access and usage of information and …...access and usage of information and communications...

Access and Usage of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTS) by People With Disabilities (PWDS) In Uganda.

ACCESS AND USAGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES (ICTS) BY PEOPLE

WITH DISABILITIES (PWDS) IN UGANDA.

DRAFT REPORT DEC-2018

CONDUCTED BY: THE STRATEGY AND RESEARCH DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF CORPORATE AFFAIRS P.O. BOX 7376, KAMPALA, UGANDA

Access and Usage of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTS) by People With

Disabilities (PWDS) In Uganda.

i

Acknowledgement

Uganda Communications Commission would like to express its sincere gratitude to God for

enabling this study to come to fruition. Most notably, we appreciate the valuable input of the

Faculty of Special Needs and Rehabilitation, Kyambogo University; National Union of Disabled

Persons of Uganda (NUDIPU); Uganda National Association of the Blind(UNAB); Ntinda

School of the Deaf; Ministry of Gender; Labour and Social Development; College of Computing

at Makerere University; Equal Opportunities Commission and the various stakeholders that

provided insight, unprecedented efforts as well as credible expertise that greatly contributed

to this research.

Special thanks goes to Mr. Francis Wasswa who was pivotal in the data collection process

and the steering and implementation committees for their comments and study input that

informed the final research report.

Lastly, UCC would like to express its gratitude to all the People with Disabilities that willingly

participated in this study while offering their honest thoughts and opinions during the research

processes. We believe greatly that this effort will go the extra mile in addressing the welfare

needs, legal, regulatory and policy interventions of People with Disabilities not only in Uganda

but also in other jurisdictions.



ii

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. i

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ v

List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... vii

List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................. ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... x

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background to the study ......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objective of Study ................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Structure of this Report ........................................................................................... 3

2. STUDY METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 4

2.1 Survey Design ........................................................................................................ 4

2.1.1 Scope and Coverage .................................................................................... 4

2.1.2 Sample frame and Sampling ........................................................................ 4

2.1.3 Sample size .................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Survey tool design and Data Collection Protocol ..................................................... 6

2.2.1 Survey Instruments’ Development ................................................................ 6

2.2.2 Pre-test of the questionnaires ....................................................................... 6

2.2.3 Questionnaire programming ......................................................................... 7

2.3 Data collection facilitator Enumerator Recruiting and Training .............................. 12

2.3.1 Enumerator recruitment .............................................................................. 12

2.3.2 Enumerator training .................................................................................... 12

2.3.3 Pre deployment activity .............................................................................. 13

2.4 Quality control of the data collection process ........................................................ 14

2.5 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 15

3. STUDY FINDINGS ....................................................................................................... 16

3.1 Individual demographics ....................................................................................... 16

3.1.1 Respondents Location, Gender and Age .................................................... 16

3.1.2 National ID ownership and Marital Status ................................................... 16

3.1.3 Disability classification and root cause ....................................................... 18

3.1.4 Education Level of Respondents ................................................................ 22

3.1.5 Employment status and source of Income .................................................. 24

3.2 Household demographics ..................................................................................... 26

3.2.1 Type of construction material for PWD dwellings ........................................ 26

3.2.2 PWDs household size ................................................................................ 27

3.2.3 Access to utilities; electricity and clean piped water .................................... 28

3.2.4 Source of lighting........................................................................................ 29

3.2.5 Type of toilet facility .................................................................................... 30

3.2.6 Poverty Probability Index (PPI) ................................................................... 31

4. INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD AWARENESS, ACCESS AND USE OF ICTS ......... 34

4.1 Individual PWD awareness and usage of ICT tools. .............................................. 34

4.2 Ownership and use of ICT devices ....................................................................... 36

4.2.1 Ownership of ICT devices by Individual PWDs ........................................... 36

4.2.2 Use of computers among individual PWDs ................................................. 37

4.2.3 Location and frequency of computer usage by individual PWDs ................. 39

4.2.4 Computer related skills ............................................................................... 41

4.3 Ownership and use of mobile phones ................................................................... 43



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4.3.1 Number of registered sim cards owned by PWDs....................................... 45

