acaviaes%with%spanishfenglish% cognatescognates are words in english and spanish that (1) possess...
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José A. Montelongo Anita Hernández
CATESOL 2010 Santa Clara, California
AcAviAes with Spanish-‐English Cognates
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A True Story
Andrés and many of his English Language Learner (ELL) classmates followed the Winter Olympic games religiously on television every night they were telecast. They discussed them in the cafeterias, on the playgrounds, and before the start of almost every class. Seeing an opportunity to provide students with reading materials that her class might enjoy, Ms. Smith passed out a brief informaAonal arAcle on the Winter Olympics she had found on the Internet.
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A True Story (cont’d) Much to the students’ dismay (and Ms. Smith’s!), the text was laden with words such as “edgy,” “looms,” “jagged,” and “laden.” There were at least thirty words on the one-‐page handout that the majority of the ELL students weren’t familiar with! It would be too Ame consuming for Ms. Smith to review the many vocabulary words with the students and it would be brutal for her to have the students look up each word in the dicAonary. PuWng them in groups to jigsaw the arAcle would be equally unsaAsfactory. Everyone was frustrated and disappointed.
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Spanish-‐English Cognate Scaffolds
• Morphological Analyses (Prefixes, Suffixes, Root Words)
• Context Clues • Scaffold teaching of many reading skills with Spanish-‐English cognates
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Spanish-English Cognates
Cognates are words in English and Spanish that
(1) possess same or nearly the same orthography
(2) semantic meaning and
(3) share the same etymology.
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Spanish-English Cognates
More than 20,000 Spanish-English Cognates
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Cognates & Academic Vocabulary
Latin was once the language of scholarship; Academic vocabulary is comprised of words that
originated from the Latin and Greek; Many words in textbooks and textbook glossaries are
cognates: democracy, microscope, literary
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Frequency of Cognates (Cognates at all levels of Word Frequencywords)
Frequency Range
Cognates Noncognates
AA 327 511 A 356 307
40-49 144 124 30-39 216 198 20-29 206 386 9-19 1144 1043 Total 2393 2569
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Frequency distribution in syllables for the 5,000 most Frequent Words __________________________________________________________ Number of syllables Cognates Noncognates __________________________________________________________
6 4 0 5 52 0 4 299 11 3 691 139 2 1,115 864 1 411 1,390
_________________________________________________________ (Montelongo, 2002)
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Orthographic Transparency
• There are different levels of orthographic transparency:
• natural-‐natural senate-‐senado chief-‐jefe
• h]p://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/lib_fac/26/
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Cognates - ELL Background Knowledge
Many cognates are in the listening and reading vocabularies of ELLs because of Spanish backgrounds.
Teacher’s goal is to help Spanish-speaking ELL students recognize these vocabulary words.
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Cognates & English Morphology
Many of the Latin and Greek root words can be used to generate hundreds and hundreds of words, many of which are Spanish-English cognates. Use morphology exercises to make Spanish-Speaking ELLs aware of cognates.
For instance, the root word (-audi-) give us: inaudible (inaudible), auditorium (auditorio), audience (audiencia),
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Cognates & English Morphology
Root Word (-port-) import, export, transport, portal …
Root Word (-form) reform, transformation, formation
Root Word (-rupt) corrupt, erupt, rupture
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Cognates & English Morphology
There are many prefix and word-initial regularities.
ch- = c character = carácter charity = caridad
There are also many suffix and word-ending regularities.
-ity = -idad honesty = honestidad infinity = infinidad
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Cognates & English Morphology Suffix & Word-Ending Regularities
-al = -al national = national initial = inicial
-ant = -ante instant = instante elephant = elefante
-ary = -ario ordinary = ordinario glossary = glosario
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Teaching students to use Cognates with words they don’t know
What can students do when they come upon unknown words?
1. Break words down into roots, prefixes, and suffixes
2. Guess at the meaning of words using the context.
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Using Context Clues
Synonyms Antonyms The verb to be Appositive phrases Punctuation
Montelongo, Hernandez, and Herter (under review)
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Cognates to Scaffold Learning of Analogies
1. Synonym analogies 2. Antonym analogies 3. Function analogies 4. Part-to-whole analogies 5. Categorization analogies
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Cognates & Similes
Help students understand what a Simile is without having to worry about their comprehension of every word:
The advice was like a map. The problem was like an elephant. The ballerina was like a robot. The desert was like an ocean.
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Cognates & Metaphor
Help students understand what a Metaphor is without having to worry about their comprehension of every word:
The instructor was a dictator. The ideas were pearls. The adolescent was an island. The princess was a tiger.
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Word Walls—Cognates
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Find-a-Cognate website
http://www.angelfire.com/ill/monte/findacognate.html