abstract_booklet_renewable_energy.pdf
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renewable energy conference bookletTRANSCRIPT
CONFERENCE PAPER
ABSTRACTS
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO. THE TIME OF CHEAP OIL IS OVER: THE ULTIMATE RESTRUCTURING THE FUTURE ENERGY
GENERATION AND SUPPLY THROUGH SUCCESSIVE INCORPORATING RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES INTO ENERGY MIX ................................................................................................................................. 5
BRIQUETTE AS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE - A VIABILITY STUDY FOR TEA FACTORIES .............. 6
TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE - THE ROLE OF AWARENESS AND
RENEWABLE ENERGIES FOR A BETTER WORLD .............................................................................................. 6
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ODISHA ........................................................ 7
BOX-TYPE SOLAR COOKER-A PRACTICAL APPROACH ................................................................................... 7
BIO-FUEL AS A FUTURE SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: ADVANTAGES, DRAWBACKS AND
POTENTIAL DIRECTIONS......................................................................................................................................... 8
WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES DURING OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION FROM DEEP
SHALE FORMATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 9
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS AND ITS DISRUPTION BY
NATURAL AND ENGINEERED COATINGS ......................................................................................................... 10
BACTERIAL IN RESPIRATION IN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND
MICRON-SCALE SENSING ..................................................................................................................................... 10
SOLAR POWER GENERATION BASED ON FUEL CELL TECHNIQUE UPCOMING NEW TECHNOLOGY 11
POLICY ISSUES FOR SOLAR POWER GENERATION IN COLD REGIONS ................................................... 11
EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW ............................................... 12
APPLICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WAVE HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE AREA
ELECTRIFICATION .................................................................................................................................................. 12
RE-NEWABLE ENERGY .......................................................................................................................................... 13
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES ................................................................. 13
WATER DISTILLATION USING SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM WITH PCM STORAGE MEDIUM .................... 14
RE BASED LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH ................................................................... 14
LIMITATIONS OF RE-NEWABLE ENERGY AND ALTERNATIVES ................................................................. 14
PROSPECTS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY HARVESTING .................................... 15
IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL AGENCY IN EXECUTION OF RE PROGRAM ........................................................ 15
SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS BY PARABOLIC CONCENTRATORS ............ 15
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VACUUM EVAPORATED SULPHIDE SEMICONDUCTOR
THIN FILMS FOR SOLID-STATE DEVICE FABRICATIONS .............................................................................. 15
RECENT ADVANCES IN INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY FOR INDUSTRIAL IMAGING ............................... 16
CORRELATION BETWEEN CRYSTAL ORIENTATIONS, OXIDATION AND OPTO-ELECTRONIC
PROPERTIES OF ΜC-SI: H LAYERS DEPOSITED USING HWCVD .................................................................. 17
STUDY OF DOPED n-TYPE a-Si:H EMITTER LAYER FOR HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS USING
HWCVD ...................................................................................................................................................................... 17
CORRELATION DEVELOPMENT FOR EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY ON GREEN HOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS FROM HYDROPOWER RESERVOIR ................................................................................................ 18
CHALLANGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ....................................................................................................... 18
USE OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT SOURCE FOR APPLE COLD STORAGE: MANIKARAN (INDIA) CASE
STUDY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
APPLICATIONS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT, RECYCLING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 19
INVENTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF GREEN BUILDINGS TO ACHIEVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY 20
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING BY USING SOLAR BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES ....... 20
GREEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND PRACTICE ................................................................... 21
ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW IN V-SHAPED WITH GAP DOWNSTREAM RIBS
ROUGHENED SURFACE SOLAR AIR HEATER DUCT ....................................................................................... 21
DESIGN OF SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM ................................................................... 22
ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF A GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT KHATKAR
KALAN (DISTT. NAWANSHAHAR), PUNJAB ...................................................................................................... 22
OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE FOR SOLAR COLLECTOR TO RECEIVE MAXIMUM SOLAR RADIATION ......... 23
ESTIMATION OF SOLAR RADIATION FOR INDIAN STATIONS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORK ................................................................................................................................................................. 23
EFFECT OF DEPTH RATIO ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE FLOW PACKED BED
SOLAR AIR HEATER ............................................................................................................................................... 24
STUDY OF SOLAR RADIATION MODELS TO ESTIMATE SOLAR RADIATION USING DIFFERENT
METEOROLOGICAL DATA: A REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 24
APPLICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WAVE HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE AREA
ELECTRIFICATION .................................................................................................................................................. 24
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION ................................ 25
FUTURE SCOPE FOR NANO STRUCTURED CELLS ........................................................................................... 25
ANALYSIS OF QUASI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM ............................................ 26
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ON EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PANELS AT 30° 30' 0" NORTH, 77° 12' 0" EAST
..................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
WIRELESS SOLAR IRRADIANCE METER ............................................................................................................ 27
DESIGN OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT SOLAR BASED REFRIGERATION SYSTEM BASED ON TEC
TECHNIQUE .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TIO2 NANO SOLAR CELL ......................................................................... 28
FABRICATION OF SNO2 NANOPARTICLES BASED SOLAR CELL ................................................................. 28
CFD BASED FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A V SHAPED ROUGHENED SURFACE
SOLAR AIR HEATER ............................................................................................................................................... 29
ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM ............................................................... 29
FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATOR IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................................................................... 30
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SILT EROSION IN PUMP AS TURBINE (PAT) ................................................... 31
UNIFIED CONTROL STRATEGY FOR DFIG BASED WIND POWER ................................................................ 32
WIND ENERGY IN INDIA: A REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 32
REPOWERING OF WIND FARMS-A CASE STUDY ............................................................................................. 33
WIND TURBINES ELECTRICAL CONVERSION SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY .......................... 33
WIND POWER INTEGRATION WITH COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE: A REVIEW ....................... 34
RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO IN HIMACHAL PRADESH ........................................................................ 34
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND RENEWABLES IN INDIAN PRESPECTIVE ........................................... 35
ROLE OF PCM IN ENERGY SAVING IN BUILDINGS LOCATED AT ONE OF COMPLEX TERRAIN
(KAMAND-MANDI) IN HIMALAYAN REGION ................................................................................................... 35
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IN RADIAL DISTRIBUTION FEEDER ....... 36
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IN POWER SYSTEM NETWORK ................ 36
RENEWABLE ENERGY: A NOBLE SOURCE OF ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS ..................... 37
RENEWABLE ENERGY: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FOR INDIA`S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .. 37
IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ................................................ 38
RENEWABLE ENERGY STATUS IN INDIAN RESTRUCTURED POWER SECTOR: FUTURE ASPECTS .... 38
BRIQUETTING: TRANSFORM WASTE INTO ENERGY ...................................................................................... 39
EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW ............................................... 39
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY (ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS) .......... 40
RESOURSES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND THEIR IMPACT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH ......................... 40
EFFECTS AND IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY WITH ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES ON
OUR LIFE. .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
MODELING OF SEIG WITH ELCTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER FOR MINI/MICRO/PICO HYDRO POWER
FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ........................................................................................................................... 41
SIMULATION OF 5TR LITHIUM BROMIDE-WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION CHILLER SYSTEM ............... 42
ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY OF A LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
..................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
IMPACT OF POWER ELECTRONICS ON RENEWABLE ENERGY & GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM ...... 43
SENSORLESS POSITION ESTIMATION OF BLDC MOTOR USING BACK EMF ZERO CROSSING POINTS
..................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
REVIEW ON DESIGN/FABRICATION OF 1250VA UPS (WITH ADVANCED PWM TECHNIQUE) ............... 44
TAPPING INTO THE NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES OF THE EARTH: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ... 44
HYSTERESIS CONTROLLER BASED SENSORLESS ROTOR POSITION DETECTOR FOR DFIG ................ 45
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF TWO AREA THERMAL POWER SYSTEM USING CRAZINESS BASED
PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 45
MITIGATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING D-STATCOM ................................ 46
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY WITH THE HELP OF TIDAL POWER AND ITS FUTURE
CONTRIBUTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Prospects of Genetically Engineered Microbes and Plants in Renewable Biofuel Production .................................... 47
HIM URJA PRIVATE LIMITED ............................................................................................................................... 49
TATA BP SOLAR....................................................................................................................................................... 50
SYNERGY SOLAR PRIVATE LIMITED ................................................................................................................. 51
AMAN ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES .................................................................................................................... 51
AMAN ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES- CHANNEL PARTNERS SUCHECO ...................................................... 51
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MNRE) .............................................................................. 52
SUDARSHAN SAUR ................................................................................................................................................. 53
SHAKTI TRADERS ................................................................................................................................................... 54
THE TIME OF CHEAP OIL IS OVER: THE ULTIMATE RESTRUCTURING THE FUTURE ENERGY GENERATION AND SUPPLY THROUGH SUCCESSIVE INCORPORATING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO ENERGY MIX
N. El Bassam
Director and President
International Research Centre for Renewable Energy (IFEED)
Kirchweg Lehrte-Sievershausen
Germany
The time of cheap oil and gas is over. Mankind can survive without globalization, financial
crises and flights to the moon or Mars but not without adequate and affordable energy
availability.
Current approaches to energy are non-sustainable and non renewable. Today, the world‘s energy
supply is largely based on fossil fuels and nuclear power which are exhaustible and finite and the
major proportion expected to last for only several decades to come. The 'scarcity' represents the
greatest challenge to humanity.
Renewable energy and energy efficiency do not indicate an alternative to fossils resources; they
are the only options which can ensure sustainable development and the survival of the mankind.
The technically exploitable amounts of energy in the form of electricity, heat and chemical
energy from renewable sources exceed the current world energy consumption by about six fold.
Germany is generating now 12% of the total primary energy demand and almost 25% of
electricity from renewable sources.
The transition into centralized and decentralized renewable energy systems has to be associated
with multiple measures:
Renewable energies should remain the priority (solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal….),
Improving the energy efficiency, Construction of smart grids, Creating power storage facilities,
Future oriented and innovative policy in national, regional and global context, Creating a global
climate framework, Intensifying research and education activities and Improving the cooperation
between nations as well as between public and private sectors.
The share of renewable energy in total energy supply needs to grow by 2% per year in order to
ensure future energy demand and to avoid regional and global crises.
This contribution considers the ―Unserved ― part of our societies and gives rural regions and
rural population a special attention. It will also demonstrate options for poverty alleviation and
sustainable development in rural communities by implementing integrated renewable energy
power generation and supply systems, also in support of the United Nations.
With rapid and continued growth in the world it is no longer a question of when we will
incorporate various renewable energy sources into the mix, but how fast the transition can be
managed.
BRIQUETTE AS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE - A VIABILITY STUDY FOR TEA FACTORIES
R D Nazeema & R.Sethumadhavan
b
a Director, Energy Department, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, [email protected]
b Professor, Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University,Chennai,[email protected]
India is one of the largest tea producing countries in the world producing about 930 million
kg of tea annually .An area of about 6 lakh hectares is under tea cultivation .Tea manufacture
is very energy intensive (requiring both electrical and thermal energy) with energy
constituting 40% of the cost of manufacturing. Thermal energy requirement is enormous and
the source of this is mostly firewood (leading to deforestation ).Biomass Briquette – an
alternate & renewable energy source – has been tried as the fuel in tea industry and found to
be acceptable from the user point of view.
TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE - THE ROLE OF AWARENESS AND RENEWABLE ENERGIES FOR A BETTER WORLD
Joachim Golo Pilz
Project Manager & Senior Advisor
Brahma Kumaris & World
Renewal Spiritual Trust
Solar Department Shantivan Campus
Abu Road, Rajasthan.
Day by day we hear more disturbing news about the ―Climate Change‖ that is happening all
over the world. More and more people are getting seriously impacted by increasingly strong
and more frequent hurricanes. We hear about unprecedented droughts in one area while there
is severe flooding in another. People are forced to leave entire regions due to desertification
of the land. Many scientists today accept that we are in the midst of a dramatic and
accelerating climatic shift. There seems to be no viable solution and there is no clear vision
of where we are heading. It is becoming increasing clear that this climatic shift will pose
enormous costs for most countries and there is a distinct possibility that the world economic
structure and balance will be irrevocably destroyed. Every person living on this planet will
ultimately have to face the consequences of dramatic environmental changes which are
induced by human intervention in the delicate ecological balance of nature. As per the latest
UN report, Scientists have determined that the main causes of these changes are toxic
emissions from industries and motor vehicles throughout the world. Increasing global
pollution levels and urbanization together with rapid deforestation add to these problems.
Achieving a secure, efficient and clean energy supply is one of the major issues facing the
world community. The growing scarcity and lack of availability of fuels remains a serious
problem for many and the consequential depletion of precious financial, environmental and
time resources affects all humanity. It seems clear, that humanity has reached a crossroads
and an immediate shift in the used technology has to take place. Since long alternatives have
been shown and tested. One of the most promising technologies is the area of renewable
energies. Our sun sends daily more than 100 times enough energy to our planet to easily cater
for all our energy requirements. Renewable energy technologies offer a sustainable and clean
solution for bringing power to the people, whether in an urban or rural setting. What is
urgently needed is a shift in Values, Policies, Education and Awareness. Here is where Non –
Government organizations can play a major role.
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ODISHA
Anirudha Rout IAS
Chief Executive Officer
Odisha Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA)
Bhubneshwar, Odisha
The current renewable energy potential of Odisha as per some indicative estimates has been
slated at 11280 MW. About 80% of this potential is likely to come from solar resource, 10%
from wind and the balance from different sources like biomass, biofuels, small hydros etc.
