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i ABSTRACT STUDY OF POINT DEFECT-INDUCED OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IN ZnO:Ti THIN FILMS GROWN BY DC-UNBALANCED MAGNETRON SPUTTERING By EKA NURFANI 30214302 Doctoral Program in Physics Defect-induced optical and electrical properties of ZnO:Ti thin films have been studied comprehensively. Due to its wide band gap and high exciton binding energy at room temperature, ZnO is a strong candidate in optoelectronics applications particularly for fabrication of short-wavelength light-emitting devices. The high excitonic binding energy is one of the excellent features of ZnO compared to other wide band gap semiconductors such as GaN. ZnO also showed the ideal choice for high-performance ultraviolet photodetector due to the non- toxicity, inexpensive manufacturing, and especially high sensitivity in ultraviolet region. The development in ZnO-based photodetector has therefore been motivated by the enlarging of the ozone holes, resulting in the increase of received ultraviolet radiation. ZnO:Ti thin films were grown on Si substrates by DC-unbalanced magnetron sputtering (DC-UBMS) technique. Annealing treatments on the fabricated thin films were performed to further study and modify the presence of defects. Structural and morphological properties of the film were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. From the FESEM images and EDX analysis, the ZnO:Ti thin films with Ti concentrations of 1 and 3 at.% were grown more homogeneously in comparison to the pure ZnO. Ti doping played a role to uniformly distribute ZnO elements from the sputtering target to the Si substrate. Transmittance spectra of FTIR showed a peak splitting of Zn-O stretching at ~611 cm 1 related to Ti- modified film morphology. Furthermore, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of diffraction peaks increases upon Ti doping followed by the decrease in the peak intensity, indicating a reduction in crystalline quality. As the focus of our study, photoconductivity, defect, and excitonic properties of ZnO:Ti thin films were investigated using the combination of optical and electrical characterizations. Excitonic and defect properties of ZnO:Ti were investigated using Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. SE measurements in the photon energy from 0.5 eV to 6.5 eV were carried out to investigate the

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ABSTRACT

STUDY OF POINT DEFECT-INDUCED OPTICAL AND

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IN ZnO:Ti THIN FILMS

GROWN BY DC-UNBALANCED MAGNETRON

SPUTTERING

By

EKA NURFANI

30214302

Doctoral Program in Physics

Defect-induced optical and electrical properties of ZnO:Ti thin films have been

studied comprehensively. Due to its wide band gap and high exciton binding

energy at room temperature, ZnO is a strong candidate in optoelectronics

applications particularly for fabrication of short-wavelength light-emitting

devices. The high excitonic binding energy is one of the excellent features of ZnO

compared to other wide band gap semiconductors such as GaN. ZnO also showed

the ideal choice for high-performance ultraviolet photodetector due to the non-

toxicity, inexpensive manufacturing, and especially high sensitivity in ultraviolet

region. The development in ZnO-based photodetector has therefore been

motivated by the enlarging of the ozone holes, resulting in the increase of received

ultraviolet radiation.

ZnO:Ti thin films were grown on Si substrates by DC-unbalanced magnetron

sputtering (DC-UBMS) technique. Annealing treatments on the fabricated thin

films were performed to further study and modify the presence of defects.

Structural and morphological properties of the film were investigated using field

emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)

spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

spectroscopy. From the FESEM images and EDX analysis, the ZnO:Ti thin films

with Ti concentrations of 1 and 3 at.% were grown more homogeneously in

comparison to the pure ZnO. Ti doping played a role to uniformly distribute ZnO

elements from the sputtering target to the Si substrate. Transmittance spectra of

FTIR showed a peak splitting of Zn-O stretching at ~611 cm−1 related to Ti-

modified film morphology. Furthermore, the full width at half maximum

(FWHM) of diffraction peaks increases upon Ti doping followed by the decrease

in the peak intensity, indicating a reduction in crystalline quality. As the focus of

our study, photoconductivity, defect, and excitonic properties of ZnO:Ti thin films

were investigated using the combination of optical and electrical

characterizations.

Excitonic and defect properties of ZnO:Ti were investigated using Spectroscopic

ellipsometry (SE) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. SE measurements in

the photon energy from 0.5 eV to 6.5 eV were carried out to investigate the

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excitonic and mid-gap state transitions. The SE data, amplitude ratio ( ) and

phase difference ( ), were analyzed using a combination of Drude, Tauc-Lorentz,

and Gaussian oscillators. The fitting results show that there is a new state in the

ZnO band gap as called mid-gap states located in the region of 1.50-3.35 eV.

