a b s t r a c t , t a b l e s a n d f i g u r e s t o a c c o m p a n y . . . . .

B e e - t a s a n d Bay-.tas: I-iow S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e S h a p e s A t t i t r . . c r J e s i.n B r i t a i n a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

p a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t he 8 2 d Annua l M e e t i n g A m e r i c a n S o c i o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n

C h i c a g o , I l l i n o i s S e p t e m b e r 1 7 , 1 9 8 7

James A. D a v i s N a t i o n a l O p i n i o n R e s e a r c h C e n t e r a n d H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y

( c o m p l e t e t e x t is u n a v a i l a b l e !

A b s t r a c t a n d Summary*

Anglo-Amer ican d i f C e r e n c e s h a v e i n t r i gered t r a v e l ers a n d e s s a y i s t s f o r c e n t u r i e s , b u t s y s t e m a t i c s o c i a l s c i e n c e d a t a are s c a r c e . R e c e n t s t u d i e s ( K e r c k h o f f , Campbell . a n d T r n t t , 1 7 8 2 ; R o b i n s n n a n d K e l l e y , 1979; T r e i m a n a n d T e r r e l l , 1775; Vanneman, 198C)) s u g g e s t s u p r i s i n g s i m j . l a - i t ies i n t h e t w o "oh j e c t i v e " s t r a t i - f i c a t i a n s y s t e m s , b u t , p r i o r t o t h e I S S P , p e r s u a s i v e d a t a nn a t t i t u d e s a n d o p i n i o n s were scarce.

T a b l e la d e f i n e s 10 s u c h " s u b j e c t i v e " v a r i a b l e s a n d F i g u r e 1 d i s p l a y s t h e i r n a t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s , w i t h t h e v e r t i c a l sca le i n t e r m s o f U. S. s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s . E r i t o n s are s t r i k i n g l y more f a v o r a b l e o n w e l f a r e s t a t e i s s u e s a n d stri t : : ing ly lower o n p o l i t i c a l e f f i c a c y ; t h e y are mare l i b e r a l on s e x i t e m s ( A b o r t i o n , P r e m a r i t a l s e x , Homosexual i t y ) a n d t w o o f f o u r c i v i 1 l i b e r t i e s i t e m s ( S u s p e c t ' s r i g h t , D e a t h P e n a l t y ) . On Cree s p e e c h t h e r e is l i t t l e d i f + e r e n c e f o r " r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s " whi l .e t h e B r i t i s h a r e less t a l e r a n t o f f r e e s p e e c h b y r a c i s t s . B r i t o n s are a b i t more c o n s e r v a t i v e i n t h e i r p a r t y p r e f e r e n c e - i f a n e is w i l l i n g t o e q u a t e T o r i e s a n d R e p u b l i c a n s . By a n d l a r g e , t . h o u g h , t h e t h e m e is o n e o f g r e a t e r " l i b e r a l i s m " i n B r i t a i n .

T a b l e 1 b d e f i n e s t e n s t a n d a r d i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t h a t m i g h t a c c o u n t f o r t h e n a t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s a n d F i . g u r e I s h o w s s h a r p t r F a n ! s a t l a n t i c d i f f e r e n c e s o n e i g h t . klhi l e Amet-icans a n d Br-i t a i n s d i f f e r 1 i t t l . e i n Age a n d a n d O c c u p a t i o n a l s t r c t c t c - [ r e , t h e B r i t i s h a r e s t r i k i n g l y less r e l i g i o u s . ( G r e e l e y , 1 9 8 7 ) a n d s t r i k i n g l y 1 ower i n Ed i . i ca t i ana1 a t t a i n m e n t , Income , Rel. a t i v e Income , a n d S u b j e c t i v e C l a s s .

I n sum, " A m e r i c a is a p i o u s m i d d l e c l a s s n a t i o n , w h i l e B r i t a i n is a s e c u l a r w o r k i n g c l a s s o n e " , a b r o a d g e n e r a l l z a t i a n s u p p o r t e d i n T a b l e 2 w h e r e WE see i n o s t B r i t o n s d e f i n e t h e m s e l v e s a s worl.::ing c l a s s a n d i r r e g u l a r c h u r c h g o e r s , , w h i l e most A m e r i c a n s d o n u t . -

T h e a n a l y s e s i n t h i s r e p o r t a s k w h e t h e r t h e s e s h a r p d i d C e r e n c r i n scsci al s t r c r c t u r - e c a n act-aunt f o r t h e d i C f e r e n c r e s i n attj:tctdes a n d o p i n i o n s .