The Renewable Purchase Obligationsin the state till 2015-16 have been quantified at about
2000 MW. The state has a Renewable Energy Policy and tariff structure for each renewable
energy resource besides a dedicated State Technical Committee to clear renewable energy
project proposals. Besides catering to the obligations of the state independent renewable
power projects can also be set up in the state as per the above policy under REC mechanism,
for power trading etc. At present about 80 MW of renewable power is being fed to the state
grid and many more projects are in pipeline.
This makes Odisha a very attractive destination for investments in renewable power projects.
BOX-TYPE SOLAR COOKER-A PRACTICAL APPROACH
Yagyesh Sundar Dwivedi
Director
Rural Connectivity Wing
Department of Rural Development
Government of India
Solar light energy is in abundance in nature and generally assured. Its use and benefits in
cooking food are known to mankind. Even the Vedic Scriptures have highlighted the health
benefits of Sun cooked food. However, the possible reasons for the non-popularity of solar
cookers even with the rural or urban poor masses can be identified higher cost, in-effective in
early hours of day, heavy weight to handle and fragile in nature. In my present design, I have
tried to minimise these deficiencies.
In simple terms, the role of solar box cooker (SBC) is to collect the maximum Sunlight
during any time of the day, pass it through the transparent as well as insulating medium, and
then, store it in the insulated box. Corrugated paper of good quality has been used in five
layers to prepare a 15-mm-thick inner box. Outer layer of box is ―EVA Closed Cell Foam
Sheet‖ of 18 to 20 mm thickness. In transparent cover, two layers of clear polyester sheet of
175 micron thickness (Garware Over Head Projector [OHP sheet] or equivalent), with an air
gap of 20 mm between them has been used. In order to reduce problem of condensation in
transparent cover, square steel tube frame with continuous hollowness at all corners, painted
black was used. For reflectors to collect additional Sunlight, four reflectors of corrugated
plastic sheet (commercial name SUNPAK etc.) of 5 mm thickness laminated with
Aluminium foil was used. Air tightness of the cover is also an important aspect of the box.
An adjustable height stand made up of Aluminium pipe (20 mm diameter), with holes and
end cross support, is attached to the box to keep the box in the tilting position. The endeavour
is to restart the process of using the Solar cookers, which has been forgotten since long.
BIO-FUEL AS A FUTURE SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: ADVANTAGES, DRAWBACKS AND POTENTIAL DIRECTIONS
*Avigdor Abelson, Leor Korzen, Alvaro Israel and Aharon Gedanken
*Dept. of Zoology
Tel Aviv University
Ramat Aviv Israel.
Bio-ethanol is the most common energy source for transportation worldwide. The use of bio-
ethanol provides a sound way to reduce both consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels and
environmental pollution. However, biofuel production from terrestrial crops has attracted
criticism due to several major disadvantages, among which: 1. Rising food prices and global
food shortages, 2. Enhancing habitat destruction and soil erosion, 3. Enhancing volatile
organic compounds and NOx pollutions, 4. Unfavorable energy and carbon balances, and 5.
significant freshwater requirements. On top of these adverse effects, habitat destruction and
loss of biodiversity will very likely restrict the use of 'terrestrial biomass' options.
An alternative source of bio-fuel can be provided by marine macroalgae (seaweeds).
Seaweeds offer several advantages over terrestrial sources of bio-fuel, including: high growth
rates, which far exceed that of terrestrial plants; much greater potential of ethanol production
due to relatively low concentrations of crystalline structures (like lignin); no impact on land
required for food crops; can serve as a bioremediation system to lower eutrophication impact
on coastal waters. Moreover, in contrast to terrestrial biomass, utilizing seaweeds for energy
production circumvents the problem of diverting natural habitats, or agricultural land from
food to fuel production, and strongly reduces the need for freshwater supplies. Despite the
significant advantages of marine macro-algae as source of renewable energy, the marine
biomass option has been largely ignored, mainly due to two impediments: difficulties in
producing high sustainable marine yields, and the relatively low, readily available sugar
content for fermentation, as compared to its terrestrial counterparts.
We contend that both obstacles can be removed by science-based innovative approaches.
First, the sustainable yields can be produced by an integrated system, i.e. Combined
Aquaculture Multi-Use System (CAMUS), which employs multiple species of distinct
functional groups to reduce wastes and costs, while increasing total efficiency and
productivity for enhanced macroalgae production and potential profit for entrepreneurs. The
CAMUS can attain sustainability by incorporating waste-generating (fed) organisms and
cleaning (extractive) organisms in each array, by which the extractive species grow as they
remove excess nutrients and particles from the water. Thus, the CAMUS system may turn
wastes into productive resources (bio-fuel and food), while reducing the impact on the local
ecosystem and acting as a carbon sequestration agents.
The second obstacle, i.e. low sugar content of macroalgae, can be removed by innovative
bio-refinery, which is based on bioethanol production in an economically and
environmentally sound manner. Our proposed system attempts to increase the concentration
of ethanol produced from seaweed by: 1) improving cultivation to enhance high carbohydrate
content, and 2) developing and implementing various saccharification (i.e. the process of
breaking a complex carbohydrate into its monosaccharide components) techniques during
pre-treatment of seaweeds for the release of fermentable sugars.
With the substantial advantages of seaweeds as a potential bio-fuel source, our novel holistic
approach is expected to enhance the production yield of bioethanol derived from algal
biomass, paving the way for a large bioethanol industry while helping to avoid food/fuel
competition over land use.
WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES DURING OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION FROM DEEP SHALE FORMATIONS
Kelvin B. Gregory
Assoc. Prof. Civil & Environmental Engineering
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
New drilling and well-stimulation technology has enabled a boom in natural gas exploration
and production from deep, black shale formations. Shale gas is projected to be the largest
contributor to growth in natural gas production in the United States for 25 years. The same is
true for many other nations as recent assessments revealed substantial and technically
recoverable shale gas in India, China, and Argentina among others. The technical challenges
of drilling and well stimulation in deep shale are largely behind the industry. However, where
shale gas resources are currently produced, water management emerged as a critical
challenge for the sustainable development of these reservoirs, where hydraulic fracturing
must be used. Following hydraulic fracturing, water containing high concentrations of total
dissolved solids (TDS) return to the surface. The TDS concentrations in this wastewater also
known as ―flowback‖ can far exceed that of sea water and also contain hydrocarbons that add
complexity and cost to the already challenging management of flowback.
Sustainable production of shale gas requires management of flowback that ensures protection
of water resources. Where the infrastructure exists, deep-well injection will be the primary
means of disposal. However, in many areas where shale gas production will be abundant,
deep-well injection sites are not available or may not be economically feasible due to
transportation costs. Moreover, the water stress associated with fresh water resources is
regionally, locally, and seasonally variable. The fresh water demands for hydraulic fracturing
may compete with other industrial and municipal needs and especially where the resource is
limited. With water management challenges that are spatially and temporally variable and
dynamic, there is no clear panacea for sustainable shale gas development. However, as
hydraulic fracture moves into new shale formations with unique resource development
challenges, novel technology and management solutions are emerging that enable
environmentally sustainable and economically feasible natural gas extraction from shales.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS AND ITS DISRUPTION BY NATURAL AND ENGINEERED COATINGS
Kelvin B. Gregory
Assoc. Prof. Civil & Environmental Engineering
Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Engineered nanoparticles (ENP) are increasingly utilized in industrial processes and
manufacturing while their potential interactions with the natural systems are poorly
understood. For example, engineered coatings on nanoparticles as well as the emergence of
natural coatings in the environment greatly affect the reactivity of nanoparticles. The
mechanisms of ENP toxicity have not been verified, but the inhibition of bacterial growth
may be dependent on reactivity. We have examined how surface modifications of ENP may
affect the interaction between the particles and bacteria in model systems. Our findings
show that both natural and engineered surface coatings on ENP greatly reduce or eliminate
their cytotoxicity. We examine the mechanisms of ENP toxicity and show how coatings
disrupt toxic mechanisms. While toxicity is the most commonly cited activity of
nanomaterials in environmental systems, a new picture is emerging. Some nanomaterials,
thought to be toxic, can have the opposite effect on certain bacteria; the particles may rescue
them from a self-induced death. Overall, our studies imply that surface modifications may
be engineered to minimize the detrimental impacts of nanomaterials and that NP may have a
broader impact on bacterial cell growth than previously understood.
BACTERIAL IN RESPIRATION IN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND MICRON-SCALE SENSING
Kelvin B. Gregory
Assoc. Prof. Civil & Environmental Engineering
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
The electrical potential in sediment has been part of the analytical repertoire of soil scientists
and agronomists for 100 years. This phenomenon was loosely attributed to the activity of
soil organisms and used as a diagnostic for crop yield. More recently, the electrical potential
of sediments emerged as a promising technology for electricity generation. It is now known
that electricity production is metabolically linked to respiration in bacteria and that this
capability is not uncommon. Microbial respiration of anodes and cathodes in
electrochemical cells have enabled the development of microbial fuel cells for electricity
generation and sensing technology as well as novel approaches for electrode-based
bioremediation of organic and inorganic subsurface environments. For example, we have
developed a micron-scale biological fuel cell which utilizes microbial electricity generation
enabled by microfluidic flow control to produce power. This new fuel cell technology, the
smallest of its kind, produces scalable and controllable electrical energy from organic matter
and is sustained through microbial biofilm formation and respiration of an anode. In
addition, we have recently employed anodes and cathodes in sediment environments to
manipulate and engineer the natural redox gradients while stimulating bioremediation of
uranium or aromatic hydrocarbons. It is likely that a better understanding of the microbial
ecology and physiology of electron transfer in electrochemical cells will make possible
optimization of electricity harvesting and creative solutions for responsible environmental
stewardship.
SOLAR POWER GENERATION BASED ON FUEL CELL TECHNIQUE UPCOMING NEW TECHNOLOGY
P.B.L. Chaurasia, K. Kendall, W.Bujalski, S.Du, B.G.Pollet and N.Panja Fuel Cell
Laboratory,
School of Chemical Engineering,
University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
e-mail: [email protected]
Renewable energy sources are very promising solutions for global warming. Solar energy is
considered to be the cleanest and inexhaustible source of renewable energy. The fuel cells
are highly efficient energy conversion systems to transform energy from one form to another
form. The solar energy can be transformed into usable electric power using fuel cells
(chemical method). Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) fits best for solar power
generation as it can be operated relatively at a low temperatures (<100°C). A study has been
carried-out on PEMFC using a new chemical coupling 2-propanol/acetone/hydrogen that will
support solar power generation from solar light. The paper presents the results of the study
made on the PEM fuel cell based on a specific chemical coupling (2-propanol/acetone/H2)
proposed to be used in solar power generation. Some preliminary investigations have been
performed on electro-catalyst in the PEM fuel cell and power density 2.12mW.cm-2 has been
achieved.
The study is continued to maximize the power generation from the PEMFC enabling to
design a prototype unit for fuel cell based solar system for power generation from the sun
light. This upcoming new solar technology will have far reaching effect in the present energy
crisis in the society.
POLICY ISSUES FOR SOLAR POWER GENERATION IN COLD REGIONS
S. S. Chandel
Professor
Centre for energy & environment
National institute of technology
Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh
EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW
S. K. Tyagia and A. K. Pandey
b
aDy. Director/Scientist 'E‗
Biomass Management Division
Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy, Kapurthala Jalandhar-
Kapurthala Road, Wadala Kalan, Kapurthala -144610 (Punjab) bSchool of Infrastructure Technology & Resource Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
University, Katra 182320 (J&K)
The present talk is an overview of concept of exergy and the exergy analysis of renewable
energy systems such as solar air heater, solar water heater, solar cooker and solar photovoltaic
systems will be delivered. Solar air heater based on evacuated tube collectors (ETC) and
having three different arrangements for the performance evaluation using exergy analysis has
been used. In two arrangements ETC tubes have been filled with thermal energy storage
(TES) material and one without TES. Solar water heater is made of ETC collectors and it is
unlike conventional water heaters available in the market, this is a direct flow water heater i.e.
water at inlet is provided by water tank which is situated at the roof top of the building.
Experiments at different volume flow rates i.e. 10 LPH (Litre per hour), 15 LPH, 20 LPH, 25
LPH and 30 LPH have been carried out. Both the energetic and exergetic efficiencies have
been found to be optimum at 15 LPH. For performance analysis of solar photovoltaic (SPV)
systems three different technologies have been used viz. multicrystalline module, thin film
module and HIT (hetrojunction with intrinsic thin layer). Performance of the HIT based SPV
module has been found to be best. As far as solar cooker is concerned, the performance
analysis of solar cooker based on exergy analysis with two different types of solar cookers
have been used viz. paraboloid type and box type. Both the efficiencies i.e. energetic and
exergetic efficiencies have been found to be best for paraboliod type solar cooker.
APPLICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WAVE HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE AREA ELECTRIFICATION
S.M Ali
1 Khusboo Parvin
2 Sthita Prajna Mishra
3
1Professor Electrical,
2Lecturer Electrical,
3Lecturer Electrical
KIIT University,Bhubaneswar
This paper presents the efficient utilisation of hybrid Photovoltaic/wave energy system for
desalination water pumping and supplying the local AC and DC loads. The novel hybrid
system comprises eight key parts. The PV array and wave energy permanent magnet linear
generator (PMLG) as energy sources, novel AC side modulated power filter compensator
(MPFC), AC-DC converter, novel DC side green plug power filter (GPF), DC permanent
magnet motor for water pumping station PMDC, DC local load, interfacing DC-AC inverter
to the public grid, inverter controller and AC load for supplying the additional electric
demand.The proposed hybrid system with all subsystems has been digitally simulated using
the Matlab Simulink/Sim-Power software environment. In addition, the novel dynamic error
driven control system is also simulated and the performance and dynamic characteristics of
the controllers is tested for PMDC motor torque variation, changing variables of renewable
sources and load excursions. The dynamic performance of the unified green wave energy
utilisation system is assessed using the coordinated dynamic error driven regulators.
RE-NEWABLE ENERGY K.C.Mohite
Dean Faculty of Science,
University of PUNE, Maharashtra
The world population in the year 2100 will be in excess of 12 billion. If the current trends in
technological progress and innovation continue, the demand for energy then will be five times
greater than what it is now. If we continue the policy of using coal, oil and gas at the present
rate, then by the year 2020 the global temperature will have increased by two degrees Celsius.
We do not need reminding of the adverse effects of this: the increased risk of flooding in
lowland areas, the processes of desertification, and changing climate all over the world.
It is estimated that Industrial energy use in developing countries constitutes about 45-50 % of
the total commercial energy consumption. Much of this energy is converted from imported
oil, the price of which has increased tremendously so much so that most of developing
countries spent more than 50 % of their foreign exchange earnings. The expansion of
industrial base does require additional energy inputs which become more & more difficult in
the present scenario.
As per the Human Development Report 2011, In developing countries at least 6 people in 10
experience one of these environmental deprivations, and 4 in 10 experience two or more.
These deprivations are especially acute among multi dimensionally poor people, more than 9
in 10 of whom experience at least one. Most suffer overlapping deprivations: 8 in 10 multi
dimensionally poor people have two or more, and nearly 1 in 3 (29 percent) is deprived in all
three. Economists now recognize that, along with physical and human capital, environmental
resources should be viewed as important economic assets, which can be called natural capital.
The growing population, rapid industrialization and urbanization have created heavy demand
on various natural resources. It is feared that unless proper steps are taken to conserve them in
time, we will face tremendous hardship in future.
The talk will present a survey of state of the art renewable energy sources and technologies
covering Photo thermal, Photovoltaic, Wind and Biomass areas.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES
Renu Singh
Scientist
Division of Environmental Sciences,
Indian Agriculture Research Institute, Pusa, Delhi.
WATER DISTILLATION USING SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM WITH PCM STORAGE MEDIUM
S.K.Shukla* Ali Abdul R. Farhan
*Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Institute of Technology
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, (U.P.)
* [email protected], Tel: 91-542-6702825
An experimental investigation on a solar still with myristic acid as phase change material
(PCM) is carried out to examine the effect of both, the mass of PCM and basin water on the
daily distillate output and efficiency of the system under indoor simulated condition. Basic
energy balance equations are written to predict the water and glass temperatures, daily
distillate output and instantaneous efficiency of the single slope solar distillation system with
PCM. It is found that the higher mass of PCM with lower mass of water in solar still basin
significantly increases the daily yield and the efficiency. Therefore, a novel and simple
arrangement of two interconnecting solar stills, with and without PCM, is proposed to
enhance the overall productivity of the distillation system. The new arrangement of
interconnected solar stills has increased the distillate output by 35-40 % than that due to
separate systems of two solar stills, with and without PCM. Shukla et al. approach of using
inner glass cover temperature for output prediction has also been investigated, and the
prediction shows relatively better agreement with the experimental data than that due to outer
glass cover temperature.
RE BASED LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
M.S. Natural Resources Management (TERI)
Research Associate
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Assistant Programme Manager
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)
South Asia Secretariat
Asian Energy Institute, Delhi.
LIMITATIONS OF RE-NEWABLE ENERGY AND ALTERNATIVES
Manjit Singh Grewal
Principal
Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College
Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab.
PROSPECTS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY HARVESTING
Nilanjan Mallik
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Institute of Technology
B.H.U. (U.P.)
IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL AGENCY IN EXECUTION OF RE PROGRAM.
Shailendra Shukla
Director, Chhattisgarh Renewal Energy Development Agency (CREDA) Executive Director,
Chhattisgarh Biofuels Development Agency (CBDA)
Raipur (CG)
SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS BY PARABOLIC CONCENTRATORS
Mr. Dharamendra Gor
Chairman & Managing Director
Taylormade Solar Solutions P. Ltd.
Ahamdabad, Gujrat.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VACUUM EVAPORATED SULPHIDE SEMICONDUCTOR THIN FILMS FOR SOLID-STATE DEVICE FABRICATIONS
Beer Pal Singh
Department of Physics,
Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut (U.P.)
E-mail: [email protected]
Compound semiconductors provide a large range of materials with varying band gaps for
application in devices. Usually these devices are made in the form of thin films, whose
crystalline quality and stoichiometry play a pivotal role in the stability and the performing
characteristics of the device. Vacuum deposition of thin films is the most popular and
dependable method of preparing thin films. However, it is a general problem that the
compound semiconductors thermally dissociate into their constituent components during
evaporation. It results in the deposition on the substrate not only the molecules of the
compound semiconductor but also of the dissociated cations and anions constituting the
compound semiconductor. Furthermore, these dissociated cations and anions do not get
deposited on the substrates in the ratio of their chemical composition in the basic compound
and their ratios also deviate with the conditions of deposition of the films. Such
unstoichiometric deposited films lead to defects in the crystalline structure of the films and
adversely affect the electro-optical properties and even the stability of the films. Such films
would be inherently, unstable, lacking adhesion with the substrate, inhomogeneous in
composition and their opto-electronic properties would not be uniform throughout the surface
of the films. The presence of pin holes would lead to catastrophic failure of any thin film
device.
We describe a new method for vacuum deposition of stoichiometric thin films of II-VI
sulphide semiconductors. Stoichiomertic thin films of sulphide semiconductors has deposited
in a low ambient atmosphere of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). The H2S atmosphere was obtained
by a eclectically controlled thermal decomposition of thiourea [CS(NH2)2] inside the vacuum
chamber during the deposition. Sulphide semiconductors films deposited in a low ambient
atmosphere of H2S had better stiochiometric ratio, better crystallinity, and had less structural
defects in comparison of films deposited without H2S atmosphere. Such films were
remarkably pin hole free and had better adhistivity with the substrates.
It is found that films deposited in a low ambient atmosphere of H2S are of dark color, more
uniform, pin hole free, have better adhesion to the substrates, have better crystallinity and
have better transparency compared to the films deposited without H2S atmosphere and would
be better suited for device fabrication. Furthermore, it may also conclude that this technique
however would be applicable to other compound semiconductors, whose cations are
obtainable in their hydride forms.
RECENT ADVANCES IN INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY FOR INDUSTRIAL IMAGING
Ravibabu Mulaveesala
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar,
Among the various widely used non-contact and non-invasive inspection methodologies,
infrared thermography (IRT) has gained its importance due to its safe, fast and wide area
monitoring capabilities, which makes it as a vital inspection method in varieties of fields
including bio-medical, veterinary, forestry, aero-space, energy, civil, mechanical, electrical and
construction & building engineering. IRT involves mapping of the thermal energy distribution
over the test object to find out its thermo-physical properties or even sometimes to extract its
surface or subsurface features. Since most of the solids are thermally conductive, so infrared
imaging evolved as a versatile testing procedure for variety of materials such as composites,
metals and semiconductors. Various methods have been developed across the globe to improve
with the intent of finer detail extraction to widen the use of IRT. This talk highlights the
applicability of infrared thermography to various industrial inspection technologies by
highlighting its advantages and limitations over other inspection technologies.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CRYSTAL ORIENTATIONS, OXIDATION AND OPTO-ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF ΜC-SI: H LAYERS DEPOSITED USING HWCVD
S.K. Soni and *R.O. Dusane
Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
E-mail: [email protected]
Hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) films are an inherent part of the tandem
micromorph solar cell. In this paper, we report our results on the correlation between crystal
orientation, oxidation and opto-electronic properties of μc-Si:H layers deposited using
HWCVD process. A systematic study on structural, compositional and opto-electronic
characterizations of µc-Si:H layers has been done. Films have been deposited at a substrate
temperature of ~200 °C with varying the silane concentration. It is observed that films which
have (111) preferred grain orientation, get oxidize and have poor electrical properties (no
significant photoconductivity gain (σph/σdark). No significant amount of oxygen content is
observed in the films with (220) preferred grain orientations. These films also have good
electrical properties (photoconductivity gain of more than one order of magnitude). We
discussed the results obtained on these films by FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy and XRD as
well. Cross sectional SEM and AFM images have been taken to see the structure and surface
morphology of these films respectively.
STUDY OF DOPED n-TYPE a-Si:H EMITTER LAYER FOR HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS USING HWCVD
Mohit Agarwal
1 , R. O. Dusane
1
1Metallurgical Engineering & Materials Science
IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra,
[email protected], [email protected]
It is well known that the performance of the solar cell is strongly dependent on the electro-
optical properties of the emitter layer and the quality of the hetero-interface between thin-film
silicon and c-Si [1]. The emitter layer in the heterojunction (HJ) solar cells or in
heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) solar cells is usually very thin (<20nm) to
minimize the recombination of photogenerated carriers in the layer[2]. Moreover, it should be
highly doped to reduce the series resistance. The aim of this study is to find out the electrical
properties of this layer below 20 nm and fabrication of HJ solar cells using this emitter layer
without applying any high efficiency features like transparent conducting oxide (TCO), back
surface field (BSF), texturing and buffer layer.
CORRELATION DEVELOPMENT FOR EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY ON GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM HYDROPOWER RESERVOIR
Amit Kumar
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee
M.P.Sharma, Associate Professor
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,Roorkee
E.Mail: [email protected]
Under the climate change, emission of Green house gases (GHG) like CO2 and CH4 from
artificial reservoirs, especially, in tropics are resulting in the global warming. A hydropower
reservoir has been found to emit about 35-70 times less GHG then thermal power plants. The
CO2 and CH4 in a hydropower reservoir are produced as a result of decomposition of organic
matter at the bottom. The magnitude of emissions not only depends on the type of eco-region
in which the reservoir is located but also on the physiochemical parameters of the reservoir.
To understand the relationship between CO2/CH4 emissions and water quality we have
investigated critical parameters in the reservoir water. Ten parameters of water quality (temp,
DO, COD, TDS, pH, TP, nitrite, phosphate, total alkalinity, conductivity) ware measured in
site 1 & site II of the oyun reservoir. The experimental results indicated that CO2 emissions
from the reservoir were mainly affected by pH, alkalinity and DO concentrations. CH4
emissions are not found due to swallow reservoir. Results also show that when no of reservoir
parameters are reduced, the R2 also decreases. A deeper analysis of the relationship between
the different parameters and GHG emissions by mini tab software and the multiple regression
method revealed that the R2 >0.9 for site 1 and R2 >0.8 for site II. These correlations
equation could be tentatively used to predict the emissions from reservoir as the GHG
measurement at site is difficult and no perfect measurement techniques are available.
CHALLANGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
RAJIV KUMAR, VIKAS KUMAR
Mechanical Department
Kciet pandoga, H.P.
You might know that we are able to get free energy from the Sun, the wind, and water, but did
you know we can get free energy from Earth itself? The temperature inside of Earth can reach
9,000°F—that kind of heat can be used to make a lot of energy here on the surface! This
source of energy is called geothermal energy and it is all about taking advantage of the heat
within Earth.
This paper gives an overview of the present status of non-conventional energy sources of
India, world geothermal resources, its advantages over other conventional energy sources,
various uses and technologies involved in utilizing this energy source. Various geothermal
provinces of India and their power generating /direct use potential are described in detail.
Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and power resource that is clean (emits
little or no greenhouse gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%),
and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil). Geothermal resources range from
shallow ground to hot water and rock several miles below the Earth's surface, and even farther
down to the extremely hot molten rock called magma. Mile-or-more-deep wells can be drilled
into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought to the surface
for use in a variety of applications.
USE OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT SOURCE FOR APPLE COLD STORAGE: MANIKARAN (INDIA) CASE STUDY
Vijay Chauhan
a, Sateesh Gedupudi
b, P. Anil Kishan
c
School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Email:
A modified combined refrigeration/power cycle, which uses ammonia-water as the working
fluid, is proposed for the utilization of geothermal potential. The work mainly focuses on the
thermodynamic feasibility of usage of geothermal source for apple storage and power output
for processing at a location (Manikaran) in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh (Himalayan
region). First law (energy) analysis and second law (exergy) analysis of the cycle and its
components were done for different parameters, considering the potential of geothermal heat
source (natural hot springs), all thermal conditions and load requirement.
APPLICATIONS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT, RECYCLING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
1Sumit Verma,
2Aprajita Salgotra
1, 2Thapar University Patiala
Energy is the necessity of mankind and there are various sources of energy on earth. Some of
them are renewable and some of them are Non renewable. The sources those are non renewable
(includes Petroleum products, natural gas, Uranium etc.) are available in scarcity and also they
are degrading our environment. It leads to need of such resources those are Renewable and also
environment friendly. Green technologies provide us methods to use such resources like Solar
Energy, Wind Power, Geothermal Power, Hydro Power, Bio Diesel etc. In actual, Green
Technologies aims at production of energy by the methods those are environment friendly and
sustainable too. Green technology refers to technologies that has low green house gas emission,
minimizes the degradation of the environment, conserves natural resources and promotes
efficient use of energy by avoiding wastage and promotes the use of renewable resources. The
ultimate targets of green technology are Social Welfare, Energy Sufficiency, Sustainable
Environment and Flourishing Economy.
INVENTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF GREEN BUILDINGS TO ACHIEVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Tejinder Singh
1, Arvind Dhingra
2
1PhD Scholar, PTU Jalandhar & Chitkara University, Rajpura
[email protected] 2PhD Scholar, NIT Kurukshetra & GNDEC, Ludhiana
Since independence, the Indian power sector has grown manifold in size and capacity. There
have been radical changes in the structure, ownership patterns, and regulatory set-up of the
power sector. Besides apposite and energy-efficient building materials and technologies, the
overall design must consider and optimize space configurations. While fulfilling functional
requirements, the design must simultaneously respond to the climate, topography, hydro-
geological conditions and socio-cultural perceptions. Till now, a little attention was being
paid to design of buildings as regards to energy efficiency. But of late the demand for green
and energy efficient buildings has rapidly grown. We all remained unconcerned about the fact
for several decades that any form of energy is an exhaustible resource and unless these
resources are used with required amount of care for avoidance of wasteful consumption, the
future generations could be deprived of even the essential supplies for meeting their
requirements. The concept of energy efficiency applies to each and everything from the
building envelope, which includes energy efficient windows, insulation, foundation, and the
roof, to appliances, lights, and air-conditioning systems. This paper attempts to give an
overview of green buildings and their design aspects. Also the design of efficient lighting
system for a building that will be eco friendly will be discussed.
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING BY USING SOLAR BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES
Gurpreet kaur, Tarandeep kaur, Gurleen kaur
M.tech (Power Engineering)
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College
E-mail id: - [email protected]
This paper is an overview of design of energy efficient building by using solar based
energy efficient technologies. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the cost and feasibility
of using photovoltaic solar power to assist in the rebuilding of the infrastructure. The paper
examines available solar equipment and technologies coupled with requirements for
operation, installation and maintenance of such systems. This section addresses areas
including installation, operation, maintenance, and durability Finally; the paper presents the
results of investigations on the application of photovoltaic PV power generating systems for
utilization with a typical residential load. In addition, an economic analysis has been
performed for the PV scenarios and is used to justify the use of renewable energy versus
constructing a line extension from the nearest existing power line to supply the load with
conventional power.
GREEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND PRACTICE
LOKESH V
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Chennai.
From mid-eighteenth century industrial revolution has started and as a result many new
inventions are made. With this inventions the resource exploration and utilization has become
easy. Most of the resources are non renewable and to fulfill the needs of growing population
the exploration of these non renewable resources has gone to a peak level which may cause
threat for the survival of future generations. For any activity of human being shelter or
housing is required. Housing is the one of the major contributors to the green house gas
emissions which has significant environmental impact. Housing is a major sector and is
responsible for about 20-30% of green house gas emission in developed countries. Therefore
an effective response to climate change can be achieved through housing sustainability and
this is a designed solution using ―sustainable development‖. As construction is the initial
stage of any activity we need to adopt the concepts of sustainable development in the field of
civil engineering. Green building technology has been developed as a product of this
sustainable development concept. The main objective of green building technology is to
improve the environmental conditions by effective utilization of natural resources and waste
in civil engineering. This paper includes the information about concepts of green building
technology and its potential application in India.
ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW IN V-SHAPED WITH GAP DOWNSTREAM RIBS ROUGHENED SURFACE SOLAR AIR HEATER DUCT
Anil Kumar
a, R. P. Saini
a, J. S. Saini
b a
aAlternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand
bMechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Uttarakhand
The heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and air can be considerably increased
by using artificial roughness on the underside of the absorber plate of a solar air heater duct.
This paper presents the study of fluid flow and heat transfer in a solar air heater by using
computational fluid dynamics (CFD).The lower side of collector plate is made rough with
metal ribs of v-shaped with gap. The system and operating parameters studied are relative
roughness width ratio (W/w) of 1, relative gap distance(Gd/Lv) of 0.69,relative roughness
pitch(P/e) of 8,relative roughness height (e/D) of 0.043, angle of attack (α) of 60°, relative gap
width (g/e) range of 1.0 for the Reynolds number range 2000-20000. The results of the v-
shaped ribs with gap show the significant increase in heat transfer rate over the smooth
surface. Enhancement of heat transfer by providing single v-shaped ribs with gap roughness is
1.79 times to that of smooth surface solar air heater duct.
DESIGN OF SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM Sushant Thakur, *N.S.Thakur
Centre for Excellence in Energy & Environment, National Institute of Technology
Hamirpur (H.P.)
This paper presents thermodynamic analysis of solar assisted vapour absorption system along
with its design. Absorption systems are machines, which produce cooling effect by using heat
energy and there is no moving parts in this machine. Thermodynamic analysis and design of
various components are presented including solar water heater, generator, evaporator,
absorber, solution heat exchanger and condenser. Single stage system is designed using LiBr-
water as a working fluid. The necessary heat and mass transfer equations and ASHRAE
standards are used to carryout the design process. Various parameters are calculated including
mass flow rate, enthalpy, temperature, pressure and C.O.P. Single pass, vertical tube
exchangers for absorber and evaporator and horizontal tube exchangers for generator and
condenser have been used. Finally environmental friendly design is achieved with 4m2 solar
flat plate collector area for 1kW capacity.
ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF A GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT KHATKAR KALAN (DISTT. NAWANSHAHAR), PUNJAB
Vidyotma Thakur, M.Tech ,CEEE,N.I.T. Hamirpur, Hamirpur(H.P)
S.S.Chandel, Head & Professor, CEEE, N.I.T Hamirpur, Hamirpur (H.P)
Sushant Thakur, M.Tech, CEEE, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur (H.P)
This paper deals with the economical analysis of 200kWp grid connected solar power plant
which is situated in village Khatkar Kalan (Distt. Nawanshahr),Punjab. The total investment
in the power plant was 4.83 lacs. Initially, an economical study is carried out which gives the
simple pay back period of the initial investment. Furthermore, the life cycle costing of a grid
connected solar power plant was evaluated in which the life cycle costing and annualized life
cycle costing was evaluated.
OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE FOR SOLAR COLLECTOR TO RECEIVE MAXIMUM SOLAR RADIATION
Vidyotma Thakur, M.Tech ,CEEE,N.I.T. Hamirpur, Hamirpur(H.P)
S.S.Chandel, Head & Professor, CEEE, N.I.T Hamirpur, Hamirpur (H.P)
Sushant Thakur, M.Tech, CEEE, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur (H.P)
Optimum tilt angle plays an important role in maximising the energy received by the PV
Panel and for energy generation. The tilt angle for the solar panels varies from place to place
depends upon the site latitude. The amount of solar radiation throughout the year received by
the PV panel mounted at monthly optimum tilt angles with respect to seasonal optimum
angles and tilt angle equal to latitude varies respectively. The overall performance of a grid
connected system depends upon the availability of solar radiation. The optimum angle of tilt
(βopt) for each month, allows collecting the maximum solar radiation. In this study, a
mathematical model is used to estimate the total (global) solar radiation on a tilted surface and
to determine the optimum tilt angle for a solar collector in Khatkar Kalan, Punjab. It is found
that the optimum tilt angle changes from January to December. For winter months (Dec, Jan,
Feb) the optimum tilt angle found to be 49.770, for spring months (March, April, and May)
18.03◦, for summer months (June, July, and August) 6.30, and in autumn (September,
October, and November) 38.400. The yearly average tilt angle was found to be 290 and this
would be the optimum fixed tilt throughout the year.
ESTIMATION OF SOLAR RADIATION FOR INDIAN STATIONS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Amit Kumar Yadav, S.S. Chandel
Centre for Excellence in Energy and Environment National Institute of Technology Hamirpur
H.P.
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
The Artificial Neural Network [ANN] fitting tool is used for the estimation of solar radiation.
Solar radiation data from 12 Indian stations with different climatic conditions are used for
training and testing the ANN. The Levenberg-Marquard (LM) algorithm is used in this
analysis. The results of ANN model are compared with measured data on the basis of root
mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). It is found that RMSE in the ANN
model varies 0.0486–3.562 for Indian region. Keywords: Solar radiation; Levenberg-
Marquard (LM) algorithm; Artificial neural network.
EFFECT OF DEPTH RATIO ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE FLOW PACKED BED SOLAR AIR HEATER
Satyender Singh
a, Prashant Dhiman
b
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shoolini University, Solan (H.P.)
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of technology, Hamirpur (H.P.)
In this paper double flow packed bed solar air heater has been investigated theoretically. The
effect of air mass flow rate and porosity, and different depth ratios at study state conditions on
the thermal performance of a double flow packed bed solar air heater is found by using the
alternative simulation system. Comparisons between the measured thermal and effective
thermal efficiency of the double flow packed bed and double flow without packed bed solar
air heaters were also presented. The problem has been solved by the Finite Difference
Method. The results showed that the thermal efficiency increases by 78.8 % in double flow
mode with porous media than double flow without porous media at the mass flow rate of 0.05
kg/s at the bed porosity of 92%.
STUDY OF SOLAR RADIATION MODELS TO ESTIMATE SOLAR RADIATION USING DIFFERENT METEOROLOGICAL DATA: A REVIEW
Rajesh Kumar
1*, RK Aggarwal
2, Jyoti Dhar Sharma
1 and Virender Pratap Singh
1
1Deptt. of Physics, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt. Solan
2Deptt. OF Environmental Science, University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
e-mail: *[email protected]
In any solar energy conversion system, the knowledge of global solar radiation is extremely
important for the optimal design and the prediction of the energy systems performance. The
computation of solar radiation can be obtained from different meteorological data. Various
models have been reviewed to estimate global solar radiation on the horizontal surfaces using
other meteorological data such as altitude, latitude, humidity, transmission coefficient, gas
absorption, absorption by water vapors, absorption and scattering by aerosol and clouds which
are discussed in this paper.
APPLICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WAVE HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE AREA ELECTRIFICATION
S.M Ali, Khusboo Parvinm, Sthita Prajna Mishra
KIIT University,Bhubaneswar
This paper presents the efficient utilisation of hybrid Photovoltaic/wave energy system for
desalination water pumping and supplying the local AC and DC loads. The novel hybrid
system comprises eight key parts. The PV array and wave energy permanent magnet linear
generator (PMLG) as energy sources, novel AC side modulated power filter compensator
(MPFC), AC-DC converter, novel DC side green plug power filter (GPF), DC permanent
magnet motor for water pumping station PMDC, DC local load, interfacing DC-AC inverter
to the public grid, inverter controller and AC load for supplying the additional electric
demand.The proposed hybrid system with all subsystems has been digitally simulated using
the Matlab Simulink/Sim-Power software environment. In addition, the novel dynamic error
driven control system is also simulated and the performance and dynamic characteristics of
the controllers is tested for PMDC motor torque variation, changing variables of renewable
sources and load excursions. The dynamic performance of the unified green wave energy
utilisation system is assessed using the coordinated dynamic error driven regulators.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION
S. Arjyadhara Pradhan¹
Ms.Priyanka Priyadarshini Padhi²
Mr. Nishant Swapan³
KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
An overview is given of the environmental impacts of different PV technologies both at the
present status of technology and for future technology. Crystalline silicon PV systems
presently have energy pay-back times of 1.5-2 years. For silicon technology clear prospects
for a reduction of energy input exist, and an energy pay-back of 1 year may be possible within
a few years. Thin film technologies now have energy pay-back times in the range of 1-1.5
years .Greenhouse gas emissions are now in the range of 25-32 g/kWh and this could decrease
to 15 g/kWh in the future. Therefore PV energy systems have a very good potential as a low-
carbon energy supply technology. Together with a number of PV companies an extensive
effort has been made to collect Life Cycle Inventory data that represents the current status of
production technology for crystalline silicon modules. All commercial wafer technologies are
covered, that is multi- and monocrystalline wafers as well as ribbon technology. On the basis
of the new data a Life Cycle Assessment has been performed, which shows that c-Si PV
systems are in a good position to compete with other energy technologies.
FUTURE SCOPE FOR NANO STRUCTURED CELLS Sandip Kumar Mishra
1,Niraj Sharma
2,Mudresh Mohan Tripathi
3,Amit Sahu
4
1 Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, SRGI, Jhansi
2 Assistant Professor,Applied Science Department, SRGI, Jhansi
3Lecturer, Computer Science Engineering Department,SRGI,Jhansi
4 Lecturer,Applied Science Department, SRGI, Jhansi
Nanosolar can become the solar industry cost-leader at several hundred megawatts (MWs) of
annual production versus the giga watts (GWs) of production required by other
manufacturers, due to our next-generation technological innovation. Our proprietary approach
to printing CIGS (Copper, Indium, Gallium, Selenium) and nanoparticle inks minimizes our
use of expensive, high vacuum manufacturing equipment. Our printed CIGS solar cells and
panels can reach efficiencies competitive with crystalline silicon panels in the next several
years. And, the Nanosolar Utility Panel‘s innovative design significantly reduces balance-of-
system costs through less mounting hardware, electrical cabling and installation labor.
