MyShadowSunning ItselfonThisStoneRemembers theLava’:PublicperceptionsofpastenvironmentsInthequoteinthetitleofthispaper(fromhis1978poemPre-Cambrian),R.S.ThomasevokesanalmostinnateunderstandingofhowthenorthWelsh landscape took its form.Howwidespread isawarenessof landscapehistoryandenvironmentalchange in thepast,however?Are thenarrativesofenvironmentalarchaeologistsreachingabroaderpublic?Throughqualitativesocialresearch,thispaperoffersaninitialinvestigationofpublicreception of research into past environments. It also considers what the implications of this might be forengagementwithpresentdayclimatechange,forsustainabilityinitiatives,andforhistoricenvironmentpolicy.JessCollins(UniversityofExeter):Archaeology,MuseumsandClimateChangeMyresearchexploreshowmuseumscanusearchaeologicalnarrativestoengagetheiraudiencesonthethemeofclimatechange.Museumsarestory-tellerswithacommitmenttoeducationandcommunity.Theyhavetheexpertise toputacrosscomplex ideasandcan thusbesignificantplayers inclimatechangecommunication.Whethermuseums should domore to tackle environmental issues and to address controversial topics aremattersofcurrentdebate.Climatechangeneednotbeconfinedtoscienceandnaturalhistorymuseums.Archaeologyhasstoriestotellabouttheresilienceofhumansocietiesinadaptingtoenvironmentalchange.Byshowcasingideasthatlinkthepastwithcurrentconcerns,museumscanensurethatarchaeologyremainsarelevantdisciplineinthemodernworld.Through interviewswithmuseumprofessionals, Ihaveconsideredhowthechallengesofpresentingclimatechangeareperceived,howexhibitionsofaninterdisciplinarynaturearedevised,andhowarchaeologicalobjectscanbepresentedwithinaclimatechangecontext.Responseshavevaried,withpolitical,financialandlogisticalconstraintshavingtobetakenintoaccount.Howeverthereisaconsensusthatmuseumscould–andshould–domoretoengagecreativelywithclimatechange,andthatarchaeologyhasauniqueroletoplayinthisprocess.PhilStatsney(UniversityofReading):‘NarrativizingScience’:EcocriticismandpeatlandarchaeologyThecurrentglobalenvironmentalcrisisimpactsoneveryfieldofhumanlifeandsomustbeengagedwithbyeveryfieldofacademicresearch.Widespreaddegradationofeveryecosystemonearthmeansthatnow,morethanever,weareinurgentneedforcarefulconsiderationofourplacewithinourecosystems.Furthermore,thesheerscaleandubiquityofapparenthumanimpacts,andourinabilityasaspeciestoavoidtheconsequencesof those impacts, calls in toquestion theverynotionofa clear separationbetween thehumanandnaturalspheres.Sohowshouldenvironmentalarchaeologistsrespond?Whatcanwedo?Thispaperwillarguethatweshouldlooktoinsightsfromliterarycriticismandspecificallythegrowingfieldofecocriticismfor inspiration.SimonC.Estokhaspointedoutthatinsomewaysscienceandliteraturearenotallthatdifferent–botharewaysofexplaininghowandwhywearehere-andhashighlightedthegrowingneedto‘narrativizescience’tomaketangibletheproblemswefaceandtobringaboutrealchange.ThispaperwillintroducesomekeyinsightsfromecocriticismanddiscusshowthesemaybeappliedtoenvironmentalarchaeologyutilisingIrishpeatlandsasacasestudy:Howcanweunderstandbothpresentandpastattitudestopeatlands?Inwhatwayscanwe‘read’archaeologicalandenvironmentaldatasets?Whatstoriescanwetell,andwhatnarrativesdoweneedtochallengetobringaboutchange?

HywelLewis(UniversityofBradford):UsingNarrativetoUnderstandMessyManagementandOpportunisticWoodlandUseEnvironmentaldatafrompollen,charcoalandtreeringanalysesprovideapowerfulframeworkforidentifyinglongtermtrendsinthewaysinwhichhumanshaveusedandchangedwoodedlandscapesinthepast.Overshortertimeperiods,however,thehighvariabilityandnoiseofdatameanthatusefulinterpretationofthelivedexperience of actors in the wooded environment is incredibly difficult. Is this noise simply due to poorpreservationofthearchaeologicalrecord,orwashighlyvariable,‘messy’landmanagementnormal?Althoughwe tend to look for stable and repetitive management systems, such as strict coppice cycles, what doesunsystematicoropportunisticwoodlanduselooklike?Oneapproachistoplacepalaeoecologicalfindingsinasocialandeconomiccontextfromwhichnarrativesareallowedtoemerge.Evidenceofchangesinsocialrelations,localmarketsortechnologicaloptionsbegintoputfleshonthescientificbones.Exploringtheeffectsofindividualpreferenceanddecision-makingcanprovidearangeof interpretationswhichexplainvariability inthedataratherthanstability. Interdisciplinarynarrativesenable the data to become more human, more relatable, and, unexpectedly, more open to scientificinterrogation.Alex Fitzpatrick (University of Bradford) and Valerie San Filippo (Stony Brook University): Things WorthTelling:ConsideringnarrativestorytellinginenvironmentalarchaeologyWith the advent of the Internet, research has never been more accessible by others. As such, sciencecommunicationhasneverbeenmoreimportant.Inparticular,environmentalarchaeologyhasoftenbeenatthemercy of successfully communicating a project’s importance to others. However, conventional archaeologypapersmayfinddifficultyinsellingtheirresearchtothegeneralpublicandtopeers.In thispaper,wepropose that environmental archaeologyprojectsmaybeable tobenefit fromadaptinganarrativestructurewhenpublishingmaterial.Wearguethatanarrativestructureisnotonlymoreinterestingandmoreaccessibletonon-specialists,butitmaybemoreeffectiveatillustratingtheimportanceofaprojecttoothers.Becauseanarrativestructurereliesheavilyonthedevelopmentofempathybetweenthenarratorandtheiraudienceinordertodevelopnarrativedrive,sotooshouldanarchaeologypaperseektoengagewithandmotivateitsreaders.Inordertoexplorethisidea,wehaveidentifiedkeyfeaturesofthestructuresforbothastandardarchaeologypaperandanarrativestory.Anexampleenvironmentalarchaeologypaperwaswrittenfollowingtheidentifiedstandard conventions to serve as our basis for this investigation, before being rewritten with a narrativestructure.Inexaminingthesepaperssidebyside,wewilldemonstratethebenefitsofnarrativeinarchaeologyforpublicoutreach,interdisciplinarycommunication,andresearchfunding.Byexaminingtheconventionsofthefieldfromanoutsideperspective,wehopetoprovidetoolswithwhichenvironmentalarchaeologycanstrengthenitsoutreach.Narrativehasprovenitselfasavitalcommunicationtool,fromwhichanywillingarchaeologistcanbenefit.DonHenson(UniversityofYork):ClimateChangeasHumanExperienceThistalk isbasedonmyPhDresearch, lookingatthenarrativesusedtoconveytheMesolithictothepublic.Human interactionwith the environment is a fundamental aspect ofMesolithic archaeology. The effect ofclimatechangeonpeopleisoftendiscussedinabstractandgeneralisedterms.Theclimategotwarmersotheforestsgrewandpeopleadaptedtoanewwayofhuntingandadoptedmoreplantfoods.Goodnarrativesare

howevermorespecificthanthis.Narrativetheoryinvolvesidentifyingthekeyconstituentsofnarrativeandhowtheyaffectreaders.Thereneedstobeparticularcharactersinspecificsettingscarryingoutdefinedactivitiesthat are affected by happenings imposed fromoutside. As archaeologists,we seldom think in terms of thespecificsubjectiveexperiencesofpeopleinthepast.Some,likeBrianFagan,haveadvocatedthis,andafew,likeSteveMithen,haveprovidedexamples.Moreusually,goodnarrativeshavebeenprovidedbynovelistsandshortstorywriters. Iwillofferanexampleoftwonovelswhichshowhowenvironmentalchangecanbeusedasanarrative‘happening’andhowpeople’sresponsesdriveanarrativethatmakesclimatechangemeaningful.

Periodization,TimeandFaultLines:TheFifthCenturyADRoom:3.58Organisers:JamesGerrard(NewcastleUniversity)andElliotChaplin(NewcastleUniversity)MostarchaeologistsandhistorianswouldagreethatthefifthcenturyADisafundamentaltimeinthehistoryofBritainandWesternEurope.ItmarksthebreakbetweenClassicalAntiquityandtheMiddleAges.Assuchitisafundamentalfault-line,arupturethatdividesbothmaterialcultureandpeople.Collingwood(1927,324)arguedthat‘a“period”ofhistoryisanarbitraryfabrication,amereparttornfromitscontext,givenafictitiousunity,andsetintofictitiousisolation,yetbybeingsotreated,itacquiresabeginning,andamiddleandanend’.Thefifthcenturystandsbothasanend(oftheRomanperiod)andabeginning(oftheearlyMiddle Ages). It lacks an identity and coherence, falling between its academic parents in a lacklustredivorce,condemnedasadifficultanduninterestingchild.Muchoftheresearchonthisperiodisfocussedonempiricalconcerns:ifonlywehadmoresites,radiocarbondates,objectsortextsthistimewouldsomehowresolveitselfandthescaleswouldfallfromourcollectiveeyes.Inthissessionwehopetoexplorehowlineartimeandnineteenth-centuryperiodizationshaveconstrainedourunderstandingofthe‘longfifthcentury’.Forinstance,Lucas(2005,100)hasdismissedthefifthcenturyanditssometimesacrimoniousdebatesas‘alargelyfictitiousproblem’,theresultofourfailuretoreconcileanordinalsystemofchronologywithan intervalsystem.Wehopetobuildonthisperspectiveanddeveloptheoreticaldiscussionsthatallowustolookanewatthefifthcenturyasatimeworthyofanalysisinitsownright.JamesGerrard(NewcastleUniversity)andElliotChaplin(NewcastleUniversity):TimeandtheFifthCenturyThe over-arching concern of early archaeologists and antiquarians was chronology: the correct temporalsequential ordering of the physical remains of the distant and not-so-distant past. For those archaeologistsobjectsandmonumentsbecameproxiesforperiodsthatdivideduphumanity’slinearpast.Todaywecontinuetoreapthebenefitsofthisscholarshipandrefinethedetail.ThefifthcenturyAD/CEisoftenpresentedasafissurethatseparatestheworldofClassicalAntiquityfromtheearlyMedievalperiod.BetweenAD400/410(theendof theRomansystem)andc.AD470(thewidespreadadoptionofSalin’sStyleI in lowlandBritain)thereisalmostnothing.SomeseethisasaconsequenceofthecatastrophethatwastheFalloftheWesternRomanEmpire,othersperceivethisgapasanempiricalproblem:onetobesolvedbytheapplicationofbettermethods,ortherecoveryofmoredata.Inthispaper(andsession),weargue-followingtheapproachesofCollingwood,Lucas,Witmoreandothers-thatjustasimportantareourviewsofperiods,timeandhowordinalandintervalchronologiesarereconciledwiththeresiduesofthepast.

