academic discourse practices

8/9/2019 Academic Discourse Practices

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ACADEMIC DISCOURSE PRACTICES(HOW TO WRITE A BA PROJECT)

SESSION ONECOURSE OUTLINE; TOPIC OF THE BA PROJECT; WORK DONE SO FAR;

SUPERVISION AND SUPERVISORS; PROBLEMS/QUESTIONS

1. Topic of the BA Project a! "or# !oe $o farIf you !"# $o%# you& 'o(#)o&*+, -# % you& -&ou0 of fou& !%$, o-##&, f%$

!%)#& o # fo22o)%- 3u#o%. A00o% ! 0#!*#& o &#0o& o% # )o&* of you&

-&ou04

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To #20 you %* !%$ $5u you (- )!% o 2oo* ! )! B#22 91::4 1<=1> !y

!8ou #2#5%- ! o054

1. T# o05 (!y 8# -"#% o you. D$ !00#% % you& 5!#7 By )o(7 W!

)! you& &#!5o%7

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(!y $ff#& f&o( o& #"#% 5o%f25 ) you& o)% !%$ (!y u--# !2#&%!"# )!y of

%3u&y.

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!y % # (!#& of )! u0#&"o& #0#5 of #& u0#&"##4

!> Su0#&"o& #0#5 #& u0#&"## o 8# %$#0#%$#%. T %o !

&!-fo&)!&$ ! (!y f& !00#!&. D#0# # #(0! 0u o% independence

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5o%fo&(y o !55#0#$ (#o$o2o-#, o $#0!&(#%!2 !%$ u%"#&y 0o25#, o y2#

of 0&##%!o%, !%$ o o# %- )5 you& u0#&"o& 5o%$#& o 8# (0o&!%.

@ou& u0#&"o& % ! 0o)#&fu2 0oo% ) &#-!&$ o you& )o&* !%$ you& 0&o-&#

&ou- # y#(. Fo& ## (!#& %o (02# (!#& o 8!2!%5# # &#3u&#$

$#-&## of 5o%fo&(y ) # %##$ o 8# %$#0#%$#%.

8> Su0#&"o& #0#5 #& u0#&"## o 0&o$u5# legible written work .

T#&# %o%- (o&# &&!%- o ! 8uy !5!$#(5 !% o 8# #0#5#$ o &#!$ &ou-

0!-# !%$ 0!-# of 22#-82# !%$)&#% 5&0. No o%2y $o# 2o) $o)% # !*

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$#"#2o0#$, ! # 5o%5#%&!o% %##$#$ o $#50#& )o&$ !%$ 0&!#. So(#(#

22#-82# 0!& !&# *00#$, o # u0#&"o& 5!% ( 5o(02##2y ! (!6o& 0o% ! #

u$#% !#(0%- o 6ufy. To !$$ %u2 o %6u&y f&o( # u0#&"o&+ 0o% of

"#) # u$#% )22 0&o8!82y 5o(02!% u8#3u#%2y ! # u0#&"o& (#&#2y

(!$# ! 5u&o&y !%$ u0#&f5!2 &#!$%- of # $o5u(#%. To 0&#"#% !22 ## 0&o82#(,

!%y )&#% )o&* u8(#$ o # u0#&"o& %##$ o 8# 2#-82#. I 5!% 8# ##&

!%$)&#% 92#-82y> ) )$# (!&-% !%$ 0!5# 8#)##% 0!&!-&!0 o !22o) 0!5#

fo& 5o((#%, o& )o&$ 0&o5##$ ) # !(# 0!5#.

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52(!# fo& $5uo%.

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)#% )! -"#% ! # &#3u# of # u$#%. T &#!22y ##( o 8# ! (o

&#!o%!82# #0#5!o%, y# u&0&%- o) of#% 5o%&!"#%#$.

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9!-!% !$!0#$ f&o( P220 !%$ Pu- 91::>>4

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8#)##% # )o of you.

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you& (##%- !%$ # !(ou% of )o&* you !&# u00o#$ o $o 8#fo&# #!5 (##%-. #

you& u0#&"o& o (!&* # $!# % /#& $!&y !%$ o(#(# &#(%$ #( 90o2#2y>! you !"# -"#% #( %- o &#!$.

- O% # o55!o% of you& (##%- !* fo& 52!&f5!o% o% you&

u0#&"o&+ 5o((#% o% you& )o&* f you %* #y !&# %o 52#!& #%ou-. Do %o -o

!)!y ) %- ! you 5!%%o u%$#&!%$ !%$ 5!%%o #&#fo&# (0&o"#.

& Pro*+e,$- .'e$tio$/I #&# !%y %- you )ou2$ 2*# o 52!&fy/!*7

HOMEWORK FOR SESSION TWO4

I% you& -&ou0 #!(%# # BA 0&o6#5 you !"# 8##% -"#% !%$ 0&#0!&# o 0#!*

!8ou4 #& fo% !%$ fo% G#, 6uf5!o%, 8o2$ !%$ !25, (!&-%, 0!5%-, 0!-#%u(8#&, %o#, !00#%$5#, !%$ &#f#&#%5%-.




SESSION TWOTECHNICALITIES OF WRITIN A BA PROJECT

ST@LESHEET; PLANNIN THE PROJECT

The ,ai poit$ of thi$ $e$$io are01& St2+e$heet%& Starti3 o't0 +i$t of 4fir$t tho'3ht$5/re$earch 6'e$tio$& Cotet$ 7pa3e($)89& Tit+e/Wor#i3 tit+e of the project

1& St2+e$heet

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!%$ #5%5!2 0o% of "#).

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! # y2### you )22 8# %&o$u5#$ o % #o%, !%$ #&#fo&# !$"#$ o u#

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u0#&"o& 8#%- !(o%- #(>. T#&# !&# ! 2#! )o &#!o% fo& )5 # $#0!&(#%

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0&o6#5 !%$ #5o%$, 98u %o 2# (0o&!%, fo& ! (!#&>, rea!er frie!+ie$$ ou2$

8# # 5o%5#0 )5 u%$#&2# !22 you& #ffo& o 0&o$u5# ! -oo$ 0&o6#5.

A22 # %fo&(!o% !8ou # #5%5!2 !0#5 of )&%- you& BA 0&o6#5 !& f&o(

# !u(0o% ! you !&# !82# o u# ! 5o(0u#& o& ! you 5!% %&u5 # 0#&o%

)o )22 $o # )o&$ 0&o5#%- fo& you, )5 -o%- o (!*# you& !* o(#)!

!&$#&.

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!&# )&#% ) T(# N#) Ro(!% 1? 0o%.

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## %&u5o%.

J'$tificatio for0 C!0#& 2# cetre!



e&3&0CHAPTER ONE

1&= Itro!'ctio1&> Coc+'$io

S#5o%/u8#5o% 2# +eft1& Bo+! a! Ita+ic!> Bo+!

U# fo&4 = # f&o% 0!-# of you& 0&o6#5

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- bold italic (!y 8# u#$ % # # fo& 0#5!2 #(0!

b) Italic

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- fo& #(0!, .#. )#% you !&# #0#5!22y !&!5%- you& &#!$#&+

!#%o% o o%# o& #"#&!2 )o&$. If ## )o&$ 8#2o%- o ! 3uo!o% !%$ #y !&# %o

% !25 % # o&-%!2 #, $o %o fo&-# o 0u4 9(y #(0!/#(0!

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= 2# of 8oo* % # &#f#&#%5# 2

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5#%(#&# o& .< f you& 5o(0u#& '!y+ o#&)#.

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*otto, of the pa3e !%$ #& !2-%(#% ! # cetre of the pa3e& I o)#"#&,

!$"!82# o *##0 you& $o5u(#% )ou 0!-# %u(8#& )2# you !&# )o&*%- o% !%$

-"# 0!-# %u(8#& )#% you %* 9!%$ you& u0#&"o& !-&##> &#!$y fo&

u8(o%.

1& Note$

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!%$ %o 0u%5u!o% ! 2%# #%$. U# ##& 5!0!2 o& 2o) 5!# !f#& 8u22#.

5>. A00#%$5# 9f !%y> (u 8# 02!5#$ ! # #%$ of # 0&o6#5, !f#& # 2 of

&#f#&#%5# 9## 8#2o)>, ) Appe!i Oe !%$ 9!f#& ! 82!%* 2%#> # !00#%$

#!$%-, f !0025!82#.

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f> U# %-2# 0!5# 8#)##% #%#%5#, .#. $o %o $ou82# 0!5# !f#& ! fu22=o0,

3u#o% (!&*, #5.

ACTIVIT@4

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)##& (## # !fo&#(#%o%#$ &#3u&#(#%. A-% ! 0#!*#& fo& # -&ou0 o

&#0o& o # 52!.

1& Refereci3

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o # $#! of o#& )&#& )o# )o&* you !"# &#!$. E!52y )5 o#& )&#& o

&#f#& o !%$ o) o $o # (o $ff5u2 0!& of *%$ of )&%-. I% 2!

#5o% of #o% )o )# )22 6u $#!2 ) # 0&!55!2#4 o) o 0y5!22y 0&##%

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o& of %- you %##$ o *##0 ! &#5o&$ of ! you &#!$.

W# )22 #&# 2oo* ! )o !0#5 of &#f#&#%5%-4

a) Referece$ i the tetT#&# !&# #"#&!2 )!y !% !uo&y 5!% 8# 5#$ % ! 0!0#&. Mo 0#o02# u# #

fo22o)%- y#(4



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3uo!o%> o) )#&# you -o f&o(, #.-.

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0&!55# y#, %o u%*%o)%. Do %o u# #5#"#2y !%$ !2)!y %$5!# # f!5 !

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H#&# !% #!(02#4

E++i$< R& 91::>. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Ofo&$4 OUP

= a *oo#0 9)o !uo&>= !uo&+ f!(2y %!(# 9*o+!>

- f& !uo&+ f& %!(# 9%!2>; )#% you )&# # #5o%$ !uo&

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H#&# !% #!(02#4

Sch',a< J&< !%$ N& Ste$o. 9#$.> 91:>. New Fonties in

Second Language Leaning . Ro)2#y M!4 N#)8u&y

Hou#.

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22u&!o% f&o( SLA &##!&5. A!!lied Linguistics 14 ?:<=. 900. ?:<=>

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$#"#2o0(#%!2 !%$ %&u5o%!2 #3u#%5# % L?!53uo%. In S#2-#&, H. !%$ M. Lo%-. 9#$.> "lassoom#

oiented $eseach in Second Language Acquisition.

Ro)2#y M!4 N#)8u&y Hou#.

ACTIVIT@4

Loo* ! # BA 0&o6#5 you !"# 8##% -"#% !%$ % -&ou0 of &## o& fou&, $5u

)##& (## # &#3u&#(#% !8ou &#f#&#%5%-. A-% ! 0#!*#& fo& # -&ou0 o

&#0o& o # 52!.

1& :RONT PAE@ou& 0&o6#5 )22 !"# o !"# ! coer 9%fo&(!o% )&#% % ROMANIAN> !%$ !

frot/fir$t pa3e 9%fo&(!o% )&#% % E%-2>. T# %# )o 0!-# !&# #!(02# of

)! you& 5o"#& !%$ f& 0!-# ou2$ 2oo* 2*#.

:



UNIFERSITATEA TRANSILVANIA DIN BRAȘOF:ACU?TATEA DE ?ITEREDEPARTAMENTU? DE ?INFISTICG TEORETICG I AP?ICATGȘ

9G#4 1 0o%>

?UCRARE DE DIP?OMG9G#4 ? 0o%>

A*$o+etIoaa Ioe$c'

9G#4 1 0o%>

Coor!oator?ector 'ier$itar Pa'+a Pope$c'

9G#4 1 0o%>

Bra oș%=19 9G#4 1 0o%>

1



TRANSILVANIA UNIFERSIT O: BRA OFȘ:ACU?T O: ?ETTERSDEPARTMENT O: THEORETICA? AND APP?IED ?INUISTICS9G#4 1 0o%>

BA PROJECT9G#4 ? 0o%>

THE SMBO? O: THE SEA INE& M& HEMINWA5S NOFE?

4THE O?D MAN AND THE SEA59G#4 1 0o%>

Ca!i!ateIoaa Ioe$c'

9G#4 1 0o%>

S'peri$orSeior +ect'rer Pa'+a Pope$c'9G#41 0o%>

Bra oș%=19 9G#4 1 0o%>

HOMEWORK FOR SESSION THREE

1. T%* !%$ (!*# %o# !8ou # )!y you !"# 02!%%#$ you& 0&o6#5. D$ you %##$

!%y #207 D$ you -# 7

?. Co(# o 52! ) ! 5o0y of you& cotet$ pa3e ! !-# of you& )&%-. If you

$o %o !"# o%#, )&# o%# 8#fo&# # #o%.

%& Starti3 o't0 +i$t of 4fir$t tho'3ht$5/re$earch 6'e$tio$

I% ! o& 0&o6#5, # G# of ! BA 0&o6#5, %o 0o82# o $o #"#&y%-, o )!you !"# o $o 5o%$#& you& 0&o&#. P2!%%%- # 0&o6#5 o%# of ## 0&o&#.

I% # 0&o5# of 02!%%%- you& 0&o6#5 you %##$ o !& f&o( 5oo%- ! o05 9##

S#o% ONE> !%$ $&!) u0 ! 'f& ou- 2 of 3u#o%' 9B#22, 1::41> o& ! 2

of &##!&5 3u#o%. T# $#! of '&##!&5+ !%$ '&##!&5 3u#o%+ (!y 8# ! 22#

o"#&)#2(%- fo& you ! u%$#&-&!$u!# )&%- ! BA 0&o6#5. E"#% f u5 ! 0&o6#5

(#!% o o) you& !82y o (!%2y $o 882o-&!05!2 &##!&5 !%$ 0&o"#

u%$#&!%$%- of # 2#&!u&# 9#&# &#!$ %o%=f5o%> )#% you )&#, -2y

11



u%2*#2y ! !%yo%# )ou2$ )&# !8ou !%y o05 )ou !*%- #(#2"# !22 o& of

')y+, ')!+, 'o)+ #5. 3u#o% 8#fo&# !%$ )2# )&%-.

W! 5ou&# &y%- o $#(o%&!# ! %#5#!&y fo& you o 8# !82# o

fo&(u2!# u5 3u#o% !%$, (o&# (0o&!%2y, %#5#!&y o #22 # &#!$#& of you& 0&o6#5 !8ou #( !%$ 0#22 #( ou 0&o0#&2y.

A # 8#-%%%- !-# of 02!%%%- you& 0&o6#5 # o&$#& !%$ )o&$%- of you& 3u#o%

!&# %o (0o&!%. @ou& !( o )&# $o)% !22 0o82# 3u#o%, %o (!#& o)

"!-u#. @ou )22 &#f%# !%$ o&$#& #( 2!#& o%.

I% &##!&5 o)#"#&, % o&$#& o o8!% &#!o%!82# !%)#&, 5o2!& %##$ o !* #

&- o& of 3u#o%. Nu%!% 91::?4 ?1> $5u# # u# of &##!&5 3u#o% !%$

-"# -2y 22u(%!%- #!(02#. H# (!%!% !4'T# &##!&5 3u#o% %##$ o 8#4

1. )o& !*%- % # f& 02!5#

?. 5!0!82# of 8#%- !%)#&#$.

