academic report writing - complete lesson
DESCRIPTION
Enjoy these lessons! Don\'t get sleepy...TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
ADVANCED ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC ACADEMIC COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
ADVANCED ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC ACADEMIC COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
Lecturer:
En. Hilmi Hamzah
![Page 2: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
![Page 3: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
LET’S LET’S GET GET
STARTEDSTARTED!!
![Page 4: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
COURSEWORK COURSEWORK MARKSMARKS
• Proposal Presentation (10%)• Research Instruments (10%)• Consultations (Individual) (10%)• 1st Draft of Report (15%)• Report Presentation (Ind.) (15%)• Final Report (10%)• Final Exam (30%)• TOTAL (100%)
![Page 5: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
1ST WEEKEND1st session
• Introduction• Research
planning• Research
proposal• Data collection
2nd session• Proposal Presentation• Consultation 1 (Research instrument)• Data processing• Data presentation• Writing Research
Report (First 3 chapters)
![Page 6: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
BEFORE 2ND WEEKEND
COLLECTION OF DATA Components:• Introduction
• Literature Review• Methodology
Submission of 1st draft via e-mail ([email protected])
![Page 7: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
2nd WEEKEND3rd session
• Consultation 2 (Return 1st draft –
First 3 chapters)• Report writing (Final 2 chapters)
4th session• Consultation 3 (Check 1st draft –
Final 2 chapters)• Oral Presentation &
Listening
![Page 9: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
3RD WEEKEND
5TH session• Students’ Oral Presentations• Submission of Final Report• Discussion on Sample Exam Paper
![Page 10: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
![Page 11: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
NOW GET NOW GET INTO YOUR INTO YOUR
GROUP!GROUP!
![Page 12: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
INTRODUCTION
What is research report writing?
Emotional VS.
Factual
![Page 13: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Writing a Research
Report
ISSUES/PROBLEMS
Conducting A Research
![Page 14: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
HOW DO I HOW DO I CONDUCT A CONDUCT A RESEARCH?RESEARCH?
Follow theseFollow these
5 steps!5 steps!
![Page 15: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
1. Identify the Issue or Problem• What do I want to know?• Who are involved?• Where?• Why?
![Page 16: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
2. Determine the Purpose• What exactly do I want to do here?• What is my statement of purpose?• To evaluate? To investigate? • To compare? To describe?
![Page 17: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
3. Draw a Plan or a Strategy• Who, where and what are going to
be involved in the research?• How do I collect the data?• What are the deadlines?
![Page 18: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
4. Search and Collect the Data• Do I need primary data?• Do I need secondary data?• What are the instruments to be
used to collect the data?
![Page 19: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
5. Analyze Data• How do I process, record, analyze
and interpret the data?• How do I make connections among
the data?• How do I draw conclusions from
the data?
![Page 20: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
![Page 21: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
RESEARCH RESEARCH PROPOSALPROPOSAL
![Page 22: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROPOSAL?
A Plan of Action
Why?• To seek funding
• To seek commitment
![Page 23: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
2 TYPES OF 2 TYPES OF PROPOSALPROPOSAL
INTERNAL VS.
EXTERNAL
SOLICITED VS.
UNSOLICITED
![Page 24: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
10 COMPONENTS OF 10 COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSALA PROPOSAL
1.Title2.Background Information3.Statement of Problem4.Research Objectives5.Research Questions
![Page 25: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
10 COMPONENTS OF 10 COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSAL A PROPOSAL
(Cont’d)(Cont’d) 6. Significance of the Study7. Scope8. Methodology9. Work Schedule10. Call to Action
![Page 26: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
DATA DATA COLLECTIONCOLLECTION
![Page 28: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
WHAT IS WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?DATA COLLECTION?