F i iFs t . , 1ooC::ing a t t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s < ' T a b l e S a n d F i g u r e 2 ) w e see, thncrqh t h e i r means d%.f f e r - sha rp : . y , t h e s tu . i . t c tura l . c n e f f j . c i e n t s a re q u i t e similar i n lzhe t w o n a t i o n s . 'TI.-ie t w o sets a f c o e f f i c i . e n t s c a r r e l . a t e -77cI-r a n d t h e co l - re1 a t t o n I-i ses ta .873 i f t h e o e t t l i ~ r , A ~ E a n d I n c o m e , i s r emoved .

Figr-kt-e 3 s c r u ' i : i n i z e s t h a t o u t l i e r . &\le see ne i ' t r he r r e l a t i o n is l i n e a r . I n s t e a d , t h e y are i r iver - ted V s - 51-~arp f o r t h e U. 13. , mc~.ted f or B1-i t a i n , C o u l d j:t b e t h a t t h e much s n a l l e t - i n c r e a s e i n i n c o m e dl-cjm a g e s 20 t i 2 50 i n B r i t a i n e,.:p:l.aj.ns t h e ( 4 a l s e ) i m p r e s s i o n tl-1a.t Br-ilzj.sh occupa t : i ana l mobi1.it .y is l . e s s t h a n Arner:i.can?

F igu re 4 g i v e s t h e bas ic data, multip1.e regress ions o f t he s ~ t b j e c t i v e v a r i a b l e s on t h e seven p r e d i c t o r s i n t h e two coun t r i es . As i n Table 3, t h e r e i s f a i r agreement (r = .684), a l though I ' d say i t i s l e s s than f o r Table 3. Figt-(re 4 d i s p l a y s t h e mean abso lu te coef9 j .c ient f o r t h e seven p r e d i c t o r s . I t seems t o say::

( 1 ) Age, Education ,. and Church Attendance a re t h e best p r e d i c t o r s i n bo th c o u n t r i e s - though Americans may be more s e n s i t i v e t o R e l i g i o s i t y and B r i t o n s t o Age (analyses no t r epo r ted here suggest t h a t Re1 i g i o s i t y operates i n p r e t t y much t h e same way w i t h i n major f a i t h s i n bo th c o u n t r i e s ) .

( 2 ) Income,Sub j e c t i v e Income? Class, and Occupation have weak e f f e c t s i n ba th nat ions. These negat i ve f i n d i n g s cha l lenge t h e popular impression t h a t c l a s s makes a b igger d i f f e r e n c e i n B r i t a i n , and t h e S o c i o l o g i s t s ' assumption t h a t occupat ional l e v e l i s a power fu l p r e d i c t o r o f behavior anywhere. (Exception: as i n Vanneman, Sub jec t i ve c l a s s p r e d i c t s Pa r t y i n B r i t a i n bt-tt n o t t h e U.S. )

Having seen t h a t independent v a r i a b l e s whose l e v e l s d i f f e r between c o u n t r i e s seem t o r e l a t e t o dependent v a r i a b l e s w i t h i n coun t r i es , l e t us ask whether these r e l a t i o n s h i p s can account f a r t h e n a t i o n a l d i d f erences.

The approach i s t o s u b s t i t u t e B r i t i s h means i n American equat ions and American means i n B r i t i s h equat ions and ask what happens t o t h e d i+ fe rences between t h e coun t r i es .

F igu re 5 s~cmmarizes. The ] . e f t hand p o i n t s show t h e o r i g i n a l d i f f e r e n c e , t h e r i g h t hand p o i n t s t h e d i f f e r e n c e a f t e r equat ing on bo th Educat ion and Church attendance, and t h e middle p o i n t s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s when t h e c o n t r o l s a re ad justed one a t a t ime. (The l e f t s i d e d i s p l a y s t h e Bipit i .sh data, t h e r i g h t U.S.) The main s t o r y i s t o l d by t h e t i l t o f t h e l i n e s . I f they s lope down, Education and Rel i g i o s i t y tend t o exp1ai.n t h e n a t i o n a l d i f f e rences .