T#&# !&# (!%y 3u#o% o& u# )5 !&# #(%#%2y 5!0!82# of 8#%- &##!&5#$,

8u )5 (!y %o 8# )o& !*%-. Fo& #!(02#, )ou2$ 8# #5%5!22y f#!82# o

$##&(%# # %u(8#& of S0!% %#&0&##& )o )#!& $#-%#& 6#!%, o& #

&#2!o%0 8#)##% # )#!&%- of &u88#& o%- 9A(E ! y0# of o# ! you o2$

o% ) you& o#; B&E f20f2o0> !%$ !5!$#(5 !5#"#(#%. Ho)#"#&, -2y

$u8ou )##& ## 3u#o% !&# )o& !*%-. U%fo&u%!#2y, of#% # 3u#o%

)5 !&# # #!# o !%)#& !&# %o )o& !*%-.+

Fo& # 0u&0o# of #o%, % o&$#& o -"# you #!(02# of 0o82# &##!&5

3u#o%, )o of you& 0&o6#5 o05 !"# 8##% 5o#% 9# 5o5# (!y %o !"# 8##% !

'!00y+ o%# !%$ # 5ou&# uo& $o# %o 52!( !%y !uo&y % !%y of # )o

$o(!%>. Of ## )o o05, # fo&(#& 'R#2!o%0 % D. H. L!)&#%5#+ %o"#24

So% !%$ Lo"#& !%$ T# R!%8o) !%$ # 2!#&, 'N#) (#o$ of #!5%- !

fo&#-% 2!%-u!-#+. @ou& 2 of f& ou- o& &##!&5 3u#o% (- 8# o% #

fo22o)%- 2%#4

!> 1. W! (#!% 8y '&#2!o%0+ % %"#-!o%71. I #&# ! &#2!o%0 8#)##% # )o %o"#27

?. W! 8!&&#& o &#2!o%0 !&# #&# % # )o %o"#27

. #5.

8> 1. W! (#!% 8y '%#) (#o$+ % 2!%-u!-# #!5%-7

?.W! # $ff#&#%5# 8#)##% 'o2$#&+ !%$ '%#)+ 2!%-u!-# #!5%- (#o$7

. W! # &o2# of # #!5#& % (02#(#%%- # %#) 2!%-u!-# #!5%- (#o$7

.#5.

1?



ACTIVIT@4

No) ! you !"# o(# $#! !8ou )! 3u#o% you 5ou2$ &y o !%)#& % you&

0&o6#5, !*# o(# (# !%$ %* !8ou . T#% )&# ! 2#! &## 3u#o% ! you

(- )!% o !%)#& % you& 0&o6#5, 9you& 3u#o% (u 8# ##& ')=' o& 'y#/%o+

3u#o%> $5u #( % you& -&ou0, ## f you& 0!&%#& 5!% -"# you !%y f##$=8!5* !%$ f%!22y !00o% ! 0#!*#& o u((!&# # !5"y o # 52!.

%&1 4:ir$t tho'3ht$5/re$earch 6'e$tio$ "here i the project- (if at a++ )

ACTIVIT@4

T !% !5"y )#&# you !&# &#3u&#$ o $5u !8ou !%$ $#5$#, ! ! -&ou0, f #

3u#o% )# !"# 8##% !2*%- !8ou !&# )o& !*%-, f #y !&# )o& 8#%-

(#%o%#$ % you& 0&o6#5 !%$ )#&#. A-!%, ! 0#!*#& fo& # -&ou0 )22 !"# o &#0o&

o # 52!.

The i,portat thi3 i$ to !i$c'$$ the i$$'e of the$e 6'e$tio$ "ith 2o'r $'peri$ora! a*i!e *2 her/hi$ a!ice&

& Cotet$ 7pa3e($)8

T# Co%#% P!-# !% (0o&!% #2#(#% of you& BA 0&o6#5. I #&#fo&# %##$ ! 2o

of %*%- !%$ # !-# ! )5 you !&# 02!%%%- you& 0&o6#5 # (# )#% you

!"# o %* !8ou !%$ )&# $o)% ! f& "#&o% of # 5o%#% 0!-# of you& 0&o6#5.

ACTIVIT@4

If you !"#%+ ou- !8ou # 5o%#% 0!-# of you& 0&o6#5 o f!&, + - (# you

$$ If you !"# !2&#!$y -o o%#, 9-oo$ fo& you> ! $5uo% !8ou )22 5#&!%2y#20. Bu, ! (o(#% of # #o%, !*# o(# (# o %* of # 5!0#&,

u85!0#&/#5o%, u8#5o%, !00#%$5#, !82#, !%$ &#f#&#%5# 2 you !"#

02!%%#$, )&# $o)% ! "#&o% of # 5o%#% 0!-# !%$ #% $5u % you& -&ou0. I%

you& $5uo% of you& o)% 5o%#% 0!-#, -"# !&-u(#% fo& you& $#5o%. Of

5ou&#, o%# of you %##$ o &#0o& o # 52! ! # #%$ of you& $5uo%.

9& Tit+e/Wor#i3 tit+e of the project

1



T# 2# of you& 0&o6#5 of 5ou&# "#&y (u5 &#2!#$ o # o05 you !"# !22 2oo*#$

! % S#o% O%#. @ou )22 !"# 5#&!%2y u%$#&oo$ ! ! o%2y ! )o&*%- 2#

)5 uu!22y 5!%-# #"#&!2 (# 8#fo&# you 5!% f%!22y 0&% o% # f&o% 0!-# of

you& 0&o6#5.

T# f%!2 "#&o% of # 2# ou2$ #22 # &#!$#& )! you& 0&o6#5 !8ou o you )22

o%2y 8# &#!$y o $#"# ! f%!2 2# )#% you !&# 52#!& !8ou # fo5u of you& u$y.

'R#2!o%0 % D. H. L!)&#%5#+ %o"#2 #5.+, fo& #!(02#, )22 #&"# fo& # (#

8#%- 8u, 2!#& o%, ! &#f%#$ "#&o% o& #"#% ! u82# )22 %o $ou8 52!&fy # %!u&# of

# o05 !%$ -"# # &#!$#& ! 52u# !8ou )! #/# )22 2oo* !.

QUESTION4

H! !%yo%# -o%# &ou- #"#&!2 "#&o% of #& 2#7 If o, 5!% #y !&# #& #0#&#%5# ) #"#&yo%# #2#7

HOMEWORK FOR SESSION FOUR4

B&%- ) you ! 9ONE> *oo# ! you !"# &#!$ 9o& !&# 5u&&#%2y &#!$%- fo& you&

0&o6#5> !%$ !%y 0#5# of 0!0#& o% )5 you !"# (!$# ote$ "hi+e rea!i3 !%$

)5 you !"# u#$ o& %#%$ o u# % )&%- you& 0!0#&.

1




SESSION THREEREADIN THE LITERATURE KEEPIN RECORDS AND MAKIN NOTES

The ,ai poit$ of thi$ $e$$io are01& Rea!i3 the +iterat're for 2o'r BA project&%& Keepi3 recor!$ a! ,a#i3 ote$

1& Rea!i3 the +iterat're

O%5# you !"# #!82#$ # o05 of you& BA 0&o6#5, 02!%%#$ !%$ $$ !22 )

o(# 8oo* o& 6ou&%!2 !&52# % f&o% of you o& ! 2#! % you& (%$ you !&# &#!$y o

!& &#!$%-.

R#!$%- , of 5ou&#, ! "#&y 5o(02# 0&o5#, 8u %o # (!% fo5u of 5ou&#.

W! )# !&# %#&##$ % #&# o) )# &#!$ )! )# &#!$ !%$ o) )# (!*# %o# of

)! )# f%$ &#2#"!% % ou& &#!$%-. T# )!y ## %o# !&# u#$ % # !5u!2 )&%-

of # 0&o6#5 # fo5u of ! fuu&# #o%.

ACTIVIT@4

I% you& -&ou0 #22 o%# !%o#& !8ou # )!y you !"# &#!$ # ou&5# of you& 0&o6#5.

@ou (!y )!% ## -u$#2%# % you& $5uo%4

-)! $o you $o f& )#% you !"# ! %#) 97> !%$ -2y &#2#"!% 8oo*

% f&o% of you7

- o) $o you *%o) # 8oo*/!&52# you !"# -!#&#$ % "#) of

&#!$%- !%$ u%- #( fo& you& 0&o6#5 !&# &#2#"!% fo& you& o057

- $#(o%&!# # &#2#"!%5# of # 8oo* you !"# 8&ou- o you& -&ou0

(!#

Do %o fo&-#4 o%# of you ! o &#0o& o # 52! !8ou you& !5"y.

COMMENTS4

U# 0!5# o %o# !%y %#&#%- %- 5o(%- ou of # $5uo%4

ACTIVIT@4

1<



I% you& -&ou0 !-!% 2oo* ! # 0#5# of 0!0#& ) you& &#!$%- %o# !%$ $5u

!8ou # )!y you (!*# %o# )#% you &#!$. A00o% ! 0#!*#& o &#0o& o # 52!.

%& Keepi3 recor!$ a! ,a#i3 ote$

a) Keepi3 recor!$ *2 '$i3 i!e car!$

T# "&u# of %$# 5!&$ 9)5 you 5!% 8uy ! !%y !o%!&y o& you 5!% (!*#

you&#2"#> !"# of#% 8##% 0o%#$ ou4

- #y !&# %#!, #!y o !%$2# !%$ -"# you ! %5# 0y5!2 f##2%- of

o(#%- !5#"#$

- #y !&# u#fu2 ! ! &#5o&$ of #"#&y%- you+"# &#!$ 8#5!u# #y )22

5o%!%4 882o-&!05!2 $#!2 9%!(# of !uo&, $!#, 2# of !&52# o& 8oo*, 02!5# of

0u825!o%, 0u82#&, 0!-# %u(8#& f !% !&52#>- o% # !(# 5!&$ you 5!% 0u4 !age efeences o # o&-%!2 !%$/o& o

you& o)% 0!0#& !%$ o(# %ey wods

- o(# 0#o02# 2*# o *##0 #& f!"ou&# 3uo!o% % ! #0!&!# %$#

5!&$ y#(

- o(# 0#o02# *##0 ! 5!&$ %$# y#( fo& 'u#+, #.-. f#(%%#

5!&!5#& % 1: 5#%u&y %o"#2+ #% %o# o% )! #y !"# fou%$ ou !8ou ! %

"!&ou 02!5#

H#&# !&# o(# #!(02# of o) o &#5o&$ 882o-&!05 %fo&(!o%4

!> Sou&5# 5!&$ fo& ! 8oo*4

Su86#5 9o0o%!2>4

SLA

Auo&4 R. E22

@#!& of 0u825!o%4 1::

T2#4 T# Su$y of S#5o%$ L!%-u!-# A53uo%

Pu82#&4 Ofo&$ U%"#&y P&#P2!5# of 0u825!o%4 Ofo&$

8> ou&5# 5!&$ fo& ! 6ou&%!2 !&52#4

Su86#5 9o0o%!2>

L!%-u!-# T#%-

Auo&4 P!&5! A. D#%!(

T2#4 T# of !u&!2/o&!2 5o%&o2 of 2!%-u!-#

Jou&%!24 &a!ua New 'uinea (ounal of ducation

1



Vo2u(# No; Iu# No.4 Vo2. 1, No.

D!# of "o2u(#/u#4 1::

P!-# &#f#&#%5#4 00. 1=1

5> ou&5# 5!&$ fo& !% !&52# o& 5!0#& % ! 8oo*4 Su86#5 9o0o%!2>

Af&5!% Ho&y

Auo&4 D.H. Jo%#

@#!& of 0u825!o%4 1:1

T2# of !&52#/5!0#&4 P#o02# !%$ *%-$o( of # C#%&!2 Su$!%

E$o&4 % Ro2!%$ O2"#& 9#$.>

T2# of 8oo*4 T# D!)% of Af&5!% Ho&y

P2!5# of 0u825!o%4 Lo%$o%

Pu82#&4 Ofo&$ U%"#&y P&#

*) Ma#i3 ote$ACTIVIT@4

1. R#!$ 3uo!o% f&o( B#22 91::4 ?:> )5 %52u$# "!2u!82# !$"5# !8ou

# )!y you ou2$ (!*# %o# )#% &#!$%-4

' $#"# ! y#( of %o#=!*%- )5 &#5o&$ # !5u!2 #"$#%5# o8!%#$ f&o(

you& ou&5#. So(# &##!&5#& 0&#f#& %o#8oo*, o(# 0&#f#& 2oo# ## of 0!0#& !%$

o#& 0&#f#& %o# 5!&$. If you u# ! %o#8oo*, %fo&(!o% )22 8# &#5o&$#$ !

o8!%#$. L#!"# ! )$# (!&-%. A ! 2!#& !-# you (!y ) o 5u u0 # %o#8oo*,

0&#f#&!82y %o 0#5# of u%fo&( G#, o #%!82# you o o& (!#&!2 %o #5o% &#!$y

fo& 02!%%%- # fo&(! of you& &#0o&.

W##& you u# %o#8oo*, 2oo# ## o& %o# 5!&$ )22 $#0#%$ o% you& 0&#f#&#%5#,

8u # y0# of %fo&(!o% you &#5o&$ !%$ # (#o$ of &#5o&$%- )22 8# # !(#.

T#&# o(# (#& % #2#5%- 5!&$. E0#&#%5# ! o)% ! 8# o (!*#

o%2y o%# 0o% o% #!5 5!&$ !%$ o u# o%2y o%# $# of # 0!0#& o& 5!&$. @ou )22 #%

!"# (!(u( f2#82y % o&%- ou # 5!&$ ! # )&%- !-#.+

?. I% # 0!5# 8#2o) (!*# %o# !8ou # &#2#"!%5# of 3uo!o% fo& you&

o)% '%o#=!*%- y2#+.

. W! # 5o%#% of # %o# you (!*# )#% you &#!$7 P&#0!&# o #22

o # 52!.

1



E!(02# of u%- 5!&$ fo& %o# !*%-4

!> 3uo!o%

H#!$%-

9o0o%!2>

LANUAE4 CORRECT USAE9u# 3uo!o% (!&* o %$5!# $&#5 3uo!o%>

9u# $o % 3u!&# 8&!5*# o %$5!# o(#%- o(#$>

'E"#% ou- # 2!%-u!-# 5!%-# 5#%u&y 8y 5#%u&y+ ')# ou- o 8# !82# o ##

22 !% (0o&!% 3u#o% fo& #"#&y -#%#&!o% )##& ou2$ !y o& !,

)##& o& ! fo&( 5o&&#5, !%$ o o%, )ou2$ 8# &#-&#!82# f o# )o )#&#

(o 5o(0##% o $#5$# u5 3u#o% )#&# o 2#!"# # $#5o% o # 2#

5o(0##%.+

Auo&/$!# of 0u825!o%/0!-# &#f#&#%5#4

J#0#&o%, 1:, 00. :=::

8> u((!&y

H#!$%-

9o0o%!2>

LANUAE4 CORRECT USAE

9!88&#"!o% fo& !uo&+ %!(#> J. !$( ! %o%- 5!% o0 2!%-u!-# f&o(

5!%-%-, 8u % ! '2%-u5 o&!%+ 9$&#5 3uo!o%> 22 !"# ! $uy o

-u$# # 2# )#22=%fo&(#$ o% )! !55#0!82# o& %o !55#0!82# ! ! 0!&5u2!& (#.