4.4 Internet access and usage. ................................................................................... 46

4.4.1 Access to Internet by any household member ............................................ 46

4.4.2 Type of internet services accessed by household members. ...................... 47

4.4.3 Individual internet access and usage. ......................................................... 48

4.4.4 Access and use of open source software by PWDs .................................... 51

4.4.5 Access and use of social media by individual PWDs .................................. 53

4.4.6 Access to ICTs by PWDs in school. ........................................................... 56

4.5 Financial inclusion of individual PWDs .................................................................. 59

4.5.1 Individual PWDs access to a bank account. ............................................... 60

4.5.2 Individual PWDs access to alternative source of financial services. ........... 60

4.5.3 Mobile money use by individuals PWDs ..................................................... 62

4.5.4 Frequency of mobile money received by individual PWDs. ......................... 63

4.5.5 Distance to the nearest mobile money agent to the PWDs. ........................ 64

4.6 Individual PWD awareness and usage of Assistive Technologies. ........................ 66

4.6.1 Awareness of low tech assistive technologies among PWDs ..................... 66

4.6.2 Awareness and Usage of high tech assistive technologies among PWDs .. 68

4.7 Television ownership, viewership and perceptions ................................................ 69

4.7.1 TV viewership by PWDs. ............................................................................ 69

4.7.2 TV programmes watched by PWDs ............................................................ 72

4.7.3 Perceptions about TV ................................................................................. 74

4.7.4 Non viewers of TV among Individual PWDs ............................................... 75

4.8 Radio ownership, listenership and perceptions ..................................................... 76

4.8.1 Radio ownership ........................................................................................ 76

4.8.2 Radio listenership ....................................................................................... 78

4.8.3 Time of radio listenership ........................................................................... 81

4.8.4 Programmes listened to by Individual PWDs on Radio ............................... 81

4.8.5 PWDs perception on quality of radio reception in their areas ...................... 82

4.8.6 Individual PWDs perceptions about radio ................................................... 83

4.8.7 Reasons why individual PWDs are not listening to radios ........................... 83

4.9 Individual access and usage of postal services ..................................................... 84

4.10 Distance to nearest postal outlet. .......................................................................... 85

4.11 Use of courier services ......................................................................................... 86

4.12 Barriers facing PWDs use of ICTs ......................................................................... 88

5. BUSINESSES AND INSTITUTION FINDINGS............................................................. 90

5.1 Business and institutional classification by type of ownership ............................... 90

5.2 Business and Institutions source of funding. ......................................................... 91

5.3 Businesses and institutional awareness of assistive technologies. ........................ 92

5.3.1 Awareness and use of low tech ATs by business and institutions ............... 92

5.3.2 Awareness and use of high tech ATs by business and Institutions ............. 93

5.4 Business and institutions access and usage to ICT devices .................................. 93

5.4.1 Computer access and usage by businesses and institutions. ..................... 95

5.4.2 Use of internet by businesses and institutions ............................................ 95

5.4.3 Type of internet access by businesses and institutions............................... 96

5.4.4 Internet uses by businesses and institutions. .............................................. 97

5.4.5 Perception on importance of internet; an institution and business perspective

97

5.5 Access and use of social media by institutions and businesses ............................ 98



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5.5.1 Reasons why businesses and institutions were using social media .......... 100

5.6 Individual PWDs employed in businesses and institutions. ................................. 100

5.7 ICT access parameters for businesses and Institutions. ..................................... 101

5.8 Mobile phone usage by Business and Institutions ............................................... 103

5.9 Barriers to ICTs for PWDs as cited by businesses and institutions ...................... 103

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................... 105

6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 105

6.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 106

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 108

Appendix 1: Terms of reference for the study. ............................................................... 108

Appendix 2: Individual and household questionnaire. .................................................... 111

Appendix 3: Businesses in ICTs for PWDs questionnaire. ............................................. 131

Appendix 4: Institutions supporting ICTs for PWDs questionnaire. ................................ 138



v

List of Tables

Table 1: Regional distribution of respondents (n=2910) ........................................................ 6

Table 2: Adopted training schedule for enumerators. .......................................................... 13

Table 3: Distribution of individuals information by location, gender, and age ....................... 16

Table 4: Marital status of respondents by region ................................................................. 17

Table 5: Respondent disability categorization ..................................................................... 19

Table 6: Distribution of respondents’ educational level by region, location and gender ....... 23

Table 7: Distribution of respondents’ occupation by region, location and gender ................. 25

Table 8: Distribution of households by construction materials used on the dwelling units

occupied by the PWDs, and selected background characteristics (%) ................................ 26

Table 9: Distribution of household size buy, location, gender and sub region ...................... 28

Table 10: Distribution of household access to electricity and pipped water ......................... 29

Table 11: distribution of Source of fuel for cooking by region and location .......................... 29

Table 12: Toilet Facility ....................................................................................................... 30

Table 13: Uganda PPI scorecard indicators and questions ................................................. 32

Table 14: Awareness and usage of ICT devices by PWDs .................................................. 35

Table 15: Distribution of ICT devices ownership by demographic characteristics. ............... 37

Table 16: Summary of regional ownership of Individual ICT devices ................................... 37

Table 17: Distribution of computer usage by demographic characteristics. ......................... 38

Table 18: Distribution of frequency of individual PWDs computer usage by demographic

characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 40

Table 19: Distribution of how the individual PWDs acquired ICT skills by demographic

characteristics. .................................................................................................................... 42

Table 20: Phone ownership by PWDs ................................................................................. 43

Table 21: Disaggregation of type of phone ownership by PWDs ......................................... 44

Table 22: Distribution of proportion of owned sim cards by network .................................... 46

Table 23: Distribution of individual knowledge of internet use by demographics .................. 49

Table 24: Distribution of Internet usage in the last 12 months by individual PWDs across

different demographics ........................................................................................................ 50

Table 25: Distribution of internet usage by PWDs across different demographics ............... 51

Table 26: Indiviudal PWD access and use of open source softwares .................................. 52

Table 27: Individual access to social media by region, age and gender. ............................. 54

Table 28: Individuals access to ICT devices at school ......................................................... 57

Table 29: School attendees’ access to the internet ............................................................. 58

Table 30: Computer related activities performed ................................................................. 58

Table 31: Individual PWD access to a bank account. .......................................................... 60

Table 32: Distribution of access to informal financial service. .............................................. 62

Table 33: Distribution of mobile money use by gender, location and region ........................ 63

Table 34: Distribution of Frequency of money received by Individual PWDs ....................... 64

Table 35: Distribution distance to nearest MM agent by Region and Location .................... 65