The f i r s t two do s lope dawn. For t h e p o l i t i c a l i tems, E f f i c a c y and We1 f a re State , Education and Re1 i g i o s i t y reduce b u t du no t exp la in t h e o r i g i n a l d i f f e rences . That i s ? paiPt o f t h e reason Bri. i-.ains dice l e s s e f f i c a c i o u s and more p r o We:LSare s take i s t h e i r 1 e5ser :schcml i n g and p i e t y .

For t h e sex and f r e e speech items. (REV, PRESEX, HOMOSEX, ABORT, and F:AC) t h i n g s a re nu t so sj.rnp1.e -- t h e c o n t r o l v a r i a b l e s work:: i n oppos i te dj . lPect ians! Secularism tends t c ? l ibei ia: l j .ze. Indeed, when we ad jus t r e l i g i o s i t y a lone , ~e can i 'almostj ei,tpl.ain each of t h e d i f +elJ-ences.. But Edr-(cation a l s o t i ~ n d ~ ta I. j. bera:l ize, , so i t operates as a suppressor v a r i a h l e - t h e l i b e r a l i s m lead 09 t h e Eritj.'r7h which w i :l t e d when Re:L i g i o s i t:y was adji.tsted, tei7ds t o perl:: ctrn when Er:lctcati.tsn i s equated, Since t h e t i 40 v a r i a b l e s ~dorl:: worl.:: i n oppijsi t e dj. r ec t i . ons, t i -~e S i. n a l rest-tl. t when bo th 1Educat.i on anct Church I ~ I ~ - ~ . ~ ;ad.jt.tsted i s a f luc t i . ta t in (g c(siiipiPoiiiise.

P o l i t i c a l P a r t y s h o w s a. t h i r d p a t t e r n - b o t h E d u c a t i o n a n d C h u r c h o p e r a t e a s s u p p r e s s o r v a r i a b l e s . T h ~ t s , B r i t i s h p a r t y p r e f e r e n c e b e c o m e s e v e n more " c o n s e v a t i v e " when w e a d j u s t .

F i n a l l y , t h e t w o " c r i m e v a r i a b l e s " , CRIM a n d DEATH, show i n c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s b e c a u s e t h e s t r u c t u r a l . c o e f f i c i e n t s d i f f e r i n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s .

To p e r h a p s i m p o s e more p a t t e r n on t h e r e s u l t s t h a n t h e d a t a w a r r a n t :

... By c o m p a r i s o n , G r e a t B r i t a i n is d i s t i n c t l y s e c u l a r a n d down m a r k e t .

. . . P o l i t i c a l l y , t h i s g o e s some way t o w a r d e : . : p l a i n i n g B r i t o n s ' lesser f e e l i n g s o f e f f i c a c y a n d g r e a t e r e n d o r s e m e n t o f t h e W e l f a r e - s t a t e ... d e s p i t e w h i c h , t h e y are less e n t h u s i a s t i c a b o u t t h e i r l e q t p a r t y t h a n are A m e r i c a n s .

. . . I n t e r m s 09 p e r m i s s i v e n e s s a n soc ia l i s s u e s , t h e g r e a t e r E r i t i s h t o l e r a n c e i . s h e a v i l y i n f l u e n c e d by t h e i r s e c u l a r i s m i t h e g r e a t e r cqmerican c o n s e r v a t v i s m b y o u r r e l . a t i v e p i e t y ) g bctt i I: is si m u l % a n e o u s l y dampened b y t h e i r l o w e r E d c t c a t i n n I. eve1 .s .

. . . T h e r e s u l t s on a t t i t [ - t d e s t o w a r d c r i m i n a l s are toa mi:.ied t o a d m i t of a s n a p p y summary.