Auo&/$!# of 0u825!o%/0!-# &#f#&#%5#4 J#0#&o%, 1:, 00. :=::

A fia+ "or! a*o't #eepi3 recor!$ a! ,a#i3 ote$ in the computer

If you 0&#f#& o *##0 &#5o&$ !%$ (!*# %o# $&#52y % # 5o(0u#&, !%$ !&# o8"ou2y

!82# o u# o%# ) !(, 8y !22 (#!% $o o. A%$, f you !"# #0#&#%5# % $o%-

% # 5o(0u#&, 5!% you -"# #"#&y8o$y o(# 07

HOMEWORK FOR SESSION FIVE

I% you& -&ou0 9f 0o82#>, '%0#5+ 9!-!%> # BA 0&o6#5 you !"# 8##% -"#%. T

(# 2oo* ! o) # !uo& u# o#& 0#o02#+ $#! % #& o)% )&%- !%$ 0&#0!&# o

u# you& 'f%$%-+ % # 52! $5uo%.

1



1:




SESSION :OUR THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN READIN AND WRITIN

T# ,ai poit$ of #o% !&#4

1& .'otatio$ a! 6'oti3 9y%- 2oo# #%$ f&o( #o% )o>

%& Itro!'ci3/reporti3 a! co,,eti3 o other peop+e5$ i!ea$ i 2o'r"riti3

& P+a3iari$,9& Itro!'ci3/reporti3 a! co,,eti3 o other peop+e5$ i!ea$ i 2o'r

"riti3 (fo++o" 'p)@& I!etif2i3 the ,ai poit$ of the $o'rce ,ateria+$ for 2o'r BA project$0

c+ai,($)< ar3',etatio< ei!ece< coc+'$io($)1& .'otatio$ a! 6'oti3 9y%- 2oo# #%$ f&o( #o% o%#>

T #5o% )22, o0#fu22y, 8&%- (o&# %fo&(!o% !8ou # u# of 3uo!o% % you&

o)% )&%-.

T)o %- %##$ 8# (#%o%#$ #&#4 9!> f&o( # 0o% of "#) of fo&(, % you& o)%

# #&# ! o 8# ! $%5o% 8#)##% $hort 6'otatio$ 9o%# o& )o 2%#> !%$ +o36'otatio$ 9(o&# !% )o 2%#>, !%$ 98> !%y 3uo!o% ! o 8# %&o$u5#$ !%$

0o82y fo22o)#$ 8y you& o)% )o&$ of !00&#5!o%, !-&##(#%, $!-&##(#%, #5. I%

o#& 9&!#& 6o*%-> )o&$4 !o ot 6'ote a! r'

To -o 8!5* o $hort 6'otatio$ #&# !% #!(02# f&o( E22 91::4<<>. I )22 o)

you o) !uo& u# !%o#& 0#&o%+ )o&$ !%$ o) # %&o$u5# # 3uo!o%

!%$ fo22o) u04

A second !es!ective involves going inside the *blac% bo+ of the classoom itself- It

views the classoom as a !lace whee inteactions of vaious %inds ta%e !lace, affoding

leanes o!!otunities to acquie the L.- Allwright !"#$%!&'( sees inteaction as '#

fu%$!(#%!2 f!5 of 52!&oo( 0#$!-o-y+ because '#"#&y%- ! !00#% % #52!&oo( !00#% &ou- ! 0&o5# of 2"# 0#&o%=o=0#&o% %#&!5o%+. This

!es!ective has dawn heavily on the eseach and theoies dealing with the

elationshi! between in!ut/inteaction and L. leaning-

NB0 1. Fo& # 0u&0o# of #o%, E22+ )o&$ !"# 8##% 0u % italics o

$#(o%&!# o) # (!*# # 5o%%#5o% 8#)##% o)% 2%# of ou- !%$ #

3uo!o%.

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?. T# %!(# of # 3uo#$ !uo&, # y#!& !%$ # 0!-# !&# % bold italics o o) you

! you !"# o 0u u5 &#f#&#%5# % you& #, 8u ot i *o+! ita+ic$&

I% o&$#& o $#(o%&!# o) ! +o3 6'otatio ou2$ !00#!& % you& #, #&#

!%o#& 0!!-# f&o( E22 91::4<<>4

The "ommunicative 0ientation in Language Teaching 1"0LT) 1Allen, Folich and

S!ada, 2345) diffes fom the systems that !eceded it in that it was not only infomed

by cuent theoies of communicative com!etence and communicative language

teaching but also by eseach into L2 and L. acquisition- The authors) comment%

'T# o8#&"!o%!2 5!#-o&# !&# $#-%#$ 9!> o 5!0u&# -%f5!%

f#!u&# of "#&8!2 %#&!5o% % L? 52!&oo( !%$ 98> o 0&o"$# !

(#!% of 5o(0!&%- o(# !0#5 of 52!&oo( $5ou&# ) %!u&!22!%-u!-# ! u#$ ou$# # 52!&oo( 91:4??>

The system is in two !ats- The fist !at, *A desci!tion of classoom activities, is

designed fo use in eal time coding-

NB0 1. A-!%, # )o&$ % italics !&# E22+ ) bold italic fo& # )o&$ ! #

!5u!22y u# o %&o$u5# # 3uo!o% !f#& !"%- 5o((#%#$ o% # $#!9> !

%52u$#.

?. A you 5!% ##, ! +o3 6'otatio (u 8# %$#%#$ 9)o !8> !%$ % (!22#& fo% G#

91 0o% f # (!% # )&#% % 1? 0o%>.

A%o#& u# )o& 2oo*%- ! )#% )# !"# 3uo!o% % (%$ ! of $eco!ar26'otatio$. @ou !&# &#f#&&#$ o SESSION TWO fo& %fo&(!o% o% o) o u# 9% you&

#> 3uo!o% !2&#!$y 3uo#$. Ho)#"#& you (u &#(#(8#& ! u5 3uo!o% (u

8# u#$ 0!&%-2y o#&)# you (!y 8# !55u#$ of %o (!*%- #%ou- #ffo& o &!5#

# o&-%!2 ou&5#.

ACTIVIT@4

W )! you !"# &#!$ o f!& !8ou # u# of 3uo!o% ! # 8!5* of you& (%$,2oo* ! # 0!0#& you )&o# fo& # CLL 5ou&#, f%$ !%y 3uo!o% o& 0!&!0&!# you

(!y !"# u#$, 0o% #( ou o you& -&ou0 (!#. P&#0!&# o &#0o& o # 52!. T#%

$o # !(# %- ) # BA 0&o6#5 you !"# 8##% -"#%.

U# 0!5# o (!*# %o#4

%& Itro!'ci3/reporti3 a! co,,eti3 o other peop+e5$ i!ea$ i 2o'r"riti3

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H#&# !&# o(# u#fu2 #0&#o% fo& %&o$u5%-/&#0o&%- !%$ 5o((#%%- o% o#&

0#o02#+ !&-u(#% !%$ $#! % you& )&%-.

NB0 T 2 %o #!u"#, o)#"#&, you (!y f%$ u#fu24

!> )#% #2#5%- # &#0o&%- "#&8 !00&o0&!# o you& o)% !%$

8> fo& &#!o% of '#2#-!% "!&!o%+T# !uo&4

- !y/!&-u#/#02!%/!#/%o# 9!>

- o2$ # "#)/0u fo&)!&$ # "#)/(!%!%/#0&## # "#)

9!>

- 0u 9o(#%-> !5&o 9"#&y> 5o%"%5%-2y/u%5o%"%5%-2y

- !5*%o)2#$-#/&#5o-%#/!$(/9$>!-&## 9!>

- !22#-#/52!(/u--#/(02#/&#f#& o/0o% ou/%$5!#/o)

9!>

-

-2-/u%$#&2%#/#(0!#/8&%- ou/0o% o- )o%$#& 9f/)y>/!* (/#&#2f 9)y>/3u#o% 9)##&>/!$$&##

# u#/3u#o%/0&o82#( of

- 5o%52u$# 9!/8y>/u( u0 98y>/&#!5# # 5o%52uo% 9!>

Co((#% o% o#& 0#o02#+ $#!4

#.-.4 = A !&-u#, . 9%$5!# you !-&##>

- !&-u#, )&o%-2y % (y "#), ! .. 9%$5!# $!-&##(#%>

A5*%o)2#$-# you& &o2# % %#&0&#%- !% !uo&4

#.-.4 I% (y u%$#&!%$%-, (#!% ! .

A I u%$#&!%$ + 0o%, .

My u%$#&!%$%- of + "#) !

+ "#) )ou2$ u--#, % (y o0%o%, ! ..

ACTIVIT@4

I(!-%# ! you !&# )&%- !% !-%(#% fo& 5ou&#, !%$ ! you !"# &#!$

!(o%- o#& %-, !% !&52# 8y B!&o2o(!# 1:< 9## #%$ of #o% fo& 5o(02##

&#f#&#%5#>. R#!$ ## &## #&!5 f&o( !&52#4'T# u$#% ! o !00&o0&!# 9o& o 8# !00&o0&!#$ 8y> ! 0#5!2#$

$5ou&#, !%$ # 6atholomaes geneic !onoun !%$ # ! o $o ! ou- #

)#&# #!2y !%$ 5o(fo&!82y ! o%# ) !u$#%5#, ! ou- # )#&# ! (#(8#& of

# !5!$#(y o& !% o&!% o& !% !%&o0o2o- o& !% #5o%o(; # ! o %"#% #

u%"#&y 8y ((5*%- 2!%-u!-# )2# f%$%- o(# 5o(0&o(# 8#)##%

$oy%5&!y, ! 0#&o%!2 o&y, o% # o#& !%$, !%$ # &#3u&#(#% of 5o%"#%o%,

# o&y of ! $502%#, o% # o#&. H# (u 0#!* ou& 2!%-u!-#. O& # (u $!&# o

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0#!* o 5!&&y off # 82uff, %5# 0#!*%- !%$ )&%- )22 (o 5#&!%2y 8# &#3u&#$

2o%- 8#fo&# # *22 2#!&%#$ .' 90!-# 1>

'To 0#!* ) !uo&y u$#% )&#& !"# o 0#!* %o o%2y % !%o#&+ "o5# 8u

&ou- !%o#&+ 5o$#; !%$ #y %o o%2y !"# o $o , #y !"# o 0#!* % #"o5# !%$ &ou- # 5o$# of o# of u ) 0o)#& !%$ )$o(; !%$ #y %o o%2y

!"# o $o , #y !"# o $o 8#fo&# #y *%o) )! #y !&# $o%-.+ 90!-# 1<>

'T#& %!2 0&o-&# )22 8# (!&*#$ 8y #& !82# o !*# o% # &o2# of 0&"2#-#,

8y #& !82# o #!82 !uo&y.+ 90!-# 1?>

R#f#&&%- o ## &## #&!5, 3uo# o& 0!&!0&!# #( !%$ )&#4

1. O%# o& )o #%#%5# % )5 you !00#!2 o B!&o2o(!# ! !uo&y fo& !

0o% % you& o)% !&-u(#%.?. O%# o& )o #%#%5# % )5 you #02!% )! you u%$#&!%$ 8y o%# of

B!&o2o(!#+ 0o%, !%$ o) &#2#"!% o you& !&-u(#%.

. O%# o& )o #%#%5# % )5 you 0&##% B!&o2o(!#+ 5o%&8uo% o

%*%- !8ou !5!$#(5 )&%-.

. O%# o& )o #%#%5# % )5 you o) o) you $!-&## ) o(#%-

B!&o2o(!# !y.

Wo&* % -&ou0. U# # 2 of u#fu2 #0&#o% % )&%- you& #%#%5#. R#0o& o

# 52!. T#&# )22 8# ! fo22o) u0 of !5"y % SESSION SI. @ou !&# #&#fo&#

&#3u&#$ o 8&%- o 52! you& !%)#& o 3u#o% 1=.

& P+a3iari$,To u( u0, you %##$ o u%$#&!%$ ! 0&!55!22y u%!"o$!82# !%$, % f!5, "#&y

)#25o(# o $5u )! o#& 0#o02# !"# o !y !8ou # o05 you !"# 5o#% fo&

you& BA 0&o6#5. T# (o f!fu2 )!y of 0&##%%- # "#) of !% !uo& 8y

3uo%- )o&$ "#&8!(. T, o)#"#&, (u 8# %$5!#$, !5u!22y f you 0u

o(#%- % 3uo!o% (!&*, !5 ! ! $52!(#& !%- ! you $o %o

%#5#!&2y !-&## ) # "#) 0u fo&)!&$. B#)##% # 3uo!o% (!&* you !"# o

5# you& ou&5# ! f!fu22y ! 0o82#. If you )!% o !$$ o(#%- 0u % 3u!&#

8&!5*# 9## #&!5 f&o( B!&o2o(!#, 1:<>, f you $#2## o(#%- &#02!5# 8y$o 9>. E"#% !25!o% fo& #(0! (u 8# %o#$ f %o 0&##% % # o&-%!2,

#&#fo&# you (u )&# italics mine/my em!hasis !f#& # &#f#&#%5# $!!.

A%y o#& 0&!55# % # u# of o#& 0#o02#+ )o&$ !%$ $#! % o%#+ o)% )&%-, .#.

f!2u&# o o8#&"# # !8o"#=(#%o%#$ &u2# 5o%u# 02!-!&(.

To #%$ #o%, #&# )! Jo!% L#8 )&# !8ou # u# of 02!-!&(4

'P2!-!&( # #f !%$ 0&##%!o% of !%o#&+ )o&$ o& $#! ! o%#+

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o)%, # u%!5*%o)2#$-#$ u# of (!#&!2 f&o( !%o#& ou&5#. Of 5ou&# f!5 !%$

$#! )5 !&# 5o((o% *%o)2#$-# !&# %o # 0&o0#&y of !%y )&#&, #"#% ou- #

o& # ! )&#% !8ou #(, !%$ u you (!y 0&##% (!#&!2 ! 5o((o%

*%o)2#$-# 9#.-. ! # F&#%5 &#"o2uo% 8#-!% % 1:> )ou )o&&y%- !8ou

$o5u(#%!o%. Bu you (u -"# 5&#$ 9&ou- fo&(!2 o& %fo&(!2 $o5u(#%!o%>fo& !%y $#! %o 5o%$#&#$ 5o((o% *%o)2#$-# )5 you !*# f&o( ! ou&5# #"#%

ou- you !"# $#"#2o0#$ # $#! o% you& o)% u5 ! %o 2o%-#& &#5o-%!82#

! # $#! of !%o#&. A2o, you (u !5*%o)2#$-# you %$#8#$%# o !% !uo& f

!"# 8o&&o)#$ !%y )o&$%- o& 0&!#o2o-y, &#-!&$2# of # $#! 8#%- &#!#$ 9#.-.

you )ou2$ %##$ ! foo%o# f you u#$ !22 o& 0!& of !% !uo&+ #%#%5# u5 ! #

fo22o)%-4 T# u((#& of 1: 0&#50!#$ ! f&-#%%- !%$ 5!5o0o%ou u(u2

5!22#$ # F&#%5 R#"o2uo%.>.

B2!!% 02!-!&( "#)#$ ! ! #&ou 8&#!5 of !5!$#(5 #5, o% ! 0!& )5#!%- o% #!(%!o%. So(#(# u$#% -# %o &ou82# 8y u%- $#! f&o( !