• A process of collecting data (primary & secondary) from different sources
• PRIMARY DATA – obtained through questionnaires, interviews, observations & experiments
• SECONDARY DATA – obtained through reading others’ works
![Page 29: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
COLLECTING COLLECTING SECONDARY DATASECONDARY DATA
• Conducted at the beginning of a research to get a better picture of what you are going to investigate
• Gathered from various written resources (offline/online)
• Used in various sections of research report esp. Literature Review
• Must be properly cited
![Page 30: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
COLLECTING COLLECTING PRIMARY DATAPRIMARY DATA
FOUR INSTRUMENTS:
1.QUESTIONNAIRES2.INTERVIEW3.OBSERVATION 4.EXPERIMENTS
![Page 31: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
![Page 32: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
1.QUESTIONNAIRES
• A systematic compilation of questions distributed to respondents from which information is needed
• Administered through survey, mail, telephone & internet
![Page 33: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
2 TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Open-ended Questions
2. Close-ended Questions
Yes/No Scale
Listing/ChoiceRanking
Category
![Page 34: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
2.INTERVIEW• A two-communication which
permits an exchange of ideas and information
• 3 types of interviews: 1.1. StructuredStructured 2. Semi-structured2. Semi-structured 3. Unstructured3. Unstructured
![Page 35: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
3.OBSERVATION
• To get firsthand information
• To strengthen existing data
![Page 36: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
4.EXPERIMENTS
• To test various techniques, assumptions or products (esp. in engineering & agriculture)
![Page 37: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
SAMPLING & SAMPLING & POPULATIONPOPULATION
• SAMPLING – a group of respondents who provide information that may be generalised to general population
• POPULATION – a target group to which the results of a research are applicable
![Page 38: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
2 TYPES OF 2 TYPES OF SAMPLINGSAMPLING
RANDOM • Respondents are
selected randomly without criteria
• 3 Categories: Simple Stratified Cluster
NON-RANDOM• Respondents are
selected based on certain criteria
• 3 Categories:SystematicConveniencePurposive
![Page 39: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
DATA DATA PROCESSING PROCESSING
& DATA & DATA PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
![Page 40: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
WHAT IS DATA WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?PROCESSING?
• To convert raw data into meaningful statements that could help answer research questions
• Raw data are systematically organised so that their meanings can be understood
• Procedures for quantitative and• qualitative data are different
![Page 42: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
3 STAGES 3 STAGES (QUANTITATIVE DATA)(QUANTITATIVE DATA)
1.1. ORGANISING, RECORDING ORGANISING, RECORDING AND CATEGORISING AND CATEGORISING AND/OR CODINGAND/OR CODING
2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING
![Page 43: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
1.ORGANISING, RECORDING & 1.ORGANISING, RECORDING & CATEGORISING AND/OR CATEGORISING AND/OR
CODINGCODING
• Organise manually or using computer
• Record using ‘keyword’• Categorise to see the ‘picture’• Coding helps processing the data
statistically (using SPSS)
![Page 44: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING
• Turn data into comprehensible ‘pictures’ through
1. Table 2. Graph 3. Chart
![Page 45: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING
• Analyse manually or using computer
• Involves the interpretation of frequencies based on data presentation
![Page 46: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
![Page 47: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
3 STAGES 3 STAGES (QUALITATIVE DATA)(QUALITATIVE DATA)
1.1. ORGANISING, ORGANISING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING, AND RECORDINGCODING, AND RECORDING
2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING
![Page 48: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
1.ORGANISING, 1.ORGANISING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING,
• Organise by using transcriptions• Categorise by listing the
responses • Coding by using flexible codes
![Page 49: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING
• Usually presented in original forms • Can also be presented using tables
![Page 50: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING
• Involves finding commonalities, regularities or emerging patterns among the responses
![Page 51: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
![Page 52: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
WRITING WRITING RESEARCH RESEARCH
REPORTREPORT
![Page 53: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
3 SECTIONS
1.1.PRELIMINARYPRELIMINARY
2.2.MAINMAIN3.3.SUPPLEMENTARSUPPLEMENTAR
YY
![Page 54: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
1.PRELIMINARY1.PRELIMINARY• Title Page• Abstract• Acknowledgement• Table of Content• List of Figures/ Tables• List of Abbreviation & Symbols
![Page 55: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
2.MAIN2.MAIN
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. Literature ReviewLiterature Review
3.3. MethodologyMethodology
