academic ranking of world universities academic ranking of world universities
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ACADEMIC RANKING OF ACADEMIC RANKING OF WORLD UNIVERSITIESWORLD UNIVERSITIES
ACADEMIC RANKING OF ACADEMIC RANKING OF WORLD UNIVERSITIESWORLD UNIVERSITIES
INTRODUCTION• The “university ranking” is an American invention.
• The West ranks hospitals, schools and universities. Hotels are ranked and classified according to stars.
• Ranking is normally conducted through survey processes.
• The university ranking is part of human nature to set hierarchies.
• It is also the nature of contemporary world functions due to the globalization impact.
• Higher education is complex, costly and important, and it always attracts many attentions of politicians, employers, potential students as well as their families. They need quantified evidences about “quality and performance”.
CURRENT ACADEMIC RANKING OF
WORLD UNIVERSITIES
CURRENT ACADEMIC RANKING OF
WORLD UNIVERSITIES
THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT UNIVERSITY RANKING
Advantages• Ranking can give advantages to universities for the
following reasons:1. Universities have Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to
measure their performances.2. Ranking will become self-improvement tools for universities.3. Ranking can foster healthy competition among higher
education institutions.
Disadvantages• Whereas the disadvantages of university ranking are
as follows:1. Measurement is not based on category or university’s
objectives.2. Results of ranking can give impacts to staff’s and students’
motivation.
Dilemma of Ranking• In the ranking exercises, the following matters should
be taken into consideration:1. Ranking must be based on the same categories
“homogeneous”. 2. Public Universities need to fulfill national agenda which is not
taken into account in the ranking exercise.3. Most ranking systems are driven by the commercial need to
sell more publications.4. Rankings are something of a self-fulfilling prophecy: reputation
is considered a significant factor. 5. There is always data manipulation to place well on rankings. 6. Many data collecting exercises are driven by the information
that is available rather than the information that is necessary to accurately gauge the level to which an institution meets particular quality criteria.
7. Ranking should not count factors that are proxy for quality.8. Ranking must not ignore universities’ missions and goals
which are different between one university to another.9. Ranking cannot assume “one size fits all” which norms of
research universities are the gold standard.
Frequent Asked Questions
• How to ensure that the data provided conforms to the questionnaire for best advantage?
• How to develop your university’s strategy to maintain or improve your ranking?
• Why does World Ranking increase student numbers and revenue?
• How ranked universities can attract the most talented student and faculty?
• How to globalize your institution?
TYPES OF RANKING PROVIDERS
Media Government Agencies Independent Professional Bodies Accrediting Bodies Funding Organizations Individual/Group Initiatives Academic Themselves
WHY THE NEED FOR RANKINGS?
• Higher Education is becoming more global.• Knowledge is the key driver of international
competitiveness.• Ranking will raise awareness of institutions /
universities being ranked.• International Study Trends show that world wide
demand for education is on the rise.• Public funding is being slashed, so one source
of funding is from international students. In some countries international students’ contribution to the economy is higher than the other sectors.