James Harland (University of York) and Katherine Fliegel (University of Manchester): Britain and theTransformationoftheRomanWorld:Rethinkingrupture,ideology,andtimeThetreatmentofthefifthcenturyinlowlandBritainasarupture,ratherthanaperiodworthyofitsownanalysis,isaconsequenceofuniquematerialconditionsderivedfromtheendofRomanruleoverthediocese,andopensagapinourinterpretiveframeworkforitsmaterialculture.Thisgapprivilegeshigh-statusRomanmaterialandleadsustoidentifyabipolarsetofvisible`elite'materialculturalgroups,separatedbybothputativeculturalandchronologicalboundaries.Yet this interpretive framework reliesentirelyon frameworksquestionable intermsofbothhistoriographyandepistemology.ThispapercombinesHarland’schallengetotheabilitytoinferethnicidentityfrommaterialcultureandFliegel’sreconsiderationofthegenderingoffifth-centurygravekits.Itcallsforinterpretingfifth-centurylowlandBritainasaregionnotisolatedfromtheformerWesternEmpirebytheendof formalRomanrule,but ratherundergoing transformationsofauthority, ideology,andnormativevaluesthattieitinextricablytocontinentaltrends.ThroughreconsideringthematerialconditionsresponsibleforBritain’sregionalidiosyncrasies,weshowthatchangesinburialcostumeneednotbesignsof‘rupture’,butshowBritain’sinhabitantstobeparticipantsinquestionsaboutstatus,belonging,andcivilizationthattroubledtheentireRomanWest.SusanOosthuisen(UniversityofCambridge):IstheFifth-centuryFault-lineaHallucination?The role of migration as the stimulus for catastrophic changes in material culture, language, and politicalorganisation in fifth-centuryEnglandhasa longhistoriographyreaching intotheearlynineteenthcentury. Itremainsafundamentalpremiseforcontemporarymodelsandexplanationsfortheemergenceof‘Anglo-Saxon’England including the replacement of a Romano-British aristocracy by a Germanic warrior elite, and thedevelopmentofculturalidentitiesfromacoreofimportedbeliefs(ethnogenesis).Thispapertakesanalternativeview,framedbytheworkofBraudel,Östrom,Bourdieu,andHolling.Itspremiseisthatallaspectsofastable,sustainable, farmingeconomydependon rights of propertyover land: they enable an individual tomake areasonablypredictableliving,provideopportunitiestogenerateasurplusoracquiregoods,andallowpersonalinteractionwithelitesthroughtribute,gift-givingortaxation.Focusinginparticularonsharedpropertyrights,thepaperexploresthedevelopmentofnewmodelsforexplainingthefifthcentury.Itsuggeststhatstabilitiesinunderlyingsocial-economicsystems,visible inthe landscape,providedasafefoundationforpost-imperialinventionandexperimentationwithnewpoliticalformsandsocialrelationships;andthatmigration,materialcultureandlanguagemaybelesssignificantthanpreviouslysupposed.PaulGorton(UniversityofLeeds):Romans,BritonsorAnglo-SaxonsinFifthCenturyBritain:Howdoweknow,whyshouldwecare?TheongoingdeconstructionofAnglo-SaxontypologyinmetalworkandtheidentificationoflocalvariationsinpotteryrepresentingintermediatepointsbetweenRomanandAnglo-SaxontypespresentthepossibilityofachronologicalspectrumratherthanthedefinitiveendortheabsolutegenesisoftheRomanandAnglo-Saxonperiodsrespectively.Ifwestepawayfromnotionsofthefifthcenturyrepresentingtheendofoneperiodandthebeginningofanotherandhistoriographicallyderivedideasofwhotheactorsinvolvedineachlocalitywere,theirethnicityandtheculturetheyascribedto,whatdoestheevidenceactuallyshowus?Takenfromapurelyeconomicpointofview,arethechangesweseemerelylocalresponsestoneweconomiccircumstancesandaretheypartoftheebbandflowofurbanlifeinBritaininthemiddleofthefirstmillennium?Thesequestionswillbeconsideredusingaseriesofcasestudiestohighlightthepotentialofseeinggeneraltrendsinactionifwemoveawayfromourattachmenttoperiodisation,ethnicityandthenotionthattherewasafault lineatthebeginningofthefifthcentury.

VinceVanThienen(YaleUniversity):HumanNaturePlusBiasPersistenceEqualsanObscureFifthCenturyManyofthegeneralissuesofthefifthcenturyarepresentinNorthernGaul:itlacksaclearunderstandingofhowpeoplelived,whatmaterialstheyused,whotheywereandwheretheycamefrom.Pressingissuesarenolonger theabsenceofevidenceasmuch,but rather its identificationand interpretation,beyondpointing tobarbarians.Thispaperwishestofocusonwhyundifferentiatedandoutdatednotionsstillareabletopersistafter four decades since the development of the Romanization debate, emphasizing local agency, and thetransformationapproachinLateAntiquity,studyingcontinuityacrossthefourthtosixthcentury‘gap’.Inpart,thenineteenthcenturyperiodizationandthetwentiethcenturyethnicdiscourseareresponsible,buttheyalonedonotexplain thepersistenceof these issuesuntil today.Thispaperaims toargue thatmorebasichumanprinciples,suchasregardingtimeasalinearprogressionortheneedforclassificationtoprocessandunderstandinformation,areasresponsibleforobscuringthefifthcenturyasthescholarlybiasesfollowingGibbon’sworkintheeighteenthcentury.Finally,aconsiderationonhowtoaddress‘invisiblematerials’wouldbesuggestedasaconstructiveexperimentforthearchaeologyofthefifthcentury.PeterGuest(CardiffUniversity):Hopes,FearsandEatingCake:Brexitinthefifthcentury?Oneofthemostenduringlegaciesofnineteenthcenturyhistoricalscholarshipisthelinearnarrativethatdrivesalmostallhistoricalthinking–familiarasthepopular‘Timeline’thatexplainswhathappenedandwhen.Keypersonalities and events populate history and compartmentalise time into different periods and themes(attractingspecialistswhoseexpertisedoesnotnecessarilyextendbeyondtheirparticularbox).Theunfortunatefifthcentury,a‘darkage’ofmythsandlegends,fallsbetweenRomanBritainandtheearlyMedievalperiodand,traditionally,hasbeenseenastheendoftheformerandthebeginningofthelatter.Ifweabandon,however,theprimacyofthelinearhistoricalaccount,thefifthcenturydoesnothavetobeonlyanEndoraBeginningandcan ‘exist’ in its own right.Archaeologists study real people, their societies and cultures, so the absenceofhistoricaleventsinthefifthcenturyshouldnotbeaproblemforarchaeologists.Inreality,thefifthcenturyisseen as largely devoid of evidence for occupation or material culture, but is this a consequence of howarchaeological thinkinghasbeenbound toaparticular linearnarrative rather thancontemporary socialandculturalrealities?

TimeandtheMaritime:TheTemporalityofCoastalZonesRoom:3.62Organisers:ChristopherNuttall(UniversityofUppsala)andHenrietteRødland(UniversityofUppsala)Coastalregionsaredynamicspacesandpeople’sinteractionswiththeseareashaveplayedalargeroleinshapingsocieties,cultures,andtechnologies (Cordell1989;Fitzpatricketal2015;Rainbird2007),aswellashowweframeourresearch.Wehavenowmovedbeyondsubsistence-basedinterpretationstoaccountforwhypeopleinhabitedcoastallocationsinthepast,andthedesiretoinhabitthesemarginalareascaninpartbeviewedfromthestandpointofsocialdeterminism.Maritimewaysoflifemayseemlikeanobviousoption,buttheyarenotan inevitable choice (Vavouranakis 2011), and we should attempt to assess the wide range of economic,religious, and social factors that inspired these choices. People’s relationships with coastal areas can becomplicated and fluid, despite the seemingly obvious benefits of coastal living.What influenced people topursueamaritimewayoflifeinthefirstplace,andhowwerethesespacesused,perceived,andrenegotiatedovertimeandspace?Towhatextentdidcoastalenvironmentsimpactandshapesocialspacesandrelationshipsbetweenpeople?