4.4. Findings & DiscussionsFindings & Discussions
5.5. Conclusion & Conclusion & RecommendationRecommendation
![Page 56: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
3.SUPPLEMENTA3.SUPPLEMENTARYRY
•References•Appendices
![Page 57: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
![Page 58: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
1.INTRODUCTION1.INTRODUCTION
![Page 59: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
7 ELEMENTS7 ELEMENTS
1. Background of the Study2. Statement of Problem3. Purpose of the Study4. Research Objectives5. Research Questions6. Significance of the Study7. Scope of the Study
![Page 60: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
1.Background of the Study
Three steps:1. To state general statements of
facts related to the field of study2. To state specific statements
about issues studied by other researchers
3. To state statements that indicate the need for more investigation
![Page 61: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
2.Statement of Problem
• To define the issue or problem investigated in the study
• To refer to problem statement in the proposal
![Page 62: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
3.Purpose of the Study
• To include a broad discussion on the reasons why the study was carried out and intentions of the study
![Page 63: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
4.Research Objectives
• To show the extent and the expected outcome of the study
• To begin with a leading statement followed by the objectives written in point forms
![Page 64: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
5.Research Questions
• To guide the discussion about the topic
• To stimulate readers’ interests• To turn the objectives of the study
into research questions
![Page 65: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
6.Significance of the Study
• To justify the reason for conducting the study
• To emphasize the potential benefits that it would bring
![Page 66: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
7.Scope of the Study
• To indicate the direction of the study• To map out the boundaries of the study• To outline the method of investigation• To give a preview of the written report
![Page 67: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
![Page 68: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
2.LITERATURE 2.LITERATURE REVIEWREVIEW
![Page 69: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
WHAT IS LITERATURE
REVIEW?• It is an account of what has been
published on a research area• It describes, summarizes,
evaluates and clarifies the studies reviewed
• It outlines a framework and a theoretical base of a research
![Page 70: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
WHY?• To guide you through others’ works• To prepare for your own research• To provide a context for your
research• To justify the research• To illustrate how the subject has
been studied before• To outline gaps in previous research
![Page 71: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
HOW DO I DO IT?
• Identify relevant articles and books
• Read and appraise the text critically
• Organise the literature around your research questions
• Synthesize relevant information to current study
![Page 72: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
5 GENERAL STEPS
1. Prepare annotated bibliography2. Maintain a reference list3. Organise materials and make
notes4. Write individual sections
according to themes5. Integrate all sections
![Page 73: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
![Page 74: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
HOW DO I CITE IN A REPORT?
THREE WAYS:
1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING
2. DIRECT QUOTATION2. DIRECT QUOTATION3. PARAPHRASING3. PARAPHRASING
![Page 75: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING• It is a shortened piece of writing
by restating main points in your own words
• General ideas are highlighted • Details & examples are excluded
![Page 76: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
2. DIRECT 2. DIRECT QUOTATIONQUOTATION
• Authors’ exact words are copied directly from original sources
• It is preferred when citing powerful phrases or interpreting literary works like poems or plays
• Sources must be properly cited
![Page 77: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
3. 3. PARAPHRASINGPARAPHRASING
• Authors’ words are rephrased/ reworded in your own words
• Paraphrased text is usually shorter than original text
• Paraphrased materials must be properly cited
![Page 78: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
![Page 79: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
3.METHODOLOGY3.METHODOLOGY
![Page 80: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
FIVE PARTSFIVE PARTS
1. IntroductionIntroduction (Short description of purpose, location, respondents & instruments)
2. Research InstrumentsInstruments3. RespondentsRespondents of the Study4. Research ProcedureProcedure5. Data AnalysisAnalysis
![Page 81: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
![Page 82: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
![Page 83: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
4.FINDINGS & 4.FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION
![Page 84: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
WHAT ARE FINDINGS?WHAT ARE FINDINGS?
• Discoveries based on factsfacts, not emotions
• Presented in the form of statisticsstatistics (percentages, frequency counts & averages) or illustrationsillustrations (tables, graphs, diagrams, etc.)