8oo* o& !&52# o 8o2#& #& o)% $5uo% 8#5!u# #y $o%+ !"# o $o ! -oo$ 6o8

8y #(#2"# o& 8#5!u# #y f##2 %#5u&# !8ou #& $#!. A%$ #!y o 8&u

!$# # #&ou%# of # %f&!5o% 8#5!u# (!%y 0#o02# $o %o #3u!# 5o0y%- o(#

)o&$ f&o( ! 8oo* ) #!2%-. Bu #"#% ! 2(#$, 5!u!2 8o&&o)%- 5o%u#

02!-!&( !%$ 2*#2y o &!# $ou8 % # #0#&#%5#$ &#!$#&+ (%$ ! o #

u$#%+ !82y !%$ %#-&y. Mo&# ##%"# 02!-!&( 5ou2$ &#u2 % ! 2o of 5&#$

fo& # 0!0#& o& #"#% # #%&# 5ou&#.+

D. Jo!% L#8, SDL:OBERLIN.EDU

04//))).o8#&2%.#$u/=#%-2/)&%-/(2

9& Itro!'ci3/reporti3 a! co,,eti3 o other peop+e5$ i!ea$ i 2o'r"riti3 (fo++o" 'p)

ACTIVIT@ 14A # 8#-%%%- of SESSION you )o&*#$ o% &## #&!5 f&o( B!&o2o(!#

91:<> !%$ u#$ #( o 0&!55# %&o$u5%-/&#0o&%- !%$ 5o((#%%- o% o#&

0#o02#+ $#! % you& )&%-. No) you !"# ! 5!%5# o 5o(0!&# you& )&%- )

! of I"!%5 91::> 9## 5o(02## &#f#&#%5# ! # #%$ of #o%>. T# )o

#&!5 8#2o) $#(o%&!# o) I"!%5 %5o&0o&!# B!&o2o(!#+ $#! % #& )&%-

!%$ # )!y # %5o&0o&!# 3uo!o% % #& #.

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http://www.oberlin.edu/-english/writing/html




R#!$ # )o #&!5 !%$ 5o(0!&# #( ) you& )&%-. P&#0!&# o &#0o& o #

52!.

Etract 1

B!&o2o(!#, )2# %o u%- # #&( '%#&#u!2y+, %o& &#f#&&%- o B!*%, &#f#&&%- o # !(# 0#%o(#%o% )#% )&%- !8ou # )!y % )5 u$#% )&#&

!"# o '%"#% # u%"#&y+4

'T# u$#% ! o !00&o0&!# 9o& o 8# !00&o0&!#$ 8y> ! 0#5!2#$

$5ou&#, !%$ # 6atholomaes geneic !onoun !%$ # ! o $o ! ou- #

)#&# #!2y !%$ 5o(fo&!82y ! o%# ) !u$#%5#, ! ou- # )#&# ! (#(8#& of

# !5!$#(y o& !% o&!% o& !% !%&o0o2o- o& !% #5o%o(; # ! o %"#% #

u%"#&y 8y ((5*%- 2!%-u!-# )2# f%$%- o(# 5o(0&o(# 8#)##%

$oy%5&!y, ! 0#&o%!2 o&y, o% # o#& !%$, !%$ # &#3u&#(#% of 5o%"#%o%,

# o&y of ! $502%#, o% # o#&. H# (u 0#!* ou& 2!%-u!-#. O& # (u $!&# o0#!* o 5!&&y off # 82uff, %5# 0#!*%- !%$ )&%- )22 (o 5#&!%2y 8# &#3u&#$

2o%- 8#fo&# # *22 2#!&%#$ .' 9B!&o2o(!# 1:<41>

T !% %u"#2y !00#!2%- #02!%!o% fo& )y u$#% )&# ! #y $o, 0o%%-

ou ! u$#% !"# o !$o0 ! "o5# )5 #y $o %o y# o)%. Ho)#"#&,

B!&o2o(!# &#! # '&#3u&#(#% of 5o%"#%o%+ ! f #y )#&# %5o%#!82#, !%$

$o# %o #02o&# # 0o82y of u$#% 8&%-%- !2#&%!"# $5ou&# o #

!5!$#(y )5 (- #"#%u!22y !"# !% #ff#5 o% 5o%"#%o%. I% # &# of

8oo* I #02o&# )! '5o(0&o(# 8#)##% $oy%5&!y, ! 0#&o%!2 o&y, o% #

o%# !%$, !%$ # &#3u&#(#% of 5o%"#%o%, # o&y of ! $502%#, o% # o#&+

(#!% %o o%2y fo& (y 5o=&##!&5#&, 8u !2o fo& # %uo% of -#& #$u5!o%.

T&ou- u$# u5 ! ## 8#5o(%- %5&#!%-2y &#5o-%#$ ! 2#!&%#& )&#&

92*# !22 )&#&> !&# %o o (u5 2#!&%%- o 8# 5&#!"# ! 2#!&%%- o u# $5ou&#

)5 !2&#!$y # 5&#!"#2y. I%#&#u!2y 5o%&8u# o ! #o&y of )&#& $#%y

% )o )!y. A )&#&+ $#%y %o %$"$u!2 !%$ %#), 8u 5o%u#$ 8y #

$5ou&# /# !$o0. O% # o#& !%$, ! )&#&+ $#%y $##&(%#$ %o

5o(02##2y 8y o#& $5ou&#, 8u &!#& 8y # u%3u# )!y % )5 # $&!) o% !%$

5o(8%# #(.

Etract %

B!&o2o(!# 0&##% %#&#u!2y %o o%2y % #&( of !*%- o% # )o&$ of o#&,

8u !2o !*%- o% # &o2# of o#&. H# )&#4

'To 0#!* ) !uo&y u$#% )&#& !"# o 0#!* %o o%2y % !%o#&+ "o5# !%$

&ou- !%o#&+ 5o$#; !%$ #y %o o%2y !"# o $o , #y !"# o 0#!* % #

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"o5# !%$ &ou- # 5o$# of o# of u ) 0o)#& !%$ )$o(; !%$ #y %o o%2y

!"# o $o , #y !"# o $o 8#fo&# #y *%o) )! #y !&# $o%-.+ 91<>

!%$

'T#& %!2 0&o-&# )22 8# (!&*#$ 8y #& !82# o !*# o% # &o2# of 0&"2#-#,

8y #& !82# o #!82 !uo&y.+ 91?>

H# (!*%- # 0o% ! ! )&#&, )#% )&%- ) # $5ou&# of # 5o((u%y,

!*# o% # $#%y of ! (#(8#& of ! 5o((u%y. I% # 5!# of )&%- )% #

u%"#&y, ! # $#%y of ! 0#&o% ) !uo&y. T ! 5&u5!2 %-,

8#5!u# # o%# %- ! 5!&!5#&# (o of # )&#& I )o&*#$ ) )! ! #%#

of infeioity, ! 2!5* of 5o%f$#%5# % #(#2"#, ! #%# of 0o)#&2#%#, ! "#) of

#(#2"# ! 0#o02# )ou *%o)2#$-#, !%$ #%5# )ou !uo&y. Fo& o(#,

)! # 2#-!5y of ! )o&*%-=52! 8!5*-&ou%$. Fo& o#&, )! !o5!#$ ) !-# o&

-#%$#&; fo& !22, )! !o5!#$ ) 0&#"ou f!2u&# % # #$u5!o% y#( !%$ !%u%5#&!%y ! o )##& #y !$ # &- o 8# (#(8#& of # !5!$#(5 5o((u%y

! !22. O% # o#& !%$, #&# !&# o(# )o 8&%- !uo&y of $ff#&#% y0# %o #

!5!$#(5 %uo% f&o( $ff#&#% $o(!%, u5 ! 8u%#, 2o5!2 0o25 o&

0!&#%oo$4 !uo&y )5 of#% -o# u%&#5o-%#$ 8y # !5!$#(5 5o((u%y. I

!*# ## u# u0 ) #!(02# % C!0#& 1.

ACTIVIT@ ?4

Loo* ! # )o #&!5 !-!% !%$ !%)#& # fo22o)%- 3u#o%4

1. Ho) $o# I"!%5 9!% !5!$#(5 )&#&> 0&##%/&#f#& o # )o&* of o#& 9%

5!# B!&o2o(!#>7

?. Ho) $o# # $o 7

- 3uo!o%/0!&!0&!#/u((!&y7

- $#!2 !8ou )o&$%-, 2!you, #5.

97ou cant always tell e+actly what she has done, as you dont have the whole boo% to

efe to>

. A%y o8#&"!o% !8ou WHAT &#f#&&#$ o WHERE % # #&!57

. A%y o8#&"!o% !8ou HOW LON # 3uo!o%/0!&!0&!# !&#7

<. W! 2!%-u!-# $o# # u# o &#f#& o # )o&* of o#&7

@& Critica+ rea!i3 L i!etif2i3 the ,ai poit$ of the $o'rce ,ateria+$ for2o'r BA project$0 c+ai,($)< ar3',etatio< ei!ece< coc+'$io($)T #5o% of SESSION FOUR 2oo* ! &#!$%- ! ! 0u&0o#fu2 !5"y 9.#. &#!$%-

) ! '5&5!2 #y#+> #0#5!22y )#% (#!% o 8# # u00o& fo& # )&%- of you&

BA 0&o6#5. T# 5&5!2 &#!$%- of ou&5# (!#&!2 )22 8# of #20 )#% you u# #

$#! of o#& )&#& o% you& o05 !%$ % o $o%- you ou2$ 2oo* fo& # fo22o)%- %

you& &#!$%-4

!> The ,ajor claims( ,a!e i the *oo#/chapter/artic+e< if a2&

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W! you ou2$ 8# %#&##$ % #&# )! # !uo& )!% you, ! &#!$#&, o 8#2#"#

!8ou # 3u#o% !$$&##$, # u# &!#$ ! ! &#u2 of you& &#!$%- )o&*. @ou

(!y #0#5 o f%$ % # %&o$u5o% o& 5o%52uo% of ! 8oo*/5!0#& o& % #

!8&!5 of !% !&52# o& % !% o0#%%- 0!&!-&!0. Bu you %##$ o &#(#(8#& ! #

!uo& (!y (!*# 52!( ! # 8#-%%%- of )o&* !%$ #% (o$fy #( &ou- #!&-u(#% o ! # 5o%52uo% !&# o(#)! 9#"#% "#&y> $ff#&#%. No# !2o ! !

2o00y !uo& (!y (!*# 52!( ! -# fo&-o#% #&#!f#&.

8> The at're a! 6'a+it2 of a2 argumentation '$e! to $'*$tatiatea2 c+ai,($) ,a!e&

H#&# you ou2$ 2oo* ! )! # !uo& $o#, % /#& )&%-, o &y o 0#&u!$# you

o 8#2#"# % # 6u5# !%$ )$o( of o& #& 52!(. @ou (!y !2&#!$y !-&## )

# !uo&, !%y)!y, of 5ou&#, but this is not the point here at all* T# 0o% o

!%!2y# # &u5u&# 9%52u$%- # 2o-5 !%$ #"$#%5#> of # !uo&+ !&-u(#% !%$

#% $#5$# )##& # !uo& -"# you uff5#% &#!o% o 8#2#"# ( o& #&,)!#"#& you (!y !2&#!$y %* o% # u# % 3u#o%. No# ! 2o00y !uo& 9.#.

!2(o !22 of u, %52u$%- ou&#2"#> !&# 2*#2y o f!2 o !*# 0&o0#&2y %o !55ou% 9!%$

0&o0#&2y $0o# of> 0o82# 5ou%#&=!&-u(#% o #& 5o#% 0oo%.

5> The at're a! 6'a+it2 of evidence '$e! a$ part of a2 ar3',et to$'*$tatiate a2 c+ai,($) ,a!e&

P!& of # &u5u&# of !% !&-u(#% 2*#2y o 8# #"$#%5# 8&ou- fo&)!&$ % u00o&

of # !uo&+ 52!(9>. E"$#%5# 5ou2$ !*# ! "!&#y of fo&(, f&o( #0#&(#%!2f%$%- o '# )$o( of # !-#+ 9#.-. 3uo!o% f&o( !%5#% 02oo0#&>. W!

you, ! &#!$#&, ou2$ 2oo* fo& )##& # !uo& u# #"$#%5# % u00o& of !%y

52!( !%$ )##& #"$#%5# 5o%"%5%-. No# !2o ! #"$#%5# (!y )#22 8#

#%&#2y 5o%#% ) ! 52!(, 8u %o !5u!22y !%y 0&oof of "!2$y, 8#5!u# (!y

!2o 8# 5o%#% ) 3u# $ff#&#% 52!(. I !2o 3u# 5o((o% fo& !uo& o f!2

o #&ou2y 5o%$#& # !"!2!82# 5ou%#&=#"$#%5#.

$> The a+i!it2 of the coc+'$io$ !ra"

) itera+0 i re+atio$hip to the argumentation provided bythe book+chapter+article<

i) etera+0 i re+atio$hip to anything else you may already

know a*o't the topic&

No#, ! !8o"#, ! % # 5o%52uo% o # 8oo*/5!0#&/!&52# ! you ou2$

!"# 8##% !82# o f%$ # $#f%"# !#(#% of # !uo&+ (!6o& 52!( % # f&

02!5#, 8u #/# (!y !"# !#$ o(# 52!( ! # 8#-%%%- !%$ #% (o$f#$ #(

?



% # !&-u(#% off#&#$ &ou-ou # )o&* !%$ u off#& 5o%52uo% ! $o %o

(!5 # o&-%!2 52!( (!$#

No# ! % &#0o%# o > you )22 %o 8# #0#5#$ o *%o) #"#&y%- #&# o

*%o), 8u #&# (!y 8# %- you $o !2&#!$y *%o) 9)ou !"%- o $o ! 2o of #&!

&#!$%-> ! you 5!% 8&%- % ! !-#.

HOMEWORK4

o 8!5* o o%# of # (!#&!2 you !"# &#!$ fo& you& BA 0&o6#5 !%$ !%!2y# %

#&( of 0o% ? % S#o%. P&#0!&# o 0#!* !8ou % SESSION FIVE.

REFERENCES4

Bartho+o,ae< D& 91:<>. I%"#%%- # U%"#&y. I% M. Ro# 9#$.>, 8hen a 8ite

"ant 8ite- N#) @o&*. u2fo&$

Iaic< R& 91::>. 8iting and Identity9 The :iscousal "onstuction of Identity in Academic 8iting- A(#&$!(. B#%6!(%

?ei*< J& SDL:OBERLIN.EDU

04//))).o8#&2%.#$u/=#%-2/)&%-/(2

?






SESSION :IFETHE LITERATURE REVIEW

T# (!% 0o% of #o% !&#4

1& What i$ a +iterat're reie"-%& A 4critica+ reie"5 characteri$tic$& Ma#i3 2o'r oice hear!9& So,e aca!e,ic !i$co'r$e coetio$

1& What i$ a +iterat're reie"-I% SESSION FOUR you fo5u#$ o% # 5&5!2 &#!$%- of # ou&5# (!#&!2 fo& you&

BA 0&o6#5. T !5"y (!#&!2#$ % &#!$%- %o#, of 5ou&#, # f !-# % # 0&o$u5o% of # 2#&!u&# &#"#) % you& 0&o6#5.