Thissessionwillseektoinvitepapersdealingwiththeseissuesfromatemporalperspective.Thesessionwillexplore the temporality of coastal zones through theoretical debateparticularly focusingupon identity, thebody,cognition,innovation,culturechangeandmovementwithinamaritimecontext.TomLawrence(OxfordArchaeology):WeDoNotSow:Hunter-gatherercoastalcommunitiesontheeveoftheMesolithic-NeolithictransitionTheliminalzonebetweencoastandlandwasveryimportantforMesolithiccommunitiesthroughoutEurope.Formanydecadesthisrelationshiphasbeenexaminedthroughapurelyeconomiclens.Butsurely,asisthecasetoday,theseadrewtheseprehistoricpeoplesforamyriadofreasonsandimprinteda lasting impressionontheirconsciousness.Thispaperexploreshumanrelationshipstocoastalareasontheeveoffarming.Duringthisperiod,Mesolithiccommunitiesinmaritimezonesmaintainedastalwartattachmenttotheseainthefaceofaneverincreasingpressuretoaltertheearth.Inmanycases,itisinthecoastalzonesthatMesolithicpeoplestookthelongesttoadoptfarming.Therenegotiationofspaceandworld-viewbetweenMesolithicandNeolithicpeoplesintheseareasisatonceacomplicatedbut intriguingone.AlthoughMesolithiccommunitiesmayhavebeenvastlydifferentfromtheneotericNeolithicculturesthateventuallysupersedethem,theybothsharedanengagementwiththeseathatwentbeyondtheeconomic.ChrisNuttall(UniversityofUppsala):MaritimeEntanglementintheAegeanIslandsintheBronzeAgeLongTermPerspectiveThispaperseekstoinvestigatethedegreeof’maritimeentanglement’inalong-termperspectiveintheislandsoftheAegeanSea. ‘Maritimeentanglement’ inthispaperrelatestothestrengthofhowpastsocietieswereinteractingwiththecoast,whetherinthesituatingoftheirsettlements,depictionofseaandsea-relatedthemesinmaterialcultureandtherelationshipbetweencemeteriesandthecoast.Along-termperspectivehasbeenchoseninthespiritofthesession,butalsotointerrogatethevariabilityof‘maritimeentanglement’inatemporalperspective.ThecolonisationoftheAegeanislandsbeginsinearnestintheLateNeolithic(Cherry1981),thoughitisintheFinalNeolithicandEarlyBronzeAgethatweseeourstrongestevidence for ‘maritimeentanglement’ in thisregion(Broodbank2000).Isthisasteadytrajectorytowardseverincreasingentanglementwiththesea?Areallsocieties in the Aegean islands similarly positioned to interactwith the sea or are there differences in thecharacter of some siteswhich have a different relationshipwith the sea?How canwe account for societalbreakdownandthereductionof‘maritimeentanglement’atthestartoftheMiddleBronzeAge?HeleneMartinsson-Wallin(UniversityofUppsala):BronzeAgeMonumentsandCoastalLandscapeChangesinaLongTermPerspectiveonGotlandIslandintheBalticSeaTherearearoundtwohundredlargeBronzeAgecairnsthataredottedsomekilometresinlandonthecurrentGotland island landscape.The largestof themare todayusedas imposingvisitor’s sitesbut theywereonceimportant burial and ritual sites connected to a costal landscape and likely tied to the rise of a maritimeinstitution connected to the Bronze trade. This paper explores the transformation and relationships of thephysicalandsocio-culturallandscape(themilieu)inalongtermperspectiveinconnectiontothesemonuments.

Caradoc Peters (University of Plymouth): Cornwall’s Romano-British ‘Cottage Industry’: Networkingcommunities,seasonalityandhistoricchronologyRomano-British salt production in the west of Cornwall has not been regarded as anything other than aseconomicactivity.Hathaway’s(2013)workonRomano-BritishsaltworksinBritain,though,noteditssmallscaleproductionandmethodswithinthedomesticsettingoflocalRomano-Britishovalhouses.ExperimentscarriedoutwithPlymouthUniversitystudentsatTruroCollegeoverfouryearsdemonstratedmoreproblemswiththescaleandviabilityofthesesmall-scaleoperations,giventhelocationsofthesmallovalhousesettlementswith lowconcentrationsofsalt intheneighbouringseawater.Saltmarshesaremoresuitableforcommercialscaleproduction.UsingMichelCallon’s(1986)fourstagesoftranslation,thispaperinvestigateshowdifferentagents,humanandnatural,wereassembledtocreateasaltproductionprocessthatmetlocaleconomic,socialandspiritualneeds(basedaroundannualpelagicfishmigration)againsttheshiftingpoliticalimperativesoftheRomanprovince.TomFitton(UniversityofYork):TimeandRelativeDivisionsIn(Swahilimaritime)SpaceTheSwahilicultureofEastAfrica isgenerallyregardedasamaritimesociety,withahistoryofseafaringandsuccessfulcoastaltradedatingbacktothemid-firstmillenniumCE.Arangeofinvestigationsoverthepast30yearshoweverhasdemonstratedthatthepictureisfarmoredynamicanddiverse,bothspatiallyandtemporally,thanthissimpledescriptionallows.Whilsttheproto-Swahilisettlementsofthe6th/7thcenturieswerethereforeclearly involved in long-distancemaritimetrade,evidenceofwidespreadculturalmaritimityappears todateparticularly from the 9th/10th centuries onwards (Fleisher et al, 2015, 'When Did the Swahili BecomeMaritime?’).Thispaperpresentstheauthor’srecentPhDresearchonthedevelopmentofharbourareasandmaritimeactivityin the first millennium coastal settlements of the Zanzibar Archipelago. Based on a GIS comparison ofarchaeologicaldatadrawnfrompreviousinvestigationsandnewgeophysicalsurveys,theresearchindicatesapatternofharbourfeatures,andthepreservationofaseriesofshorelinemaritimeactivityareasthroughlaterphases of urbanisation and redevelopment. The paper offers a hypothetical perspective on the spatialorganisationanddevelopmentofthesesettlements,andthegrowingmaritimityofSwahilisociety,aroundtheactivitiesandrolesofthesecommunalmaritimeareas.Andy Sherman (CITiZAN, MoLA) and Lara Band (CITiZAN, MoLA): Gifts from the Wrath of God: The re-animationofsubmergedprehistoricforestsbycoastalcommunitiesinthepostMedievalperiodSubmergedprehistoricforestsfirstappearinthedocumentaryrecordinthe12thcenturywhenGeraldofWalesobservedthatatNewgaleonthePembrokeshirecoast.Sincetheearly20thcenturysuchforestshavebeenthesubjectofscientificstudybuthaverarely,ifever,beenstudiedasapostMedievalculturalresource.

This paper discusses how coastal communities have used the trees and timber to negotiate and reinforcerelationshipsonapersonal,municipalandnationalscale,onethatemphasisesaconnectionwiththemaritimelandscapethatcrossesbothtemporalandgeographicalboundaries.Itexploreshowtheforestshavecreated,andcontinuetocreate,asenseofplaceforcoastalcommunitiesandasks,throughongoingresearch,whetherthelocalisedtrendsthathavebeennotedarepartofamorewidespreadphenomenon.

Wednesday20thDecember(PM)WalkingtheArchaeologicalWalk:WalkingandThinkinginArchaeologyRoom:2.03Organiser:KirstyMillican(HistoricEnvironmentScotland)Themovementofwalkingisitselfawayofknowing’–IngoldandVergunst2016:5Much of archaeological practice takes place on the move. We fieldwalk and survey on the move, andphenomenological and experiential archaeologies have specifically embraced walking as part of the bodilyengagementoftheseapproaches.Yetwhilewalkingandmovementis implicitlyacknowledgedasanintegralpartofwhatwedo,itislesscommontoreflectonwalkingitself.Ortoconsidertheimpactithasonthewayinwhichwe,andthegeneralpublic,cometounderstandandinterpretarchaeology.Thisisrelevantaswalkingisnotjustamechanicalaction;itispartofourengagementwithplaceandonewayinwhichtheworldisrevealedtous.Itcanbepolitical,isgroundedincultureandaffectedbyphysicalabilitiesandbackground.Whereandhowwewalkisinfluencedbythepresentlayoutofthelandscape,inturnaffectingthewaythelandscapeandarchaeology is revealed to us. So how does the way we walk and think contribute to archaeologicalunderstandings of sites and landscapes? What about more static practices – does this diminish ourunderstandings?Howdoesdirectedwalkingaroundheritagesitesaffectthewaythepublicengagewiththesesites?Contributorsareaskedtoreflectonwalkingaspartofarchaeologicalpractice,toconsider lesswhatwalkingaroundsitesoracrossalandscapecantellusaboutpastplacesandlandscapesandmoretheimpactithas(orhasnot)onarchaeologicalinterpretations,waysofknowingandtheproductionofarchaeologicalknowledge.Contributorsmaywishtoreflectonwalkingaspartoftheirownarchaeologicalpractice,orreflectonthewalkingofothers,whetherthatbeotherarchaeologicalpractitionersorthegeneralpublic.BenjaminGearey(UniversityCollegeCork)andSuziRicher(UniversityofYork):WalkontheWildSide:Movingthroughpastandpresentenvironments‘Itisourhabittothinkoutdoors...whereeventhetrailsbecomethoughtful’–Nietzsche(1974:332)Thispapertakestheformofadiscussion,mirroringthewayinwhichthoughtsoftenevolve,developandgainatemporary solidification whilst we are on the move. As we amble through the subject of environmentalinterpretationwewill touchonanumberof themes,butcentral to these ishowthepracticeofmovement(walking and running) informs our archaeological and palaeoecological interpretations about pastenvironments,andequallyhowourprofessionsinfluenceourthoughtsaboutthepresent-daylandscapesthatwemovethrough.Experienceiscumulative,recursiveandoftenthrowsuptheunexpected.Joinusina‘walk’throughenvironmentsofthepastandpresent,wherethepointisthejourney,notthedestination.KirstyMillican(HistoricEnvironmentScotland):WalkingLochbrow:ExperiencingalandscapethroughthefeetWalkingformsakeyaspectofthepracticeoftheLochbrowLandscapeProject,anarchaeologicalsurveyprojectbasedinDumfriesandGalloway.Since2010,theprojecthasbeeninvestigatingthelandscapeandsettingofacropmarkprehistoriccomplexusingavarietyofnon-destructivesurveytechniques.Fromtheoutsetanumberofdifferentformsofwalkinghavebeenemployed,rangingfromtheintensebackandforthofgeophysicalsurveytorepeatedwalkingbetweenrecordingpointsforexperientialsurvey,directedwalkingaroundthemonument

