acceptance testing and variability impacts on...
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Acceptance Testing and Variability Impacts on Construction Operation
ISAPJune 4, 2014
Raleigh, North Carolina
Jon EppsTexas A&M Transportation Institute
Texas A&M University
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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What We Need
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Performance Related/Based Test
Simple ConceptDifficult to AccomplishDifficult to Implement Considerable Impact on Industry
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History of Test Method Development
Use Test from Another Industry We Have Used This Test for Years Develop Performance Indicator Tests Develop Tests that Measure “Fundamental” Properties
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Ideal Test Attributes
Measure Fundamental Property Related to Performance Duplicates
– Stress/Strain– Time/Rate of Loading– Temperature
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Ideal Test Attributes
Equipment Costs – Low Qualification of Technicians – Minimal Quick Results
– Sampling– Fabrication
Testing Precision & Bias
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IntroductionAreas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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Lab Rut Depth
Pavement R
ut D
epth
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Lab Rut Depth
Pavement R
ut D
epth
Variability
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Cycles to Failure
Strain
Lab Test
Field Performance
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Cycles to Failure
Strain
Lab Test
Field Performance
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Cycles to Failure
Strain
Lab Test
Field Performance
Lab Test Variability
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Cycles to Failure
Strain
Lab Test
Field Performance
Lab Test Variability
Field Performance Variability
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Introduction Areas of ConcernUse of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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How Test(s) Will Be Used
Structural Design Mixture Design Acceptance (Quality)/Pay Economics
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Who Will Use Test
Owner (Public Agency) Contractor/Materials Supplier Research Community Forensics/Legal
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Why Owner Interested
Quality Pavement (Performance) Quality Mixture (Performance) Economics Material Production Quality Mixture/Placement Quality Acceptance Pay
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Why Contractor Interested
Select Materials Mixture Design Structural Design Process Control/Quality Control
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Acceptance Pay Economics (Bid/Profit)
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Type of Contract
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Design Bid Build
Design Build
Public Private Partnership
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Contractor Interest
Type of Contract Se
lect
Materials
Mix Design
Structural
Design
Acceptan
ce/
Pay
Bid/Profit
Performan
ce
D – B – B X X X
D/B X X X X X
PPP X X X X X X21
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Material Supplier
Raw Material Selection Manufacturing Process Process Control Quality Control Acceptance/Pay
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Consultants
Material Selection
Structural Design Process Control/Quality Control
Acceptance
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Research Community
Improved Performance Production– Materials– Mixtures– Structural Design
Publications/Promotion/Tenure
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Forensics/Legal
Engineering Analysis Remove/Replace/Pay Reduction Responsible Party
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How Test(s) Will Be Used
Structural Design Mixture Design Acceptance (Quality)/Pay Economics
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Structural Design
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Friction/Splash/Spray/Noise Permanent deformation Thermal cracking Water Susceptibility
Stiffness High RAP/RAS Permanent deformation
Fatigue resistance Water susceptibility
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Mixture Design
Material Selection Mixture Volumetric Mixture Properties
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Mixture
Stiffness Rutting Fatigue Thermal crackingWater susceptibility Aging
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RAP/RAS/WMA Concern
Pavement Distress RAP RAS WMARaveling X XBleeding XRutting XTransverse Cracks X XLongitudinal Cracks X XFatigue Cracks X XReflection Cracks X XWater Sensitivity XAging X X
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Acceptance (Quality)
Material Properties Process Control Quality Control Quality Assurance Quality Management Pay
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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Economics
Materials Mixture Structural Design Pay Factor
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Materials
Material 50 Miles 100 Miles
Asphalt Binder 0.40 0.80
Aggregate 7.00 14.00
$/Ton of Mix
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Mixture Design
Price of Asphalt Binder $/Ton
Percent Asphalt Binder Saved
0.1 0.3 0.5
400 0.40 1.20 2.00
500 0.50 1.50 2.50
600 0.60 1.80 3.00
$/Ton of Mix36
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Structural Design
Reduce Thickness Inches (mm)
Lane Miles
10 20 30
1 (25) 275 550 1,375
2 (50) 550 1,100 2,750
3 (75) 825 1,650 4,125
Dollars ‐ Thousands37
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Remove and Replace
Tons Costs, Dollars1,000 110,000
2,000 220,000
3,000 330,000
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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QC/QA and Variability
Variability = variability + variability + variability
(QC/QA) (sampling) (test method) (mat./const.)