The use of nanostructures in photovoltaic‘s offers the potential for high efficiency by either
using new physical mechanisms or by allowing solar cells which have efficiencies closer to
their theoretical maximum, for example by tailoring material properties. At the same time
nanostructures have potentially low fabrication costs, moving to structures or materials which
can be fabricated using chemically or biologically formed materials. Despite this potential,
there are multiple and significant challenges in achieving viable nanostructure solar cells,
ranging from the demonstration of the fundamental mechanisms device-level issues such as
transport mechanisms and device structures and materials to implement nanostructure solar
cells, and low cost fabrication techniques to implement high performance designs. This paper
presents the challenges and approaches for using nanostructure solar cells in devices which
can approach the thermodynamic limits for solar energy conversion.
ANALYSIS OF QUASI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 1K.Saktheeswaran,
2V.Saravanan.
1P.G Scholar, Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai
2Head of Department of EEE, Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai
In this paper, Current-fed quasi Z source Inverter topology is one of the recent improvement
made in the field of Z-Source Inverter. Impedance network is designed for 120V dc input for
3Φ, to obtain 415 V AC output for quasi Z source inverter circuits. Different control strategies
like PWM, SPWM, and SVPWM are analysed in the quasi Z source inverter circuits.
Simulation studies are carried out to verify the quasi Z source inverter performance and
analyses. All models will be analysed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and this will be
implemented to the real time system.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ON EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PANELS AT 30° 30' 0" NORTH, 77° 12' 0" EAST
Chetna Sharma
1, Rajeev Thakur
2, Abhilasha Sharma
3, Dileep Sharma
4
Deptt. of ECE ,Eternal University , Baru Sahib , Himachal Pradesh [email protected],
Energy is hot again. Not since the oil price shocks off the 1970s as well as 2012 has there
been such a buzz about energy or its impact on the world economy. The non-renewable
resources such as natural gas and oil are disappearing day by day, human beings are going to
a doom unless new forms of energy are invented and applied in daily uses, so that the non-
renewable consumption could be replaced. Baru-Sahib is situated in Sirmaur (Nahan),
Himachal Pradesh, India; its geographical coordinates are AT 30° 30' 0" NORTH, 77° 12' 0"
EAST .In this paper we are describing environmental effect on the efficiency of solar power
generation. It was observed that even in the month of November (winters) if solar panels are
installed at perfect site efficient power can be generated.
WIRELESS SOLAR IRRADIANCE METER Dhawan S. Thakur
1 and Aditi Sharma
2
Lecture1 and Asst. Prof.
2, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
[email protected] ,[email protected]
2
Eternal University, Himachal Pradesh.
The green energy also called the regenerating energy, has gained much attention nowadays.
Green energy can be recycled, much like solar energy, water power, wind power, biomass
energy, terrestrial heat, temperature difference of sea, sea waves etc [1,2]. Among these, solar
energy is the most powerful resource that can be used to generate power. Photovoltaic cells
are the primary source, which is used to convert sun radiation directly into electric power.
Monitoring the solar radiation plays an important role in analysing the efficiency of the cells,
the amount of electric power generated by the PV cell panels and evaluating optimal locations
for solar farms [3]. This low cost wireless solar irradiance meter is of fundamental importance
for the evaluation and deployment of solar renewable energy systems. Standard large scale
instruments like pyranometer and others are not best suitable because of their high cost, poor
commercial availability and need of specialized knowledge for their handling.
In our research work, we have tried to develop a wireless, portable and low cost solar
irradiance meter with enhanced features, which can be used by a common user. We are trying
to upgrade it to an instrument which is needed to installed once in the solar plant and then we
can collect all the measuring data in our base station, which is located remotely. Also the
design of solar energy system has to be initialized based on the adequate measured data and
results.
In this paper we have designed a 8051 microcontroller based wireless solar irradiance meter
which will serves the forthcoming renewable energy technologies[4].This will be helpful in
the observation of solar farms from the remotes location. Thus reducing human efforts, result
in adequate data, records can be saved for the future purpose and can be handled by a
common man. As we know that the solar radiation will be the fuel for the new era of
renewable energy. The basic equipment for all these technologies is the instrument which can
measure the solar radiation and can be handled by a common man who may sit remotely.
DESIGN OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT SOLAR BASED REFRIGERATION SYSTEM BASED ON TEC TECHNIQUE
1 TARUN PARIHAR,
2ANUPMA THAKUR ,
Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Distt. Sirmour (H.P.)
This paper presents a study on the Design of highly efficient solar based refrigeration systems
that could be utilized to generate the cooling effect of upto 8°C within a few seconds for
specific bio-medical and refrigeration applications. This design emphasis Thermoelectric
Cooling (TEC) technique that is based on peltier effect. This type of cooling generated using
renewable source of energy is compared with other water cooling and air cooling techniques.
A specific application for increasing the efficiency of Transformers and other electrical
devices by reducing the heat losses of the device using peltier effect is presented. Solar
Energy has been one of the most important renewable resources of energy that has been lately
used for generating electricity. But amount of electricity generated from these Solar Systems
is not enough for efficiently controlling a device. The purpose of our project is to use this
solar energy, not to generate some electricity but to directly convert solar heat applied on one
side of the surface of our Thermo electric element into refrigeration effect on the other side
based on peltier effect and Thermo Electric Cooling. This kind of solar refrigerators are one
of the latest advancements in modern world and its maximum applications are in transporting
small elements/ medicines from one place to another where a only solar light is available to us
and this solar heat is used to generate enhanced cooling effect on the other side of the peltier
plate element.
PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TIO2 NANO SOLAR CELL
Sukhdeep Singh
1, N.K. Ralhan
1, R.K. Kotnala
2 and Kuldeep Chand Verma
3
1Department of Chemistry, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, (H.P.)
2 National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
3 Department of Physics, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, (H.P.)
* E-mail: [email protected]
TiO2 nano solar cell were fabricated by a chemical route. The photocatalytic behavior were
studied by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, X-ray
photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), optical absorbance by spectrophotometer,
Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectra. X-ray diffraction shows the tetragonal rutile
structure of TiO2. Transmission electron microscopy measured average particles size of TiO2
is 21 nm. FTIR spectroscopy has been used to confirm the formation of Ti–O bond. XPS
suggests that the Ti ions have the oxidation states +4 present in the 2p region and also confirm
the presence of Ti-O bonds. The light optical measurements by spectrophotometer shows
large absorbance coefficient in visible region. From PL, an intense blue luminescence centred
at a wavelength ~530 nm is observed in the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles, which is different
from the yellow-red light emission observed in bulk specimens. Raman spectroscopy shows
significant structural formations and good light scattering.
FABRICATION OF SNO2 NANOPARTICLES BASED SOLAR CELL
Jasneet Kaur1, R.K. Kotnala
2 and Kuldeep Chand Verma
1
1Department of Physics, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour (H.P.)
2National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
The renewable energy can be harnessed using nanotechnology. Pure SnO2 nanoparticles are
synthesized by a chemical route using polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant. These nanoparticles are
characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman,
fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) studies. The XRD
pattern shows that the synthesized nanoparticles have tetragonal rutile structure without any
extra phase and the value of average particle size using FWHM lies from 12 nm which is also
confirmed by TEM. FTIR has been used to confirm the formation of Sn-O bond. Raman
spectroscopy shows the intensity loss of classical cassiterite SnO2 vibration lines which is an
indication of significant structural modifications. From PL, an intense blue luminescence
centred at a wavelength ~530 nm observed in the prepared SnO2 nanoparticles, which is
different from the yellow-red light emission observed in SnO2 nanostructures prepared by
other methods. The strong blue luminescence from the as-grown SnO2 nanoparticles is
attributed to oxygen-related defects that have been introduced during the growth process.
These excellent optical and photocatalytic properties of pure SnO2 nanoparticles can enhance
the light conversion efficiency of solar cells.
CFD BASED FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A V SHAPED ROUGHENED SURFACE SOLAR AIR HEATER
Ashish Kumar Sharma1,a
N.S.Thakur2b
1Research Scholar, Centre for energy and environment, NIT-Hamirpur
1 Prof., Centre for energy and environment, NIT-Hamirpur
In the present work a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study was conducted to
investigate the heat transfer and friction loss characteristics in a solar air heater having
attachments of V-shaped ribs roughness at 600 relative to flow direction pointing downstream
on underside of the absorber plate. The computations based on the finite volume method with
the SIMPLE algorithm have been conducted for the air flow in terms of Reynolds numbers
ranging from 5000-15000. The parameter investigated is the relative roughness height (e/DH)
ranges from 0.0216-0.043 and relative roughness pitch (p/e) ranges from 6-12. It is apparent
that the turbulence created by the V-shaped ribs resulting in greater increase in heat transfer
over the test channel. The nusselt number and friction factor increase with increase in e/DH
while gives opposite trend with increase in relative pitch ratio.
ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM
Vikas Sharma, Sudeep Sharma
L.R. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Solan, India
The primary energy comes from non-renewable and fossil sources. These reserves are
continuously diminishing with increase in consumption and will not exist for future
generation. One of the options is to make more extensive use of the renewable sources like
sun, wind, biomass etc.
Solar energy plays a very important role in providing requirement of electrical power for
various utilities. Because of its location between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator, India
has an average annual temperature that ranges from 25°C – 27.5 °C. This means that India has
huge solar potential. Solar energy has several applications: photovoltaic (PV) cells are placed
on the roof top of houses or commercial buildings, and collectors such as mirrors or parabolic
dishes that can move and track the sun throughout the day are also used. This mechanism is
being used for concentrated lighting in buildings.
It is possible for medium class families in India, to replace conventional water heating system
with solar water heating system, in spite of its high capital cost. In this paper following points
of solar water heating system have been discussed.
• Comparison of cost analysis of conventional water heating system with solar water heating
system.
• Financing and Incentives available.
• Selection of solar water heating system.
• Suggestive measures.
FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATOR IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
Nikhil [email protected],
Vimal Singh bisht [email protected],
Electrical Department NIT Hamirpur
Nowadays Wind energy conversion systems are mostly used in the research of renewable
energy sources. The DFIG-based wind turbines can make competitive as the classical electric
power stations by reducing the operational and maintenance costs with continuously
monitoring the condition of these systems. This paper proposes an advanced fault diagnosis
system to detect incipient faults in doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) which is used in
wind turbines. In this application The Rotor power is supplied in this system by a converter
which controls the active and reactive power flow from the generator to the mains. This paper
presents a new fault diagnostic method which is based on the analysis of the rotor modulating
signals. Simulation result confirms that the analysis of the spectra of rotor input modulating
signals leads to an effective diagnostic procedure. The system is suitable to be easily
embedded in the drive control system.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SILT EROSION IN PUMP AS TURBINE (PAT)
Tarang Agarwal, M.Tech (AHES)
Alternate Hydro Energy Center
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Email: [email protected]
Dr R.P Saini
Associate Professor
Alternate Hydro Energy Center
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Silt erosion is a phenomenon of mechanical wear of components. This is due to the dynamic
action of silt flowing with water and impacting against a solid surface of hydraulic
components. However, the mechanism of erosion is complex due to interaction of various
factors such as impingement angle, particles size, shape, hardness, concentration, velocity,
properties of material and so on. Silt erosion is one of the most important technical problem
for hydro-electric power stations working in silt laden water, and the pumping plants to be
employed in diversion of solid particle-liquid two phase flow in many industrial and
agricultural sectors. In regard to hydropower, micro hydro power (MHP) is gaining
importance since it is a clean and alternative source of energy. The only problem in MHP is
the high cost of turbine, for which Pump as Turbine (PAT) is an outstanding solution. Hence,
it is important to study the impact of silt erosion in PAT and the related parameters which
affects the efficiency of PAT.
An objective of present study is to investigate the mechanism of silt erosion in pump as
turbine (PAT) using numerical method. 2 phase flows has been simulated in Ansys simulation
package and erosion model has been implemented to study the effect of silt erosion. In order
to design the PAT, proper conversion factors have been considered. A correlation has also
been developed between Erosion rate density and silt concentration.
UNIFIED CONTROL STRATEGY FOR DFIG BASED WIND POWER Manonmani .N, Assistant professor
Electricals and Electronics Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology Coimbatore
Divya. K
III BE Electricals and Electronics Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology Coimbatore
Loganathan. R
III BE Electricals and Electronics Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology Coimbatore
This paper puts forth an effective control strategy for wind power plant to bring out additional
transmission capacity and better means of maintaining system reliability when compared to
already existing control techniques. Doubly Fed Induction Generator is taken for study. The
rotor power of DFIG is the only controlling parameter taken to determine four current
reference values using this single strategy. These references are fed to Rotor side and grid side
current controllers which enables Torque, Grid side real and reactive power, as well as pitch
angle control resulting in more prominent solution. This control strategy therefore relieves the
need for switching between different controllers or reconfiguration of the hardware. This
strategy also provides automatic voltage and frequency regulation for network. If the DFIG
wind power unit is equipped with a battery, the proposed control enables islanded operation of
DFIG wind power unit. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy is
studied through simulation carried out on detailed switched model of the system in the
PSCAD/EMTDC version 4.2 software environment.