complexwhentakingvisitorsaroundthesitetowiderlandscapewalking.Intheirownway,eachformofwalkinghascontributedtothewayinwhichthesitesandlandscapeswhichformthefocusofthisprojecthavecometobeknownandunderstood.ThispaperisapersonalreflectionontheintimateconnectionandevolvingperspectivesthatthiswalkinghashadontheauthorandtheresultinginterpretationsofLochbrow.It isarguedthatdifferentformsofwalkingproducedifferingrelationshipsandtypesofknowing.Thisinturninfluencesthearchaeologicalnarrativeswecreate,ineffectcreatinganunderstandingatleastpartiallyformulatedthroughthefeet.Faidon Moudopoulos (University of Sheffield): Of Time and Money: Walking around the archaeologicallandscapeofZagoriZagoriisamountainouspartofNWGreece.Since2010itisamemberofUNESCO’sglobalGeoparksNetwork,duetoitsrichandextra-ordinarygeologicalsignificance.Nevertheless, Zagori alsopossessesamulti-layeredarchaeological landscape,oftenhiddenbeneathdenselyforestedareasorbehindfast-growingoaks.RangingfromtheUpperPaleolithictotherecentpast,thislandscapecannarratevariedstories.Duetothenatureofthismountainousarea,tourismisdevelopedaroundthenicheofhikingandadventuretourism.Therefore,thereisanobviousconnectionbetweentouristicgrowthandwalking,yettouristsdonotrecognizethearchaeologicallandscapethey’rewalkinginto,sincefocusisgivenmostlytothenaturalheritagevaluesoftheenvironment.In this paper, I wish to focus on the process of revealing Zagori’s recent (AD c. 16th-19th) archaeologicallandscapeandit’srelationtothetouristicexploitationofthearea.Giventhenatureofinformationthiskindofresearchdemands(oraltestimoniesandfieldprospection)Iwilldiscusshowdocumentationofarchaeologicalinformation changes while interviewing research participants on the move rather than inside the villages.Furthermore,Iwilldiscusshowimportanttheoreticalconceptsrelatedtowalking(multi-sensorialapproaches,soundwalksetc.)areleftasidegivingwaytomoreprofitableandlesstimeconsumingwaysofwalkingaroundtheenvironment.Paul Tubb (Bristol University): Praxis and Perambulation: The benefits to mind & body of a goodarchaeologicalwalk‘Thankyou,Paul,forintroducingmetowalking’.Raisedinthehabitusofgoingfor longwalks in landscapesfullofarchaeologyandnaturalhistory, itseemednaturaltoextendthispracticeintomyprofessionallifeaseducatorandMountainLeaderoverthepastquartercentury.Theoverwhelminglypositivereactionfromstudentsandparticipantsalikecontinuestosurprise,inspireanddelightmeandhasshapedhowIfacilitatelearningandthemodeandphilosophyofwalkingexpeditionsIlead.Thispaperwilldiscussthecognitive,emotionalandphysicalbenefitsofagoodwalkamongstarchaeologicalremainsusingacombinationofqualitativeandquantitativeevidencegatheredfromabroadrangeofprimaryand secondary sources. The challenges and rewards of the activitywill be considered and future directionsexplored.

Coralie Acheson (University of Birmingham):Walking Around or Walking Over? Wandering tourists andstorytellingintheIronbridgeGorgeOneofthecentralperformancesofbeingatouristiswandering–aleisurely,butexpectant,walkingpracticewhereweallowourselves to freely roamaroundaplace taking in its sights, sounds, smellsand textures. Inwandering, the tourist gaze becomes mobile, and it is often mediated through related practices such asphotography. This paper contrasts two different forms of touristwandering in the IronbridgeGorgeWorldHeritageSite(Shropshire,UK).Thesite is focusedonthe IronBridgeandtheOldFurnace:twomonumentalstructuresrepresentingtheindustrialinnovationsofthe18thcentury.TheformerneverwentoutofuseasaBridge,andtodayitisencounteredbytouristswhonotonlygazeatitbutalsocrossoverit.TheOldFurnace,incontrast,waslargelyforgottenbeforeitsexcavationinthe1950sandvisitorstodaywalkaroundit,followinganorderedroutealongapath.Thesesubtlydifferent formsofwalking, it isargued,createdifferentspaces forknowledgecreation,alteringthevisitor’sexperienceandunderstandingofthisculturallandscape.Thesespacesencouragedifferentperceptionsofvaluetobeformed,andallowdifferentformsofstorytellingtotakeplace.Sonia Overall (Christ Church Canterbury University): Don’t Walk That Way! Why heritage sites needpsychogeography

Bytheirnature,heritagesitesoftenrequireconstraintsandcontrolsonpedestrianaccess.Yetthefreedomsofwalking–andtheattendantpleasuresofpausing,ruminating,peering,questioning,imaginingandnarrating–arevitaltothepublicexperienceofthesesites.

InthispaperIwilldiscusshowpsychogeographicalapproaches,particularlythoseembracedbypractitionersofcountertourism(JoelHenry,PhilSmith,Wrights&Sites),canbeusedtoameliorateissuesofaccessanddevelopimaginativeresponsestophysicalandlesstangibleheritage.Since2015Ihavebeendevelopingtheuseofcreativeandattentivewalkingpracticesatheritagesitesfromtheperspectiveofapsychogeographerandcuriousvisitor,ratherthanamemberofthearchaeologicalcommunity.ThisincludesworkwithEnglishHeritageatsitesinEastKent,anHLF-fundedproject‘WalkingHeritage’(2016),and‘Owhatweben!Andwhatwecometo!’,aninteractivewalkingprojectmappingpost-apocalypticliterarylandscapesontoMedievalandRomansitesinCanterbury(BeingHumanFestival2017).Drawingonthesecasestudies,Iwilldiscusshowwalkingwithpsychogeographicalattitudecanbeencouraged,creatingplayfulexperiencesandanenrichedengagementwithheritageplacesandspaces.

HistoricalFoodscapes:ReconstructingSocial,PoliticalandHistoricalDynamicsThroughDietandFoodConsumptionRoom:0.36Organisers: Alice Toso (University of York), Veronica Aniceti (University of Sheffield) and Holly Hunt-Watts(UniversityofLeeds)Foodisacrucialaspectofliving,biologicallyitprovidestheenergyandnutrientswhichenablethevitalphysicalprocessesnecessaryforlife,butthereismuchmoretofoodthantheneedsofthebody.Foodisacomplexsocialaspectofmostpeople’slives,itisfeastedonduringcelebration,itisgivenforcomfort,itprovidesamomenttotalkorreflectwithcolleagues,friends,andfamily.Morethanthis,thedietofapersoncanindicatemanydetailsabouttheirlife,forexampletheirsocioeconomicstanding,theirhealth,ortheirculturalbackground.

Thesignificanceoffoodinhumanculturemakesitavaluablesourceofinformationforresearchersconsideringaspectsoflifeinpastsocietiesandevidenceforhistoricaldiettakesmanyforms.Thephysicalremainsoffoodcanbefoundinanaerobicenvironments.Skeletalremainsofslaughteredanimalsorpollenandphytolithremainsofplantsinthesoilcanalsorevealthetypesoffoodprocuredbypeopleinthepast.Dietaryhealthcanbeascertainedfromtheskeletalremainsofindividuals,usingtechniquessuchasisotopeanalysisandbyrecordingindicatorsofpathology,andforthemorerecentpastrecordsofconsumptioncanbefoundwithinthepagesofhistoricaldocuments.Insum,thereisabroadrangeofevidenceforfoodanddietinthepast,withmethodsandprojectsconstantlyevolving.Thissessionaimstocoverabroadrangeofresearchacrosstimeandregion,exploringtheconceptoffoodanddietasameanstoshedlightonpastsocialandpoliticaldynamics,andassuchweinvitepapersthatexplorefoodconsumptionandwhatitcanrevealaboutsocietyinthepast.ThesessionistheresultofaWhiteRoseDoctoral Network, exploring the relationship between food, faith and social status through a variety ofmethodologiesandapproaches;therefore,weparticularlyencourageproposalsofaninterdisciplinarynature.AliceToso(UniversityofYork),VeronicaAniceti(UniversityofSheffield)andHollyHunt-Watts(UniversityofLeeds):HistoricalFoodscapes:Combiningzooarchaeology,stableisotopeanalysis,osteology,andnutritionalscience to explore economy, diet and nutrition from theMiddle Ages to the present day. Challenges andreflectionsThissessionisaresultofathreeyearWhiteRoseNetworkconsideringtherelationshipbetweenfoodandanumberof factors characterising ancient andmodernpopulations suchas economy, social status and faith.Three PhD projects revolved around this broad theme and engaged with a variety of disciplines such aszooarchaeology, isotopeanalysis,osteologyandnutritional science toexploresocio-economicdynamicsanddietaryintakefromtheMiddleAgesuntilthepresentday.Thechallengeofthisnetworkwastocombine,discussandanalysetheresultsofthreehighlymulti-disciplinaryprojectsthatapproachedsimilarresearchquestionsinanumberofdifferenthistoricalandmaterialcontexts.Theresultsofthisprocessarepresentedanddiscussedinthiscontribution.JenniferBates(UniversityofCambridge):Creating‘Indusness’:FoodasanintegrativematerialcultureintheIndusCivilisationofSouthAsiaFood is a fundamental part of life that remains an elusive element of archaeology, often because of anunwillingnesstoapproachitanalytically,asaresultofevidencethatdoesnotalwaysdirectlyrelatetofoodandan under-developed theoretical framework. However, in recent years there has been recognition of theimportanceoffoodtounderstandingpastculturesandsocieties,giventhatitisentrenchedinallaspectsoflifeandentwinedwithidentity.ThispaperexploresfoodasasocialpracticeandanelementofsocialidentityinthecontextofSouthAsia’sIndusCivilisation.Itarguesthatconsideringarchaeobotanicalremainsalongthelinesoffood,aspartofalargermaterialculturepackage,providesanewangleforexploringtheintegrativeanddivisivesocialforceswithinIndussociety.Inparticular,wheatis identifiedasapossiblemarkerof‘Indusness’,whichmayhavebeenacquiredeitherthroughtradeorgrowninadifferentecologicalzonefromthatwhichitisfoundinforthepurposeofspecialoccasions.Byconsideringfoodratherthanagricultureordiet,thispapersuggestsways inwhich insight into the socio-cultural aspectsof life canbebrought about througharchaeobotanicalanalysisfromtheIndusCivilisation.Akshyeta Suryanarayan (University of Cambridge): ‘Cooking the World’: Culinary choices in the InduscivilisationTheIndusCivilisation(c.3000-1500B.C),isknownasoneofthegreatearlycomplexcivilisationsoftheOldWorld,and was located in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. Bioarchaeological evidence from Indus sites