Table 36: Awareness of low tech assistive technologies by gender, location, regions and age

groups. ................................................................................................................................ 68

Table 37: Awareness and usage of high tech assistive technologies by PWDs. ................. 69

Table 38: Distribution of TV viewership by gender and location .......................................... 70

Table 39: Distribution of TV duration vieweship by sub region. ........................................... 73

Table 40: Times individual PWDs watched TV by location, gender and sub regions ........... 74

Table 41: Distribution of Individual PWDs ownership of radio by demographics .................. 78



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Table 42: Distribution of Individual PWDs radio listenership of radio by demographics ....... 79

Table 43: Distribution of radio listening duration among individual PWDs by location, gender,

region and age group. ......................................................................................................... 80

Table 44: Distribution of the quality of received radio reception across different

demographics ..................................................................................................................... 82

Table 45: Postal Services Access by Region and Location ................................................. 85

Table 46: Courier Services access by region and location .................................................. 87

Table 47: Distribution of the categorization of ICT access and usage barriers as identified by

individual PWDS ................................................................................................................. 89

Table 48: Distribution of the percentage barriers to ICTs as identified by individual PWDs . 89

Table 49: Businesses and Institutions interviewed per region. ............................................ 90

Table 50: Awareness of low tech assistive technologies by business and institutions ......... 92

Table 51: Awareness of high tech assistive technologies by business and institutions ........ 93

Table 52: Businesses and Institutions ICT awareness and usage ....................................... 94

Table 53: Internet access by business and institutions ........................................................ 96

Table 54: Distribution of instant messaging services by subregion and location. ................. 99

Table 55: Mobile phone usage by business and institutions .............................................. 103



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List of Figures

Figure 1: Illustration of Multistage sampling methodology ..................................................... 5

Figure 2: Questionnaire programing and data collection protocol .......................................... 8

Figure 3: GPS mapping for individuals and household respondents (n=2,757) ..................... 9

Figure 4: GPS mapping for businesses and institutions (N=153) ........................................... 9

Figure 5: Individual and household survey flow ................................................................... 10

Figure 6: Business and household survey flow.................................................................... 11

Figure 7: Data collection hierarchy ...................................................................................... 14

Figure 8: Ownership of a national identity card by the PWDs .............................................. 17

Figure 9: Summary of respondents’ disabilities by type ....................................................... 18

Figure 10: Disability classification single Vs multiple disabilities .......................................... 19

Figure 11: Respondents disability classification .................................................................. 21

Figure 12: Respondents employment status ....................................................................... 24

Figure 13: Individual PWD source of income ....................................................................... 24

Figure 14: Composition of household members. ................................................................. 27

Figure 15: PWD poverty likelihood as predicted by $ 2 PPP poverty line (n= 2,757). .......... 33

Figure 16: Regional PWD poverty likelihood as predicted by $ 2 PPP poverty line (n= 2,757).

........................................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 17: Distribution of poverty ....................................................................................... 33

Figure 18: Awareness levels of ICT devices and products by PWDs ................................... 34

Figure 19: Individual ownership of ICT devices by PWDs. .................................................. 36

Figure 20:Proportion of individual PWDs using computers. ................................................. 38

Figure 21: Frequency of computer usage by individual PWDs ............................................ 39

Figure 22: Different locations where individual PWDs use computers ................................. 40

Figure 23: PWD computer skills .......................................................................................... 41

Figure 24: How the individual PWDs acquired the ICT skills ............................................... 42

Figure 25: Type of phone owned by PWDs ......................................................................... 43

Figure 26: Registered sim cards owned .............................................................................. 45

Figure 27: Proportion of registered sim cards owned by network by the PWDs ................... 45

Figure 28: Household member access to Internet ............................................................... 47

Figure 29: Distribution of household member access to internet by location and gender ..... 47

Figure 30: Type of internet services used by household members ...................................... 48

Figure 31: Individual knowledge of internet use by PWDs ................................................... 48

Figure 32: Individual PWD use of internet in the last 12 months .......................................... 49

Figure 33: Frequency of internet usage in the last 12 months by individual PWDs .............. 50

Figure 34: Individual PWD access to social media .............................................................. 53

Figure 35: Device used for accessing social media by PWDs ............................................ 55

Figure 36: Actual use of social media by PWDs .................................................................. 55

Figure 37: Frequency of social media use by PWDs after OTT .......................................... 56

Figure 38: Individual PWDs currently in school. .................................................................. 56

Figure 39: Frequency of execution of computer related activities ........................................ 59

Figure 40: Individual PWDs access to alterantive sources of financial services .................. 61

Figure 41: Use of mobile money services ............................................................................ 62

Figure 42: Frequency of money received by individual PWDs ............................................. 63

Figure 43: Distance to the nearest mobile money agent ...................................................... 65

Figure 44: Low tech assistive devices awareness levels ..................................................... 67

Figure 45: PWDs viewership of TV ...................................................................................... 70



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Figure 46: Most watched TV station by PWDs .................................................................... 71

Figure 47: Distribution of TV viewership parterns of PWDs by location ............................... 71

Figure 48: Programmes that PWD individuals watch on TV ................................................ 72

Figure 49: Viewing duration amongst PWDs individuals who watched TV ........................... 72

Figure 50: Times at which individual PWDs watched TV ..................................................... 74

Figure 51: PWDs attitudes and perceptions of those who watched TV ................................ 75