S2QC/QA = S2
s + S2t + S2
m/c
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Sources of Variability Sampling ‐ random variation in sampling methods or procedures Testing ‐ random variation in testing performance and equipment
Material ‐ random natural variation Construction ‐ variation inherent in production and construction methods
Sampling + testing variability = about 50% of the variation in
test results
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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Effect of Number of Samples and Associated Risk
Number of Samples
(n)
Contractor’s Risk ()
Owner’s Risk ()
1 0% 84%1 5% 50% 4 0% 16% 4 5% 2.5%
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Reported Test Result
44
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Number and Size of SamplesASTM Standards
D3665 ‐ Random Sampling of Construction Materials
E105 ‐ Probability Sampling of Materials E122 ‐ Choice of Sample Size to Estimate
the Average Quality of a Lot or Process
E141 ‐ Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Result of Probability Sampling
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Stratified Random Sampling
Sublot1
Sublot2
Sublot3
Sublot4
Sta100
Sta110
Sta120
Sta130
Sta140
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Point of Sampling
Asphalt–Plant Tank or Middle 1/3 of Truck Load
–Bleed off & Discard Prior to Sampling
– Sample & Seal
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Point of Sampling Asphalt Content
– Loose Plant, Truck, Mat (entire lift), Windrow, or Paver (auger) Samples, Cores
Aggregate Gradation– Coldfeeds or hot bins
– Extracted from HMA (loose samples or cores)
Lab Compacted Volumetrics– Loose Plant, Truck, Mat (entire lift), Windrow, or Paver (auger) Samples
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Effect of Sampling Location on Gradation Variability
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
3/4"
1/2"
3/8" #4 #8 #16
#30
#50
#100
#200S
tand
ard
Dev
iatio
ns
Sieve SizeColdfeeds (n=45) Loose HMA (n=45) Cores (n=46)
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Sample Splitting to Avoid Segregation
Coarse @ 3.79%ac Fine @ 5.21%ac
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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Mix Design Volumetric Criteria
Superpave• Gmmi, d, m, AV, VMA, VFA, DP
Marshall• AV, VMA, VFA
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Mixture Volumetrics
All Specified Volumetric Properties Calculated from Measured Material Properties (AASHTO or ASTM Test Methods):– Asphalt Content (AC)– Asphalt Cement Specific Gravity (Gb)– Combined Aggregate Specific Gravity (Gsb)– Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Mixture (Gmb)– Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm)– Amount of Material Passing the #200 Sieve (p200)
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Question ?What are the combined effects of variability in material and mixture property measurements on calculated volumetric properties and optimum asphalt content selection?
AnswerPerform an analysis to find out
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Analysis
Show the effect of what is considered acceptable variability in Gb, Gsb, Gmb, Gmmmeasurements on mixture volumetrics for both within and between laboratory conditions
19mm Superpave mix design data ASTM single‐operator and multilaboratory precision Monte Carlo Simulations Generate range of volumetric properties due to test method
variability
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Test Method Precision and Bias
Precision Statements Account for Inherent Test Method Variability (uncontrollable random error)
Single‐operator, within lab, repeatability Multilaboratory, between lab, reproducability
One‐Sigma Limits (standard deviation, , 1S) Difference Two‐Sigma Limits {(22}, D2S}
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Within Laboratory Precision(Single Operator Precision)
* - “Duplicate specific gravity results by the same operator should not be considered suspect unless they differ more than 0.02.”