suggeststhatpopulationsprimarilyexploitedcombinationsofwinterandsummercrops,anddomesticanimals(cattle,sheep,goat,andpig).HowthisevidencerelatestoIndusculinarypractices,however,hasbeenunderexplored.For this talk Iwillpresentthepreliminaryresultsofon-goingPhDresearch,which isusingorganicresidueanalysistostudyabsorbedlipidsinpotteryfromIndusvesselsfromsettlementsintheurban(c.2600-1900BC)andpost-urban(c.1900-1500BC)periodstocharacterise Induscuisineandvesseluse.Preliminaryresultssuggestthattheculinarychoicesof Induspeoplewerecomplex,possibly indicatingtheprocessingofspecific food in vessels. So far organic residue analysis has seen very limited application in the Indianarchaeologicalcontext,andthereislittlefocusonassessingtherelationshipbetweenancientfoodandidentity.However, anthropological literature on historical and contemporary Indian culinary traditions argue for anintimateconnectionwithfoodandpeoples’socialandreligiouslives.Buthowfarcantheseideasbeextendedinto understanding ceramic residues from the Indus context?What interpretive traps can be createdwhilestudyingIndus‘foodscapes’?MauroRizzetto(UniversityofSheffield):FoodProductionandConsumptioninLateRomanandEarlyAnglo-SaxonBritain:ThezooarchaeologicalevidencefromPakenham,Icklingham,andWestStow(Suffolk)Themanagementofanimalresourcesforfoodproductionishighlyaffectedbyarangeofeconomicandsocio-cultural variables. This contribution analyses food production and consumption at the two Roman sites ofPakenhamandIcklingham,andattheearlyAnglo-SaxonsiteofWestStow.DifferencesinanimalexploitationhighlightedatthethreesitesareadirectreflectionofthedifferenteconomicneedsandculturalpreferencesthatcharacterisethesetwoperiodsofBritishhistory.AttheRomansites,theneedtoproduceasurplustofuelthe taxationcycle impliedamajor focusoncattle thatwaswidelyexploited inagriculturalworksandcouldprovidelargequantitiesofmeat.Thepresenceofspecificbeefproductsalsohighlightsthespreadofbutcherypractices and cultural preferences from theContinent.On theotherhand, themore generalisedpatternofanimalexploitationatearlyAnglo-SaxonWestStow,aswellasitsfocusonpigandsheephusbandry,revealacompletelydifferent approach to animalmanagement,mainlydeterminedby the suddendemiseofRomaninfluences, the smaller scale of the animal economy,more limited resource availability, and environmentalvariables.SamanthaLeggett(UniversityofCambridge):Anglo-SaxonFoodwaysandFaithThispaperexplorestheconnectionsbetweenfood,identity(individualandcommunity),andreligionduringthe7thcentury inAnglo-SaxonEnglandwhen theconversionof theGermanicpeoples toChristianitywasat itszenith. The link between changing burial practices in Anglo-Saxon England during the 7th century andChristianisationiswellestablished,andthisresearchseekstocomplimentthechangingmaterialcultureandpracticesindeathwiththoseduringlife-diet.Whatwillbepresentedhereispreliminarycarbonandnitrogendatafromasmallsubsetofindividualsinthisstudy,showingwhattheyateandhowthiscorrelateswiththeirburialrites.Thisstudypresentsdataaboutdietacrossthe7thcenturyinAnglo-SaxonEngland,indicatinganychangesinfoodpractice,whichmightalignwithchange in religion. The hypothesis being tested is that diet changed inAnglo-Saxon Englandduring the 7thcentury due to religious conversion,meaning that people adopted the new dietary laws of earlyMedievalChristianity aswell as newburial practices, and reached a fish ‘event-horizon’.Whatwill be shownhere iswhetherornotthestableisotopedataagreeswithhistoricalresearchorifitshowsanotherstoryfor7th-centuryAnglo-Saxons.

ALookForwardattheStudyoftheMindinthePastRoom:0.45Organiser:MarcA.Abramiuk(CaliforniaStateUniversityChannelIslands)Theviewsandapproachesforconductingmind-relatedresearchinarchaeologyhavegonethroughanumberoftransformations over the past few decades – enough to give us pause to see that the field of cognitivearchaeologyinparticularhascomefullcircle.Cognitivearchaeologyemergedinpartasaresponsetothelogicalpositivistclaimthatthemindcouldnotbestudiedbyscientific-inclinedarchaeologists.Underlyingthepositivistclaimwasbehaviourismwhichexplainedawayaroleforthemind;atmost,themindwasenvisagedasasimple,rationalresponsesystemthatwasuniversallyemployed.Withthemostrecenttrendincognitivearchaeology,whichadvocatesradicalenactivismandenvisionshumanengagementwiththematerialworldasaffordancesandcognitivescaffolding,weseemtohavereturnedtoapositionthatiseffectivelysimilartobehaviourismincertain key respects. Having the benefit of hindsight and utilizingwhatwe have learned over the past fewdecades,thissessionseekstorediscoverthemind’sroleinthepastbyrevisitingtried-and-trueapproaches,aswellasexploringnewapproachesbywhichthemindcanberevealedtoarchaeologists.MarcA.Abramiuk(CaliforniaStateUniversityChannelIslands):AMindEntangledorStrangled?Theassertionthatcognitivearchaeologistsareinsomewayindenturedtomaterialismisonethathasactedasamantraforcognitivearchaeologistsparticularlyoverthepastdecadeandahalf. It isametaphysicalclaim,whichistosayanassertionaboutrealitythatinturnhasbeenusedtojustifyhowweshouldviewthenatureofthemind. Itsappeal isevident in thegrowingnumberofcognitivearchaeologistswhonowseethemindasembodied, extended, enacted, and fundamentally entangled. This family of views has inspired some usefulapproachesnodoubt;however,Isuggestthatthereareproblemswithconfiningtheentiredisciplineofcognitivearchaeologytosuchaframework.Inthispaper,theseproblemswillbediscussedandsomewaysaroundthemwillbeproposed,illustratedbysomearchaeologicalstudies.ArianeBurke(UniversitédeMontréal):Space:Thefinalfrontier?Spatialcognitionmaybeoneofthemostintuitiveavenuesforstudyingtheprehistoricmind.Archaeologistsareaccustomed to studying human behaviour in a spatial context. Furthermore, landscape archaeology hasaccustomedustothinkingabouthowhumansperceive(d)the landscapeandconversely,howthe landscapeshapes(orhasshaped)humanperception.Thispaperexploreswhatthearchaeologicalrecordcantellusabouthumanperceptionofthelandscapeinthepastandhowthisinformsusaboutspatialcognition.ManuelJ.García-Pérez(UniversityofSeville):CognitiveArchaeologyandtheEvolutionofGeometricCognitionPhilosophy ofmathematical practice proposes a triple approach regarding the genesis and development ofknowledge:cognitive,pragmatistandhistorical.Summingup,itdependsonbiologicalandculturalconstraints,itisorientedtohumanactions,anditshistoricalessenceisassumed.Tounderstandthecognitiveabilitiesthathelpedthedevelopmentofgeometricthought,weneedtotakebackouranalysistothematerialarchaeologicalrecord,cognitivelyinterpreted.Thereisahugeamountofmaterialrecordthathastodowithproto-geometry,suchascaveart,personalornament,constructionswithaspecialrelationshipwith the landscape– likebuildings thathavesomerelationwith timekeepingandsomekindofproto-astronomyandsoon.Allthesepracticesfomentinsomewaytheimprovementofourcognitiveabilitiesrelatedtoourgeometricthinkingand,thus,asystematicanalysisofthesepracticeswouldhavetobecarriedout.