Upon Ti doping of 1 at.%, the amplitude of mid-gap states decreased from 0.26 to

0.04 while the amplitude of excitonic transitions increased from 0.22 to 0.28, as

compared to pure ZnO. This phenomenon is explained due to the weakening of

excitonic screening effects. From PL investigation, the pure ZnO film shows both

the excitonic and defect-related emission as a contribution from complex zinc and

oxygen vacancies (VZn+VO). The decrease in the number of VZn states was

observed upon Ti doping, resulting in the increase in the number of VO states as

green emission character. Similar to the result of dielectric function analysis, the

ZnO thin film with Ti concentration of 1 at.% showed a higher excitonic emission

than that of the other concentrations. Temperature-dependent PL spectra show

that the enhanced emission is originated from donor-bound exciton promoted by

Ti dopant and native VO. This study showed the important role of defects in

controlling the optical and excitonic properties of ZnO thin films for future

optoelectronic applications.

In order to investigate the photoconductivity properties, current versus voltage (I-

V) characteristic was measured as the function of illumination energy. ZnO:Ti-

based photodetectors were fabricated by using metal-semiconductor-metal planar

configuration with Ag as the metal contact. Ti doping in the ZnO system reduced

the dark current and enhanced a photo-to-dark-current ratio. The result showed the

important role of the Ti doping on the improvement of photodetector

performance.

As an additional study, oxygen defect of ZnO films was tuned by plasma-assisted

molecular beam epitaxy (P-MBE) technique with adjusting an oxygen plasma

power. From PL measurements, the excitonic and defect-related visible emissions

were clearly observed. Defect emission in the orange region (~2 eV) increased by

increasing oxygen power which was originated from oxygen interstitial (Oi). The

film showed high photoconductivity in ultraviolet region at lower Oi

concentration. Interestingly, at higher Oi concentration, the photoconductivity was

shifted from ultraviolet to orange region. We suggest that the emission ratio of

ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) plays an important role in the photoconductivity. This

result reveals the importance of defect for tuning the sensitivity of ZnO-based

photodetector.

Keywords: ZnO, thin film, Ti doping, photoconductivity, exciton, point defect

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ABSTRAK

STUDI SIFAT OPTIK DAN LISTRIK YANG DISEBABKAN

CACAT TITIK PADA LAPISAN TIPIS ZnO:Ti YANG

DITUMBUHKAN DENGAN DC-UNBALANCED MAGNETRON

SPUTTERING

Oleh

EKA NURFANI

30214302

Program Studi Doktor Fisika

Sifat optik dan listrik lapisan tipis ZnO:Ti yang dipengaruhi cacat titik dipelajari

secara komprehensif. Karena celah pita energi yang lebar dan energi ikat

eksitonnya tinggi pada suhu ruang, ZnO merupakan kandidat kuat dalam aplikasi

optoelektronik khususnya untuk pabrikasi perangkat pemancar cahaya dengan

panjang gelombang pendek. Energi ikat eksiton yang tinggi merupakan salah satu

keunggulan ZnO dibandingkan dengan semikonduktor dengan celah pita energi

lebar lainnya seperti GaN. ZnO juga telah menunjukkan sebagai pilihan ideal

untuk detektor ultraungu karena tidak beracun, biaya pabrikasi yang relatif lebih

murah, dan khususnya sensitif terhadap rentang ultraungu. Perkembangan pada

detektor cahaya berbasis ZnO dimotivasi oleh pembesaran lubang ozon yang

menghasilkan kenaikan radiasi ultraviolet yang diterima.

Lapisan tipis ZnO:Ti ditumbuhkan di atas substrat Si dengan teknik DC-

unbalanced magnetron sputtering (DC-UBMS). Perlakuan annealing pada

lapisan tipis yang dipabrikasi dilakukan untuk mempelajari dan memodifikasi

lebih lanjut keberadaan cacat titik. Sifat struktur dan morfologi lapisan tipis

diinvestigasi dengan menggunakan field emission scanning electron microscopy

(FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD),

dan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Dari hasil citra FESEM dan

analisis EDX, lapisan tipis ZnO dengan konsentrasi Ti 1 dan 3 at.% atom tumbuh

secara homogen apabila dibandingkan dengan lapisan ZnO murni. Ti diduga

telah memainkan peran penting dalam pendistribusian elemen ZnO dari target

sputtering ke substrat Si. Spektrum transmitansi FTIR menunjukkan pecahnya

puncak regangan Zn-O pada ~611 cm−1 akibat perubahan morfologi oleh atom

pengotor Ti. Selanjutnya, lebar puncak setengah maksimum dari puncak difraksi

meningkat setelah ZnO ditambahkan pengotor Ti yang diikuti dengan penurunan

intensitas, yang mengindikasikan penurunan kualitas kristal. Sebagai fokus pada

studi ini, sifat fotokonduktif, cacat titik, dan eksiton dari lapisan tipis ZnO:Ti

diinvestigasi dengan menggunakan kombinasi dari karakterisasi optik dan listrik.