WIND ENERGY IN INDIA: A REVIEW
Rajender S. Godara *, Manoj Siwach **
JCDM College of Engineering
Sirsa
Emerging and developing countries have 80% of the world‘s population but consume only
30% of global commercial energy. As energy consumption rises with increases in population
and living standards, the need to expand access to energy in new ways is growing as is the
awareness of the environmental costs. Increased recognition of the contribution that
renewable energy (RE) can make to energy independence, climate change mitigation, rural
development, improved health and lower health costs (linked to air pollution), is shifting RE
from the fringe to the mainstream of sustainable development. Further, decreasing reserves of
fossil fuels and shortage of electricity have prompted the countries to give a momentum to
renewable energy sources. Renewable energy refers to an energy resource that occurs
naturally and repeatedly in the environment and can be harnessed for human benefit. It
includes solar, wind, and geothermal energy (getting energy from the heat in the earth). We
also get renewable energy from trees and plants, rivers, and even garbage. We discuss in this
paper about wind energy. Wind energy, with an average growth rate of 30%, is the fastest
growing source of renewable energy in the world. India has a potential capacity of over
45,000 MW out of which 1869 MW has been extracted from this eco-friendly source. India
stands at fifth position in the world in wind energy development. This paper discusses an
overview of global wind energy, Indian wind energy, economic development and wind energy
potential in India.
REPOWERING OF WIND FARMS-A CASE STUDY
B.S.Nivedh1, R.P.Kumudini Devi
2 &E.Sreevalsan
3
1 PG Student, Power Systems Engineering, CEG.
2 Associate Professor, Power Systems Engineering Division, CEG
3 Scientist ‗E‘ and Unit Chief, Wind Resource Assessment Unit, C-WET
The main objective of the project is to assess the repowering potential of a wind farm using
the wind atlas analysis and application program (WAsP). With repowering, the first-
generation wind turbines can be replaced with modern multi-megawatt wind turbines. To
carry-out the study an old wind farm located at Kayathar, Tamilnadu is selected. The wind
farm was commissioned in 1990‘s with a capacity of 7.35MW, which consists of 30 Wind
Turbines each with the capacity of 200kW and 6 Wind Turbines each with the capacity of
225kW. The wind farm is owned by Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) and
Tamilnadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA). The present annual energy generation of
the wind farm is 7350MWhr with the plant load factor of 11.41%. The intent of this project is
to calculate the generation of the existing wind farm using WAsP and to compare with the
actual generation. And to carry out the micro-siting for the same wind farm with different
wind turbines and to predict the annual energy output of the wind farm after the repowering.
Further, the energy yield ratio and repowering ratio of this repowering project also to be
calculated. This will facilitate to develop a method to assess the repowering potential, since
the best locations for wind in India are occupied by old wind turbines with lower energy
output compared with new wind turbines.
WIND TURBINES ELECTRICAL CONVERSION SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
Rajkumar Viral1 and Tarannum
2
1. Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
E-Mail:[email protected], [email protected]
2. Assistant Professor, Electrical Engg. Department, Vira College of Engg. Bijnor,
Email: [email protected]
Abstract: This paper gives an overview of electrical conversion systems for wind turbines.
The basics of wind energy conversion with wind turbines are reviewed and requirements with
respect to the electric system are considered. Then the conversion systems are described with
their strengths and weaknesses: constant speed, variable speed with doubly-fed induction
generator and variable speed with direct-drive generator. Finally, different alternative
generator systems and trends are discussed. For direct-drive turbines, the radial flux
permanent-magnet synchronous generator is cheaper and more efficient than the electrically
excited synchronous generator.
WIND POWER INTEGRATION WITH COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE: A REVIEW
Deepika Sharma, Debbrat Ghosh
Thapar University Patiala
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract- Overall structure of electrical power system is in the process of changing. For
incremental growth, it is moving away from fossil fuel based operations to renewable energy
resources that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable. The investors and policy
makers take so much interest to go with the wind energy based electricity generation. Along
with that the researchers, scientists and design engineers are giving their contribution to
enhance the scope of the wind energy as renewable source of electricity and to save non-
renewable sources across the world. The energy produced by wind is the cleanest form of the
energy, as it does not produce any harmful pollutants such as smog, acidic rain and
greenhouse gasses etc. With fast growth and development of wind energy conversion systems
(WECS), which is independent of the turbine parameters and air density produce and utilize
technology that does not damage the environment and natural resources. This paper shed light
on basics of wind energy, WECS, recent power system stability problems in WECS and
techniques opted for solution by the researchers across the world. Its benefits to human life,
impact on global warming and various challenges faced by wind energy system (WES) are
also considered.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO IN HIMACHAL PRADESH Sunandan Kumar, Lobzang Phunchok, R K Jarial
EEE DEPT
NIT Hamirpur
Email: [email protected] , [email protected]
India as a developing country has about 86,000 villages still to be electrified. About 19,000 of
these may be in hilly and remote areas, still to be connected with National grid. The Indian
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources has taken up a steps to electrify all such
hilly and remote areas through renewable energy sources. In this paper research is done with
special approach towards western and eastern parts of Himachal Pradesh. In these areas solar
hydro and wind.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND RENEWABLES IN INDIAN PRESPECTIVE
Rajkumar Viral1 D.K. Khatod
2
1. Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
E-Mail:[email protected], [email protected]
2. Assistant Professor, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee
This paper starts from the observation that there is a renewed interest in renewable energy
based small-scale electricity generation. Different technologies are evaluated in terms of their
possible contribution to the listed benefits and issues. Small-scale generation is also
commonly called distributed generation, embedded generation or decentralized generation.
This paper presents the concept of distributed generation for rural electrification in India.
Distributed generation is advantageous in remote areas to provide sustainable, reliable
electricity and cost effective electricity. The paper covers the Indian energy scenario,
Renewable energy penetration in India, literature review, concept of distributed generation
and scope.
ROLE OF PCM IN ENERGY SAVING IN BUILDINGS LOCATED AT ONE OF COMPLEX TERRAIN (KAMAND-MANDI) IN HIMALAYAN REGION
Arun Kumar
Ph. D. Scholar
School of Engineering
IIT Mandi
This paper examines the effect of Phase change materials (PCM) layer in energy consumption
of a building located at Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), one of the complex terrain in Himalayan
region where it is found that the ambient temperature for peak winter lies between -50C to
150C. For the proposed complex terrain, it is found that the heating load is much enough and
it shares approximately 70% of the total load which in itself is a huge amount. In such
regions, solar energy in combination of energy conservation techniques can play an important
role in energy saving. More specifically, it aims at studying the differences in energy
consumption of such kinds of buildings compared to; 1) Building having no PCM layer inside
of building. 2) Building having insulating materials inside of buildings. Simulation result
shows remarkable energy consumption difference.
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IN RADIAL DISTRIBUTION FEEDER
Vivek Kumar Shrivastava1 Ganesh Jaiswal
2 Sameer Kumar Singh
3 and Amit Kumar Verma
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh [email protected]
Distributed Generation (DG) has been growing rapidly in power systems due to their potential
solution for issues, like the deregulation in power system, to meet the power demand and the
shortage of transmission capacities. Improper allocation of DG sources in power system
would not only lead to increase power or energy losses, but can also jeopardize the system
operation. The optimal placement of DG is necessary for the maximization of reliability and
stability in power system. There are several research studies to solve DG placement problem
by various objectives and their imposed constraints. However, the methodical principle for
this subject is still an obscure problem. In this paper the classical grid search algorithm based
on successive load flows has been employed to obtain optimal location and size of DG in
radial power system network system to minimize total power losses. The proposed methods
are tested by a series of simulations on radial feeders, 12-bus radial distribution network and
69 bus test system. Simulation results have been given to verify the proposed analytical
approach.
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IN POWER SYSTEM NETWORK
Vivek Kumar Shrivastava1 Ganesh Jaiswal
2 Sameer Kumar Singh
3 Amit Kumar Verma
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh
Distributed Generation (DG) has been growing rapidly in power systems due to their potential
solution for issues, like the deregulation in power system, to meet the power demand and the
shortage of transmission capacities. Improper allocation of DG sources in power system
would not only lead to increase power or energy losses, but can also jeopardize the system
operation. The optimal placement of DG is necessary for the maximization of reliability and
stability in power system. There are several research studies to solve DG placement problem
by various objectives and their imposed constraints. However, the methodical principle for
this subject is still an obscure problem. In this paper the golden section method based on
successive load flows has been employed to obtain optimal location and size of DG in radial
power system network system to minimize total power losses. The proposed methods are
tested by a series of simulations on radial feeders, 12-bus radial distribution network and 69
bus test system. Simulation results have been given to verify the proposed analytical
approach.
RENEWABLE ENERGY: A NOBLE SOURCE OF ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS
*Lobzang Phunchok, *Sunil Kumar, *Singh Y R Sood
* EEE DEPT.
*NIT Hamirpur
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
It is need to provide electricity for household use to each family in each locality including
remote and trible belt of each state. This paper present a analysis of power supply using Solar,
geothermal and microhydro power plants in the remote areas of Jammu and Kashmir and
Himachal Pradesh. There are some Hilly/trible belts in the eastern part of these area where the
population is very less and renewable energy is their main source for power. Geographically
this is hilly and snowy area where people live in mountainry area where it is very costely to
supply electricity through national grid. To enlighten these tribal area and to provide
electricity in every season is tha main aim. Solar energy, geothermal energy, microhydel
projects and green buildings are the boon for these area.
RENEWABLE ENERGY: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FOR INDIA`S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Rinshu Dwivedi
Eternal university, Baru Sahib (Himachal Pradesh)
Email ID- [email protected]
India has become the world‘s next clean energy ‗hotspot‘ as it plans to meet its substantial
future energy from renewable sources. These include wind, solar, bio-mass, hydro etc.
Electricity generation from renewable energy sources is increasingly recognized to play an
important role for the achievement of a variety of primary and secondary energy policy goals
like, improved energy supply, reduction of local pollutant, global greenhouse gas emissions,
regional and rural development, and exploitation of opportunities for fostering social
cohesion, value addition and employment generation at the local and regional level. India is
densely populated and has high solar isolation, an ideal combination for using solar power in
India. India is already a leader in wind power generation. In the solar energy sector, some
large projects have been proposed, for solar power projects. Government support and ample
solar resources have also helped to increase solar adoption.The Indian power sector is
witnessing a revolution regarding harnessing electricity from various renewable sources of
energy. Due to its geographical location; India receives a high intensity of solar radiation.
Currently, India is pushing forward a massive plan of generating electricity by using solar
radiation. A power system mainly comprises three aspects i.e. generation, transmission and
distribution. The present paper focuses on the role of renewable energy resources, generation
of electricity from solar power plants and the existing legal and regulatory framework for
renewable energy, solar power plants etc. The present paper also analysis the current status of
India regarding renewable energy, solar power, future application, challenges and
opportunities and government initiative.
IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Nikhil Kushwaha*,[email protected]
Y R Sood*, [email protected]
Suryakant*, [email protected]
Vimal Singh Bisht* [email protected]
*Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh)
Nowadays electricity is considered as a commodity for consumers and quality of power is an
issue for the reliable operation of power system in power market. Reliability is one of most
important criteria in, deregulation and competition in a power system and it must be taken
into consideration during planning and operation phases of its life. In many countries the
increase of generating capacity takes place in small units of so-called distributed generation
(DG). They use primary energy conventional sources as well as renewable energy resources
(RES), and in many cases produce electricity and heat. Using of renewable energy sources is
one of the crucial components of the sustainable development, giving rational economic,
ecological and social effects. Electrical energy sources can be classified into two groups: with
production dependent on unpredictable external sources of primary energy, and others. The
most difficult is to analysis those, production of which depends on renewable energy sources
like: hydro energy, the Sun, and wind energy. This paper proposes facts of power system
reliability modeling and evaluation, including distributed generation.
RENEWABLE ENERGY STATUS IN INDIAN RESTRUCTURED POWER SECTOR: FUTURE ASPECTS
N. K. Sharma#1
, P.K. Tiwari#2
Y. R. Sood3 (Senior Member IEEE)
#Research Scholar, EED Professor& Dean (R&C), EED
National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (H.P.) [email protected]
Renewable energy is a sustainable and clean source of energy derived from nature. India is on
the path of rapid economic growth along with speedy overall development; simultaneously it
has to face the global threat of climate change. Renewable energy sources and technologies
have potential to provide solutions to the longstanding energy problems being faced by the
developing countries like India. These technologies have long been recognized as an
important part of the solution to address energy security concerns and ensure economic
growth in an environment friendly manner. Restructuring has changed the traditional mission
and mandates of power utilities in complex ways, and had large impacts on environmental,
social, and political conditions for India. The renewable energy based power generating
systems can play a major role towards the fulfilment of energy requirements of restructured
electricity market. In this paper, efforts have been made to summarize the availability, current
status, environmental effects, promotion policies and future potential & strategies of
renewable energy options in India.
BRIQUETTING: TRANSFORM WASTE INTO ENERGY
Jatin Singla, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, PTU Giani Zail Singh Campus,
Bathinda
E-mail – [email protected]
Gundeep Bansal, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, PTU Giani Zail Singh Campus,
Bathinda
E-mail – [email protected]
Briquettes are made from agricultural waste and are a replacement for fossil fuels such as oil
or coal, and can be used to heat boilers in manufacturing plants, and also have applications
in developing countries. Briquettes are a renewable source of energy and avoid adding fossil
carbon to the atmosphere. Briquetting technology is yet to get a strong foothold in many
developing countries because of the technical constraints involved and the lack of knowledge
to adapt the technology to suit local conditions. Overcoming the many operational problems
associated with this technology and ensuring the quality of the raw material used are crucial
factors in determining its commercial success. In addition to this commercial aspect, the
importance of this technology lies in conserving wood, a commodity extensively used in
developing countries and leading to the widespread destruction of forests. This technology
provides a new source of income to the farmers, who can sell the crop waste to the briquette
makers. Briquettes when burnt emit less smoke than Coal. They are an Eco-Friendly
alternative to wood fuels.
EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW S. K. Tyagi
a and A. K. Pandey
b
aSardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy, Kapurthala Jalandhar-
Kapurthala Road, Wadala Kalan, Kapurthala bSchool of Infrastructure Technology & Resource Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
University, Katra
The present talk is an overview of concept of exergy and the exergy analysis of renewable
energy systems such as solar air heater, solar water heater, solar cooker and solar photovoltaic
systems will be delivered. Solar air heater based on evacuated tube collectors (ETC) and
having three different arrangements for the performance evaluation using exergy analysis has
been used. In two arrangements ETC tubes have been filled with thermal energy storage
(TES) material and one without TES. Solar water heater is made of ETC collectors and it is
unlike conventional water heaters available in the market, this is a direct flow water heater i.e.
water at inlet is provided by water tank which is situated at the roof top of the building.
Experiments at different volume flow rates i.e. 10 LPH (Litre per hour), 15 LPH, 20 LPH, 25
LPH and 30 LPH have been carried out. Both the energetic and exergetic efficiencies have
been found to be optimum at 15 LPH. For performance analysis of solar photovoltaic (SPV)
systems three different technologies have been used viz. multicrystalline module, thin film
module and HIT (hetrojunction with intrinsic thin layer). Performance of the HIT based SPV
module has been found to be best. As far as solar cooker is concerned, the performance
analysis of solar cooker based on exergy analysis with two different types of solar cookers
have been used viz. paraboloid type and box type. Both the efficiencies i.e. energetic and
exergetic efficiencies have been found to be best for paraboliod type solar cooker.
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY (ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS)
*Sukhdeep Singh
1, Manpreet Singh
1, Jaiveer Singh
1 and N.K. Ralhan
1
1Akal School of Chemistry, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, (H.P.)
*Email: [email protected]
The nature has specialised itself in producing Foods, Fuels and Value added products via
photosynthesis. The fossil fuels, the coal and petrochemicals have been in use as fuels, energy
source and value added products are on the scene for around a century. However their use as a
fuel is overloading the environment with Greenhouse gases (like CO2, CFC‘s etc.) and thus
heating up the Earth‘s Atmosphere causing Catastrophic Disasters, Earth Quakes, Glacier
Melting, Rising Sea Levels, Storms etc.
Algae, Agricultural and Horticultural wastes which are the By-products of Photosynthesis and
fixing up carbon dioxide are seen as a rich source for Biofuels (Alcohol) and Biodiesel along
with a variety of value added products.
RESOURSES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND THEIR IMPACT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
Charu Sharma, Kavita Saroch
Eternal University,Baru Sahib
E-mail-: [email protected]
E-mail-: [email protected]
In this paper we attempt to study and highlight the importance of renewable energy like solar
cell, biogas and how it is used or can be used in Himachal Pradesh for the development of the
state and for meeting public requirements.
Himachal Pradesh aspiration for economic growth has consequences for energy growth and
causes carbon dioxide (CO2) emission .The energy requirements of the state can be fulfilled
by the use of renewable energy as the population, travel demands and vehicle growth is
increasing in the state day by day. The climate conditions are also changing and affect the
potential of this developing state so Himachal government has made proper policies for
energy efficiency, renewable energy, transport and sustainable land use in the state.
EFFECTS AND IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY WITH ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES ON OUR LIFE.
Charu Sharma, Kavita Saroch
Eternal University,Baru Sahib
E-mail-: [email protected]
E-mail-: [email protected]
Today crisis in the field of energy supplies, environmental control, population increases, poverty
and shortage of food and materials are closely interrelated due to this global environment issues
arising. In this paper we are highlight the benefits and importance of both electronics and
renewable energy in our life. By using this energy people allows to live under unfavorable
climate conditions like using heating, ventilation, air conditioners etc but there are many barriers
like economic, rate of consumption, rate of regeneration, need of raw materials etc. The power
electronics devices are the key technology to increases efficiency from different renewable
energy sources like photovoltaic and wind power systems which account for the vast majority of
renewable energy grid. The paper present issues related to Integrated renewable energy, which is
directly related to developing country like India.
MODELING OF SEIG WITH ELCTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER FOR MINI/MICRO/PICO HYDRO POWER FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Rajkumar Viral
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee
e-mail:[email protected], [email protected]
Tarannum
Assistant Professor, EED
Vira College of Engineering Bijnor (U.P.)
e-mail:[email protected]
In this paper, a mathematical model of the Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) is
developed to analyse the operation of it under Small Hydro projects (SHPs-include
Mini/Micro/Pico). In such type of hydro scheme often whole generating system is isolated
from the grid and supply electricity to the remote communities. A SHP usually a low/medium
speed projects driven by controlled/uncontrolled micro hydro turbines. The single point
operation of these generators is realized; in such a manner that speeds, voltage, currents of
generators remain constant under various operating loads conditions. The Electronic Load
Controller (ELC) is modelled here for the controlled operation of SHP against various load
condition. Here the proposed electrical system are modeled and simulated in MATLAB using
Simulink and Sim Power System (SPS) set toolboxes and different aspects of the proposed
system are studied. On the basis this model different characteristics of SEIG with ELC are
analysed which shows its suitability in small hydro projects.
SIMULATION OF 5TR LITHIUM BROMIDE-WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION CHILLER SYSTEM
S. Anand
a, A. Gupta
a and S. K. Tyagi
b
aSchool of Infrastructure Technology & Resource Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
University, Katra bSardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy, Kapurthala
Absorptions systems are becoming important because of the utilization of low grade heat
(especially produced by solar thermal applications) by these systems. In this paper, energy
and exergy analysis of the single effect lithium bromide- water absorption chiller system has
been carried out. A computer based simulation program has been developed for the
parametric investigation of the system and the effects of generator temperature on the exergy
losses in the different components of the system also carried out. The irreversibility rate in
generator has been found to be the highest when compared with the other components
involved in the system.
ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY OF A LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Deepa Kurup
1, R.P Kumudini Devi
2
1Student, Power Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University
(Email:[email protected]) 2Associate Professor, DEEE, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University
(Email:[email protected])
Micro generation systems today are a solution to the increasing power demand that cannot be
sometimes met with by the local utility supply. However, the use of these systems in low
voltage networks may pose challenges in controlling the voltage harmonics at the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC), especially so because of the low X/R ratio of such networks. This
paper examines the power quality issues that may arise when a typical micro generation
system consisting of small wind generators and solar photovoltaic system (SPV) connected to
the distribution network. The analysis has been carried out for different levels of active power
generation into the network.
IMPACT OF POWER ELECTRONICS ON RENEWABLE ENERGY & GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM
Dharma Devi
Eternal University, Baru Sahib
Email: [email protected]
Global energy consumption is increasing at a dramatic rate due to the increase in the world‘s
population and the quest for improvement of living standards. The rapid increase in global
energy consumption and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions has accelerated the transition
towards green energy resources. The need for distributed generation (DG) employing
renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and fuel cells has gained significant momentum.
Most of our energy is generated from fossil fuels which cause the problem of global warming
due to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG).As a result, there are many harmful effects
such as rise in sea level, drought in tropical regions, an increase in hurricanes, tornadoes and
floods, and the spread of disease. Renewable energy is the energy generated from natural
resources such as solar heat and light, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat, which are
replenished naturally. Advanced power electronic systems, affordable high performance
devices, and smart energy management principles are deemed to be an integral part of
renewable, green and efficient energy systems. This paper highlights in particular the impact
of power electronics in solving or mitigating the global warming problem and supporting the
generation of renewable energy. This paper also describes the attributes of DG. An overview
of wind, fuel cell, solar based energy conversion systems has been presented.
SENSORLESS POSITION ESTIMATION OF BLDC MOTOR USING BACK EMF ZERO CROSSING POINTS
E.Kaliappan M.E.,
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE,
K.Malarselvi(M.E),
Student, Power Electronics and Drives Department,
RMK Engineering College,Chennai.
E-mail Id: [email protected]
This is the project presents the sensorless position estimation of BLDC motor using Back
EMF Zero Crossing points. A unified simulation model of BLDC motor is modeled for
sensorless control using MATLAB/Simulink the deveoped simulation model of sensorless
position estimation is based on the direct Back EMF Zero Crossing points sensing method.
Simulation has been done to validate the performance of the BLDC motor and experimental
results were obtained. The proposed unified model can be easy to design and implement
without major change in the conventional control. It can be easily implemented to both DC
and AC machines.
REVIEW ON DESIGN/FABRICATION OF 1250VA UPS (WITH ADVANCED PWM TECHNIQUE)
MD. Ghulam Mohiuddin, MD Hasnain Raza, Anshu Kumar Srivastava, Deepesh Kumar Das,
Hira Lal Nayak, Ajay Mishra,*Mrs. P.Bhanu
UG Student DR. M.G.R. University
*Profesor DR. M.G.R. University
.
A state combination method is presented for a voltage-source PWM inverter. Main circuit
states are obtained through the on-off state combination of switch devices, and valid main
circuit states are determined according to the characteristic of the voltage-source PWM
inverter. The ideal output voltage waveform of the voltage-source PWM inverter is
determined by the combination of all kinds of valid main circuit states. The output voltage
waveform of a single-phase half-bridge voltage-source PWM inverter is analyzed in detail by
the state combination method and the corresponding control strategy is obtained, which is
extended to the single-phase full-bridge voltage-source PWM inverter and the three-phase
bridge-type voltage-source PWM inverter. According to the analysis of dead-time problem,
non-dead-time control strategy is presented. The relation between working and output voltage
waveform of the main circuit of the voltage-source PWM inverter is analyzed in nature and
the control strategy of the output voltage waveform of the voltage-source PWM inverter is
improved by the state combination method, which establishes the foundation for the further
research of the practice output voltage waveform of the voltage-source PWM inverter.
TAPPING INTO THE NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES OF THE EARTH: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Hans John D‘Cruz S.Swathy
[email protected] [email protected]
Sri Krishna College of Technology ,
(Formerly known as V.L.B.Janakiammal College of Engg & Tech), Coimbatore.
When we think of non-conventional energy sources, we usually think of wind and solar. Both
are literally all around us and appear to be permanent, reliable non-conventional as well as
renewable energy sources. However, geothermal energy is one significant resource that is
often overlooked and may be one of the ―highest potential energy sources in the world.‖
Moreover, geothermal energy‘s unique qualities make it especially suited for use in the world
that is taking shape. In the United States, lawmakers continue to try to reduce air pollution;
both for its immediate health effects and to slow suspected global warming. Geothermal
steam that is used to generate electricity gives off almost no byproducts.
This review paper covers the over view of geothermal energy, its potential, utilization by the
world, latest developments
HYSTERESIS CONTROLLER BASED SENSORLESS ROTOR POSITION DETECTOR FOR DFIG
S.Janani
PG Student
Power System Engg Division
Anna University
S.Chandra Mohan
Associate Professor
Power System division
Anna University
The aim of this paper is to provide a simple sensorless method for the detection of the
mechanical rotor position of the wound-rotor induction machine in order to implement stator-
flux orientation is described and evaluated in this paper. The method is based on the phase
comparison of the actual and the estimated rotor currents using the classical model of the
machine. It can be conceptually implemented in the rotor or in the stator reference frames. It
has some similarity to the model reference adaptive system methodology, but uses a
hysteresis comparator instead of a proportional integral (PI) controller. In this way, the
method does not need parameter determination for the controllers and shows a considerable
independence of parameter uncertainties. Simulation results show that the method is
appropriate for the vector control of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) because it
leads to the decoupling of active and reactive power chains.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF TWO AREA THERMAL POWER SYSTEM USING CRAZINESS BASED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
A.Uma Shankar
PG Student
Power System Engg Division
Anna University
V. Senthil Kumar
Associate Professor
Power System Enggdivision
Anna University
The aim of this paper (i.e) load frequency control (LFC) is to minimize the transient
deviations in these variables (area frequency and tie-line power interchange) and to ensure
their steady state errors to be zeros. When dealing with the LFC problem of power systems,
unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties of the
power system pose big challenges for controller design. The problem of selecting and tuning
the parameters of a load frequency controller using Craziness Based Particle Swarm
Optimization is discussed in this paper. The proposed method has been applied to a two area
thermal reheat power system with governor dead band. Optimum proportional and integral
controllers using the concept of Particle Swarm Optimization have been obtained. Simulation
results confirm the designed control performance of the proposed control. The results show
that the obtained optimal PI-controller improves the dynamic performance of the power
system. This work is done using MATLAB/ SIMULINK 7.12 software.
MITIGATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING D-STATCOM
1M.Sivabaarathi
2P.Sathishbabu
1M.E Power Management , Anna University of Technology, Madurai.
2Asst. Prof, Dept of EEE, Anna University of Technology, Ramnadu Campus.
In energy transmission systems, effective equipments on power control are generally known
as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS). In addition, the power electronics-based
equipment, which are called power conditioners are use to solve power quality problems.