Esther Fagelson (University of York): In the Mind of the Maker: Using lithic reduction sites to trace thedevelopmentofplanningandforethoughtinthehumanevolutionarypastThispaperexplores theuseof lithic reduction sitesand theirassemblagesasmarkersof theprogressionofforethoughtandplanning,inparticularmentaltimetravel(MTT),throughoutthePalaeolithic.MTTistheabilitytomovebackwardsandforwardsintimethroughengagementofepisodicandprospectivememories.Asafield,cognitivearchaeologyoftenfailstounitecognitiveevolutionmodels,suchasMTT,withPalaeolithicresearch.Thesignificanceof forethoughtandplanning iswidelydiscussedbut littleattention isactuallygiventotheirdevelopment.Anovelapproachwastrialledinadiachronicpilotstudyoftwolithiccasesites.Eachsitewasanalysedthroughits specific chaîne opératoire and each stagewas placed in a distinct planning level. The resultswere thencomparedtodetermineifanyprogressionofforethoughtandplanningcouldbetraced.Thefindingsofonecasesitearepresentedhere.Theseresults,whenplacedinawiderarchaeologicalandcognitivecontextshowthenuance of cognitive evolution. It is clear when layered with cognitive models; the approach developed issensitivetocognitivesubtleties.Byusingthisapproach,wecanmoveawayfromthetraditional‘hasorhasnot’understandingofforethoughtandplanningcapabilitiesoftoolmakinghominins.TarynBell(UniversityofYork):MindoverMatter,andMatteroverMind:AnarchaeologyofobjectattachmentFromapreciousweddingringtoanoldbatteredteddybear,itiswidelyacceptedthathumansarecapableofformingstrongemotionalbondswithobjectswhichcan lasta lifetime.Thisphenomenonshouldbeofgreatinteresttoarchaeology,afieldbasedaroundthestudyofmaterialculture.Yet,currentarchaeologicalanalysesdemonstratelittle,ifany,understandingoftheemotionalsignificanceofeverydayobjects,givingtheimpressionthatpastpopulationshadnoemotionalconnectiontomaterialculture.However,bydrawingonrecentworkinpsychologyandneuroscience,wecangainfascinatinginsightsintotherelationshipbetweenthemind,emotionandmaterialculture.Thispaperwilldiscussthecognitivemechanismsofobjectattachment,explainingwhywegrowattachedtocertainobjectsandwhythisisanimportantavenueofresearchforarchaeologists. Itwillfocusontheimpactofobjectattachmentuponhumanprosocialityandexploration, aswell asdiscussinghowanobject attachment frameworkmightbe incorporated intoexistingapproachestomaterialculture.Anunderstandingandappreciationofobjectattachmentprovidesanewwayofstudyingthemindinthepast,realisingthecomplicatedemotionalnatureofourattachmentstoobjects.CharlotteBurnell(UCL):MiddleStoneAgeProblemSolving:ExaminingtheevidenceforworkingmemoryinthedevelopmentofprojectileweaponryThedevelopmentofprojectiletechnologyishailedasamarkerofmodernhumanbehaviour;however,despiteextensiveresearchitsoriginsremainunresolved.Thisstudyaimstodemonstratetheroleofthemindinthedevelopmentofprojectileweaponry.Workingmemory,apsychologicaltermthatdescribestheprocessesbywhich problems are solved, can be viewed in the archaeological record using conigrams (Haidle 2010).Understandingthecognitiveprocessofproblemsolvingallowsustoexamineartefactsassolutions,shiftingthefocusontowhatcircumstancesrequiredthedevelopmentofnewtechnology.Ifprojectiletechnologywasthesolution,whatweretheproblemsencounteredbyearlyhumansthatledtoitsdevelopment?Toexplorethis,theStillBayandHowiesonsPoortsequencesattwoMSAsites,BlombosCaveandSibuduCave,arereviewed.Linksbetween the lithic assemblagesandPalaeoenvironmental evidence indicatehumansat this timeweresubjectedtoextremeclimatepressureanddemographicchange.Thispaperexploresthepossibilitythattheemergence of projectile technology at these sites was the result of the application of workingmemory to

environmental pressures. The conceptofworkingmemoryprovides anewangle to theoriginsofprojectiletechnologydebate,anddemonstratestheneedforcognitiveconsiderationinarchaeologicalinvestigation.

TemporalitiesOtherwise:Archaeology,RelationalOntologiesandtheTimeoftheOtherRoom:4.44Organisers:FrancescoOrlandiBarbano(UniversityofExeter)andSilviaTruini(UniversityofExeter/UniversityofSouthampton)Archaeologyas‘undisciplined’practice(Haber2012;Hamilakis2013)emergedfromtheacknowledgementofits disciplinary entanglementswith the philosophical and epistemological tenets ofWesternmodernity andnecessarilyalsowithits‘darkerside’that,asMignolo(2011)writes,istheirreduciblecolonialcharacteroftheknowledge it produces.With the recent ‘ontological turn’ in theory, archaeologicalmaterials came forth asvibrant components of material-sensorial assemblages: but is that enough to counteract the coloniality of(archaeological)knowledge?Inthissession,wewishtoexpandtheconversationondecoloniality,modernity,andarchaeologyfromtherealmofmaterialitytothatoftime,focussingonthediscipline’smany‘others’:non-professionallocalcommunities–beyondtheboundariesofthepoliticalcategoryof‘indigeneity’–butalsothematerialsthemselves.If‘theself-determinationoftheOtheristheother-determinationoftheSelf’(Holbraadetal.2014),weseektoexplorethewaysinwhicharchaeologiststranslatetheseself-determinedtemporalitiesintoarchaeologicalknowledge,andhowtheirpracticeisreshapedinthedoing.Wehopetopromoteadialoguebetweencase-studiesfromdifferentregionalcontexts,wherealternativevoicesemergeinthefaceofdominantarchivalproductions,exceedingtheirlimitsandshapingcreativewaysofbeinginrelation.Contributionswillexplore:•Theplaceandtheroleofarchaeology–aspraxisinfieldwork,butalsoasdisciplinethatretainsarchivalpowerover the past and is part and parcel of thework of statutory and intra-governmental agencies for heritageconservation–intheproductionoftimeandtemporalities;•ThepracticesofnegotiationwiththepastoftheOthersandtheirtranslationintoacademicknowledge;•Thelegaciesofcolonialism/imperialismintheproductionofarchaeologicalknowledgeandnewavenuesforthecreationofemancipatory,counter-modernandalter/nativearchives;•Memory,materialityandmulti-temporalencountersinandaroundarchaeologicalsites.Janine Ochoa (University of Cambridge): ‘Indigeneity’ and ‘Endemicity’ in an Environmental ArchaeologyNarrative:APhilippinecaseThis paper presents a study on long-lived lifeways in tropical island environments using Philippinezooarchaeologicalmaterialfromthepast20,000years.Ontheonehand,Itacklequestionsrelatedtothenativefauna,drivenbyarequisitetounderstandabiogeographicregionrenownedforitsmega-biodiversityandhighendemism.Ontheotherhand,Ialsoexaminehowthezooarchaeologicalrecordcanbeameansthroughwhichwe can investigate the temporality of indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) systems. Thesemay appear asdisparate bodies of data, but they are threaded together by several things, including: 1) the relevance ofarchaeozoologicaldataforconservationbiologyandindigenousconservationefforts,and2)theforegroundingof indigenous and local knowledge in the past and present in response to normative efforts to globaliseknowledge.TheuseoftheIEKconceptisoneattempttore-frameanenvironmentalarchaeologydatasetwithinabroadernarrativethatcanpotentiallybemorerelevanttolocalcommunitieswherethesitesarelocated.Re-framingandtranslatingarchaeologyisatenuousbusiness,butappearsnecessaryforabroaderFilipinopublic

towhichitisalargelyalienformofknowledge,andforindigenouscommunitiestowhichitsconcernsmaybedisengaged.HaythemBastawi(LeedsTrinityUniversity):TracingtheMirageoftheNearEast:Saracens,Barbarians,Turks,MoorsandArabsTheproposedpapertracestheformulationofmythicalideologicalconceptionsofNear-Easterners(inhabitantsoftheEasternMediterraneanandNorthAfrica)beginningfromtheirearlybecomingatthetimeofthecrusades,throughtheir resurrections inearlymodernEnglandandupto theircontinuedusetoday. Ivisiteachof theimaginedfiguresoftheNear-EasternerwithinEuropeanandspecificallyEnglishimagination:the‘Saracen’,the‘Moor’whetherofBarbaryandMoroccoorofMuslimSpain,aswellasthe‘Turk’oftheOttomanEmpireandendwiththenewandcontemporarymythicalfigure,the‘Arab’.DrawingonFrederickSaussure’sandJacquesDerrida’sdefinitionsandredefinitionsof the ‘signifier’andthe‘signified’,IdemonstratehowtheinhabitantsoftheEasternMediterraneanandNorthAfrica,weredefinedfromthefirstcrusade,withinanimaginedframeworkofaspecificstereotype.Iconcludethepaperbybrieflysheddinglightoncontemporaryvoicesofresistancetothenamedsignifierswithinthecontextofdecolonisation.VikiLeQuelenec(UniversityofCentralLancashire):BridgingtheGap:SocialmediaintheopenlabArchaeology is dominated by the need for excavation, post-excavation and publication; and has becomeconstrictedbytheoretical frameworksthatgovernthewaythephysicalprocessesareundertaken.Arguably,wideraudiencesarealienatedfromadiscoursethatisfocusedontheconsiderationofpastsocieties,butrarelyunderstandsormakesuseof thecomplexityof thepresent.The riseof the semanticwebandsocialmediaplatformsprovidesabackdropfordisseminatingarchaeologicalinformationtowideraudiences,providinganadditionalarchiveforarchaeologicalinformation.ThispaperusestheLeCatillonIIprojectasakeycasestudyinexploringthisnotion.Theprojectitselfrevolvesaroundthedisassembly,cleaningandrecordingoftheworld’slargestIronAgecoinhoard,withtheobjectsandorganic samples being retained as the physical archive. A key aspect of the project has beendisseminatinginformationaboutthefindandrecordingprocessthroughJerseyHeritage’svarioussocialmedianetworksandtheirwebsiteplatform.Forexample,aweeklypostwascreatedwiththeaimtoproduceinformativeandmulti-vocalcontent,enablingaudiencestointeractwiththeproject.Arguably,thishasprovidedanalternativearchivethatisinteractive,transformativeandaccessibletomultipleaudiences.FrancescoOrlandiBarbano(UniversityofExeter):TheruinsoftheSacredCity:Alternativeindigeneityintheother-historyofQuilmes(NorthWestArgentina)Everyarchaeologicalsiteholdshistoriesthatgobeyondthedisciplinaryclassificationimposedonit.InthecaseofQuilmes(ProvinceofTucuman,Argentina),thememorycarriedbythematerialremainsdatesbacktothelastbitofindigenousresistanceinfrontoftheSpaniardscolonizationoftheAndeanregion,butitisalsointertwinedwiththerecenthistory,theculturalpoliciesdeployedduringthecivic-militarydictatorship,thestruggleforthelandoftheComunidadIndiaQuilmes(CIQ),andthedevelopmentoftheneoliberalandmulticulturalstatesincetheArgentinianbacktothedemocracy.In this context, ‘heritage’emergesasakeynotion inorder tounderstand thecolonialityof the relationshipestablishedwiththeterritoryandthepeoplewhoinhabitit.ThedisputeabovetheownershipandmanagementofthesiteuncoversadeeperstrugglebetweentheprovincialstateandtheCIQ,whichmightbeunderstoodinthetermsofanontologicaldisagreementaroundtimeandlandscapeconstituting‘heritage’.Thepaperwillfocus