Figure 52: Proportion of Individuals PWDs that did not watch TV by demographics ............ 75

Figure 53: Reasons why PWDs do not watch TV ................................................................ 76

Figure 54: Individual PWDS radio ownership ...................................................................... 77

Figure 55: Radio listenership by PWDs ............................................................................... 78

Figure 56: Listening duration amongst individual PWDs who listened to radio .................... 80

Figure 57: Times at which individuals PWDs listened to radio. ............................................ 81

Figure 58: Programmes listened to by individual PWDs on radio. ....................................... 81

Figure 59: PWDs perception on quality of radio reception in their areas.............................. 82

Figure 60: Individual PWD perceptions about radio ............................................................. 83

Figure 61: Major reasons for not listening to radio by PWDs ............................................... 84

Figure 62: Individual PWDs access to postal services......................................................... 84

Figure 63: Distance to the nearest post office outlet ............................................................ 86

Figure 64: Using courier services ........................................................................................ 86

Figure 65: Frequency of usage of postal or courier services. .............................................. 87

Figure 66: A tag cloud of the barriers facing individual PWDs in Uganda ............................ 88

Figure 67: Business classification by type of ownership (n= 35). ......................................... 90

Figure 68: Insitutional classification by type. ....................................................................... 91

Figure 69: Source of business startup capital (n= 35). ........................................................ 91

Figure 70: Source of funding for institutions supporting PWDs(n= 118). .............................. 92

Figure 71: Proportion of businneses and insitutions with access to a computer. ................. 95

Figure 72: Usage of internet by businesses and institutions. ............................................... 95

Figure 73: Type of internet access by businesses and institutions. ..................................... 96

Figure 74: Internet uses by business and institutions .......................................................... 97

Figure 75: Importance of the internet to businesses and insitutions .................................... 97

Figure 76: Use of social media by businesses and insitutions. ............................................ 98

Figure 77: Social media plaforms used by businesses and insitutions. ............................... 98

Figure 78: Instant messaging plaforms being used by businesses and insitutions. ............. 99

Figure 79: Reasons business and institutions were using social media. ............................ 100

Figure 80: Proportion of Individual PWDs employed by businesses and insitutions .......... 100

Figure 81: Proportion of PWD insitutions with an ICT department by subregion ................ 101

Figure 82: Business and insitutiuonal ownership of website, email and postal number ..... 101

Figure 83: Proportion of insitutions and businesses marketing their activities. .................. 102

Figure 84: Proportion of marketing medium by business and Institutions .......................... 102

Figure 85: Barriers to ICTs by PWDs as cited by businesses and insitutions. ................... 104



ix

List of Acronyms

ATs : Assistive Technologies

CRPD : Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

CCTV : Closed-Circuit Television

DCA : Directorate of Corporate Affairs

DCF : Data Collection Facilitator

EAs : Enumeration Areas

ED : Executive Director

EOC : Equal Opportunities Commission

GIS : Geographic Information Systems

GOU : Government of Uganda

ICT : Information Communications and Technology

MFI : Micro Finance Institutions

MFPED : Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development

MOGLSD : Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development

MOICT & LG : Ministry of Information Communications Technology and National Guidance

NDP : National Development Plan

NIRA : National Identification and Registration Authority

NITA-U : National Information Technology Authority-Uganda

NUDIPU : National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda

OPM : Office of the Prime Minister

OTT Over The-Top

PC : Personal Computer

PPI : Progress out of Poverty Index

PWDS : People With Disabilities

RCDF : Rural Communications Development Fund

ROSCA : Rotating Savings and Credit Association

SACCO : Savings and Credit Cooperative

SDGs : Sustainable Development Goals

SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

UBOS : Uganda Bureau of Statistics

UCC : Uganda Communications Commission

UN : United Nations

UNAD : Uganda National Association for the Deaf

UNAPD : Uganda National Action on Physical Disability

UNHS : Uganda National Household Survey

USDC : Uganda Society for Disabled Children

USDC : Uganda Society For Disabled Children

UWAG : Uganda Web Accessibility guidelines

VSLA : Village Savings and Loans Associations

WASH : Water, Sanitation, And Hygiene

WHO : World Health Organisation



x

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report is the draft final output of the study on access and usage of Information and

Communication Technologies (ICTs) by people with disabilities (PWDs) in Uganda. The

overall objective of the study was to collect and analyse up-to-date data relating to access,

awareness, attitude, and usage of ICTs by PWDs in Uganda at household and individual as

well as businesse and institution levels. It provides accurate and detailed information, which

is not only a necessity for informed regulatory and public policy decision making regarding

ICTs for PWDs, but also essential in facilitating design of impactful initiatives geared towards

improving access and usage of ICTs by PWDs. This is in a bid to enable them participate fully

and equally in the Ugandan Information society.

The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design, and the information herein is derived

from a survey based on a representative sample of the population, comprising approximately

2,757 Individual PWDs and 165 Businesses and Institutions supporting PWDs across all the

12 regions of Uganda. The Data collection exercise was conducted in partnership with

umbrella organizations supporting the PWDs in Uganda. As a result, the data collection team

comprised PWDs themselves.