I n .sum: Whi l e B r i t a i n is u n a m b i g u o u s l y s e c u l a r a n d down m a r k e t c o m p a r e d w i t h America a n d t h e s e v a r i a b l . e s a f f e c t a t t i t ~ t d e s a n d o p i n i o n s s i m i . l a r l y i n b o t h n a t i o n s ; t h e s t r u c t u r e ad t h e c o e + f i c i e n t s is s u c h t h a t a s o S t e n as n o t , t h e o b j e c t i v e v a r i a b l e s o p e r a t e a s s u p p r e s s o r s o r work i n o p p o s i t e d i r r c t i o n s . T h u s , when t h e a c c o u n t s are a d d e d u p , SES a n d S e c u l a r i s m d o n a t t e l l u s why B r i t a i n s a n d A m e r i c a n s d i f S e r on a t t i t u d e s a n d o p i n i o n s .

ii. Rebecc-a Gr-adnl ph c o n t r i b u t e d enormous1 y t o t h i s pre: l i m i n a r y a n a l y s e s ad t h e s e da.tilz.

" fable l a

Dependent Va r i ab l es

1) C i v i l L i b e r t i e s

a) Free Speech, R e v o l i r t i o n a ~ ~ i e s (REV)

Two-i tem sca l es f ram ISSP modul e (GSS=REVSPEAK, REVPUB; ESA=REVMEET, REVPUB). " F i r s t , consider people wha want t o overthrow t h e government by r e v o l u t i o n . Do you t h i n k such people should be al lowed to....hold p u b l i c meetings t o express t h e i r views ....p u b l i s h books expressing t h e i r views...? Answers t o each range f rom I = D e f i n i t e l y t o 4 = D e f i n i t e l y Not. The sca le i s t h e average o f t h e two answers.

Mean Std. Dev. N

b ) Fr-ee Speech, Rac i s t IRAC)

Same as l a ) f o r "people who b e l i e v e t h a t wh i tes a re r a c i a l l y st-rperior t o a1 l oizher races" . . .

GSS85 BSA85 llean 2.392 2. 70 1 Std. Dev, 1 . Ct78 1 . (377 Iq 611 :1 407

C ) Sirspect ' 5 R i g h t s i C R I M )

Three-item sca les f rom ISSP module: "Suppose t h e po: l ice ge t an anonymous t i p t h a t a man.. . w i that-it a cir ini inal record.. . i s p lanr i ing t o Isreal.:: i n t o a warehacrse. D ~ L I you tl-~j.nC:: t h e pa l i i r e shoi i ld be al lowed, withocrt a c o u r t arder to . . . l::eep t h e inan ~rricler- :;urvei l l ance i GSS=MC;NTFi I L , E;SA=NUb.IC.F:IIvII > . tap h i ia t e l ephone I GSS=MAI\ITfiP, E;SA=NONCR l PI2 ) ,, . ,, open I i i s mai :l ! GSS=IIA~IRE~~II), BSA=NOI\.ICF;IM3) . . detaj. n t h e man civei~ni qht Sot- ques t i on i nq? IGSS=MkNHUl-D , BSA=NC!NCRI:Iv14.) 7 Answers range i:r-om l=i3ef j. n i lzel y tcs 4=Ue+ in i te ly Not. Scale i:= t h e mean on t h e Cour i tems.

ESS85 tiSi~185 1.1 e a n 2.878 3 ,, i::) 1 7 Std. Dev. . h52 . '7 1i.1 SSh 14. 1 (3

d ) D e a t h P e n a l t y (CAPF'UI'J)

GSS (CAPPUN): "Do y o u f a v o r or o p p o s e t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y f o r p e r s o n s c o n v i c t e d o f m u r d e r ? " (:)=Favor l=CIppose.

BSA (BCAPPUN) : " A r e y o u i n f a v n u r o f or a g a i n s t t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y f a r . . . m u r d e r i n t h e cac.trrse o f a t e r ro r i s t a c t . . , , m u r d e r o f a

p o l i c e m a n . . . o t h e r m u r d e r s ? " F o r " o t h e r m u r d e r s " (:)=In f a v o u r o f , l = A g a i n s t .