![Page 85: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
ISN’T ISN’T A PICTURE A PICTURE WORTH WORTH
A THOUSAND A THOUSAND WORDS?WORDS?
![Page 86: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
PICTURE
![Page 87: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
HOW TO WRITE HOW TO WRITE IN THE REPORT?IN THE REPORT?
Type AType A
Findings• Research Question 1• Research Question 2• Research Question 3
Discussion• Research Question 1• Research Question 2• Research Question 3
Type BType B
• Research Question 1: Findings & Discussion
• Research Question 2: Findings & Discussion
• Research Question 3: Findings & Discussion
![Page 88: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
TAKE A LOOK AT AN EXAMPLE
OF FINDING (page 177)(page 177)
![Page 89: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
12 TIPS ON WRITING 12 TIPS ON WRITING FINDINGSFINDINGS
1. Introduce the topic2. Point to significant findings3. Use graphics to support findings4. Explain statistics selectively and
concisely 5. Support statistics with qualitative
data (if any)
![Page 90: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
12 TIPS ON WRITING 12 TIPS ON WRITING FINDINGS (cont’d)FINDINGS (cont’d)
6. Spell out the word ‘percent’ in the text (don’t be confused with ‘percentage’)
7. Spell out the number that begins a sentence, and use figure in the middle of a sentence
8. Follow correct organisation
![Page 91: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
12 TIPS ON WRITING 12 TIPS ON WRITING FINDINGS (cont’d)FINDINGS (cont’d)
9. Use concise, grammatically correct statements
10. Use correct tenses11. Use language expression
correctly (page 180-1)12. Focus on 4Cs - Clarity,
Coherence, Conciseness and Correctness
![Page 92: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
4 STRATEGIES IN 4 STRATEGIES IN WRITING DISCUSSIONWRITING DISCUSSION
Explain Compare Evaluate
Infer
![Page 93: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
1. Explain1. Explain Findings Findings• Give reasons for findings• Explain circumstances during data
collection• Explain limitations
![Page 94: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
2. Compare Findings2. Compare Findings• Relate the different findings to
highlight their significance• Compare similar findings from
related studies
![Page 95: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
3. Evaluate Findings3. Evaluate Findings
• Assess findings as: unexpected or insignificant or unsatisfactory
![Page 96: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96
4. Infer from 4. Infer from FindingsFindings
• Make sense of findings• Develop ideas and viewpoints• Be creative and speculate
![Page 97: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97
2 pictures - interpret
![Page 98: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
98
5.CONCLUSION & 5.CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONRECOMMENDATION
![Page 99: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
99
5 ELEMENTS IN 5 ELEMENTS IN A CONCLUSIONA CONCLUSION
OverviewOverview
RestatementRestatement
ReviewReview
ImplicationsImplications
LimitationsLimitations
![Page 100: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
100
1.Overview of 1.Overview of the studythe study
• Summarize what the research is all about (do not introduce new ideas)
• Explain briefly why & how you conduct the study
![Page 101: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101
2. Restatement 2. Restatement of the objectivesof the objectives
• Rephrase the objectives• Start with the most significant one
![Page 102: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102
3. Review of 3. Review of the findingsthe findings
• Draw conclusions for each major issues
• Use discourse markers to connect the findings
• Start with the most important one
![Page 103: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103
4. Implications 4. Implications of the findingsof the findings
• Deduce some ideas based on findings (do not exaggerate)
• Implicate some ideas that can support further actions
![Page 104: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
104
5. Limitations of 5. Limitations of research research (optional)(optional)
• State the weaknesses (do not apologize)
• E.g. Small sample size, limited time, improper instrument, etc.
![Page 105: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
105
Conclusion can be written in paragraph/
point form(page 192-3)(page 192-3)
![Page 106: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
106
WHAT IS A RECOMMENDATION?