S!&%- f&o( # !u(0o% ! #&# % %o o%# -oo$ )!y % )5 ! &#"#) of

2#&!u&# ou2$ 8# $o%# )# 5ou2$ o)#"#& !#(0 o $#f%# # 5o%5#0 !%$ 2oo* !

o) H!& 91::> 9## #%$ of #o% fo& fu22 &#f#&#%5#> "#) 0#5# of )&%-4

'I%!22y )# 5!% !y ! ! &#"#) of # 2#&!u&# (0o&!% 8#5!u# )ou you

)22 %o !53u&# !% u%$#&!%$%- of you& o05, of )! ! !2&#!$y 8##% $o%# o% ,

o) ! 8##% &##!&5#$, !%$ )! # *#y u# !&#. I% you& )&#% 0&o6#5 you )22

8# #0#5#$ o o) ! you u%$#&!%$ 0&#"ou &##!&5 o% you& o05. T !(ou%

o o)%- ! you !"# u%$#&oo$ # (!% #o&# % # u86#5 !&#! !%$ o) #y

!"# 8##% !002#$ !%$ $#"#2o0#$, ! )#22 ! # (!% 5&5( ! !"# 8##% (!$# of

)o&* o% # o05. T# &#"#) #&#fo&# 0!& of you& !5!$#(5 $#"#2o0(#% of

8#5o(%- !% #0#& % # f#2$.+ 90!-# 1>

T# fo22o)%- 3uo!o%, !2o f&o( H!& 91::>, 2oo* ! # -oo$ !%$ 8!$ 0o% % !

2#&!u&# &#"#)4

'U%$#&!*%- ! &#"#) of ! 8o$y of 2#&!u&# of#% ##% ! o(#%- o8"ou !%$ !

! !* #!2y $o%#. I% 0&!55#, !2ou- 9> u$#% $o 0&o$u5# &#"#) of #

2#&!u&#, # 3u!2y of ## "!&# 5o%$#&!82y. M!%y &#"#), % f!5, !&# o%2y$-u#$ !%%o!#$ 882o-&!0# .#. 0oo& '5o0y !%$ 0!#+ 6o8. Qu!2y (#!%

!00&o0&!# 8&#!$ !%$ $#0, &-ou& !%$ 5o%#%5y, 52!&y !%$ 8&#"y, !%$ #ff#5"#

!%!2y !%$ y%#; % o#& )o&$, # u# of # $#! % # 2#&!u&# o 6ufy #

0!&5u2!& !00&o!5 o # o05, # #2#5o% of (#o$, !%$ $#(o%&!o% !

&##!&5 .#. you& )o&* 5o%&8u# o(#%- %#). Poo& &#"#) of ! o05 2#&!u&#

5!%%o !2)!y 8# 82!(#$ o% # u$#% 9>. I %o %#5#!&2y #& f!u2 o& ! f!2%-

% #& !82y4 0oo& 2#&!u&# &#"#) 5!% of#% 8# # f!u2 of o# )o 0&o"$# #

#$u5!o% !%$ &!%%- % &##!&5.+ 90!-# 1=?>

?:



ACTIVIT@4

R#!$ # )o #&!5 f&o( H!& !-!% !%$, % -&ou0, $5u !%$ #% (!*# %o#

u%$#& # fo22o)%- #!$%-4

!> '$#f%o%+ of ! 2#&!u&# &#"#)

8> '$o !%$ $o%++ % ! 2#&!u&# &#"#)

%& A 4critica+ reie"5 characteri$tic$I 52#!& ! ! 2o of (# !%$ ou- %##$ 8# -"#% o # 2#&!u&# &#"#), % #&(

of 8o 5o%#% !%$ # $#(!%$ of !5!$#(5 )&%-.

B#2o) !&# o(# u--#o% ! o o) you& &#"#) 5ou2$ 8# $#"#2o0#$. O8"ou2y, %o

!22 ## )22 !002y o #"#&yo%#, 8u #y !&# %- ! (- 8# #20fu2 o #"#&!2

0#o02#, ! 2#!4

!> $#5&8# # 8oo*/5!0#&/!&52# you !&# &#"#)%-, % #&( of

5o%5#0 o& #o&y, &##!&5 3u#o%, !00&o!5, (#o$o2o-y, !%!2y, f%$%- !%$

%#&0&#!o% o f%$%-. T#&# %o #5!0%- %##$ o 8# '&#!$#&=f&#%$2y+ #

(0!5 of !%y 6u$-#(#% you (!*# )22 8# 2o f u%52#!& )! #y &#f#& o.

8> '-"# 5&#$ )#&# 5&#$ $u#+4 you (!y %o 2*# #

8oo*/5!0#&/!&52# you !&# &#"#)%-, 8u 0&#u(!82# o(#o%# % # f#2$ ou-

#&# )! )o&)2# !8ou . A%y 5&5( you !"# !&# 2*#2y o (o&# "!2$y f you

!&# ##% o 8# !82# o &#5o-%# 0o"# 0o% oo. E"#% f you !"# (!%y &##&"!o%

!8ou )! you !&# &#"#)%-, you (!y 22 !-&## ) # )&#&, fo& #!(02# ! #

o05 (0o&!%4 0#&!0 8#5!u# 0!&2y f22 ! -!0 % # 2#&!u&#, o& ! # u$y

(0o&!% %5# &y%- o &#025!# !%o#& % ! $ff#&#% 5o%#, o ## f #

f%$%- !&# 5o(0!&!82#.5> 8# 5o%&u5"#2y 5&5!24 #"#% f you !&# u%f!(2!& ) # &##!&5

!&#! !%$ # (#o$o2o-y, you !&# 22 % ! 0oo% o #"!2u!# 9> # (!6o& 52!( %

# 8oo*/5!0#&/!&52#, f !%y, 9> # %!u&# !%$ 3u!2y of # !&-u(#%!o%, 9> #

%!u&# !%$ 3u!2y of # #"$#%5# !%$ 9"> # 5o%52uo% 9> # !uo& $&!).

If )! you &#!$ ! f& ##( !2o-##& 'u%o86#5o%!82#+, 5o%$#& %o 6u )! you

%* (0o&!% 8u !2o )! ! %o 8##% !$, !%$ !2o #(0!4 ! o(#%-

8##% %52u$#$ 8u (0o&!%5# #!--#&!#$, o& u%$#&02!y#$, fo& #!(02#7



The ,ai 4crafti3 $#i++5 i "riti3 a critica+ reie" i$ to ite3rate the$e three& Ior!er to !o *) a! c) $'cce$$f'++2< 2o' ee! to e3a3e i the aca!e,ic !i$co'r$epractice of making your voice heard*

& Ma#i3 2o'r oice hear!C2#!&2y, '-"%- 5&#$ )#&# 5&#$ $u#+ !%$ '5o%&u5"#2y 5&5%-+, (#!% 0u%-

you&#2f %o # #. T '$5ou&# 0&!55#+ 2*#2y o 8# o(#%- $o%# (o&# %

o(# 5o%# !% o#&; !2o o(#%- %$"$u!2 )% # !(# 5o%# )22

"!&y % ! &#-!&$ # ##% #y f##2 5o(fo&!82# ) !%$ )# !22 8# $5u%-

oo%. If you !55#0 ! you& "o5# ! 2#-(!#2y !5!$#(5 o%# !%$, o (y

(%$, ! #0#&#%5#$ u%"#&y u%$#&-&!$u!#, ) ! )#!2 of &#!$%- !%$ )&%-

#0#&#%5# o $&!) o%, you !"# #"#&y &- o $o #% # u# of 'I+

5o&&#0o%$%-2y %o o%2y !00&o0&!#, 8u (0o&!%. I )ou2$ u--# ! ! &#!$#& 2*#2y o )!% o *%o) %o o%2y )#&# you !%$, 8u !2o o ## you !*# &#0o%82y

fo& you& !%5#.

9& So,e aca!e,ic !i$co'r$e coetio$< or 4Tip$ for aca!e,ic "riter$59!> I% you& 2#&!u&# &#"#), (!*# 52#!& )#&# !22 # $#! !%$ 52!( 5!(#

f&o(4

#.-. 'Hu5%o% !%$ To&&# 91:<> 52!( ! .+

'A E22 91::> !y % +

'I% (y o)% #0#&#%5# ! ! +

Do %o 2#!"# # &#!$#& f##2%- ! !% $#! ! (02y f!22#% f&o( # *y.

98> M!*# u&# ! 52#!& o) #!5 0!&!-&!0 &#2!# o # )o2# of ! #5o%,

o) #!5 #5o% &#2!# o # )o2# of ! 5!0#& !%$ o) # 5!0#& &#2!# o #

o05 of you& BA 0&o6#5. A%$ !-!%, (!*# u&# ! !22 # 5o(0o%#% of # 0&o6#5

! ! &o2# o 02!y % # #%#(82#. A2)!y !* you&#2"#4 'Ho)

#%#%5#/0!&!-&!0/#5o%/5!0#& &#2#"!%7 A%$, 8# 0&#0!&#$ o u# # 'D#2##+ *#y

95> If you 5!%, $o %o (02y %&o$u5# ! 3uo!o%, 9(o of you $o "#&y )#22>, 8u 5o((#% o% oo.

9$> W#% you !&# #"!2u!%- %#-!"#2y o(#%- # )&#& ! !$, 3uo# #

)&#&+ !5u!2 )o&$ o#&)# you &u% # &* of # &#!$#& %*%- you (- 8#

#!--#&!%-, o& 8#%- #2#5"#, o& (02y !"# (%#&0&##$ # )&#&. T )22 2#%$

you& 5&5( (o&# 5o%"5o% !%$ %#&#. I )22 !2o !22o) # &#!$#& o #"!2u!#

you& #"!2u!o%. A%$, 0#&!0 (o (0o&!%2y, )22 (!*# you %* 0!&5u2!&2y

5!&#fu22y !8ou # "!2$y of you& 5&5(.

1



9#> I% &#2!o% o # !8o"#, # (o&# 0#5f5 #!(02# !%$ 0#5f5 3uo!o%

you 5!% -"#, # 8##& 9)% 2(, of 5ou&#>; ## (!*# you& )&%- ""$ !%$

%#&#%-.

ACTIVIT@4W #5o% !%$ % (%$, )o&* % -&ou0 !%$ #22 you& 0!&%#& )5 of # !8o"#

you !"# $o%#/!&# 5u&&#%2y $o%-. P&#0!&# o &#0o& o # 52!.

REFERENCE4

Hart< C& 91::>. :oing a Liteatue $eview. Lo%$o%4 S!-# Pu825!o%

?




SESSION SIWRITIN THE LITERATURE REVIEW

Af#& !"%- 2oo*#$ ! -#%#&!2 0o% !8ou # 2#&!u&# &#"#), #o% %&o$u5#

you o !5u!2 )&%-.

T# (!% 0o% of #o% !&#;

1& Or3ai$i3 a! epre$$i3 i!ea$%& Writi3 the reie"& Fi!eo $e$$io

1& Or3ai$i3 a! epre$$i3 i!ea$O%5# you !"# $#%f#$, &#!$ !%$ (!$# %o# f&o( # (o &#2#"!% #( of

2#&!u&# fo& you& o)% o05 you !&# % ! 0oo% o )&# you& 2#&!u&# &#"#). Su5

oo2 ! !%!2y, y%# !%$ 5o(0!&o% (- 8# # o%# you %##$ % o&$#& o )&#

! u55#fu2 2#&!u&# &#"#).

(a) Aa+2$i$ a! $2the$i$ACTIVIT@4

T# fo22o)%- #&!5 f&o( H!& 91::> $#f%#, % -#%#&!2 #&(, )! # u%$#&!%$

8y !%!2y !%$ y%# ! 8!5 0&o5#$u&# fo& # )&%- of ! &#"#) of 2#&!u&# !

0!& of ! 0&o6#5 (2!& o # o%# you !&# u00o#$ o )&#. R#!$ #( 5!&#fu22y !%$

#% %* of you& o)% )o&* % #&( of $#!. M!*# %o# !8ou o) you !"#

u#$/!&# u%- ## )o oo2 % you& )&%- !%$ 0&#0!&# o &#0o& o # 52!.

Etract 1'A%!2y # 6o8 of y#(!5!22y 8&#!*%- $o)% o(#%- %o 5o%u#% 0!&

!%$ $#5&8%- o) #y &#2!# o #!5 o#& %o ! &!%$o( $#5o% 8u !

(#o$o2o-5!2 #!(%!o%. T#&# ! $#-&## of #02o&!o% % !%!2y. @ou 5!% 02!y

!&ou%$ ) # 0!&, &#!&&!%-%- #( % "!&ou 5o%f-u&!o% o #02o&# 0o82#

2#!$. @ou ou2$ %o 8# !f&!$ o &y %- ou 0u&#2y o ## o) #y f o-##&. N#"#&#2#, )#% 5o(# o !%!2y%- #"#&!2 #(, u5 ! ! 8!5 of !&52#, you

ou2$ !#(0 o 8# y#(!5, &-o&ou !%$ 5o%#%. If ! &!%-# of !&-u(#%

8#%- !%!2y#$, you )22 %##$ o #025!# # 52!(, $!! !%$ )!&&!% fo& #!5

!&-u(#%. I% )!y, # $#%f5!o% of # %$"$u!2 !%$ (2!& #2#(#% % !

&!%-# of #( 5!% 8# 5o(0!&#$ !%$ 5o%&!#$.+90!-# 11>



Etract %'Sy%#, 9>, # !5 of (!*%- 5o%%#5o% 8#)##% # 0!& $#%f#$ % #

!%!2y. I %o (02y ! (!#& of &#!#(82%- # 0!& 8!5* %o # o&-%!2 o&$#&,

8u 2oo*%- fo& ! %#) o&$#&. I !8ou &#5!%- # %fo&(!o% %o ! %#) o& $ff#&#%

!&&!%-#(#%. T! !&&!%-#(#% ou2$ o) 5o%%#5o% !%$ 0!#&% ! !"# %o 8##% 0&o$u5#$ 0&#"ou2y.+ 98$.>

(*) Co,pari$oACTIVIT@4

I% ## )o #&!5 f&o( H!& 91::> you )22 f%$ "#) o% # u# of 5o(0!&o%

% # &#"#) of 2#&!u&#. R#!$ 5!&#fu22y !%$ 0&#0!&# o 0#!* !8ou f !%$ o) you

!"# u#$ 5o(0!&o% % you& )&%-, f ! !22.

Etract 1'A 5o((o% 0&!55# % # o5!2 5#%5# o (!*# 5o(0!&o% 8#)##% # )o&*

!%$ $#! of $ff#&#% !uo&. T uu!22y %"o2"# f%$%- 5o((o% 0o% of %#&#

8#)##%, !y, $#f%o% of (!% 5o%5#0, *%$ of $!! 5o22#5#$ !%$ # %#&0&#!o%

of f%$%-. T# 0&!55# 5!% 8# u#fu2 % $#%fy%- 5o((o% !&#! of %#&# !%$

$ff#&%- 0oo% o% (2!& o05 !&#!. 9> T# 0o% o %o#, o)#"#&, !

5o(0!&%- #o& ! %#&#% $ff5u2#, (!%2y o $o ) # #2#5o% of 5&#&!

o& 0o% of &#f#&#%5# ! !&# "!2$ !%$ 5o(0!&!82#.+ 90!-# 11>

Etract %'No !22 %- 5!% 8# 5o(0!&#$ ) o#& %-. A%y %u(8#& of 0#%o(#%!