CRITERIA OF UNIVERSITY RANKING
CRITERIA OF UNIVERSITY RANKING
CRITERIA OF TOP UNIVERSITIES
CRITERIA STANDARD INDICATORS BEING USED
Research •Amount of research grants received
•No. of research products / recognitions conferred by national and international bodies
•No. of papers refereed and cited in refereed journals
•No. of articles, books and publications per staff
•No. of patents attained
•No. of products commercialized
•No. of postdoctoral
Teaching •Ratio of academic staff to students
•No. of programmes accredited by professional bodies
Infrastrucure •% of equipment fully operational and calibrated or physical facilities that meet safety and quality standards
•No. of book titles in the Library
Human Resource •No. of academic staff with PhD or equivalent
•% of results from “Peer Review”
CRITERIA STANDARD INDICATORS BEING USED
Consultancy •Income generated from consultancy activities
Internationalization •No. of international academic staff
•No. of international students
Students •CGPA of students admitted into the University
•% of graduates employed after graduation
•% of results from Employer Survey
•No. of University Alumni awarded “Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals”
•No. of PhD students
Service Delivery •Compliance to International Quality Standard i.e. ISO9000 QMS
•% of Customer Satisfaction Index
CRITERIA OF WORLD UNIVERSITIES
Ranking Bodies Criteria
Criteria Indicator Weight
Times Higher Education Survey
Research Quality
Peer Review : Composite score drawn from peer review (which is divided into 5 subject areas)
40%
Citations per Faculty : Score based on research performance factored against the size of the research body
20%
Graduate Employability
Recruiter Review : Score based on responses to recruiter survey
10%
International Outlook
International Faculty : Score based on international faculty
5%
International Students : Score based on proportion of international students
5%
Teaching Quality
Student Faculty : Score based on student/faculty ratio
20%
Ranking Bodies Criteria
Criteria Indicator Weight
Shanghai Jiao Tong World University Ranking
Quality of Education
Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals
10%
Quality of Faculty
Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals
20%
Highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories
20%
Research Output
Articles published in Nature and Science 20%
Articles in Science Citation Index-expanded, Social Science Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index
20%
Size of Institution
Academic performance with respect to the size of an institution
10%
Ranking Bodies
Criteria Indicator Weight
Research University
Quantity and Quality of Researchers
Critical Mass 60% of academic staff involved as Principal Investigator
Percentage of Academic Staff with PhD or Equivalent
60%
Research Experience With balanced distribution of staff with >20 yrs experience, 10-20 yrs and <10 yrs experience
Number of recognitions/awards/ stewardsip conferred by national and international learned and professional bodies
100
Quantity and Quality of Research
Publications 2 papers in national/international refereed and cited journals per staff/yr or cumulative impact factor for the institution of not less than 5000
Research grants for S&T academic staff:
a) Public
b) Private (including contract research)
c) International
At RM50,000/staff/yr of which at least 20% is from international sources and 20% from private sector
Research Expenditure Should not be less than 60% of grants attained/yr
Post-docs appointed 10/yr
Ranking Bodies
Criteria Indicator Weight
Quantity of Postgraduate
Ratio of PhDs graduated to academic staff 1:18 academic staff of which 60% will be from S&T
Ratio of PG to academic staff 3 PG : 1 staff
Ratio of PG to UG 1 PG : 4 UG
% of International Postgraduate Students 10%
Quality of Postgraduate Students
% of PG Intake 50% of PG Intake with CGPA > 3.00
% of PG fellowships/grants from prestigious bodies awarded to PG via research mode
Not less than 10%
Innovation Number of patents attained/number of products commercialized/number of technology know-how licensing/number of IPR/copyrights
30/yr
Professional Services and Gifts
Income generated from training courses/services/consultancy/PG students fees/endowment/gifts
Not less than RM20 million/yr
Networking and Linkages
Inter-institution (national) participation 70%
Inter-institution (international) participation 30%
Support Facilities
Equipment fully operational and calibrated or physical facilities met safety & quality standards, supporting facilities
75% compliance attained
Ranking Bodies
Criteria Indicator Weight
World Class Research University
Quantity and Quality of Researchers
Critical Mass 85% of academic staff involved as Principal Investigator
Percentage of Academic Staff with PhD or Equivalent
95%
Research Experience With 60% distribution of staff with >20 yrs experience, 20% with 10-20 yrs and 20% with <10 yrs experience
Number of recognitions/awards/ stewardsip conferred by national and international learned and professional bodies