GSS82-86 BSA85 Mean . 2 4 3 .318 S t d . Dev. . 4 2 9 . 4 6 6 N 7 4 7 7 1 4 4 s

2 ) S e x N o r m s

a > F'remari t a l Se;.: (PRESEX)

G S S (PREMARSX) " I f a man a n d woman h a v e =,ex r e l a t i o n s b e f o r e m a r r i a g e , d o y o u t h i n k i t is ( 1 ) A l w a y s w r a n g ( 2 ) A l m o s t a l w a y s w r a n g (3) Wrong o n l y sometimes o r i 4 ) N o t w r o n g a t a l l ? "

ESA (F'MS) " I f a man a n d a woman h a v e se:.:ual r e l a t i o n s h e + o re m a r r i a g e , w h a t w o ~ t l d y o u r g e n e r a l o p i n i o n b e ? ( 1 ) A l w a y s l.irong ( 2 ) M o s t l y w r o n g (33 Some.izimes w r u n g f 4 i Rarel y wirang (5) N o t w r o n g a t a1 17"

GSS82-€36 ESA85 -I- i N o t w r o n g a t a l l N o t w r o n g a t a l l

(1) o t h e r o t h e r -1 A l w a y s w r o n g A l w a y s w r o n g

Mean . I 2 7 . 2 9 4 S t d . Dev. "€320 -697 hI r7 .J.L'?~ 1 7 4 3

b ) H o m a s e > : u a l S e x (I-ICII"ICISEX )

GSS (HUMCISEX ) , BSA f HOMOSEX) "What a b o u t se:.:i-tal re:[ a t l o n s .T I 1 b e t h i e e n t w a a d u l %s uf t h e same s e x . . . . .

F : e s p o n s e s a n d r e c o d e s r-aiiie a%. +or F'iremat-ikal Set: ( a b o v e ) ,

GSS82-8; g -. C' ,->~-i .,\ a I=. kj

l l e a n -. 598 -. 4 7 7 .325 .-. . S t d . Dev,, i .1 0

l'.l 4 3 3 1 1. 7 3 :L

CjSS " p l e a ~ . e . t e l : l me w h ~ . t l i e r or- n o t y o t - i tl-fink:: i t sho~..tl.t::; b e .,.. ,, p r ~ s s : i . b : l e f o r a p r e g n a n t i . i i ~ i ~ a l - l . h a c:,ki'kain a :Legs:!. abi~r-t:ii:cn i"i;'e=.<

l \ l ( ~ ) l ,f . ,, . .she is mat-l-ietd arid doe^. noir w a n t a n y ii-~oii@ chi : l .d lFen

IABI\.IOMQRE). . . . t he f a m i l y has a very low income and cannot a f f o r d any more c h i l d r e n iABF'OOR)....she i s marr ied and does no t want t o marry t h e man iAESINGL-El...?

BSA . . . "Please say whether o r no% you think:: t h e law should. a l l o w an a b a r t i o n (Yes, No) ( i f ) . . . . t he caup1.e agree they dn n o t n o t wish .to have t h e c h i l d (rlBORT2). . . t h e c o ~ r p l e cannot a f f o r d any more c h i l d r e n (ABORT4)... t h e woman i s n o t marr ied and does not. wish t a marry t h e man IABORT3)..,?

The index i s t h e sum o f "yes" answers f rom zero t o three.

GSS82-86 BSA8S Mean 1.326 1.752 Std. Rev. 1.372 1.282 N 5665) 14(:)5

3) P o l i t i c s

a) P a r t y I d e n t i f i c a t i a n (PARTY)

- GSS (PARTY) , BSA (PARTYID21

65582-86 ESA85 +1 Republican Cnnservat i ve

(3 Independent A1 1 j. ance -1 Clemacrat I-abour

Mean -. 1624 -. 0664 s td . Dev. . 9250 . aaar 1\1 748 1 1 5 0 1

b ) Welfare S t a t e Spending (WELFARE)

These three- i tem sca les come from an ISSP b a t t e r y o f e i g h t "var i acts areas of government spending " . Responden.ts c4ere asl.::ed whether .they wauld l i k e t o see t h e government.. - 1 ) Spend mi-ich mare ( 2 ) Spend more 13) Spend t h e same as nnw ( 4 ) Spend l e s s n r f 5 j Spend much less . . . on:

rjSS Mnemi~n i c ESA Mnemonic i-ieal t h SPHL-TH GVSPENK32 Old Age F'ensinns WRET I HE G'V'SPEI'.1D6 Unernpl oyment benef i t s SF'LJNEPIF' GL1E;PEI'.Ii27

The index i s t h e mean on t h e t h r e e i tems

GSS85 ESA85 Mean 2.653 2.157 Std. Dev. ,, 7(29 6 t::) E3 N 6 1 6 I 4 :I. 4

C ) Poli. t i c a l Ef f i c a c v IF'OLEFF)