8#2o%-%- o # !(# f!(2y of %- 9> 5!% uu!22y 8# !%!2y#$ % 5o(0!&!"#

f&!(#)o&*, 8u &!&#2y 5!% !22 # #2#(#% % o%# 0#%o(#%o% 8# 5o(0!&#$ o o# of

!%o#& ) #3u"!2#% $#-&## of (2!&y !%$ $ff#&#%5#. T#&# )22 8# 5#&!%

#2#(#% % o%# 0#%o(#%o% %o 0&##% % o#& !%$ "5# "#&!. S#2#5"y, #&#fo&#,

##%!2 o !%y u55#fu2 5o(0!&!"# !%!2y.

O%# of # &#3u&#(#% of #2#5o% ! 5o5# (!$# %##$ o 8# 52#!&, #025 !%$

6uf#$, 8#5!u# # 5o5# of )5 #2#(#% o 5o(0!&# (- !ff#5 # $#-&## o

)5 # &#!$#& !-&## ) # !%!2y. T# $#!2 &#3u&#$ fo& ! 6uf5!o% 9.#.!&-u(#%> $#0#%$ o% # !u$#%5# !%$ # $#-&## of %o"#2y of # 5o(0!&o%. T!*%-

!55ou% of, !%$ )&%- fo&, ! 0!&5u2!& y0o#5!2 &#!$#&0 (0o&!%. W#%

#%- ou o% # !%!2y you %##$ o !"# % (%$ 6u )! y0# of 0#&o% )22 &#!$

# &##!&5 &#0o&. T&y o %* !8ou # 2#"#2 of *%o)2#$-# you 5!% &#!o%!82y #0#5

f&o( you& 0o#%!2 &#!$#&. S(2!&2y, # (o&# %o"#2 o& &!$5!2 # 5o(0!&o%, #

-&#!#& # %##$ fo& $#!2#$ #025!o%. Co%"#&#2y, # (o&# f!(2!& # 5o(0!&o%,

# 2# )22 8# # %##$ fo& #025!o%.+ 90!-# 1?>



%& Writi3 the reie"(a) Ma#i3 a p+a

W# !2*#$ !8ou 02!%%%- % SESSION ONE, % #o% )# 2oo* ! u5 u# ! 9>

$#f%%- you& 0u&0o# !%$ 9> 5oo%- !% !00&o0&!# &u5u&# fo& you& !&-u(#%.

i( ,efining your purposeT )#% you 52!&fy you& 0u&0o# % #&( of )! you !&# !(%- o !5#"#. T

%##$ o 8# ! 52#!& !#(#% ! #0&##$ % %o (o&# !% ! f#) o& #%#%5#. I

5!% #20 f you )&# $o)% # !( of # &#"#) !%$ %52u$# #( % # %&o$u5o%

o # &#"#) 5!0#&. T# !( !&# #&#fo&# # (!% &#f#&#%5# 0o% fo& # &#"#).

T# 5o%#% of # &#"#) ou2$ &#!2# o# !( % ! )!y ! 52#!&, y#(!5 !%$

$&#5. To $o you %##$ o %* !8ou # !&&!%-#(#% of # 5!0#&, !%$ % !

(o(#% )# 2oo* ! &## 0o82# !&&!%-#(#%. A !-#, o)#"#&, &#(#(8#& !

you& %o# %##$ o 8# o&-!%#$ % ! )!y ! !$$&## you& !(. T&y o !&&!%-# you&

(!#&!2 %o &## 8!5 82o5* 9#!5 ) ! (!%y u8#5o% ! you f##2 !&#%#5#!&y>4

• Summay of e+isting wo% on the to!ic- T %52u$# # $ff#&#% )!y %

)5 # o05 ! 8##% u$#$ !%$ # u# $ff#&#% !uo& !"# -2-#$ ! !

&#u2 of #& )o&*. I$#%fy # $ff#&#% )!y *#y #&( !%$ 5o%5#0 !"# 8##%

$#f%#$ o& u#$.

• "itical evaluation of !evious wo%- A# # (#o$o2o-# !%$ (#o$

! !"# 8##% #(02oy#$ 0&#"ou2y o u$y # o05 !%$ #"!2u!# # &#2!"#

&#%- !%$ )#!*%## of # 2#&!u&#. T# *#y %- % 82o5* o (!*# "82#

# (!0 of (#o$o2o-5!2 !u(0o% % # 2#&!u&#.• Some geneal and s!ecific conclusions about wo% done to date on the to!ic-

#%#&!2 5o%52uo% 5!% 8# !8ou # o"#&!22 $&#5o% of )o&* o% # o05 % &#2!o%

o #!&2#& (o&# fou%$!o%!2 )o&*. S0#5f5 5o%52uo% !&# !8ou $#%fy%- -!0,

f!22!5# 9)#!*%# % o(#o%#+ !&-u(#% o& $#!> !%$ f!2u&# % 0&#"ou )o&* %

o&$#& o o) # 2#-(!5y of you& o)% )o&*.

ii( -hoosing an appropriate structure for your argument

If you !"# ! &u5u&# ! you 5!% )o&* ), #% you !"# ! !&%- 0o% o

8#-% )&%-. T#&# !&# ! %u(8#& of 0o82# &u5u&# ! you 5!% u#. T# !82#

8#2o) o) &## of #(. E2#(#% 5!% 8# !*#% f&o( #!5 of ## &u5u&#.

Ho)#"#&, f, fo& %!%5#, you !&# (!*%- &#5o((#%$!o% #% % !22 5!# you %##$

o #02!% # 8#%#f of o# &#5o((#%$!o%. T # (o 0o0u2!& !&&!%-#(#%

fo& )&%- ! &#5o((#%$!o%4

• $#5&8# )! )&o%-; )! # 0&o82#( ;

• (!*# ! 0&o0o!2 o o2"# # 0&o82#(;

• #!(%# # 8#%#f ! )ou2$ &#u2 f # 0&o0o!2 )#&# !$o0#$;

• !5*%o)2#$-# !%$ &#fu# 90&o"# ! ! !#(#% o& $#! %o 5o&&#5> !%y

0o82# o86#5o% o # 0&o0o!2.

<



&ossible stuctues fo you agument

Pro*+e,La"aree$$ patter($',,atie ea+'atio)

Ca'$e a! effect patter(aa+2tica+ ea+'atio)

Po$$i*+e $o+'tio patter(for,atie ea+'atio)

D#5&8# # %!u&# of #

0&o82#(; -"# #!(02# of # 0&o82#( o)%- ##%; off#&

#"$#%5# ! # 0&o82#( #;

$#"#2o0 ! $#f%o% of # 0&o82#(.

So) # &#2#"!%5# of #

0&o82#( o # &#!$#&4 0&o"$#

0#5f5 #"$#%5# /!&-u(#% of

%#-!"# #ff#5.

E02!% # 5o%#3u#%5# f

%o%- $o%# o& f 5u&&#% !#5o%%u#4 0&o"$# #"$#%5# of

#ff#5/5u&&#% 0&!55#; u((!&#

# 0&o82#( u!o%.

Ou2%# # 0!&!(##& of

# 0&o82#( 9$#f%o%!2 !&-u(#%>

Ou2%# !% !00&o!5

9&#5o((#%$!o%> fo& !5*2%- #

0&o82#( u!o%.

E!82 # ##%5# of

# 0&o82#( 90&o82#( !)!&#%#>4 0&o0o# 0o82# 5!u# of #

0&o82#(; o) # (!% f!5o&

u%$#&0%%%- # 0&o0o#$ 5!u#.

C2!&fy !%y 5o%fu%- !&#!4

#2(%!# !%y (0&o8!82#, &&#2#"!%

5!u#/$#f%o%; 0&o"$# #"$#%5#

fo& 5!u#/$#f%o% #2(%!#$.

Fo5u !#%o% o% 0&o0o#$

5!u#/$#f%o%4 0&o"$# #"$#%5#fo& 0&o0o#$ 5!u#/$#f%o%;

u((!&# # !&-u(#%.

Su--# 5ou&#

9&#5o((#%$!o%> of !5o% o $#!2

) # 0&o82#(.

Co%$#& $#f%o% !%$

o2uo% !2&#!$y &#$4 -"# &#2#"!%#!(02# of o2uo% &#$; o)

)y #y f!2#$ o& )#&# %!$#3u!#;

o) f!5o& 5!u%- f!2u&#; 0&o"$#

#"$#%5# of f!5o&.

Co%$#& 0o82#

!2#&%!"#4 $%-u 8#)##%

!2#&%!"#; 0&o"$# u((!&y of

0o82# #ff#5 of !2#&%!"#; (!*#

! 5o5# f&o( !2#&%!"# 8y#2(%!o%; 0&o"$# #"$#%5# fo&

#2(%!o% !%$ 5o5#.

Su((!&# # 0&o82#(,

o2uo% &#$ !%$ )y #y f!2#$

!%$ -"# &#5o((#%$!o% fo&

!2#&%!"# !00&o!5#.



(*) Thi#i3 a*o't the ee!$ of the rea!erA u#fu2 #5%3u# #&# o !* you&#2"# ! %u(8#& of 3u#o%, 5!22#$ # )&#&+

3u#o%. T# $#! ! f you !&# !)!&# of )o )22 &#!$ you& )o&* !%$ )! #y

)22 %##$ o *%o) #% you 5!% )o&* o)!&$ 0&o$u5%- )o&* ! u#$ o you&

&#!$#&. T# *%$ of 3u#o% o %* !8ou !&#4• Ho) (u5 *%o)2#$-# 5!% )# !u(# # &#!$#& )22 !"#7

• W! )22 # &#!$#& )!% o *%o)7

• Ho) )22 #y &#!$ (y 0&o6#54

• W! *%$ of !%)#& o 0o82# 3u#o% )22 I %##$ o 0&o"$#7

(c) E!iti3 2o'r !raftT# 2 8#2o) )22 #20 you o $o o(# #$%- ! %#5#!&y !* ! )22 (0&o"#

)! you !"# )&#%, #20%- o (!*# 52#!&, (02# !%$ 5o%#%.

1. I$#%fy u%52#!& o& #5#"#2y 2o%- #%#%5# !%$ &#)&# %o o&#& o%#.

?. E!(%# #!5 0!&!-&!0 o #%u&# 5o"#& o%2y o%# o05.

. S## f !%y 0!&!-&!0 5!% 8# &#)&#% o 8# (o&# #ff#5"#

. L # o05 fo& #!5 0!&!-&!0 o #%u&# ! you !"# 2%* 8#)##%

#( ! !&# #3u#%!2.

<. R#02!5# 6!&-o% ) ##& !% #"#&y$!y )o&$ o& #02!% # (#!%%- of

# 6!&-o%.

. Loo* fo& u%%#5#!&y !$6#5"# !%$ $#2## "!-u# 3u!2f5!o% u5 !

'"#&y+.. Loo* ! # !%!2o-# !%$ (#!0o& you !"# u#$ !%$ 5#5* ! #y

!&# !00&o0&!#

. Loo* fo& 0o(0ou !%$ u%%#5#!&2y 2o%- )o&$ !%$ &#02!5# #( )

(02#& , (o&# #%82# )o&$.

T#&# !&# ! %u(8#& of 0&##%!o%!2 $#"5# ! (!y #20 !%$ o(# )5 you ou2$

!"o$, % o&$#& o -"# (o&# 5o#&#%5# o you& )o&*; #!(02# !&# o)% % # 2

8#2o)4

• Sentences E0&# o%# $#! % ! #%#%5#. E%u&# ! !22 you&

#%#%5# !"# ! u86#5, "#&8 !%$ o86#5.• &aaga!hs &ou0 #%#%5# ! #0&# !%$ $#"#2o0 o%# !0#5 of you&

o05. W#% !%o#& !0#5 of # o05 o& !%o#& o05 %&o$u5#$ u# ! %#)

0!&!-&!0.

• "onsistent gamma U# #%#%5# !%$ 0!&!-&!0 ) !00&o0&!# u# of

5o((!, 5o2o% !%$ #(=5o2o%. T o(#%- $ff5u2 o !5#"#, 8u 2oo* ou fo&

%5o&&#5 u# of 0u%5u!o% ! !ff#5 # (#!%%-.



• Tansition wods U# )o&$ ! 2%* 0!&!-&!0 !%$ )5 o)

5o%&! !%$ $#"#2o0(#% % you& !&-u(#%, u5 !, '#%5#+, '#&#fo&#+, '! ! &#u2+,

'8u+, 'u+, #5.

& FIDEO SESSIONT 0!& of SESSION SI fo5u# o% ! $5uo% of #"#&!2 !0#5 of # )&%- of

# 2#&!u&# &#"#) % ! PD $#&!o%/#. T (!y 8# ! '22# oo (u5+ fo& you

! u%$#&-&!$u!# )&%- ! BA 0&o6#5. Ho)#"#&, # '0&o82#(+ !00&o!5#$ 8y #

0#!*#& ##( o 3u# (2!& o # o%# you !&#/(!y 8# f!5%-.

T# 0#o02# )o !*# 0!& % $5uo% !&#4

J!y B!%#&6## # (o$#&!o& of # $5uo%, ! &##!&5 u$#% ! # (# # "$#o

)! (!$#.

I%#G ! &##!&5 u$#%.K!&#% ! &##!&5 u$#%.

D&. C!&o2%# C2!0!( = L!%5!#& U%"#&y, D#0!&(#% of L%-u5 !%$ (o$#&%

E%-2 L!%-u!-# f#2$ of &##!&54 #%-

D& RoG I"!%5 = L!%5!#& U%"#&y, D#0!&(#% of L%-u5 !%$ (o$#&% E%-2

L!%-u!-# f#2$ of &##!&54 2#&!5y, )&%-, !5!$#(5 )&%-

D& #&- M#y#& = L!%5!#& U%"#&y, D#0!&(#% of L%-u5 !%$ (o$#&% E%-2

L!%-u!-# f#2$ of &##!&54 $5ou&# !%!2y, 0&!-(!5

A # 8#-%%%- of # $5uo% J!y !%%ou%5# # )o 0#&0#5"# f&o( )5 #

2#&!u&# &#"#) o 8# 2oo*#$ !4

1. $o%- .#., # 0#&0#5"# of # )&#&

?. &#5#"%- .#., # 0#&0#5"# of # u0#&"o&/#!(%#&/&#!$#& of !

