academic track xbrl development in europe: identifying explanatory factors ignacio boixo and enrique...
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Academic Track
XBRL development in Europe: identifying explanatory factors
Ignacio Boixo and Enrique Bonsón, XBRL Spain
April 21st, 2010
• Level of development of XBRL
• Hypotheses and explanatory variables
• The model
XBRLXBRL developmentdevelopment
The following 6 sequential steps of XBRL jurisdiction development can be identified:
• Without formal structure: step 0
• Provisional Jurisdiction: step 1
• Permanent Jurisdiction: step 2
• National Taxonomies: step 3
• Public XBRL reports available: step 4
• Public XBRL reports successfully exploited: step 5
DummyYes =0No =1
This allows each country to be classified from Y=0 to Y=5
Additional information for the analysis
ExplanatoryExplanatory variablesvariables
Some of the explanatory factors, at the country level, that can be explored:
• Economic wealth• Level of education• Level of usage of ICTs • Style of government/administration
ListingListing ofof HypothesesHypotheses
• H1: Economic wealth of a country positively influence XBRL development since more resources are available for the implementation of the jurisdiction.
• H2 + H3: Levels of education and usage of ICTs positively influence XBRL development through the availability of more and better qualified human resources for the implementation of the jurisdiction.
• H4: The country’s category, within the EU, that reflects a particular differentiated style of public administration in its governmental agencies, makes the country’s level of XBRL development significantly different.
HypothesizedHypothesized relationshipsrelationships
a) As stated by Siau and Long, 2006, the economic situation of a country can influence its ability to adopt particular e-government initiatives.
b) Kim, 2007,explains that prior technological and educational development is a prerequisite for the implementation of IT.
c) Pina et al. (2009 divided the EU-15 into categories defined by a specific style of administration. In our opinion, this framework can be applied to the EU-27 grouping as an additional explanatory factor to be explored, by adding a new category for eastern countries.
XBRL development
EDUCATION
ICTs USAGEGDP per capita +
+
+
a
b
Style of administration-
region
c
ExplanatoryExplanatory variablesvariables operationalizationoperationalization
Data provided by EUROSTAT
• Country GDP per capita
• GDP per capita (purchasing parity power) for the year 2009,
• Levels of education
• Tertiary/further education graduates (per 1 000 of population aged 20-29).
• Level of usage of ICTs
• Measured using Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (%) as a proxy
StylesStyles ofof publicpublic administrationadministration
Anglo-Saxon• Managerial approach• Efficiency in terms of economic values• Likely to introduce market mechanisms
Germanic• Bureaucratic system• Complex relationships among federal institutions• Strong regulation
Nordic• Unified, not federal states• Decisions by negotiation and consultation• Efficiency in terms of users´ satisfaction
Southern European• Influenced strongly by French legal style• Some degree of decentralization but with a powerful central government that collects most taxes
Anglo-Saxon GermanicIreland AustriaUK GermanyNordic Other stylesDenmark BulgariaFinland CyprusSweden Czech RepublicNetherland EstoniaSouthern European HungaryBelgium LatviaFrance LithuaniaGreece MaltaItaly PolandLuxembourg RomaniaPortugal Slovak RepublicSpain Slovenia
AdministrationAdministrationstylesstyles
Anglo-Saxon
Southern European
Nordic
Germanic
Other
PresentingPresenting thethe modelmodel
If the variable to be explained, the level of development of XBRL, presents only a positive value (0 to 5), then the appropriate statistical technique for analyzing the data and the hypotheses is the TOBIT regression model, proposed by James Tobin (1958), also called “censored data regression”.
Feature of Model:
• Left censored 0, right censored 5.
XBRL useXBRL use
Anglo-Saxon
Southern European
Nordic
Germanic
Other
XBRL GAAPXBRL GAAP
Anglo-Saxon
Southern European
Nordic
Germanic
Other
BankingBanking
Anglo-Saxon
Southern European
Nordic
Germanic
Other
JurisdictionsJurisdictions
Anglo-Saxon
Southern European
Nordic
Germanic
Other
Public Public reportsreports
Anglo-Saxon
Southern European
Nordic
Germanic
Other
Countries ordered by XBRL evolution
Countries ordered by GDP per capita
Countries ordered by Tertiary education
Countries ordered by Research & Develop.
Nordic
-
Other
GDP per capita
+
+
% of GDP in R&D +
+
-
Your suggestions are more than welcome.
Many thanks for your attention.
References
• EUROSTAT, (2010): http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/ http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database
• KIM Ch.K. (2007): “A cross-national analysis of global E-government”, Public Organization Review, vol. 7: 317-329.• Pina et al. (2009): “E-government evolution in EU local governments: a comparative perspective” Online Information
Review, 33,6. • SIAU, K.; LONG, Y. (2006): “Using social development lenses to understand E-government development”, Journal of
Global Information Management, vol. 14, n. 1: 47-62.• Tobin, James (1958), "Estimation for relationships with limited dependent variables", Econometrica 26 (1).