• It suggests actions to be taken based on findings
• It is related to conclusions • It is NOT based on biases or beliefs
that are not supported by data
![Page 107: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107
2 TYPES OF RECOMMENDATION
1. To recommend actions to be taken based on findings
2. To recommend actions to other researchers for further research
![Page 108: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108
Recommendation can be written in
paragraph/ point form(page 196)(page 196)
![Page 109: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
109
LANGUAGE INPUT:LANGUAGE INPUT:Modal Auxiliary Modal Auxiliary
VerbsVerbs• Use appropriate modals when making
recommendations:1. May/Could/MightMay/Could/Might – mild suggestion2. Should/Ought toShould/Ought to – strong suggestion3. Must/Have toMust/Have to – extreme suggestion
![Page 110: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
110
picture
![Page 111: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
111
ORAL ORAL PRESENTATIOPRESENTATIO
NN
![Page 112: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
112
SALES!SALES! 50%!50%!
SALES!SALES! 70%!70%!
SALES!!SALES!!120%!120%!
![Page 113: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
113
I HATE I HATE PUBLIC PUBLIC
SPEAKINSPEAKING!G!
![Page 114: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
114
WHAT IS AN ORAL WHAT IS AN ORAL PRESENTATION?PRESENTATION?
• A type of communication that involves speaking & listening
• Can be formal/ informal• Essential for professionals• A requirement for students
![Page 115: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
115
3 PURPOSES OF 3 PURPOSES OF ORAL ORAL
PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
1. Informative2.Demonstrative3.Persuasive
![Page 116: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
116
4 TYPES OF ORAL 4 TYPES OF ORAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
1. Impromptu 2.Manuscript 3.Memorised 4.Extemporaneous
![Page 117: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
117
picture
![Page 118: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
118
7 TIPS FOR 7 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
ORAL ORAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
SS
![Page 119: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
119
1. Planning Your 1. Planning Your Oral Presentation Oral Presentation
WellWell
• What is the purpose?• Who is the audience?• What is the topic?• Where?
![Page 120: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
120
2. Knowing Your 2. Knowing Your Content WellContent Well
• What is the content?• Have I included all the relevant
information?
![Page 121: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
121
3. Analysing 3. Analysing Your AudienceYour Audience
• What is the background of audience?
• Are they educated?• What is the reason for attending?• How many of them?
![Page 122: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
122
4. Knowing the 4. Knowing the Presentation RoomPresentation Room
• What is the size of the room?• How is the seating arrangement?• What are the facilities provided?
![Page 123: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
123
5. Knowing the 5. Knowing the Time AllottedTime Allotted
• How long do I have to present?
![Page 124: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
124
6. Writing the 6. Writing the Outline of Your Outline of Your
DeliveryDelivery
• What are the main ideas? (Prepare short notes, either linear
or non-linear - do not outline them word by word)
![Page 125: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
125
7. Deciding on the 7. Deciding on the Appropriate Style Appropriate Style
of Deliveryof Delivery
• Do I have to be casual?• Is there a large audience that
requires a formal presentation?
![Page 126: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
126
picture
![Page 127: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
127
ORGANISING YOUR ORGANISING YOUR ORAL ORAL
PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
1.Introduction2.Body3.Conclusion
![Page 128: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
128
1.Introduction
• Start with attention grabbers (Question, humour, quotation, statistics, stories, etc)
• Use correct language expressions (examples - page 209)
![Page 129: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
129
2.Body• For report presentation, follow the
pattern in the report • Support with details and evidence• Ensure clarity by keeping
message simple • Ensure cohesion by using linking
words (examples – page 216)
![Page 130: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
130
3.Conclusion• End it by using: >> a summary of key points >> a recommendation
>> an “umphh” final thought• Use correct expressions (examples – page 221)
![Page 131: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
131
Prepare the outlineoutline (linear/non-linear)
for the introduction, body & conclusion
of your presentation.
(refer to Tables 7.1 – (refer to Tables 7.1 – 7.8)7.8)
![Page 132: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
132
picture
![Page 133: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
133
WHY VISUAL AIDS?WHY VISUAL AIDS?• To believe (seeing is believing)• To enhance understanding• To enable better retention• To ensure continuity• To build presenter’s credibility• To have more fun!