In this study, the ratio of male to female respondents was 55.8% to 44.2%, while that of rural

to urban population of location was 48.7% to 51.3%. In terms of demographics, 49% were

aged between 25 and 44 years. With regard to profiling of the various disabilities, 61% had a

physical disability followed by visual impairment at 31%, and hearing impairment 2%. It was

established that 19% had multiple disabilities compared to the 81% with single disability. In

terms of education, (37.2%) had completed Primary (P1-P7) as their highest level of schooling,

4.3% secondary, 7.1% vocational training and 4.1 certificate/diploma. It was further

established that 46% were self-employed while 19% were unemployed. Further to this, 10%

were formally employed. Only 9% indicated that they were unable to work because of their

disability.

With regard to ownership of ICT devices at individual level, radio ownership stood at 70.1%

followed by 69.4% for mobile phone ownership. 3.9% of the respondents had laptop

computers and 1% desktop computers.

Further analysis revealed that the use of computers among the respondents was very low,

with only 12% acknowledging their use. The majority (43%) reported that they used a

computer once a week. (48%) of the individual PWDs use computers at school/institution of

learning compared to 36% at home and 37% at the work place. It was reported that 79.6% of

the respondents had acquired ICT skills through formal training i.e. school, specialized ICT

training, etc). On the other hand, 19% had no non-formal ICT training.

Relatedly, 86.3% of PWDs in school access the internet through desktops, largely from the

ICT Labs. However, usage was limited with 74% having access for at most an hour a day.

There is need to further establish the reasons behind the low levels of utilisation.

It was further established that 83% of the respondents had feature phones compared to 17%

ownership of smart phones. 67%of the PWDs i.e owned one registered Sim card. The rest

owned multiple SIMs.

At household level, only 15% of households indicated that they had access to the internet. Of

these, 22% of households were urban based and only 9% in the rural areas. The use of social



xi

media by PWDs was found to be low at 10% only. Major social media applications in use

included whatsapp and facebook.

With regard to financial inclusion, only 14% indicated they had access to a bank account

compared to 86% that accessed financial services through other mechanisms. The survey

established that 33% had access to mobile money which is still lower than the national

average of 55%. With regard to distance to the nearest Mobile Money agent, 33% of the PWDs

indicated that the nearest mobile money agent was less than 0.5 kilometers from them. 31%

indicated that the agents were in a distance between 1-2 kilometers.

Usage of communications services was found to be low. Only 36% of the PWDs interviewed

indicated they watched TV regularly. The majority (51%) watched TV between 1 to 2 hours.

35% of all PWDs TV viewers watched news, followed by programmes on entertainment (27%),

educational programmes (14%), Sports (13%), health programmes at 10%. While 93%

appreciated the role played by TVs in expanding their thinking, about 60% revealed that the

current TV set up was discriminatory to PWDs.

Similarly, It was established that (36%) of the PWDs were devoted radio listeners putting in

between 1 and 2 hours a day. In terms of demographics, it was established that those between

the age of 25 – 44 years (39%) listened to radio more than the other age groups. News was

the most listened to i.e. (36%) ollowed by entertainment 23%, education programmes 16%

and sports at 16%. Majority of the PWDs (94%) reported that the radio reception in their area

was good.

With regard to postal services, only 8% indicated having access to postal services. It was

noteworthy that 64.67% had no idea where the postal outlets were located. Only 2% of the

respondents indicated that they use courier services. The use of courier services was higher

in the urban areas 1.7% compared to the rural areas 0.5%.

The study revealed that 76% of PWDs were not aware of the low costs Assistive Technologies

like; manual Perkins Brailler, magnifiers (hand held), Hand frames/Slates and Communication

boards. Of the 14% of the users who were aware of the parkins brailler, usage was established

as very low, at only 4%. It was further established that 13% of the PWDs were aware of

magnifiers with usage at only 2%. Assistive technologies are products, devices, or equipment,

used to maintain, increase, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.

With regard to ICT accesss parameters for businesses, majority (62%) of the businesses and

institutions owned a post office box number. Only 23.1% had websites and 31.1% had email

addresses. 71% of businesses and institutions indicated that they used mobile phones while

29% indicated they did not. 40.8% of the institutions interviewed used the internet. This was

largely accessed through mobile broadband (37%). 52% of the institutions reported using

social media ; and this was largely facebook and twitter. The businesses were using social

media largely for networking (30%), communication and coordination (23%), and advertising

(17%).

At business/institutional level, it was also established that 76% of the businesses were aware

of low-tech technologies but usage was still low at 44%. The most commonly used were the

Perkins Brailer (30.7%) followed by the hand held magnifier (26.7%). The proportion of PWDs

employed is relatively low, standing at 27% of the workforce. This is despite the fact that

government has provided incentives to encourage their employment. Of these, the male

PWDs comprised 18% compared to the female at 9%.



xii

The major barriers to ICTs at both individual and business levels include;

Individuals Businesses

a) High costs of assistive

technologies.(90.7%)

b) Limited educational opportunities (78.8%)

c) Lack of affirmative action towards PWDs:-

69.4%

d) Limited awareness by the PWD

community (55.2%)

High cost of ICTs (92%)

Lack of awareness and information-(70%)

Limited availability of ICTs (60%)

Limited training/knowledge (66%)

Absence of suitable technologies (53%)

Furthermore, and based on the findings, the following recommendations are put forth in an

attempt to reverse this divide

Ministry of ICT and National Guidance (MOICT&NG)

a) Develop national policies to foster widespread inclusive use of ICTs and Assistive

Technologies b) Develop and fast track the implementation of Web Accessibility Guidelines (WAG) in