( ) - supplemental procedure for mixtures containing porous aggregate conditions (“dryback procedure”).
Designations
Description
Single Operator Precision
AASHTOMethod
ASTMMethod
Standard Deviation(1S)
Acceptable Range of Two Results
(D2S)
AASHTO ASTM AASHTO ASTM
T228 D70 Asphalt Cement Specific Gravity 0.0008 0.0008 0.0023 0.0023
T85 C127 Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity 0.009 0.009 0.025 0.025
T84 C128 Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity 0.011 0.011 0.032 0.032
T166 D2726Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Specimens
* 0.0124 * 0.035
T209 D2041 Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous Mixture
0.0040(0.0064)
0.0040(0.0064)
0.011(0.018)
0.011(0.018)
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* - “Duplicate specific gravity results by the same operator should not be considered suspect unless they differ more than 0.02.”
( ) - supplemental procedure for mixtures containing porous aggregate conditions (“dryback procedure”).
Between Laboratory Precision(Multilaboratory Precision)
Designations
Description
Multilaboratory Precision
AASHTOMethod
ASTMMethod
Standard Deviation(1S)
Acceptable Range of Two Results
(D2S)
AASHTO ASTM AASHTO ASTMT228 D70 Asphalt Cement Specific Gravity 0.0024 0.0024 0.0068 0.0068T85 C127 Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity 0.013 0.013 0.038 0.038T84 C128 Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity 0.023 0.023 0.066 0.066
T166 D2726Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Specimens * 0.0269 * 0.076
T209 D2041Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous Mixture
0.0064(0.0193)
0.0064(0.0193)
0.019(0.055)
0.019(0.055)
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Monte Carlo Simulation Process
Develop Probability Distributions from Mix Design Property Means and ASTM One‐Sigma Limits for Each Input Variable
• eg.: Gmb and Gmm
Repeatedly Sample the Input Distributions (Gmb and Gmm) and Calculate the Output Variable to Generate an Output Distribution
• eg.: %AV
1000’s of iterations
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Monte Carlo Simulation
%AV = 100 xGmm - Gmb
Gmm
GmmDistribution
Same Gmm
Distribution
GmbDistribution
%AVDistribution
Gmm and Gmb =inputs
%AV = output
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Summary Plots
012345678
5.25% 5.75% 6.25% 6.75%
Asphalt Content (%)
AV (%
)
-5%-1SDMean+1SD+95%
%AV Output Distribution at 5.25% AC
%AV Output Distribution at 5.75% AC
%AV Output Distribution at 6.25% AC
%AV Output Distribution at
6.75% AC
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Within Laboratory Air Voids
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5.25% 5.75% 6.25% 6.75%
AV (
%)
Asphalt Content (%)
-5%
-1SD
Mean
+1SD
+95%
0.7% AC
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Between Laboratory Air Voids
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75
AV(%
)
Asphalt Content (%)
-5%-1SDMean+1SD+95%
1.4% AC
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Summary and Conclusions
“Acceptable” Variability Associated with the Measurement of the Properties Required to Determine HMA Volumetrics can Have a Significant Impact on Calculated Volumetric Properties
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Within Laboratory Test Method Variability May Lead to Differences in AV and VMA of 1.0+% for Any Given Mix Design
These Differences Translate into Potential Differences of 0.7% in Optimum Asphalt Content Selection
Summary and Conclusions
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Between Laboratory Test Method Variability May Lead to Differences in AV and VMA of over 2.0% for Any Given Mix Design
These Differences Translate into Potential Differences of Over 1.0% in Optimum Asphalt Content Selection
Summary and Conclusions
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling TestingMaterials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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PWL and PD Concept
% AC
PWL
PDUPDL
PWL = 100 - (PDU + PDL)
In Terms of Area of the Distribution
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Percent within LimitsLot X s PWL
1 5.0 0.20 96
2 4.8 0.20 84
Lot 1Lot 2
Asphalt Binder Content4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.8
Target Value 5.0
Limits ± 0.4 target
Upper limitsLower limit
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Typical Variability
Property Standard Deviation(s)Asphalt Content, % 0.25% pass 4.75 mm, % 3.0% pass 2.36 mm to 0.15 mm, % 2.0% pass 0.075 mm, % 0.7Air Voids, % 1.0VMA, % 1.5VFA, % 5.0
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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Fabrication of Samples Lab Mixed‐Lab Compacted
– Mixture Design– Structural Design– Predict Performance
Field Mixed – Lab Compacted– Structural Design?– Predict Performance?