These . f c ~ ~ . . ~ y - . : i t i ~ f i .sca:Les come +t-izm an 1251:::' b a t t e r y ~7.f I[::)

Agree/Disagree statements:

GSS Mnemonic BSA Mnemonic The p u b l i c has l i t t l e c o n t r o l over POI-EFF I. POI,.ITICI what p o l i t i c i a n s do i n o44ice (Agree=2, D i sagree=:l)

The average person can get nawhere b y F'OLEFF2 FCILITIC2 t a l k i n g t o p u b l i c o4f i c i a l s (Agree=2,

D i sagree=l)

The average person has cons iderab le POLEFFZ POLITIC3 in4 luence on p a l i t i c s (Agree=i,

Di sagree=2)

The government i s g e n e r a l l y respons ive POLEFF7 POLITIC7 t o pub1 i c o p i n i o n (Agree=l, D i sagree=2)

The index i s t h e average f a r t h e f a u r i tems

GSSBS Mean . 177 Std. Dev. 1.388 N 527

T a b l e l b

I n d e p e n d e n t V a r i a b l e s

V a r i a b l e

Age Ma:.: M i n C a t e g a r i es Mean S t d . Dev. N Mneman i c

E d u c a t i o n + 1

0 -1

Mean S t d . Dev. r.4 Mnemmoni c

Mean S t d . Dev. N Mnemnn i c

89 18 72 44.8987 17.8627 7 5 4 3 AGE

c a l l e g e d e g r e e

a l l a t h e r less t h a n h i g h

- W It114 . $58 757 1 DEGREE

96 18 79 4 4 . 4 3 3 9 18.1756 1 7 6 4 RAGE

~ t n i v e r s i t y d e g r e e a l l a t h e r N o O l e v e l s -. 4 8 0

.62b 1 7 4 4 EDBUAL

P r o f . , Mgrs . I , I I * C r a f t s , F a r m , I I I*

C l e r i c a l , Sal ~s O p e r a t i v e s , L a b a r , IV,V+

S e r v i c e -. 058 - . (33 (1) .7S8 -724 7i393 1 5 9 8 OCC RSCJCCLAS

* R e g i s t r a r G e n e r a l ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i c n

Izarni l y :[ncame* Ma:.: M i n Mean S t d . DEV. 1'4

Mnernan i c

$3(1> , (:)(:I (:)-I-

45 1 , 50i:, 8 1380.4 $8975 s 5Cl8

t-IH I NCOME

.n IJS = 17 d u l l a r categi31- : i ,es r e c o d e r l t a m i d p o i n t s a n d p l a u s i b l e t o p

B r i t a i n = I. 1 pcilncl cza teqor ' i ec ; r e c c j d e d t a m j . d p a i i f t s a n d p l a u s i b l e t o p a n d c a n . \ i e r t e c l izn d c ~ l l a r s assum.i .nq p i l ~ . t n d = l . 5 do:[ l ai-s.

S ~ t b j e c t i v e Income +1

(1) -1

Mean S t d . Dev. N Mneman i c

S u b j e c t i v e S o c i a l C l a s s

C h u r c h A t t e n d a n c e

Mean S t d . Dev. N Mnernani c

+ l (1)

-1 Mean S t d . Dev. h1 Mnemnni c

"Above a v e r a g e " "High" " A v e r a g e " " M i d d l e " "Below A v e r a g e " Low " -. IG:)~ -. 4hh . ,595 " 537 75(:)4 a759 ' .

F I NRELA SR I NC

U p p e r , M i d d l e Upper m i d d l e , M i d d l e

Worl::ing, Lower Upper Warl:: ing, W o r k i n g , P a a r

-491 .287 - . 50 (:I -452 674 1 172(:) CLASS SRSOCCL

Weekl y+ Week1 y+ O t h e r O t h e r N o r e l i . g i o n Ncs r e l i g i o n +.291 - -77 . &.-..-'

.591 . &35 T L- T

/ 4.287 1'75'7 REL I E, ATTEND i3ATTEI;ID

T a b l e 2.