PD #

T# o#& f&!(#)o&* of # $5uo% ! of # fo22o)%- fou& !&#!4

1. # )&#& &#!$#& &#2!o%0

?. # u# of o) o u&"#y # f#2$/o05 o%# %#&##$ %

. o&-!%%- !%$ 0&##%%- # 2#&!u&# &#"#)

. # !ff#5"# $(#%o%4 )! -o# o% )#% you !&# % # 0&o5# of

!5u!22y $o%- 7ACTIVIT@4

I% o&$#& fo& you o 8# '!5"#+ 2#%#&, you !"# o o2"# ! !* )2# )!5%- #

"$#o !%$ !*# 0!& % # $5uo% o)!&$ # #%$ of # #o%. T# (!% !&#! of

# $5uo% 9% # "$#o> !%$ (o of # 3u#o% !*#$ 8y # (o$#&!o& !"#

8##% 2#$ % # %# 0!& of !%$ou. T )! you& !5"y )22 8# 9!> )2#

)!5%- # "$#o !%$ 98> !f#& !"%- )!5#$ 4

9!> u# # 0!5# 0&o"$#$ !f#& #!5 3u#o%, u%$#& # %!(# of #!5

0#!*#&



C!&o2%#4

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Area %4 # u# of o) o u&"#y # f#2$

J!y4 .'e$tio 94 Ho) $o you (!*# $#5o% !8ou )! you u&"#y7

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Area 0 o&-!%%- !%$ 0&##%%- # 2#&!u&# &#"#)

J!y4 .'e$tio @4 Ho) $o you o&-!%# # 2#&!u&# &#"#)4

I%#4

C!&o2%#4

K!&#%4

J!y4 .'e$tio 4 Ho) $o you $#5$# )! %##$ o 8# % !%$ )! %##$ o 8# 2# ou

of # 2#&!u&# &#"#)7

RoG4

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C!&o2%#4

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Area 94 # !ff#5"# $(#%o%

J!y4 .'e$tio 110 o) $o you $#!2 ) # u0 !%$ $o)% % you& )&%- of #

2#&!u&# &#"#)7C!&o2%#4

RoG4

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C!&o2%#4

J!y4 .'e$tio 1%4 Ho) $o# ! 2#!&%%- $!&y f % ) # )&%- of # 2#&!u&#

&#"#)7

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J!y4

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H#&# o%# 2! 3u#o% fo& you4

RoG !y # o%5# !*#$ o(# 0#o02# ! 3u#o% !8ou )&%-. W! )! #& 3u#o%

!%$ )! $$ o# 0#o02# !%)#&7

REFERENCE4

?



Hart< C& 91::>. :oing a Liteatue $eview. Lo%$o%4 S!-# Pu825!o%




SESSION SEFENWRITER IDENTIT@4 THE SELF AS AUTHOR; WRITIN THE ABSTRACT THE

INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION

T #o% 8!#$ (!%2y o% C2!&* !%$ I"!%5 91::> !%$ I"!%5 91::> 9## #%$ of

#o% fo& &#f#&#%5#> !%$ !( ! #20%- you fo5u o% # u# of you& $#%y !

)&#& !%$ # )!y % )5 you ou2$ (!*# #"$#% % you& )&%-. T# f%!2

#5o% of 2! #o% of # 5ou&# )22 o0#fu22y #20 you o 52!&fy 0&o82#(

&#2!#$ o # )&%- of # A8&!5, # I%&o$u5o% !%$ # Co%52uo% of you& BA

0&o6#5.

T# (!% 0o% of #o% !&#41& Writer i!etit2%& Aca!e,ic "riti3 characteri$tic$& A*$tract0 ,ai poit$ a! +e3th9& Itro!'ctio a! Coc+'$io0 the proce$$ a! the pro!'ct@& What ea,ier$ epect to rea! i Itro!'ctio$ a! Coc+'$io

1& Writer i!etit2ACTIVIT@4

I% f& !5"y you ou2$ f& &#!$ # #&!5 f&o( # !fo&#(#%o%#$ )&#&+

8oo* %$"$u!22y !%$ #%, % -&ou0, $5u !%$ (!*# %o# o% # (!% 0o% % #

#&!5 !%$ # )!y % )5 ## $#! 5!% 8# &!5#$ % you& )&%-, f ! !22. I% you&

$5uo% you (!y )!% o fo22o) ## 0o%4

1. Vo5# of # )&#&. Do you %* you& "o5# 5!% 8# '##%+ % you&

)&%-7 W! (!*# #"$#%7

?. V#)%- you&#2"# ! '!uo&+. Do/$$/!"#/ you f##2/f#2 # %##$ o

##& ! 0&##%5# % you& #7 Ho) $o you uu!22y -o !8ou 7

. To )! ##% !%$ )#&# % you& # $o you u# # f& 0#&o%4 I, (#,

(y7

Etract'T !0#5 of )&#& $#%y # #2f ! !uo& (o&# o $o ) )&#& !"%- #&

o)% "o5# % # #%# of 5o%#% !% fo&(. T# )&#&+ "o5# % #%#

(#!% #0&#%- #& o)% $#! !%$ 8#2#f. T )! 0#o02# uu!22y f& %* of

! )&#& $#%y+4 )##& # )&#& 0&##% % # )&%- ) ! &o%- !uo&!2

"o5# o& %o4 )##& /# saying o(#%-.

O%# 5o(0o%#% of # #2f ! !uo& # u# of o) !uo&!"# )&#& f##2 ! #y

)&#. M!%y )&#& !00&o!5 )&%-, 0!&5u2!&2y !5!$#(5 )&%-, )ou ! #%#



! # !"# !%y%- )o& !y%-. T#y $o %o ## ! #& 02!5# o !"# ! 0oo%

o !&-u# o& !% #0#&#%5# o& $#! )o& 5o((u%5!%- o o#&. V#)%- o%##2f ! !%

!uo&= f##2%- !uo&!"#, !%$ f##2%- # &- o ##& ! 0&##%5# % # #,

of#% &#2!#$ o # #%# of 0o)#& !%$ !u )&#& 8&%- ) #( f&o( #& 2f#=

o&y 9>.

T# o#& 5o(0o%#% of # #2f ! !uo& o), !%$ o) f!&, )&#& !00#!&

!uo&!"# 8y #!82%- !% !uo&!2 0&##%5# % #& #. 9> So(# )&#&, %

o(# y0# of )&%-, (!*# #& "o5# % #%# #!&$ (o&# !% o#&. W&#&

(!y 0u #(#2"# ! # 5#%&# of # )&%-, ##&%- 5o%&o2 o"#& !%$ #!82%-

! 0&##%5# )% . A # o#& #&#(# )&#& (!y &#2%3u 5o%&o2 of # u!o%

o o#&, %!(#$ !uo&#, o& o o(# !8&!5, (0#&o%!2 ou&5#, o& 0#&!0 o #

&#!$#&. Auo&!"#%# o(#(# 5o%$o%#$ !55#0 !%$ fo&-"# 8#!"ou& !

(o 0#o02# %* (o&!22y )&o%- 8y # 5u&&#%2y $o(%!% $5ou&# 5o%"#%o%,!%$ o(#(# %o. W&#& 5!% !55o((o$!# o o& &# # $#-&## of !uo&!"#%#

! !%5o%#$ 8y # 5o%"#%o% fo& ! 0!&5u2!& y0# of )&%-.

T# (o o8"ou y0# of !uo&!2 0&##%5#, #0#5!22y % !5!$#(5 )&%-, #

u# of # f& 0#&o%4 I, (#, (y. Bu ! o#& (!%f#!o% oo 9>. T#

o"#&!&5%- $#! ! )&#& $ff#& % o) (u5 #y f##2, !%$ !00#!& o 8# % 5o%&o2

of # !5 of )&%-4 o) (u5 #y f##2 #(#2"# o 8# %o 6u )&#& 8u !2o

!uo& ) # !uo&y o !y o(#%-.+ 90!-# 1<?=1<>

%& Aca!e,ic "riti3 characteri$tic$T #5o% 8!#$ o% ! 0#5# of &##!&5 !%$ #!(02# f&o( I"!%5 91::> 9## #%$

of #o% fo& 5o(02## &#f#&#%5#>. I (#!% o o) you o(# of # f#!u&# of

!5!$#(5 )&%- % o&$#& fo& you o 8# !82# o !*# #( %o !55ou% % you& o)%

)&%-.

a) ?eica+ !e$it2L#5!2 $#%y %&o$u5#$ 8y I"!%5 91::> % #&( of H!22$!y+ 91::> $#f%o%.

I #

'!"#&!-# %u(8#& of 2#5!2 )o&$ '(#!%%-=5!&&y%- )o&$+ u5 ! "#&8 !%$ %ou% 0#& 52!u#. T %"o2"# 5ou%%- 9!> # %u(8#& of 2#5!2 )o&$ % !% #&!5, !%$ 98>

# %u(8#& of 52!u# % , #% $"$%- 9!> 8y 98>. A% !"#&!-# of < o& !8o"# 5ou% !

- 2#5!2 $#%y, ! o%# (- #0#5 % (!%y !5!$#(5 !%$ 8u&#!u5&!5 #.+

90!-# ?>

T# #!(02# 8#2o), !-!% fo&( I"!%5 91::4?<>, !% #&!5 f&o( ! 0!0#& )&#% 8y

Jo%, ! u$#% of M#$5!2 E5 !%$ % # ! fou%$ 2#5!2 #( % 52!u#

) ! 2#5!2 $#%y of 1?. 9# #&!5 % italics ! % # o&-%!2>

<



*The agument that this would be encouaging !eo!le to ta%e dugs is stongly

outweighed by the fact that if we dont give !eo!le the chance to come into the health

sevice without chastising them in some way Aids will ;ust cay on to s!ead- If health

caes actually had to thin% about funding fo su!!lying uses with dugs as well as

needles they might actually stat to ma%e some !ogess in the fight against Aids in thedug use community-

*) Fer*$ (proce$$ t2pe$)T# "#&8 -#%#&!22y u#$ 8y !5!$#(5 )&#& !&#, % I"!%5+ o0%o% 91::4?>, of

)o y0#4 9!> '"#&8 )5 #0&# !# of !ff!&+ &#2!o%!2 0&o5##= %

H!22$!y+ #&( !%$ 98> '"#&8 )5 u--# !5o% 9)! H!22$!y 5!22 (!#&!2

0&o5##>+.

I% # #&!5 f&o( Jo%+ )&%-, I"!%5 $#%f# # fo22o)%- "#&8 u--#%-!5o%4 is outweighed, might stat to ma%e. T# 5o%&u5o% had to thin% 9% # !(#

#&!5> ou- o &#0&##% ! (#%!2 0&o5#.

To #%$ u8#5o%, (0o&!% o (#%o% ! I"!%5 5o%$#& ! !5!$#(5

)&#& $#f%# #(#2"# ! (#(8#& of # !5!$#(5 $5ou&# 5o((u%y 8y

'#& 5o5# of "#&8 )5 $#%fy%- #( ) # !5!$#(5

5o((u%y+ %#&# % # &#2!o%0 !(o%- #%# !%$ $#!, !%$

% %#22#5u!2 !5"y. A2ou- ## %#&# (!y 8# 8!#$ % #

2"#$ &#!2y of 0#o02#+ $!y=o=$!y 2"# !%$ !5o%, #y !&#

!8&!5#$ f&o( #(, !%$ #0&##$ % #&( of !# of !ff!& !%$

u%"#&!2 &u.+ 91::4?<>

c) No'$< o,ia+i;atio a! o,ia+ 3ro'p$A5!$#(5 )&%- 5!&!5#&#$ 8y # 0&#0o%$#&#% u# of !8&!5 !%$ %!%(!#

%ou% )5, I"!%5 91::4 ?> 0o, '-"# )&%- 9> 5!&!5#& of 8#%- !8ou

!8&!5, -#%#&!2#$ 5o%#%, o%# o& (o&# #0 &#(o"#$ f&o( !5u!2 #"#% % 0#o02#+

2"#.+

H#&# !&# # #!(02# f&o( Jo%+ )&%-4 agument, fact, health caes, funding, they

1< health caes), !ogess

No(%!2!o% !&# '%ou%y )!y of #0&#%- !% $#! )#&# ! "#&8y )!y )ou2$

8# 0o82#+ 98$.>. T#y '!22o) # )&#& o 5&!( $#! o-##&, o 0!5* #( %o

#!5 o#& 90!-# ?>. A%$ #&# !&# # #!(02# f&o( Jo%+ 0!0#&4 agument,

chastising, funding, su!!lying, !ogess, fight, use-

A fo& # %o(%!2 -&ou0, #&# )! I"!%5 91::4 ?> !#4

'A%o#& $5ou&# 5!&!5#&5 )5 !o5!#$ ) *%o)2#$-#=



5o(0!5%- 2o%- %o(%!2 -&ou0. No(%!2 -&ou0 !&# -&ou0 of

)o&$ )5 fu%5o% ! u86#5 o& o86#5, 5o%%- of ! #!$ %ou% 9> !%$ !22

!o5!#$ )o&$4 # !$6#5"#, 0&#0oo%!2 0&!# !%$, % o(# 5!#, #(8#$$#$

52!u# )5 (o$fy .+

H#&# ! 2o%- %o(%!2 -&ou0 f&o( Jo%+ # 9I"!%5 5ou%#$ ?: )o&$ % , of )51 !&# 2#5!2 )o&$>4 the fact that if we dont give !eo!le the chance to come into the

health sevice without chastising them in some way Aids will ;ust cay on to s!ead-

!) Te$e< ,oo! a! ,o!a+it2W#% 5o(# o # er* te$e (o !5!$#(5 # !&# )&#% % 0&##% #%#

)5, % I"!%5+ )o&$ 'fu%5o% o #0&# (#2# &u, !%$ 0oo% #& )&#&

! %#&##$ % u5 &u.+ 90!-# ?:>

T# ,oo! ! 5!&!5#&# !5!$#(5 )&%- # $#52!&!"# (oo$. A5!$#(5 #5o%!% f#) %#&&o-!"# !%$ %#-!"#.

T# #&( ,o!a+it2 ! o $o ) # u# (o$!2 "#&8 !%$ (o$!2 #3u"!2#% % o&$#&

o &#f&!% f&o( #0&#%- 5o(02## 5#&!%y % !5!$#(5 #. T ! o $o )

8o # (o$#y ! u&-# # !5!$#(5 )&#& o $ou8 ! /# o!22y &- !8ou

)!#"#& u# /# $5u# !%$ ) # 0o82y of o%#+ !&-u(#% 8#%-

5!22#%-#$ 8y o#& '5!(0o% of u%"#&!2 &u+.

To ##(02fy, I"!%5 0&##% 'Jo%+ would be encouaging 9> ! %o o)% "o5#,

8u ! of # u%%!(#$ 0#&o% o& 0#o02# )o 0u fo&)!&$ !&-u(#%.+ 98$> A%$ o%

0!-# ? # &#! 'Jo%+ might 9> ! 9> ! (o$!2 &#0&##%%- # )&#&+ o)%

#%!"#%#, u--#%- u%5#&!%y &!#& !% 8#%- % 5o%&o2 of f!5 !%$ &u.+

T# )!y I"!%5 5o%52u$# # #5o% o% (o$!2y -2y &#2#"!% fo& # (#!%%- of

#&(4

'# 0!#&% of (o$!2y !&# 0oo%%- # )&#& ! &#2!"#2y

5#&!% !%$ *%o)2#$-#!82#. I u--# ! ! f!&2y 0#&"!"# 5!&!5#&5 of

(#(8#& of # !5!$#(5 5o((u%y, o& ! !%y &!# ! 5!&!5#&5 )5 %#)

(#(8#& of # 5o((u%y %* #y ou2$ 8# $02!y%-. T of#%, o)#"#&, !# of (u%$#&!%$%- 8#)##% u$#% !%$ uo&, %# uo& of#% #0#5 (o&#

0&o"o%!2y % u$#% )&%-, 8u $o %o (!*# &#3u&#(#% #025.+ 90!-# ?>

e) ?ei$I% # (!#& of # u# of )o&$ % !5!$#(5 # o%# of # o8#&"!o% ! I"!%5

91::4?=?1> (!*# ! # 2!%-u!-# of # !5!$#(5 5o((u%y %52u$#, !(o%-

o#&, &!#5o=L!% )o&$, #5%5!2 )o&$ % # #%# ! #y 8#2o%- o 0!&5u2!&

$502%#, )o&$ !o5!#$ ) !&-u(#%!o%, $#f%%-, #"!2u!%-, !%$/o&



52!fy%- !%$ ! u5 )o&$ '5o%"#y !% (0&#o% ! )&#& *%o) )! #y

(#!% , !%$ ! #y 8#2o%- o # 5o((u%y of o# )o u# #( 5o(fo&!82y.+

H#&# !&# o(# )o&$ of &!#5o=L!% o&-% % Jo%+ #4 agument, fact, chastising,

!ogess-

& A*$tract0 ,ai poit$ a! +e3th

ACTIVIT@4

T #5o% of S#o% S#"#% %"o2"# you& #!(%%- of o(# !8&!5 9##

!00#%$> !%$ #% # 0&##%!o% of you& 'f%$%-+ !2o%- ## 2%#4

9!> I$#%fy # (!% 0o% % # !8&!5 % # !00#%$. Ho) (!%y !&# #y

9o% !% !"#&!-# 8!> !%$ )! #!52y !&# #y7

98> S(2!&# !%$ $ff#&#%5# 8#)##% # !8&!5

95> T%* of # !8&!5 you )22 )&# fo& you& BA 0&o6#5, )! $o you 5o%$#& ou2$ %52u$#. Do %o fo&-# o !*# %o !55ou% # READER of you& !8&!5.