Sifat eksiton dan cacat titik pada ZnO:Ti diinvestigasi dengan menggunakan

spektroskopi elipsometi (SE) dan spektroskopi fotoluminesen (PL). Pengukuran

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SE pada rentang energi dari 0,5 eV hingga 6,5 eV dilakukan untuk

menginvestigasi transisi keadaan pada celah pita energi dan eksiton. Data SE

berupa rasio amplitudo ( ) dan beda asa ( ) dianalisa dengan menggunakan

kombinasi model Drude, Tauc-Lorentz, dan Gaussian. Hasil fitting menunjukkan

bahwa terdapat keadaan baru pada celah pita energi ZnO yang dikenal dengan

keadaan mid-gap yang berlokasi di daerah 1,50-3,35 eV. Akibat dimasukannya

pengotor Ti (1 at.%), amplitudo dari transisi mid-gap menurun dari 0,26 hingga

0,04 sedangkan amplitudo dari transisi eksiton meningkat dari 0,22 hingga 0,28,

jika dibandingkan dengan ZnO murni. Fenomena ini dijelaskan karena

melemahnya efek penghalang eksiton. Dari investigasi spektroskopi PL, lapisan

ZnO murni menunjukkan emisi eksiton dan cacat titik secara bersamaan yang

merupakan kontribusi dari kompleks vakansi Zn dan vakansi O (VZn+VO).

Berkurangnya VZn jelas teramati akibat doping Ti yang menghasilkan kenaikan

VO sebagai emisi hijau. Sejalan dengan analisis fungsi dielektrik dari SE, lapisan

tipis ZnO dengan konsentrasi Ti 1 at.% menunjukkan emisi eksiton paling tinggi

dibandingkan dengan sampel dengan konsentrasi lainnya. Spektrum PL

bergantung temperatur menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan emisi ini berasal dari

eksiton yang terikat dengan donor elektron yang disebabkan oleh doping Ti dan

cacat alami VO. Studi ini menunjukkan pentingnya peran cacat titik pada kontrol

sifat optik dan eksiton lapisan tipis ZnO untuk aplikasi optoelektronik masa

depan.

Untuk menginvestigasi sifat fotokonduktif, karakteristik arus-tegangan (I-V)

diukur sebagai fungsi dari energi iluminasi. Fotodetektor berbasis ZnO:Ti

dipabrikasi dengan menggunakan konfigurasi logam-semikonduktor-logam

dengan Ag sebagai kontak elektroda. Pengotor Ti pada ZnO mengurangi arus

gelap dan menyebabkan kenaikan rasio arus terang terhadap arus gelap.

Pentingnya peran Ti dalam peningkatan performa fotodetektor ditunjukkan pada

studi ini.

Sebagai studi tambahan, cacat atom oksigen pada ZnO juga dikontrol dengan

mengatur daya oksigen plasma pada proses penumbuhan dengan plasma-assisted

molecular beam epitaxy (P-MBE). Berdasarkan pengukuran PL, emisi eksiton

dan emisi cahaya tampak yang dihubungkan dengan cacat titik dapat teramati

dengan jelas. Emisi dari cacat titik pada daerah jingga (~2 eV) meningkat dengan

kenaikan daya oksigen yang bersumber dari penyusupan oksigen (Oi). Lapisan

tipis menunjukkan fotokonduktivitas yang tinggi di daerah ultraviolet pada

konsentrasi Oi yang cukup rendah. Pada konsentrasi Oi yang lebih tinggi,

fotokonduktivitas tinggi ini diubah dari rentang ultraungu ke jingga. Rasio emisi

dari ultraungu/cahaya tampak (UV/Vis) ini diduga telah memainkan peran

penting dalam fotokonduktivitas. Hasil ini menunjukkan pentingnya cacat titik

untuk pengontrolan sensitivitas ZnO berbasis fotodetektor.

Kata Kunci: ZnO, lapisan tipis, pengotor Ti, fotokonduktivitas, eksiton, cacat titik