N a t i o n , S ~ t b j e c t i v e Social C l a s s , a n d C h u r c h A t t e n d a n c e

S u b j e c t i v e C l a s s

N a t i o n C h u r c h W o r k i n g M i d d l e T o t a l 'X

B r i t a i n Wee!:: l y+ 7. 0% 4.4% 11.4% O t h e r 39.1% 15.1% 54.2% N o R e l i g i o n 25.2% 9.2% 34 . 4.7;

T o t a l 71.3% 28.7% % (N=:L71.0)

U S A W e e k l y + 16.9% 19.1% 36. 0% O t h e r 3(:). 9% 25.9% 56.8% No R e l i g i o n 3.8% 3.4% 7.2%

T o t a l 51.6% 48.4% I(:)(:).(:)% (N=7(:)55)

P e r C e n t . . . . . . .

W o r k i n g C l a s s AND L e s s t h a n Weel.:: l y

M i d d l e C l a s s AI'dID Some R e l i g i o n

B r i t a i n

Table 3.

Regressions (Betas) f a r Independent Va r i ah les

Subj.. Class Incame Incame Occ. Educ. [Age Dependen* Nat ian

-.346 Educ. - B r i t a i n --2L?1 1 t lJSA

.528 . 3.63. Occ. B r i t a i n -535 m 1 (:I 4 I f USA

-277 .246 -.247 Incame B r i t a i n 338 . 25 1 - . <:)iI)6 I I " -4- USA

. 5i33 . t:)J7 . i358 . 052 Suh Inc B r i t a i n -454 "075 .082 .(I27 I t iJSA

. 155 .<I198 .i:)9(:) .253 "117 Class P r i t a i n

.22 i 9 . 1155 . 162 -192 I ! USA

0 1 7 .i:,49 -.(:)33 (317 , 131 -298 Chctrch BI-i t a i n .(1)26 .i315 -wfI)21 i i 3. . (113 4 . 203 I I USA

Figure *2.

Plot of Absolute Values 5n Table 3

1 =Age 2=Education 330ccupation bIncome 5Subjective Income 6Subjective Class 74hurch Attendance

Table 4.

Regressions: Independent and Dependent Var iab les

Subjective Age Church Educ Occ, Income Income Class Dep. Nat. H

-. 3.5.5 -, 229 -. [:>2a -. 010 +. i:)82 - 4 -. 851 PRESEX GE 5i2 -.227 -. 357 +.<:)4& +. 069 +. (1>38 +.a23 +. (323 11 US .48

+. Ct5[:) -. 125 + ,, 03i:) +. r:)i:t4 +. 028 - . - i . ABQET GB . 23 .-I-. i:t25 -. 338 +. 3. b]. i - 7 -i-. i1)35 +. i:)27 +. i:)35 " IJS " 4 1

Signs far dependent varj.abl.es:: Pnsi!zive end := "rc~lel-antiKEV, Tnlerant/RAC, F I? .~ suspectfCRIM, a n t i death penal tyiCAPFUN, 'Tnl e ran t /P!=:ESEX, Tal e ran t ii-lCll"lClSEX Yes? wou:l trl a:l. l ow/'l?BriF:T, llatjo~tir r3r r)(.?rnocicat I. c /F'~?IRTY, Spend nture/ WEL.Fi?RE:, I-ess e+ C i cac i ar.tc,/'PULEFF.

Figure 4

Average Absolute Value o f Coefficients i n Table 4

sc.e~lQ\Y * ~ g e c ~ ~ p c l . l PDUC O C C I M ~ ~ M L C i c c g n e

B R ~ ~ I W 129 . l o 8 -112 -032 .082 .osLt -Oh3

R e f e r e n c e s :

James A. D a v i s (198.51, " B r i t i s h a n d A m e r i c a n a t t i . t u d e s : s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d c o n t r a s t s " i n R o g e r Jowe:L 1 , S h a r o n W i ' t h e r s p o o n , a n d L i n d s a y B r o o k , e d s . , B r i t i s h Social A t t i t u d e s : t h e %98$ r e p o r t . L o n d o n . Gower . p p . 8 9 - 1 1 4 .

( C o m p a r e s B v i t i s h a n d A m e r i c a n . m a r g i n a l s f o r t h e 1985 ISSF' m a d u l e )

James A. D a v i s a n d Tam W . S m i t h 1 1 9 8 6 ) G e n e r a l Social S u r v e y s , 1972-1986: C u m u l a t i v e C o d e b o o k . T h e H o p e r C e n t e r . S t o r r s , Conn .

