accent and reference resolution (dahan, tanenhaus & chambers, in press) experiment 1: –tested...
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Accent and reference resolution(Dahan, Tanenhaus & Chambers, in press)
• Experiment 1:– Tested hypothesis that de-accented noun is
interpreted as referring to the most salient entity and accented noun phrase introduces a new entity (standard view)
– Used cohorts:• Any effects of accent can be localized to effects
from the vowel prior to disambiguating information
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What is “given”?
• Discourse-given– Inferrable (Prince, 1992), c.f. bridging inferences
• Hearer-given
• Salient/ accessible
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Put the candle below the triangle. Now put the candle above the square
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Put the candle below the triangle. Now put the candle above the square
Moved object will be most salient
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Anaphoric (new competitor) accented target word: Put the candle below the triangle Now put the CANDLE above the squareAnaphoric (new competitor) deaccented target word:
Put the candle below the triangle Now put the candle ABOVE THE SQUARENon-anaphoric (given competitor) accented target word:
Put the candy below the triangle Now put the CANDLE above the squareNon-anaphoric (given competitor) deaccented target word:
Put the candy below the triangle Now put the candle ABOVE THE SQUARE
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Proportion of fixations to the target and competitor pictures over the 0-300 and 300-1000 ms time windows, as a function of the discoursecontext (anaphoric or nonanaphoric) and the accent pattern of the target word (accented or de-accented).
0-300 ms 300-1000 mscompetitor target competitor target
anaphoric accented .25 .05 .17 .50anaphoric de-accented .31 .03 .12 .59nonanaphoric accented.06 .25 .06 .58nonanaphoric de-accented .04 .26 .13 .55
When word begins in second instruction subjects are more likely to be fixating on a new picture
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Proportion of fixations to the target and competitor pictures over the 0-300 and 300-1000 ms time windows, as a function of the discoursecontext (anaphoric or nonanaphoric) and the accent pattern of the target word (accented or de-accented).
0-300 ms 300-1000 mscompetitor target competitor target
anaphoric accented .25 .05 .17 .50anaphoric de-accented .31 .03 .12 .59nonanaphoric accented.06 .25 .06 .58nonanaphoric de-accented .04 .26 .13 .55
Larger cohort effects to accented anaphoric noun and de-accented non-anaphoric noun
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Fix
atio
n P
ropo
rtio
n
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time since target onset (ms)
Fixations in Anaphoric Conditions
D: candle…
A: CANDLE
A
D
Put the candle below the triangle . Now put the CANDLE / candle…
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Fix
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n P
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n
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time since target onset (ms)
Fixations in Nonanaphoric Conditions
D: candle…
A: CANDLE
A
D
Put the candy below the triangle . Now put the CANDLE / candle…
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Conclusion:
De-accented nouns are preferentially interpreted as anaphoric
Question:
Are accented nouns preferentially interpreted as introducing new entities or as shifting focus to a discourse-old but not focused entity?
Corpus analyses show that accented definite noun phrasesare often (most often, in fact) used to refer to discourse-old entities
In Experiment 1, the non-focused, but mentioned entity wasn’t a moveable object:
Put the candle below the triangle
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Experiment 2
Theme: Put the candle below the triangle. Now put the CANDLE above the squareGoal: Put the necklace below the candle Now put the CANDLE above the squareTheme with moveable Goal: Put the candle below the necklace Now put the CANDLE above the square
Predictions:1) Theme should show a big cohort effect (replication)2) Goal should not show a big cohort effect if accent is interpreted as shifting focus to a previously mentioned entity.3) Theme with Moveable Goal should show a big cohort effect only if accent is interpreted as shifting to a new entity
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Targets Cohorts
Theme
Goal
Theme-moveable goalTheme:
Put the candle below the triangle. Now put the CANDLE above the squareGoal :
Put the necklace below the candle. Now put the CANDLE above the squareTheme with moveable Goal:
Put the candle below the necklace Now put the CANDLE above the square
X
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targetcohortdistractor2distractor3
Theme
Put the candle below the triangle. Now put the CANDLE . . . .
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Goal
Put the necklace below the candle. Now put the CANDLE. . .
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Theme-moveable Goal
Put the candle below the necklace Now put the CANDLE . . .
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Conclusion:
Accented noun phrase is interpreted as shifting focus to non-focused discourse-old entity