Uganda Uganda Communications Commission (UCC)

a) Conduct sensitization on Inclusive ICTs to PWDs, in partnership with CSOs and

agencies supporting PWDs. This should be done through

- RCDF community sensitisations (at least 5% covering PWDs) - Continuous participation of PWDs in the Consumer Parliaments - Review the consumer code of practice for all operators to ensure it caters for

interests of the PWDs - Provide sensitisation materials in Braille

b) Support innovation in the development of technologies to promote access to ICTs by PWDs

c) Provide ICT infrastructure for PWDs. i.e. Computers at the various schools for PWDs, and Community access points

d) Support provision of low technology Assistive Technologies to PWDs e.g. hearing aids

e) Support the training of sign language interpreters (capacity building) in partnership

with Kyambogo University

f) Encourage the provision of differentiated service plans by operators to promote

access and usage of ICTs by PWDs including dedicated assistive technologies

g) Develop standards for access devices to have provisions for consumers of

communication services with special needs

h) Ensure compliance to regulatory requirements regarding provision of ICT services to

PWDs i.e.

- Operators to demonstrate and report on progress made in provision of inclusive ICTs services

- Step up efforts towards enforcement of 21(2) (a) of the Persons with Disabilities Act 2006, that provides that any person who owns a television station shall provide sign language inset or subtitles in at least one major newscast programme each day and in all special programmes of national significance

- Consider establishment of a special network identifier to enable provision of services for PWDS



xiii

- Promote inclusivity under the programing code for broadcasters by incentivising

broadcasters to include programs geared towards supporting PWDs

Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC)

a) Monitor the implementation of the “universal design principle” and mainstreaming of PWDs issues in all development initiatives

b) Conduct a “Web Accessibility Audit” and “Ranking” for both Public and Private Sector Institutions

c) Strengthen the requirements of the Gender and Equity Certificate of Compliance to

include performance of the Web Access Audit among others

National Identification Registration Authority (NIRA)

a) NIRA to push for the amendment of ROPA, 2015 to provide for the identification of PWDs under the Citizens Registration process to facilitate access and provision to specialised services

b) Support sector regulators to monitor compliance to the respective directives or

regulatory requirements on inclusive service provision

Uganda Energy Credit Company Limited

a) Incentivize access to energy by households led by PWDs b) Collaborate with Tier 4 institutions and Bank of Uganda to support PWDs in

accessing energy through financial support

Ministry of Gender Labor and Social Development (MoGLSD)

a) Develop and implement initiatives for economic empowerment for the PWDs b) Monitor implementation of incentives for promoting employment of PWDs c) Encourage/incentivize vocational training for PWDs d) Promote the employment of PWDs through sensitization of companies on existing tax

incentives

Ministry of Education and Sports (MOES)

a) Support the accreditation of Sign language interpreters in Uganda b) Establish an updated database of sign language interpreters in Uganda

c) Establish more schools catering for PWDs

Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED)

a) Provide tax incentives for access devices for PWDs b) Incentivise service providers towards ensuring that their services are accessible by

PWDs


1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

The Uganda Communications Act, 2013 established the Uganda Communications

Commission (UCC) as the regulator of the communications sector in Uganda. The main

objective of this Act is to develop a modern communications sector, which includes

telecommunications, broadcasting, radio communications, postal communications, data

communication and infrastructure. Section 5 (L) of the Act mandates UCC to “Promote

research into the development and use of new communications techniques and technologies,

including those which promote accessibility of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and other

members of society to communications services”.

At a national level, article 21(1) of Uganda’s Constitution upholds Uganda’s commitment in

safeguarding equality and freedom from discrimination for all including PWDs. Under the

article, discrimination was defined in clause (3) to mean ‘give different treatment to different

persons attributable only or mainly to their respective descriptions by sex, race, colour, ethnic

origin, tribe, birth, creed or religion, or social or economic standings, political opinion or

disability.’ In advancing this article, a number of policies and legal frameworks are developed.

These aim at promoting inclusion and equity of PWDs in most sectors of the Ugandan

economy. However, few if any, focus on the inclusion of PWDs in Information and

Communications Technologies (ICTs), despite the benefits that accrue from accessing ICTs.

On the International scene, Uganda re-affirmed her commitment on the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities in 2008 by ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities (UNCRPD) and its two optional protocols.

In Uganda today, despite the available evidence from renowned scholars and publishers like

the Economist (2009) which have shown that an extra 10 phones per 100 people in a typical

developing country boosts GDP growth by 0.8 percentage points, uptake of ICTs by People

with Disabilities (PWDs) in Uganda is still low. To leverage the benefits that accrue from

access and usage of ICTs, such as boosting production, improving household incomes,

reducing inequalities and widening market options among others, the Uganda Vision 2040

highlights use of ICTs as one of the Pillars in attainment of this Vision. In a nutshell, the role

of ICT in national development cannot be downplayed.

ICTs have the potential to significantly increase the socio-economic livelihoods of communities

in Uganda including Persons with Disabilities (PWDs). There is however a growing outcry from

the public and key stakeholders that the PWDs are increasingly becoming isolated from

accessing and using ICTs in spite of the available evidence of the impact of ICTs.

It is thus imperative that inclusive ICTs be made available to cater for the needs of the PWDs.

It is against this background that UCC has over the years developed and implemented various

initiatives aimed at ensuring universal access and usage of ICTs, not only in rural and

underserved areas, but also some ICT interventions targeting this special interest group

development.