onsuchadisagreement,highlightingthewaybywhichtheencountersbetweenarchaeologistsandcommunityhavebeenresponsibleforimposinganauthoritativeview,butalsoforfosteringthecapacityofthecommunitytoproduceanalternativeaccount.SilviaTruini(UniversityofExeter/UniversityofSouthampton):TBC

AMoreCentralPlace:TheorisingEarlyMedievalWalesRoom:3.58Organisers:AndrewSeaman(CanterburyChristChurchUniversity)andMarionShiner(UniversityofSheffield)WalesisnotonlythemostpoorlyunderstoodregionofearlyMedievalBritain,buttheperiodbetweenc.400and1100ADinWalesalsostandsoutasoneofthemostopaqueofanyeraofBritisharchaeologysincetheMesolithic.Adearthofhistoricalsourcesandanephemeralarchaeologicalrecordthatexhibitsgreatregionalvariationhavemadetheapplicationofrecenttheoretical frameworksmoredifficultthanforelsewhere,andWales has largely been left on the periphery of a 'theoretical awakening' that has been amajor feature ofresearchinotherpartsofearlyMedievalBritainoverthelasttwodecades.Moreover,despitebeingidentifiedas having the potential to contribute to wider European debates and to readdress the Anglocentric focusof current research priorities within the field (e.g. Wickham 2010), Wales is often seen as part of aperipheral 'Celtic fringe'. In this sessionwe invitespeakers toconsider twosetsofquestions; firstly,what istheplaceof theory in the studyofearlyMedievalWales?What theoretical frameworkshavebeenusedbyscholars, andare theseappropriategiven the complexitiesof theperiodand region? Indeed, is there roomfortheorization,orshouldwesimplyconcentrateonthecollectionofdata?Secondly,whatistheplaceofWaleswithintheearlyMedievalworld?HowcanresearchonWalescontributetowiderdebates,andwhatneedstobedonetobringWalesinfromtheperiphery?NancyEdwards(BangorUniversity):RememberingandForgettingtheArchaeologyofEarlyMedievalWalesThispaperwillbeginbylookingbacktothe1960sand1970swhen‘Celtic’earlyMedievalarchaeologybrieflyheld centre stage at a timewhenMedievalWaleswas also the topic of lively historical debate. Itwill thenattempttoidentifyunderlyingreasonswhichhaveresultedinthearchaeologyofWalesnowbeingregardedasperipheraltoearlyMedievaldebatesratherthananessentialpartofthemandhowthesemightbeaddressed.Problemsconcerningtheterm‘Celtic’byarchaeologistshaveplayedsomerole.AlthougharchaeologicaldataforearlyMedievalWalesisgraduallyincreasingandinthe1990sand2000sincludedmajorexcavationsatLlan-gorscrannogandLlanbedrgoch,large-scaleinvestigationshavenowbecomeveryrare.Thishasimpactedonthevisibility of and interest in the early Middle Ages within Wales and beyond. The development of WorldArchaeologyalongsidetheRAE/REFhasalsotendedtoplaceWales,unless it ispartofCelticStudies,at themarginsasitiswronglyperceivedbysometobelocalratherthaninternational.IncontrastwithScotlandwherethe early Middle Ages has a much higher profile, devolution has to some extent tended to isolateWelsharchaeologymakingitmoredifficulttoseesynergiesaswellasdifferencesacrosstheborderwithEngland.RhiannonComeau(UCL):Maenorau,FocalZonesandtheProblemofData:MovingonfromthemultipleestatemodelStartingfromthepremisethat,consciouslyorunconsciously,theoreticalmodelsshapeourperceptionandaffectdecisionsaboutwhatproperlyconstitutesdata,thispaperwillreviewconceptualisationsoftheorganisationoflife in the landscape inearlyMedievalWales. This is a remarkablyopaque subject,with restrictedevidencelimitingtheusefulnessofexistingapproachesthatrangefrommaterialculture-drivenmodelsofrankedsocietiesto the retrospective text-based approach linked with Wales’ best-known (and much criticised) conceptual

contribution to earlyMedieval research, themultiple estatemodel. The particularistic framing of the lattercreatesadditionalbarriersforcomparativeanalysisbetweenWalesandotherregions.Otherregionsofnorth-westEuropeusemorewidelycasttheoreticalframeworksandbroaderdatasetsthat,forinstance,includeplace-namesasmarkersoflong-lastingpractices.ExampleswillbepresentedofhowthesecanbeusedinaWelshcontext.Appropriatelyforthisyear’sTAGthemetheyidentifyseasonally-structuredfocalzonesthatreferencemultiperiodsites,andthatcan–throughtheuseofabroad-basedcomparativeframework– be seen in the context of focal zones elsewhere in north-west Europe. This expansion of conceptual andevidentialhorizonsthusfacilitateswiderdialoguesthatsetWelshevidenceinaEuropeanregionalcontext.TudurDavies(UniversityofExeter):‘Margins’oftheLongEighthCenturyThe‘longeighthcentury’isknownasaperiodofimportantsocialchangeacrossEngland,mainlandEuropeandthe Mediterranean (Hansen & Wickham 2000), but the period has not been explored from a Welshperspective.ThispaperexploresrecentpalynologicalresearchfromnorthWalesanditsrelationshiptowiderenvironmentalchangeandcontemporarychangesinWelshsettlementpractices,burialtraditionsandsocietyatthe'margins'ofthelongeighthcentury.MarionShiner(UniversityofSheffield):CradledintheGrave:Exploringnon-adultburialritesinearlyMedievalWalesLimited evidencehas restrictedour ability to interpret theburial record fromearlyMedievalWales,whereartefactually sterile long-cist inhumations in acidic soils have tended to provide little in theway of skeletalremainsorgrave-goods.ThispaucityofevidencemeansthatsituatingWelshburialpracticeswithinwiderearlyMedievalBritishandcontinentalcontextsischallengingandhaslimitedtheapplicationoftheoreticalmodels.ThishascontributedtoatendencyforWalestobeseenasmarginalbyscholarsoftheperiod.Recentlyhowever,excavation of a number of cemeteries has provided skeletal and other evidence that enables comparativeanalysis betweenWales and other regions, aswell as the application of theoreticalmodels. This paperwillconsider the funerary rites accorded to non-adults in early Medieval Welsh cemeteries in the context oftheoreticalframeworksconcernedwithdeathandemotion.Andrew Seaman (Christ Church Canterbury University): Tribe to Cantref? Reassessing long-term politicalcontinuityinWalesduringtheFirstMillenniumADThepoliticalgeographyofwesternBritainisusuallycharacterisedasdevelopingalongasmoothandcontinuoustrajectory throughout the first millennium AD. The post-Roman period (400-700 AD) is the most poorlydocumentedpartofthesequence,butframingitagainstthisbackdropoflong-termcontinuityreconstructionsarebasedonconditionsdrawnfromprecedingandsucceedingperiods.Thus,thepost-RomankingdomsareseenasthesuccessorstotheRomano-BritishcivitatesthatwereinturnsynonymouswiththelateIronAgetribalterritories,and/orwiththecantrefiofthelaterMedievalkingdoms.Theresultisalandscapeinwhichthesizeand stability of kingdoms, particularly those in the west and north of Wales, are emphasised and oftencontrastedwiththesmallerunitsofearlyAnglo-SaxonEngland.InthispaperIarguethatwhilstsomeelementsoflong-termcontinuitycanbeidentified,thepoliticalgeographyofwesternBritainwascomplex,andthepathfromtheIronAgetotheMiddleAgesneitherlinearnorcontinuous.Itisarguedthatpoliticalunitsweresmaller-scale andmore fragmented than has hitherto been appreciated, and that contrasts between western andeasternBritainhavebeenoveremphasised.