M!*# %o# #&#4

OUR ABSTRACT SHOU?D BE BETWEEN .// AND .&/ WORDS IN?ENTH

9& Itro!'ctio a! Coc+'$io0 the proce$$ a! the pro!'cta) the proce$$

Tip$0 = !"# ! $&!f I%&o$u5o% !%$ !$$ o ! )&# you& 0&o6#5;

-)&# # I%&o$u5o% 0&o0#& ! # #%$;

- (!*# u&# you& 0&o6#5 '$#2"#&+ )! you& I%&o$u5o% '0&o(#+;

- 5o(0!&# you& I%&o$u5o% !%$ you& Co%52uo%. Do #y # u07 I

)ou2$ (!*# #%# f #&# )! o(# o& of y((#&y 8#)##% you& I%&o$u5o% !%$

you& Co%52uo%

- 5o(0!&# # I%&o$u5o% !%$ # Co%52uo% ) # &# of #

0&o6#5. H!"# you $o%# #"#&y%- % fu22 !%$ % $#!27

*) the pro!'ctACTIVIT@4

1. I%$"$u!22y %* !%$ (!*# %o# !8ou # %- you %* you )22 %52u$#% you& %&o$u5o% !%$ you& 5o%52uo%. M!*# ! 2 fo& #!5.

?. D5u ) you 0!&%#& !%$ f%$ ou )! /# 5o%$#&%- % #&/

%&o$u5o% !%$ Co%52uo%.



. R#0o& o # 52!. A%y u&0&#7

@& What ea,ier$ epect to rea! i Itro!'ctio$ a! Coc+'$io

H#&# !&# o(# % ! )! #!(%#& uu!22y 2oo* fo& )#% #y &#!$ I%&o$u5o%!%$ Co%52uo% of "!&ou 0&o6#5;

a) Itro!'ctio- A 52#!& !#(#% of )y # 5!%$$!# u%$#&oo* o !5*2# # 5o#%

o05, !%$ of )! o #0#5 % # 0&o6#5.

- T# &#!o% fo& # u$y , # o05 of &##!&5 !%$ 0#&!0 o(#

8!5*-&ou%$. I%&o$u5o% "!&y u-#2y, !%$ #&# %o !%y o%# 8# )!y of )&%- .

- So(# %$5!o% of )##& # 0&o6#5 -o%- o 8# pri,ari+2foc'$e! o ! 5o%5#0, ! 0!&5u2!& #, o& ! 0!&5u2!& &##!&5 (#o$.

-

So(# %$5!o% of # (!% u#9> !%$ # o& of 5o%52uo% !(#$!.

- So(# %$5!o% of # &u5u&# of # 0&o6#5, ! ! &#!$#&+ '-u$#+ o

)! fo22o).

- D#f%o% o& $#5&0o% of # o05, # (!% 3u#o%/y0o##

8#%- &##!&5#$, # 5o0# of # 0&o6#5. B&#f 5o%#u!2!o% of # 0&o6#5 % #&(

of )#&# f %o )! o#& 0#o02# !"# $o%# !%$ 0u82#$.

*) Coc+'$io- A !#(#% ! # #0#5!o% of # I%&o$u5o% !"# 8##%

!5#"#$.

-I (!y 8# 8o&%- o &##&!# you& f%$%- f&o( # u$y, + 5#&!%2y

8o&%- o &#0#! f%$%- % -&#! $#!2. A% %#&#%- Co%52uo% )ou2$ !2* 0#&!0

!8ou %- %o 5o"#&#$ % # 0&o6#5, !%$ # )!y fo&)!&$. So 5ou2$ 5o%!% -#%#&!2

5o%52uo% !%$ ! $5uo% of fu&#& &##!&5 %##$#$, 8u !-!%, 5o%52uo% 5o(# %

(!%y fo&(; #&# %o 0#&f#5 )!y of )&%- o%#.

- R#&o0#5"# u((!&y of )! # 0&o6#5 ! !5#"#$.

REFERENCES4

C+ar#< R& !%$ Iaic< R& 91::>. The &olitics of 8iting . Lo%$o%4 Rou2#$-#

Iaic< R& 91::>. 8iting and Identity9 The :iscousal "onstuction of Identity in

Academic 8iting- A(#&$!(4 B#%6!(%Ha++i!a2< M&A&K& 91::>. S!o%en and 8itten Language- Lo%$o%4 E$)!&$ A&%o2$

:



APPENDI0 ABSTRACTS

?ANUAE AS AN E?EMENT O: CU?TUREM&A& DISSERTATION

ABSTRACTT u$y 8!#$ o% # !u(0o% ! #&# ! 5#&!% %f2u#%5# ##&#$ o% #

$#-&## of !!5(#% o%# ! o # 2!%-u!-# 8y # y#( of "!2u# ! 0#&o% o2$.

T# &o%-#& # y#( of "!2u# , # 2# 2*#2y #y )22 8# (o&# !!5#$ o #

2!%-u!-# #y 0#!*. T# 5o%5#0 of 'y#( of "!2u#+ ! 8##% 0&#f#&&#$ ! ! (o&#

0#5f5 #&( !% '5u2u&#+ )5 ##( o 8# ! f!(2!& #&( ! 5ou2$ #%5o(0!

&!$o%, &u!2, 5uo( #5.

T 0!0#& 0&##% !% #02o&!o&y u$y #!(%%- # 2#%- o )5 5o&&#2!o%

8#)##% # y#( of "!2u# !%$ # $#-&## of !!5(#% o 2!%-u!-# ##( o !002yo %!"# 0#!*#& of Ro(!%!% % B&!o" of "!&ou !-#, 8o -#%$#& !%$ $ff#&#%

8!5*-&ou%$. T# u$y )! $#-%#$ o 8&%- %#) %- %o # )!y % )5

%!"# 0#!*#& of Ro(!%!% f##2 !8ou #& (o#& o%-u# !%$ )##&

$#0#%$#% o& %o o% !-# !%$ -#%$#& of # &#0o%$#% o& o% #& 2#"#2 of #$u5!o%.

T# $!! 5!(# f&o( !$u2, 1: f#(!2# !%$ 1: (!2# of o"#& 1, 0u02, u$#%,

#!5#&, o#& #(02oy## o& &#&##, 2"%- !%$ )o&*%- % B&!o", %!"# 0#!*#& of

Ro(!%!% )o !-&##$ o !%)#& # 3u#o%%!&# 0&##%#$. T# $!! )#&# #%

!%!2y#$ &ou- # #o&#5!2 f&!(#)o&* 0&##%#$ % # 8#-%%%- 8o o&Go%!22y

9)% #!5 !-# -&ou0> !%$ "#&5!22y 95o(0!&%- # &#u2 of # -&ou0>.

T# $!! -!#&#$ u u--##$ ! #&# ! $&#5 5o&&#2!o% 8#)##% ! &o%-

y#( of "!2u# !%$ ! ##(%-2y &o%- !!5(#% o 2!%-u!-# &#-!&$2# of !-#,

#$u5!o% o& -#%$#& #"#% f o(# #0#5#$ "!&#y o55u& % # &#u2.

SOCIA? IMP?ICATIONS O: COCKNE EN?ISH

ABSTRACT

T 0!0#& 0&##% o(# of # (!% 5!&!5#&5 of Co5*%#y E%-2 !%$ 5o(0!&#

) # !%$!&$ "!&#y of # 2!%-u!-#. Mo&#o"#&, # &##!&5 5!0#& $5u#

# )!y % )5 E%-2 0#o02#+ !u$# &#-!&$%- $!2#5 !%$ 0#!*#& !"#

5!%-#$ &ou-ou (#. To #%$, I $#-%#$ )o y0# of 3u#o%%!&#, %!(#2y

o%# fo& 0#!*#& !%$ # o#& fo& %o%=0#!*#& of Co5*%#y. T## )#&# #% o"#& #

I%#&%# o #"#&!2 %!"# 0#!*#& of E%-2. Fu&#&(o&#, # f%$%- of # 0&##%

u$y )#&# 5o%&!#$ ) 8o # #o&y !%$ !% o2$#& (2!& u$y.

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T#&# !&# #"#&!2 5o%52uo% ! 5!% 8# $&!)% !8ou # (025!o% of Co5*%#y

E%-2 % # B& o5#y. F&2y, # )!y ! 0#&o% 0#!* !00#!& o 8# 2#

(0o&!% %o)!$!y % $##&(%%- ! 0#&o%+ o5!2 !u, 8u ! # !(# (#,

5!% %f2u#%5# # 0#&5#0o% of o#& &#-!&$%- # 0oo% o55u0#$ 8y o(#o%# %o5#y. S#5o%$2y, you%- B& 0#o02# ##( o 8# (o&# !)!&# of # #&#oy0#

u&&ou%$%- "!&ou $!2#5, %52u$%- Co5*%#y. T&$2y, $!2#5 !00#!& o !"#

u%$#&-o%# "!&ou 5!%-# &ou-ou (#, # (o o8"ou of )5 !"%- o55u&&#$

% &y(%- 2!%-.

THEORETICA? AND PRACTICA? ASPECTS O: BUSINESS EN?ISH?EARNIN

A*$tractT 0!0#& !( ! !%!2yG%- o(# of # !0#5 ! 5o%&8u#$ o # #"o2uo% of !

8u%# )&%- 5ou&# ) Ro(!%!% 0!&50!%, 2#!&%#& of E%-2 ! ! fo&#-%

2!%-u!-#. T# (#o$ I %#%$ o u# % (y u$y (!%2y 3u!2!"# 8u # !%!2y

)22 !2o #(02oy 3u!%!"# (#o$o2o-y !%$ ! f#) of # #5%3u# of $5ou&#

!%!2y. F& of !22, I !#(0 o $#2%#!# # #o&#5!2 8!5*-&ou%$ of # f#2$ of

8u%# )&%- ! !% #(#&-%- u$y u86#5. T# %# #0 #%- # 8!5

0&%502# !%$ &#-u2!o% of 8u%# )&%-. Fu&#& o%, I )!% o $#f%# # &##

0#5# of 8u%# )&%- 0&##% % # 5!# u$y ! 5o%u# # !%!2y5!2 0!&

of 0!0#& !%$ ! # !(# (# o $#5&8# # $!! 5o(0&# # o86#5 of

!%!2y. T#%, I $#%fy # &## f!5o& 5o%&8u%- o # 2#!&%#&+ #"o2uo% ! #&

2#"#2 of (!#&y of # E%-2 2!%-u!-#, #& 0&#"ou #0#&#%5# % # f#2$ of 8u%# 5o((u%5!o% !%$ #& !82y o u%$#&!%$ # &o2# of 0&##%!o% %

8u%# )&%-. Fu&#&(o&#, I $#%fy # 5!#-o&# ! )22 #20 $#(o%&!# #

&o2# of ## &## f!5o& !%$ I 0&##% # f%$%- !%$ %#&0&#!o% of # $!! 8!#$

o% ## 5!#-o&#. T# 5o%52uo% of (y u$y ! ## &## f!5o& 02!y !

$#5$%- &o2# % # 2#!&%#&+ 0&o-&# % # 8u%# )&%- 5ou&# !%$ ! o%5#

!"%- $#%f#$ ## !0#5 #y 5!% 8# u#$ ! -u$#2%# fo& fuu&# !5"# !%$

#%- (#o$ fo& 0!&50!% % y0# of 5ou&#.

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HIPLHOP ?ANUAE INAMERICA AND ROMANIA

LA SOCIO?INUISTIC APPROACHL

ABSTRACT

H0=o0 %o o%2y ! )o&2$=)$# o5!2 0#%o(#%o%, 8u !2o ! 0#%o(#%o% %

A5!$#(!. I% (!%y fo&#-% 5ou%&#, 0=o0 !%!2y#$ % $#!2, )##& fo5u%- o%

o5!2 &#0&##%!o% o& o% o5!2 %f2u#%5#, o& o% 8o. T 0!0#& fo5u#$ o%

# (!% $#! ! 0=o0 &!%f#& f&o( A(#&5!, )#&# f& !00#!&#$, o $ff#&#%

5ou%&# !&ou%$ # )o&2$, )#&# !$!0 o # o5!2 5o%#. Ho)#"#&, 8#%- !

u86#5 of -&#! $(#%o%, (y u$y 2!y !55#% o% # &!%f#& 8#)##% A(#&5!% !%$

Ro(!%!% 0=o0. I% o&$#& o 8# (o&# 0&#5#2y, # &!%f#& !%!2y#$ 5o%$#&%-

&## o054 5u2u&!2 &!%f#& ! # #(!5 2#"#2, f#(5## &#0o%# o # -#%$#&#$2!%-u!-# of (!2# &!00#& !%$ #& -#%$#&#$ 2!%-u!-#, !%$ 0o)#& !%$ &#!%5# % 0=

o0. T# (#o$ u#$ o !%!2y# # 5u2u&!2 &!%f#& u%- !"!2!82# $!!. T# $!!

)! #2#5#$ f&o( # 8o 5ou%&# 5o%$#&%- # 5&#&! of $"#&y, ! % # 5!#

of # !%!2y of -#%$#&, !%$ (!%&#!(=u%$#&-&ou%$ 52!f5!o%. I% !%!2y%- #

$!!, &## $ff#&#% !%!2y5!2 f&!(#)o&* )#&# u#$. By !002y%- #( o # $!!,

5!% 8# o)#$ ! # -#%$#& 0&o82#( %o o%#=$#$, 8u !2o 5o%&!$5o% !&# o

8# fou%$ % o(# of # &#0&##%!o% of f#(5##. Co&&#0o%$%-2y, # 0&o82#( of

0o)#& % 0=o0 %o o%#=$#$ ##&, %!(#2y #&# # &!00#& ! $#"#2o0#$ !

$5ou&# of &#!%5# o)!&$ # $o(%!% $5ou&#. T 0!0#& !*# %o !55ou% !

&!%-# of $502%# ! !%&o0o2o-y, o5o2%-u5, &#o&5 !%$ y25 % o&$#& o

off#& ! 8##& u%$#&!%$%- of 5o(02# 0#%o(#%o%, ! 0=o0.

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