500
Quantity and Quality of Research
Publications 5 papers in national/international refereed and cited journals per staff/yr or cumulative impact factor for the institution of not less than 5000
Research grants for S&T academic staff:
a) Public
b) Private (including contract research)
c) International
At RM1,000,000/staff/yr of which at least 40% is from international sources and 40% from private sector
Research Expenditure Should not be less than 70% of grants attained/yr
Post-docs appointed 1 post-doc per academic staff
Ranking Bodies
Criteria Indicator Weight
Quantity of Postgraduate
Ratio of PhDs graduated to academic staff 1:3 academic staff of which 80% will be from S&T
Ratio of PG to academic staff 5 PG : 1 staff
Ratio of PG to UG 4 PG : 6 UG
% of International Postgraduate Students 15%
Quality of Postgraduate Students
% of PG Intake 50% of PG Intake with CGPA > 3.25
% of PG fellowships/grants from prestigious bodies awarded to PG via research mode
Not less than 20%
Innovation Number of patents attained/number of products commercialized/number of technology know-how licensing/number of IPR/copyrights
100/yr
Professional Services and Gifts
Income generated from training courses/services/consultancy/PG students fees/endowment/gifts
Not less than RM600 million/yr
Networking and Linkages
Inter-institution (national) participation 50%
Inter-institution (international) participation 50%
Support Facilities
Equipment fully operational and calibrated or physical facilities met safety & quality standards, supporting facilities
95% compliance attained
Ranking Bodies Criteria
Australian University Ranking
•Teaching Quality Rating•Research Rating•Entry Standards•Students per member of academic staff•Library/Computing Spending•Student Facilities Spending•Degree Classifications•Graduate Destinations•Completion Rate
Newsweek International
Criteria from Shanghai Jiao Tong : 50%•Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals•Articles published in Nature and Science•Articles in Science Citation Index-expanded, Social Science Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index
Criteria from Times Higher World University Ranking : 40%•% of international academic staff •% of international students•Ratio of academic staff to students•Score based on research performance factored against the size of the research body
Criteria of Library : 10%•No. of volumes in the university library
Ranking Bodies
Criteria
Criteria Indicator Weight
OIC Ranking Research (50)
Research Quality 15
Research Performance 15
Research Volume 8
Rate of growth for research quality 5
Rate of growth for research performance
5
Patents 2
Ranking Bodies
Criteria
Criteria Indicator Weight
Education (35) Faculty members with awards 6
Faculty highly cited researchers 8
Ratio of faculty members with PhD to total number of faculty
4
Alumni that did win awards 3
Alumni that become highly cited researchers
3
Ratio faculty to students 3
Ratio of postgraduate students to total number of students
2
Rate of growth of postgraduate students
3
Students winning international Olympiads
3
Ranking Bodies
Criteria
Criteria Indicator Weight
International Outlook (7)
Ratio of international faculty to total faculty
2
Ratio of international students to total students
1
Ratio of faculty members with foreign PhD degrees to total number of faculty members with PhD degrees
1 ½
International Conferences 1 ½
International Exchange Programmes 1
Ranking Bodies
Criteria
Criteria Indicator Weight
Facilities (3) Number of book titles per student 1
Number of journals/periodicals accessible (hard or soft copies)
1
Number of university’s research Institutes/Centres
1
Socio-Economic Impact (5)
Contracts and consultancies incomes 2 ½
Life learning courses 1
Entrepreneurship programmes and industrial linkages
1
Number of incubated projects and spin-off companies
1/2
IMPROVEMENTS TO CURRENT CRITERIA Purposes and goals of the rankings
Should recognize the diversity of institutions and take into account their different missions and goals (ranking tends to ignore these issues).
Design and weighting of indicators Be transparent regarding the methodology used for creating the
rankings. Appropriate ways of measuring outcomes, such as retention and
graduation rates, scores on examinations, etc.
Collection and processing of data Use audited and verifiable data whenever possible.
Presentation of ranking results Provide consumers with clear understanding of all factors used to
develop ranking, and offer them a choice in how rankings are displayed such as by allowing them to determine how factors are weighed on interactive web sites.
Sources “Berlin Principles on Ranking of Higher Education Institutions” -
PROCEDURES AND MECHANISMS FOR UNIVERSITY SELECTION
Assign universities with the same groups of their peers.
Academic reputation & research outputs. Faculty and student diversity and background. Webpage becomes impact factor, i.e. volumes of
published materials on the web.
“If we don’t produce our own ranking, don’t be surprised that others are going to do it for us”