RoseHedley(SwanseaUniversity):VikingsinWales:TheenigmaexplainedVikingimpactintheIrishSearegioniscurrentlyathrivingtopicinEarlyMedievalacademicdiscourse.AsrecentarchaeologicalfindingsincreasinglyrevealaViking-AgemaritimecultureinwhichScandinavianinfluenceisacommonfeature,thepositionofWales–geographicallyinthecentreofthisbusywaterway,separatingEnglandand Ireland – demands critical attention. It is the purpose of this paper to present briefly the evidence forScandinaviancultureinWales,ascoveredinthecourseofmydoctoralresearch,andtoproposeanewandmorenuancedinterpretationofWales’Vikinglegacy.UnderstandingofthisprofoundlymurkyperiodinWelshhistory,which is poormoreover in archaeology of a culturally diagnostic native idiom, depends on the synthesis ofcomplementarystrandsofevidence,i.e.archaeology,history,andplace-names.ItdependsalsooncomparisonoftheWelshevidencewithpatternsofVikingactivityattestedfromotherregionsoftheIrishSea.Recentmetal-detectorfindsarecompensatingforsilencesinthehistoricalrecord;byregardingtheseandothersuggestiveevidence inthecontextof the InsularScandinaviandiaspora,whilehighlightingevidencefromsimilarnativeInsularpolities,thenotionofa‘Cambro-Scandinavian’eramaysoongaingeneralacceptance.

GlobalPerspectivesonBritishArchaeologyRoom:3.62Organisers:SimonKaner(UniversityofEastAnglia)andSamNixon(UniversityofEastAnglia)Withtheexceptionofasmallnumberofworld-renownedexamples(Stonehenge,Hadrian’sWall),themajorityof British archaeological sites receive very little attention on the global stage. Occasionally some achievemomentarycelebritystatusas‘globallyimportant’,theresultofsignificantfieldworkdiscoveries,butthensinkbackbelowthetopsoil,realormetaphorical.Isthereawaytoescapethistemporality–thearchaeological‘fiveminutesofglobal importance’–andto transcendthemiasmaof localismtocreateamoresustainedglobalengagementwithBritisharchaeology?Woulditbedesirabletodoso?Thissessionexamineswiderrelationshipsbetweenlocal,nationalandglobalarchaeologies,approachedthroughthelensofBritishArchaeology.Withinanincreasinglyglobalisedworldofeducationandresearch,thereappearsapressingneedtoengagetheBritisharchaeologicalagendaasfullyaspossiblewithdevelopingglobalcurrents.WorldArchaeologyisahugelyactivefieldofresearchforBritisharchaeologicalinstitutions.Incontrast,researchonBritisharchaeologyseeslittleinvolvementofnon-Britishresearchinstitutions.Surelyanecessarycomponentof the pursuit of World Archaeology is a World/Global Perspective on British archaeology. Key questionsinvestigated by this session are as follows:What role does British archaeological heritage have beyondourborders?;Howis itperceivedandpresented,andwhat is its impactwithinglobaleducationalandeconomicarenas?;HowistheperceptionofthepastamongstBritishcommunitiesinformedbyorreconceivedthroughengagementwithinternationalperspectivesonthepast?ThesessionrelatestoanongoingAHRC-fundedresearchprojectinvestigatinginnovativenewwaystoconnectBritish archaeological heritage and associated timelines to a broader history of humanity. The session willincludecasestudiesfromthisprojectandpresentthefindingsofasurveyofattitudestowardsinternationalisingBritisharchaeologicalheritage.Wealsowelcomeothercontributionsrelevanttothesessiontheme.SimonKaner (UniversityofEastAnglia)andSamNixon (UniversityofEastAnglia):GlobalPerspectivesonBritishArchaeologyOverthesummerandautumnof2017,wetouredourArchaeoglobepop-upinterventiontoaseriesofimportantEastAnglianarchaeological siteswith theaimof raisingawarenessof the international significanceof these

sites.ThispaperpresentstheresultsoftheaccompanyingsurveyofattitudestotheneedtointernationaliseBritisharchaeology,resultswhichhaveinformedtheformulationofguidelinesforsettinglocalarchaeologicalfindingsinaglobalisedcontext.Onemajorchallengehasbeentodevelopanappropriatetheoreticalframeworkforthisendeavour,avoidingoverly simplistic comparisons, and at the same time being sympathetic to concerns about globalisation.Revisitingearlierdiscussionsof this themeandadoptingacritical stancetoglobal themes inarchaeologyaspresent(cfLozny2011,Hodos2016),weproposeanewframeworkforcomparativearchaeologythatworksatvariousdifferentscales,andforvariedaudiences.WillBowden(UniversityofNottingham):GlobalizingCaistorRomanTown:ChallengesandapproachesArchaeologicalsitesintheUKareunderstandablymostoftenconsideredandpresentedtothepublicintermsof relevant historical narratives that have resonance for a local and national audience. This paper uses theexample of the Roman town of Venta Icenorum in Norfolk to examine some of the issues associatedwithpresentingnationally importantarchaeologicalsitestoaninternationalaudience.TheRomantownhasbeentraditionallyviewedinthecontextof ‘RomanBritain’(withitsaccompanying19thand20thcenturyimperialbaggage)andtheBoudicanrevolt,which,althoughonmanyjuniorschoolcurriculaintheUK,haslittlerelevancebeyondtheseshores.Thispaperexploreswaysofbringingthesitetowiderglobalaudiences(asphysicalandvirtualvisitors),throughnew technologies and new narratives. It also examines how trying to reach audiences from very differenthistoricaltraditionsforcesustochallengeourownperspectives.CanwemakeacasefortheimportanceofaregionalRomantownthatcutsacrossbarriersofgeographyandhistoricaltraditionandcanthisalsohelpustocrossboundariesofage,educationandsocialclassinmorelocalaudiences?YasuyukiYoshida(KanazawaUniversity):TranslationsBetweenIslandsontheEdgesofEurasiaJapanisanislandnationlocatedontheedgeofEurasia,ontheoppositesideoftheworldfromtheBritishIsles.Thereare twomainelements to the rootsof Japanesearchaeology; Japanesepre-modernantiquariansandhired foreign specialists (oyatoi gaikokujin) who brought ‘modern’ archaeological methodologies at thebeginningofthemodernera.OneoftherepresentativesofthelatterisAmericanbiologist,EdwardSilvesterMorse.Britishspecialists,suchasWilliamGowlandandGordonMunro,alsocontributedtotheformationofJapanesearchaeologyasa‘modern’science.Thispresentationfocusesonitssequel,particularlyonhowtheknowledgeandtheoryofBritisharchaeologyhasbeenmobilizedwithinJapanesearchaeologyintheformofarticles and books translated into Japanese. This investigation includes translations from American andEuropeanarchaeology.Thus,thispaperwillexaminetheinfluencesandelementsof‘lostintranslation’ofBritishArchaeologyinaglobalperspective.JenniferWexler(BritishMuseum):DigitalExperimentationandDevelopingInnovativeDigitalToolsforGlobalEngagementinArchaeologyHowcanweusedigitaltechnologytomakeconnectionsinglobalheritage?Increasinglyarchaeologicalprojectsand heritage institutions are using digital technology to both disseminate knowledge and connect withresearchers and audiences. This paper will examine and review the achievements as well as the technicalchallengesofvariousrecentdigitalheritageprojectsconnectedtotheBritishMuseum(MicroPasts,AfricanRockArtImageProject,GlobalPerspectives)andhowtheyofferpropositionsforcontextualisingBritishandGlobalheritageusinginnovativedigitaltools.Byexperimentingwithinnovativedigitaltools,including3Dmodelling,3Dprinting,andAR/VRtechnology,wehavebeenfindingnewwaysofusingandengagingwiththedataavailable

inarchaeologicalarchives,museums,andculturalheritageprojects.Usingthesedigitaltechniqueshaswide-reachingimplicationsforthewaymuseumsandculturalheritageagenciesusetheirhistoricaldataandmakeitaccessibletobothcommunitiesandresearchersglobally.Archivalresourcesarenotonlykeyeducationalandresearchresources,butalsoincreasinglyplayanimportantroleinpossiblereconstructionsofendangeredordestroyed heritage sites using digital technologies, focusing on gaining a first-hand experience of exploringarchaeological sites virtually, particularly in connection to its endangered nature, artistic heritage, andimportancetolocalcommunities.JohnErtl(KanazawaUniversity):SiteDevelopmentandUtilizationinJapanandtheUKThispresentationexaminessitedevelopmentandutilizationpracticesinJapanandcomparesthemtotheUnitedKingdom.Inparticular,thispresentationlooksatsitesthathavereconstructedprehistoricarchitecturethatisbaseduponsiteremains.FocusedlargelyonJapan,thispresentationwillintroducesomeoftheresultsoftheauthor’sdatabaseprojectcataloguingsitesandbuildingsthroughoutJapan(900buildingsat350sites).Therearemanydifferenttypesofreconstructions,useofmaterials,andmotivationsfordevelopingsites.Theserangefromrebuildingmonumentalprehistoricstructurestoweekendarchaeologyexperiencesforschoolchildrentobuildhouses.Theymaybemadefromchestnutandthatchormadeoutofconcreteandsteel.Thesebuildingsmayserveaneducationalfunctioninrelatingpastlifewaysorbuiltastemporarystructurestobeburntdownatfestivals. For the UK, the presenter has conducted fieldwork atWest Stow and Flag Fen and will includeadditionalexamplesfromarchivestudy.Comparatively,therearemanymorereconstructedbuildingsinJapanbutthereareveryfewexamplesinJapanwherethesebuildingsarebeingutilizedfordemonstrationsorotherinteractiveexperiencesforvisitors,somethingthatismuchmorecommonintheUK.