Since the topologies of these equipments are similar to those used in FACTS equipment,
power conditioners are also called Distribution FACTS (DFACTS). DSTATCOM is one such
power conditioner used for improving power quality. This study proposes a cascaded
multilevel inverter type DSTATCOM to compensate voltage sags in utility voltages in power
distribution network. The proposed DSTATCOM is implemented using multilevel topology
with isolated dc energy storage. The phase shifted PWM technique is described to generate
firing pulses to cascaded inverter. The proposed controller adopts itself to the sag and
provides effective means of mitigating the voltage sags with the minimum harmonics at the
utility end. The proposed concept will be simulated using MATLAB Simulink environment.
The simulink results will be presented to verify the performance of the proposed multilevel
DSTATCOM.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY WITH THE HELP OF TIDAL POWER AND ITS FUTURE CONTRIBUTION
Md. Quaiser saquib1, Praveen kumar bisi
2, Faiz Ahmad
3,Devesh Singh*
1, 2, 3,* UG Students, Dr. M.G.R. University
Renewable energy can be used to decrease global dependence on natural resources, and tidal
power can be the primary form of renewable power utilized. Built upon steam turbine
knowledge, tidal turbines draw on innovative technology and design to operate on both the
inflow and outflow of water through them. Two case studies, Annapolis Royal and La Rance,
prove that tidal power plants are capable of producing reliable and efficient power. Problems,
such as initial cost and power transportation hinder future implementation of tidal power
plants. This paper emphasizes the possibilities of utilizing the power of the oceans by
pollution free, tidal Power generation. Tidal power utilizes twice the daily variation in sea
level caused primarily by the gravitational effect of the Moon and, to a lesser extent by the
Sun on the world's oceans. The Earth's rotation is also a factor in the production of tides.
Prospects of Genetically Engineered Microbes and Plants in Renewable Biofuel Production
Panigrahi, D.P., Kumar, A., Chug, V. and Dhaliwal, H.S.
Akal School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib
The fulfillment of fuel demand is one of the biggest challenges for economy of many
countries. In the fiscal year 2010-11, India imported 163.59 million tons of crude oil worth
4559.09 billion rupees while in the same year 4028.1 million tons of crude oil was consumed
throughout the world. It is estimated that the world reservoirs of crude oils will be depleted
completely in the next 40 years. Moreover the increased use of fossil fuels has led to global
warming and accompanied climate changes. The biofuels appear to be safer and cleaner than
the fossil fuels. Biofuel, a type of fuel which is derived from biological carbon fixation,
includes fuels both in liquid and gas phases. The first generation biofuels include bioethanol,
biodiesels and methane gasses while the second generation biofuels include cellulosic ethanol,
long chain alcohols, fatty acid and isoprenoid derived fuels and biohydrogen. The first
generation of bioalcohol production heavily depends on alcoholic fermentation of grains such
as corn and barley, and sugarcane juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Limitation in supply of
feed stock and low production rate of alcohols are the bottlenecks for cheaper bioethanol
production which subsequently led to the use of ligninocellulosic agricultural wastes like
sugarcane bagasse, rice and wheat straw, rice husks, switcgrass and forest woods. The
ligninocellulosic biomasses consisting of 40-50 % cellulose, 25-35% hemicellulose and 15-
20% lignin are pretreated chemically, microbiologically, and/or enzymatically for
delignification and monosaccharide release and the released sugars are fermented for
production of bioalcohols. The microbes used in these methods are Pseudomonas putida, P.
aeruginosa, Clostridium acetobutylicum, genetically modified E.coli for overexpressing
cellulases, xylanase, GroEL, 2-ketoacid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase genes, and
recombinant and resilient strains of Saccharomyces and Zymomonas. Transgenic plants like
poplar, producing high cellulose and low lignin have also been produced for efficient
production of bioalcohols. Biodiesels including monoalkyl esters of fatty acids from vegetable
oils, are produced by trans-esterification or alcoholysis between low molecular weight
alcohols and fatty acids. Seeds of plants like Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata and Ricinus
communis have also been used for biodiesel production. These processes are costly and
require a high amount of energy. Microalgae like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Micromonas
pusilla, and Chlorella spp. accumulate high amounts of triacylgycerides in their cytoplasm
and are used for the production of next generation biodiesels. Biohydrogen is another aspect
of biofuel with enormous potential for replacing fossil fuels. Cyanophycean algae and
bacterial species like Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, Citrobacter,
Rhodopseudomonas palustris, extremely thermophillic Caldicellosiruptor saccharaolyticus,
Sporacetigenium mesophilum are a few among many which produce hydrogen in
considerable quantity. In addition to traditional methods many new techniques like
consolidated bioprocessing and cell surface technology, cell surface engineering, metabolic
engineering and synthetic biology are being in the pipeline for the production of more
efficient, cleaner and safer next-generation biofuels.
SPONSERS
HIM URJA PRIVATE LIMITED
Him Urja Private Limited is a leading company in power sector having the distinction of
setting up of the first small hydropower plant in the Himalayan region in 2002. It is a flagship
company of diversified MG Group which has notable accomplishment of developing one of
the first integrated world class townships on the border of Delhi in the National Capital
Region.
The company has already commissioned two run-of-the-river small hydropower projects in
the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, at Rajwakti (4.4 MW) and Vanala (15 MW) on the river
Nandakini, a tributary of the river Alaknanda. Two more projects are underway at Dewali
(13MW) and Melkhet (56 MW) in the same district.
A prime mover in the small hydropower segment, Him Urja has set sights on achieving total
perational power generation capacity of 100 MW by 2012. This would go up to 1,000 MW by
015 once the Company forays into development of large hydropower and thermal power
projects. Him Urja has at its command the requisite managerial, financial and technological
resources to execute power and infrastructure projects of all sizes. As a pioneer in setting up
the small hydro power plant in the tough and difficult hilly Himalayan terrain, Him Urja has
experience and developed capabilities to set up and successfully run hydro power plants in the
high mountain areas. This is demonstrated by the fact that the Company could complete the
construction of both its commissioned projects well within the set time frame of 24 months
and has efficiently managed the operations and maintenance of the plant for over the last
seven years. The Company credits this achievement to its dynamic and committed team that
comprises of highly accomplished civil, mechanical and electrical engineers and management
professionals.
TATA BP SOLAR
Established in 1989, Tata BP Solar is a Joint Venture between Tata Power Company, a
pioneer in the power sector in India and BP Solar, one of the largest solar companies in the
world. Our sophisticated 84 MW Solar Cell manufacturing facility is capable of processing
mono and multi crystalline wafers of 125mm2 and 156mm2. Our state-of-the-art 125 MW
module manufacturing facility is one of the largest in Asia and capable of manufacturing
modules from 0.3Wp to 280Wp and beyond. Our talent pool comprises over 600 employees
spread over 4 manufacturing units and 8 regional offices.
Manufacturing facilities are ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 accredited from BVQI, London. The
company‘s products and systems have been accorded approvals by various test agencies such
as STQC, ETDC, CPRI, ISPRA – Italy, Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Factory Mutual
(FM), and many more.
Our solutions include customized solar solutions that illuminate homes, streets and
communities; pump water to thirsty fields and heat water for residential and commercial
applications. We also provide reliable and cost-effective solar power to wide-ranging sectors
from education and banking to healthcare and telecommunications. Specialist applications
include BIPV, Hybrid Systems and solutions for railways, defense and offshore platforms.
Tata BP Solar possesses excellent skills and capabilities in providing complete EPC solutions
for large, commercial Solar Power Plants of Megawatt scale.
Our sales history over the years has been dramatic – from a modest Rs.16 million in 1991-92
to a phenomenal Rs.9,060 million in 2010-11.
Tata BP Solar has more than 200 dealers, 600 sub-dealers and 30 Authorized Service Centres
spread across the country, catering to the needs of different customer segments. It is also
represented in the neighboring countries of Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan
and Sri Lanka.
SYNERGY SOLAR PRIVATE LIMITED
The promoters of SYNERGY SOLAR are having experience of more than Two decades in
the field of Renewable Energy and have successfully commissioned India's biggest Solar
Water Heating Systems of capacity 2,40,000 LPD and also electrified various Villages of
India with Solar Energy. The company is involved exclusively in the development of Solar
Energy and other Energy Saving Devices. The products are of international standards and are
tested and approved by various test laboratories in India and Abroad. These products have
been installed at Homes, Hostels, Dairies, Swimming Pools, Army Establishments, Religious
Places, Co-Operative Societies, Nursing Homes, Hospitals, Industries etc. The SYNERGY
SOLAR energy products are also being exported to South Africa, East Africa, Namibia,
Australia, New Zealand etc.
AMAN ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES
Manufacturers and suppliers of solar electrical equipments like solar lighting systems, solar
street lighting systems, solar lanterns, solar water heating equipments, solar power packing
systems and packed solar power solutions.
Aman Engineering Associates are Business Type associated with Exporter, Manufacturer,
Supplier. The various products associated with this company are Products Solar power
solutions, solar water heating system, solar home lighting system, solar street lighting system,
solar lanterns, eco-genie solar power pack.
AMAN ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES- CHANNEL PARTNERS SUCHECO
Schüco - Green Technology for the Blue Planet Clean Energy from Solar and Windows
Schüco is a worldwide leader for energy-efficient buildings. Driven by its competence in solar
and façade technology and the willingness to take responsibility for the blue planet.
Founded in 1951, Schüco today operates with 5,000 employees and 12,000 partner companies
in over 78 countries. The company, with its headquarters in Bielefeld, Germany realised an
annual turn over in 2010 of EUR 2.38 billion.
Innovative technologies and a strong partner network
Schüco not only supplies state-of-the-art window and façade technology, and efficient solar
solutions - solar heat and solar power. It is also a valuable contact. For architects, fabricators,
solar installers, developers, investors, and clients. The aim is to provide tailored solutions for
all market sectors – from private homes to commercial and industrial projects. With a wide
range of products made from high-quality materials. With systems that meet the most
stringent demands in terms of energy efficiency, security, comfort, and design. And which are
committed to the very highest standards of quality.
Worldwide responsibility
But Schüco is more. In addition to the technological expertise, there is one factor above all
that sets Schüco solutions apart: a willingness to take responsibility. Providing answers to the
most urgent challenges of our time - progressive climate change and dwindling energy
reserves. With its corporate mission Energy3: Saving Energy – Generating Energy –
Networking Energy – Schüco has established an innovative energy concept. Thermal
insulation, building automation, and efficient solar solutions help to reduce the energy
consumption of buildings while simultaneously generating clean energy.
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MNRE)
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of the
Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy. The broad aim of
the Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the
energy requirements of the country. Creation CASE and Ministry:
1. Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in 1981.
2. Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982.
3. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992.
4. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) renamed as Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2006.
The role of new and renewable energy has been assuming increasing significance in recent
times with the growing concern for the country's energy security. Energy self-sufficiency was
identified as the major driver for new and renewable energy in the country in the wake of the
two oil shocks of the 1970s. The sudden increase in the price of oil, uncertainties associated
with its supply and the adverse impact on the balance of payments position led to the
establishment of the Commission for Additional Sources of Energy in the Department of
Science & Technology in March 1981. The Commission was charged with the responsibility
of formulating policies and their implementation, programmes for development of new and
renewable energy apart from coordinating and intensifying R&D in the sector. In 1982, a new
department, i.e., Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES), that incorporated
CASE, was created in the then Ministry of Energy. In 1992, DNES became the Ministry of
Non-conventional Energy Sources. In October 2006, the Ministry was re-christened as the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
SUDARSHAN SAUR
Since 1989: We are the leading manufacturer of Solar Water Heater based on Flat Plate
Collector (FPC) technology and latest innovative Evacuated Tube Collector (ETC)
technology. Sudarshan Saur has over the two decade of experience in design, manufacture and
marketing of solar water heating systems. We manufacture solar water heating systems
considering Indian climatic conditions and water quality. We have full fledged manufacturing
plant of 39000 Sq. Ft. located in highly developed industrial zone of MIDC; Waluj, near
historic city of Aurangabad, in Maharashtra state of India. The core competency of our brand
is our unmatched products quality, reliability & customer care. Our 50,000 satisfied customers
can be assured of long term stability.
Core competence :
Sudarshan Saur Dealer‘s have their own, marketing network like sub-dealers, agents etc, and
trained installation & service support team backed by skilled technocrats. Dealer, sub-dealer
should have to go through obligatory training, which is always in line with marketing,
installation & service support. We deliver a superior customer support service program
including site survey, capacity and model selection, installation, commencement, after sales
service through our authorized dealer. Trained technicians available with every dealer at every
corner of India, vigilant to speedy resolution of service issues, this is our core competency. A
sound customer relationship by providing high quality after-sales service is a key of our
success. Our, Integrated diversified service support system help us to track and monitor the
information about efficient working of installed- solar water heater.
Continuous feedback from our end channel determines new customer requirement to fold
back into product development and future product requirement. We identify and address
inefficiencies of our dealers through continuous performance monitoring and rectify
inefficiencies by incessant required training.
SHAKTI TRADERS .
Mr. Shakti Kakkar –Chairman & Managing Director of M/s. Shakti Traders is a vibrant
personality in the field of Solar Products and Systems. He is a business man with clear aim,
vision and precision in his decisions.
Previously he was working as a Marketing Representative for
M/s. Sudarshan Saur Shakti Private Ltd. After completing 3 years working for them he launched
his own Company M/s. Shakti Traders in 2009. He is familiar with all channels of marketing the
products and has a good network which can bring demand for the product. Due to these qualities
he has achieved good efficiency in delivering the best to market.
His Company has obtained dealership with 2 established companies:-
1) M/s. Sudarshan Saur Shakti Private Ltd
2) M/s. Ados Electronics PVT. Ltd.