( T h e G S S c o d e b o o k )

A n d r e w G r e e l e y (1987) Re1 i g i o n a n d Values: T h r e e E n g l i s h S p e a k i n g C o u n t r i e s . NORC.

A l a n C. K e r c k h o f f , R i c h a r d T. C a m p b e l l a n d J e r r y M. T t - a t t (1982) " D i m e n s i o n s o f E d u c a t i o n a l a n d O c c u p a t i o n a l A t t a i n m e n t i n G r e a t B r i t a i n " Am. Soc. R e v 47 :347-364 .

( C o m p a r e s d i v e r s m e a s u r e s o f e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t i n B r i t a i n a s p r e d i c t o r s o f d i v e r s o c c u p a t i o n v a r i a b l e s . N o c lear w i n n e r erner g e s . 1

A l a n C. K e r c k h o f f , R i c h a r d T. C a m p b e l l , a n d I d e e Winf i e l d - L a i r d i 1 9 8 5 ) "Social M o b i l i t y i n G r e a t E r i t a i n a n d tl-ie U n i t e d S ta tes" ,

Am. Jourr1 , , Sac. , 9 1 : 28 1-308. 1 < C o m p a r e s OCGEI a n d O x f o r d M o b i l i t y S t u d y . O n c e a l l o w a n c e is

made f o r m a r g i n a l s - F o r f a t h e r s , 1J.S- h a s more F a r m , B r i . t . a i n more o p e r a t i v e s ; f o r s o n s U. S h a s more w h i t e col l a r , B r i t a i n mare 0 p e r a t . i . v e s - m a b i 1 i t y ra tes are v e r y s i .mi l a r . )

R o b e r t V. R o b i n s o n a n d J o n a t h a n K e l l e y , (1979) " C l a s s a s C o n c e i v e d b y Marx a n d D a h r e n d o r f : E Q f e c t s o n I n c o m e I n e q u a l i t y a n d F ' o l . i t i c s i n t h e U n i t e d S ta tes a n d Great B r i t a i n " Am. Sac. Rev . 44 : 38-58.

( E l a b o r a t e a n a l y s i s o f o h j e c t i v e s t r a t i f i c a t i o n v a r i . a b l e s i n GSS a n d B u t l e r a n d S t o k e s s h o w s more s i m i l a r i t i e s t h a n d i f f e r e n c e s ; s u b j e c t i v e c l a s s h a s s t r a n g e r p o l i t i c a l e f a e c t s i n B r i . t a i . n . )

D o n a l d J . T r e i m a n a n d P::ermi t T e r r e l l (1975) " T h e P r o c e s s o f S t a t u s A t t a i n m e n t i n t h e U n i t e d S ta tes a n d G r e a t E r - : i t a i . n n Am. J a u r n , Soc,, 81: 563-581.

( E s t i m a t e s t h e m o d e l F a t h e r 's O c c u p a t i o n - E d u c a t i o n - Elccupat i . o n - I n c o m e f u r OCGI v . Bcl t l er a n d Sto1::ez. T h e S t a n d a r - d i z e d c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e v p r y si m i l ar-, s a v e t h a t O c c u p a t j . on- I n c o m e is h i . q h r r i n B r i t a i n . j

R e e v e D. Vanneman ! 3.i78Ct 1 "\.I. S. a n d B r i t i r=,h P e r c e p t i o n s o$ C l ass" Am. J a u r n . Sac. 85: 769-790,

( C o m p a r e s o b j e c t i v e p r e d i c t o r s o f s u b j e c t i v e c l a s s a n d C l a s s / P a r t y u s i n g NES a n d B u t l e r S t o L : e s . C a e f f i c x e n t s f o r

p r e d i c t o r s dire s imi la r ; C l a s s i ' P a r t y r e l a t i o f i s h i p is s t r o n g e r i n B r i t a i n . )

SI-iaron Mi. l : l7erspaan ! 1 3 8 b ) B r i t i ~ s h Sac:i. al . A t t i i:i.~tdes: ,k1-1e 13"" W J

sl-tl-'\iey . t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t . 1-i~ndon. Social a n d i:o~v~-nunity P l a n n i n g R e s e a r c h .

( T h e BSA cudehonl.:: 1