In order to leverage the full potential of ICTs, UCC needs to keep track of access and usage

of ICTs at different levels including ICTs for PWDs. At the moment, the level of service

provision in the communications sector places little emphasis on the needs of the special

interest groups like PWDs despite the requirement in the regulatory framework for all operators



2

to put in place measures that promote the access and usage of ICTs by special interest

groups. This has been attributed to limited information on ICT needs of special interest groups

including PWDs. Therefore, as UCC strives to continuously drive the development of a robust

communications sector in Uganda, it has commissioned this comprehensive study to not only

address the information gaps on the demand-side of ICTs by PWDs but also to inform the

design of critical interventions aimed at promoting access and usage of ICTs by this special

group category.

1.2 Objective of Study

The main objective of the study was to collect and analyse up-to-date data relating to access,

awareness, attitude and usage of Information and communications technologies (ICTs) by

People with disabilities (PWDs) in Uganda at households and individuals as well as

businesses and institutions levels.

The specific objectives of this study were:

1) To identify PWDs in Uganda and institutions currently engaged in supporting access

and usage of ICTs by PWDs in Uganda.

2) To identify and profile the currently available ICTs devices, services and initiatives

catering for PWDs.

3) To profile the current ICT access and usage trends of PWDs

4) To assess the level of awareness of available ICT devices, services and initiatives for

enabling Inclusion of PWDs in the use of ICTs including but not limited to;

a) Radio and Television broadcast services

b) Social Media

c) Telecommunications services

5) To identify and evaluate the gaps/barriers in existing levels of access and usage of

ICTs by PWDs in Uganda.

6) To establish the proportion of individual income or institutional budgets spent on the

various ICTs by PWDs or supporting Institutions in Uganda.

7) To profile the ICT skillset available amongst PWDs.

8) To provide evidence based recommendations and appropriate actions for all

stakeholders to implement in the bid to promote access to and usage of ICT services

by PWDs.

9) To develop a GIS map of all institutions supporting the access and usage of ICTs by

PWDs.

In addition to the above objectives, the study also drew on communications sector indicators

designed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)’s Partnership for Measuring ICT

for Development1 as captured in the ITU manual for measuring ICT access and use by

1 Partnership for Measuring ICT for Development, www.itu.int/en/ITU-

D/Statistics/Pages/intlcoop/partnership/default.aspx

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/intlcoop/partnership/default.aspx

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/intlcoop/partnership/default.aspx



3

Households and Individuals, currently in its second edition.2 The study also considered the

OECD model survey on ICT access and usage by households and individuals3

1.3 Structure of this Report

This report is structured as follows:

Chapter 1, introduces the study and highlights the background to the study, study objectives

and the structure of this report.

Chapter 2, designates the study methodology including the survey design, data collection

protocol, enumerator recruitment and training as well as the quality control process adopted

during the study.

Chapter 3, examines the study findings starting with the demographic characteristics of

households and individuals like disability classification, education level, employment status,

household size, access to utilities as well as a description of the poverty probability index.

Chapter 4, summarises the findings on awareness and access of ICT tools, Assistive

Technologies, Individual and Household access and usage of communication services

including radios, televisions, postal, telephone, computers, internet services, access and

usage of postal services and social media among others.

Chapter 5, details the business and institutions study findings that among others includes

findings on ownership, start-up capital, annual budget allocated to ICTs, awareness of

assistive technologies and their access and usage of ICTs.

Chapter 6, contains a number of appendices, which include detailed information about the

various aspects that may not necessarily be included in the main report. These include:

a) Appendix 1: Terms of reference for the study

b) Appendix 2: Individual and household questionnaire

c) Appendix 3: Businesses in ICTs for PWDs questionnaire

d) Appendix 4: Institutions supporting ICTs for PWDs questionnaire.

.

2 ITU Manual for Measuring ICT ACCESS and Use by Households and Individuals, 2014 edition,

www.itu.int/en/ITUFD/Statistics/Pages/publications/manual2014.aspx 3 The OECD Model Survey on ICT Access and Usage by Households and Individuals, 2nd

revision,https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/ICT-Model-Survey-Access-Usage-Households-

Individuals.pdf

http://www.itu.int/en/ITUFD/Statistics/Pages/publications/manual2014.aspx



4

2. STUDY METHODOLOGY

This study on the access and usage of ICTs by PWDs in Uganda was designed to allow for

dependable inference of key ICTs indicators at the national level. A multi stage cluster

sampling design was adopted for the study. In the sections below, we detail the adopted

methodologies used by the strategy and research division in the design and implementation

of this study.

2.1 Survey Design

The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design that involved face-to-face interviews

with sampled respondents. The study relied on a merged sampling frame provided by National

Union of Disabled Persons in Uganda (NUDIPU) and the Uganda Society for Disabled

Children (USDC).

2.1.1 Scope and Coverage

As earlier mentioned, the access and usage study of ICTs by PWDs in Uganda was designed

to allow for dependable inference of key ICTs indicators at the national level. In terms of scope,

emphasis was placed on persons with disabilities nationwide classified into individuals,

households, businesses and institutions.

To ensure good coverage, the study classified the merged national databases of PWDs into

Enumeration Areas (EAs) using the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS)’s national census

sample frame for the last census in 2014.

Three questionnaires (i.e. Household and Individuals, Businesses and Institutions) were

developed and administered within each randomly selected EA.