![Page 134: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
134
19 TIPS IN 19 TIPS IN USING USING VISUAL VISUAL
AIDSAIDS
![Page 135: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
135
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDSVISUAL AIDS
1. Arrange accordingly to the content2. Points form (using key words) is
advisable – don’t punctuate! 3. Coordinate points in parallel forms
(content, grammar, numbering)4. Subordinate major & minor headings
appropriately
![Page 136: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
136
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)
5. Avoid irrelevant words6. Words must be clearly readable7. Avoid too much info on a single
slide (remember to KISSKISS!)8. Avoid too many colours
![Page 137: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
137
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)
9. Use animation sparingly 10.Introduce a visual before showing
it11.Stand to the side of your computer12.Face audience as much as possible
![Page 138: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
138
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)13.Use a pointer to direct audience focus
(not your finger)14.Visuals should tally with what you say15.Avoid reading your notes16.Use appropriate language expressions
(examples – page 230)
![Page 139: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
139
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)
17.Use visual aids as support only (you are the spotlight!)
18.If you have handouts, tell your audience in advance
19.Practise, practise, practise!
![Page 140: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
140
PREPARE PREPARE THE THE
SLIDES!SLIDES!
![Page 141: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
141
Which is more Which is more important? important?
WHATWHAT you say you say or or
HOWHOW you say? you say?
![Page 142: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
142
25 TIPS 25 TIPS FOR FOR
EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE DELIVERYDELIVERY
![Page 143: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
143
Picture – non verbal communication
![Page 144: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
144
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERYEFFECTIVE DELIVERY
1. Visualise a successful presentation2. Emulate excellent speakers3. Channel your nervousness
accordingly4. Do not apologise 5. Be well-versed with technology
![Page 145: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
145
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
6. Always have Plan B7. Dress appropriately8. Stand still (don’t slouch!)9. Show your confidence10.Talk to audience (not your notes)
![Page 146: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
146
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
11.Refer to notes sparingly12.Pronounce words correctly13.Use linkers for content traffic14.Use spoken English (not text-
book English)15.Be interactive
![Page 147: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
147
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
16.Maintain eye contact17.Be enthusiastic 18.Vary your volume, tone & pace19.Minimise crutches20.Use gestures naturally
![Page 148: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
148
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
21.Place your hands appropriately 22.Use facial expression effectively23.Move around 24.End your presentation in time 25.Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse!
![Page 149: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
149
pic
![Page 150: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
150
7 WAYS 7 WAYS TO HANDLE TO HANDLE
Q & A Q & A SESSIONSESSION
![Page 151: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
151
7 WAYS TO HANDLE 7 WAYS TO HANDLE Q & A SESSIONQ & A SESSION
1. Invite questions 2. Repeat questions from audience3. Look at the questioner4. Answer in short
![Page 152: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
152
7 WAYS TO HANDLE 7 WAYS TO HANDLE Q & A SESSION Q & A SESSION
(cont’d)(cont’d)
5. Be straightforward6. Be honest (just admit that you
don’t have the answer!)7. Don’t forget to thank the
questioner
![Page 153: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
153
ARE YOU ARE YOU A GOOD A GOOD
LISTENER?LISTENER?
![Page 154: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
154
7 7 STRATEGIES STRATEGIES FOR GOOD FOR GOOD AUDIENCEAUDIENCE
![Page 155: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
155
7 STRATEGIES FOR 7 STRATEGIES FOR GOOD AUDIENCEGOOD AUDIENCE
1. Listen actively & selfishly (don’t just hear)
2. Focus on the message, not style3. Listen for major ideas (look for
cues)4. Listen to body language (they do
speak!)
![Page 156: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
156
7 STRATEGIES FOR 7 STRATEGIES FOR GOOD AUDIENCE GOOD AUDIENCE
(cont’d)(cont’d)
5. Be objective (don’t easily get angry)
6. Avoid jumping to conclusion (don’t pre-judge)
7. Discipline your thoughts!
![Page 157: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
157
REMEMBER,REMEMBER, A GOOD A GOOD
SPEAKER IS SPEAKER IS A GOOD A GOOD
LISTENERLISTENER
![Page 158: Academic Report Writing - Complete Lesson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081414/54962f96b47959404b8b46b7/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
158
You tube