Field Mixed‐Field Compacted– Acceptance/Pay– Structural Design– Predict Performance
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Compaction
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1 10 20
Air Voids, Percent
Age, Years
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Plunger ImpactKneadingGyratorySlab
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Laboratory
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Conditioning
Construction Hardening Short Term Long Term
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Introduction Areas of Concern Use of Tests Economics Variability Sampling Testing Materials/Construction Variability Fabrication of Samples Summary
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What We Need
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Ideal Test Attributes
Measure Fundamental Property Related to Performance Duplicates
– Stress/Strain– Time/Rate of Loading– Temperature
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Ideal Test Attributes
Equipment Costs – Low Qualification of Technicians – Minimal Quick Results
– Sampling– Fabrication
Testing Precision & Bias
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Lab Rut Depth
Pavement R
ut D
epth
Variability
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Cycles to Failure
Strain
Lab Test
Field Performance
Lab Test Variability
Field Performance Variability
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How Test(s) Will Be Used
Structural Design Mixture Design Acceptance (Quality)/Pay Economics
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Who Will Use Test
Owner (Public Agency) Contractor/Materials Supplier Research Community Forensics/Legal
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Contractor Interest
Type of Contract Se
lect
Materials
Mix Design
Structural
Design
Acceptan
ce/
Pay
Bid/Profit
Performan
ce
D – B – B X X X
D/B X X X X X
PPP X X X X X X85
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Mixture Design
Price of Asphalt Binder $/Ton
Percent Asphalt Binder Saved
0.1 0.3 0.5
400 0.40 1.20 2.00
500 0.50 1.50 2.50
6000 0.60 1.80 3.00
$/Ton of Mix86
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Structural Design
Reduce Thickness Inches (mm)
Lane Miles
10 20 30
1 (25) 275 550 1,375
2 (50) 550 1,100 2,750
3 (75) 825 1,650 4,125
Dollars ‐ Thousands87
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Remove and Replace
Tons Costs, Dollars1,000 110,000
2,000 220,000
3,000 330,00088
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QC/QA and Variability
Variability = variability + variability + variability
(QC/QA) (sampling) (test method) (mat./const.)
S2QC/QA = S2
s + S2t + S2
m/c
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Monte Carlo Simulation
%AV = 100 xGmm - Gmb
Gmm
GmmDistribution
Same Gmm
Distribution
GmbDistribution
%AVDistribution
Gmm and Gmb =inputs
%AV = output
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Within Laboratory Precision(Single Operator Precision)
* - “Duplicate specific gravity results by the same operator should not be considered suspect unless they differ more than 0.02.”
( ) - supplemental procedure for mixtures containing porous aggregate conditions (“dryback procedure”).
Designations
Description
Single Operator Precision
AASHTOMethod
ASTMMethod
Standard Deviation(1S)
Acceptable Range of Two Results
(D2S)
AASHTO ASTM AASHTO ASTM
T228 D70 Asphalt Cement Specific Gravity 0.0008 0.0008 0.0023 0.0023
T85 C127 Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity 0.009 0.009 0.025 0.025
T84 C128 Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity 0.011 0.011 0.032 0.032
T166 D2726Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Specimens
* 0.0124 * 0.035
T209 D2041 Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous Mixture
0.0040(0.0064)
0.0040(0.0064)
0.011(0.018)
0.011(0.018)
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