The household and individual questionnaire had both household and individual modules. The

household module elicited household characteristics like size, assets, access to utilities,

access and usage of ICTs, as well as household expenditures on ICTs. The individual module

covered characteristics of selected household members that included demographics (like age,

gender, education, income and employment), Poverty Probability Index (PPI), individual

access and use of different communication services, attitudes and perceptions towards

different communication services including postal services and individual expenditure on

communication services.

On the other hand, the business questionnaire modules captured information on start-up

capital, form of ownership, Employment information, trade in ICTs for PWDs, business access

and use of different communication services including internet, social media as well as annual

expenditures on ICTs for PWDs, while the Institutional questionnaire had modules that

covered type of institution, type and number of employees, institutional use of and expenditure

on communication services.

2.1.2 Sample frame and Sampling

The survey sought to generate a sample frame from the merged lists of PWDs owned by the

different PWD organisations. This data was not readily available across all the organisations.

As such, the researchers’ list of PWDs, Businesses and Institutions generated during the study

were complemented with the UBOS census frame as detailed in Figure 1.



5

Figure 1: Illustration of Multistage sampling methodology

As indicated in figure 1, a national People with Disabilities (PWD) sample frame was generated

and considered as the census frame for this study. The design incorporated probability

sampling that is; every single PWD unit (i.e. household, individual or business) in the sampling

frame had a known and non-zero chance of being selected into the survey. Having generated

the sample frame, the next steps comprised the following;

1) Stage 1: The national people with disabilities sample frame was split into sampling

frame for PWDs per region as per UBOS classified 12 regions.

2) Stage 2: The PWDs were classified into targeted categories of the deaf, Lame, blind

and the dumb across both the rural and urban areas.

3) Stage 3: The randomly selected individual PWDs who were traced and interviewed by

the enumerators. In addition, all known Businesses dealing in ICTs for PWDs and

Institutions supporting the PWDs within the enumeration areas were interviewed.



6

2.1.3 Sample size

The actual sample covered for the survey included 2757 households and individuals, 35 PWD

businesses and 118 PWD institutions as summarised in table 1.

Table 1: Regional distribution of respondents (n=2910)

UBOS Region Individuals and

Households Business and

Institutions Total

1. Acholi 228 3 231

2. Ankole 176 3 179

3. Bunyoro 330 8 338

4. Busoga 311 4 315

5. Central 590 39 629

6. Eastern 364 7 371

7. Kampala 248 26 274

8. Karamoja 29 15 44

9. Kigezi 92 0 92

10. Lango 196 9 205

11. Toro 99 7 106

12. West Nile 94 32 126

2,757 153 2,910

2.2 Survey tool design and Data Collection Protocol

2.2.1 Survey Instruments’ Development

The strategy and research division of UCC designed the data collection instruments which

were handed over to the data collection facilitator (DCF) for review. Thereafter consultations

were made with the PWD professional fraternity specifically Faculty of Special Needs and

Rehabilitation, Kyambogo University, NUDIPU, UNAD and their input was incorporated.

2.2.2 Pre-test of the questionnaires

The refined draft final questionnaires were pretested at two levels, first before recruitment and

training of the enumerators and after their recruitment. The contracted data collection facilitator

managed this process. The pre-test aimed at ascertaining;

1) The logical flow of the questions and whether the wording and phrasing of the

questions is suitable,

2) Any missing questions or issues for inclusion,

3) Understanding problems, the researchers are likely to face in the field.

4) Mobile tool deployment and functionality.

The survey tools were pre-tested using face-to-face interviews with the trained enumerators

in different locations within Kampala. The entire survey team was deployed and included the

field supervisors, quality assurance field coordinators as well as the UCC strategy and

research staff and members of the project steering committee.



7

2.2.3 Questionnaire programming

In respect of the environment and to ensure high data quality, the research team deployed the

Kobocollect platform,4 KoBoCollect is based on the OpenDataKit and is used for collecting

primary data accurately, quickly, offline with the KoBoCollect Android app, or online with the

universal web interface. Each enumerator an android tablet to facilitate direct capture of

responses.

Leveraging the Samsung tablets and KoBoCollect cloud servers, we digitised the data

collection process using KoBoCollect Android app. This process supported the necessary

question branching, skipping and looping and providing data validation at the same time. The

digitisation process included three major steps as detailed below:

1) Step 1: Programing of the Tool; this involved designing the data-collection

instruments using the drag-and-drop form designer. Once the server was

configured and space for the designated sample demised on the cloud, the tool

was deployed.

2) Step 2: Installation of the KoBoCollect android app on the android tablets.

3) Step 3: Data collection and monitoring; having installed KoBoCollect, data was

securely collected offline with the KoBoCollect android app, or online with the

universal web interface. In addition, monitoring of incoming data in real-time was

done by both the UCC strategy and research division and the contracted data

collection facilitator to catch any signs of trouble. In addition, random audio audits

and nightly quality-check reports were reviewed to ensure excellent quality of the

data collected.

4) Aggregating the collected data on the server and extracting it in useful formats to

support analysis.

The KoBoCollect android app, supported an offline-capable mode by allowing enumerators to

cache questionnaires on their tablets, collect data in areas that had no coverage and later

submit the data when they next encountered network coverage.

All the android tablets were data-enabled, allowing them to leverage the GSM network to

transmit data to the server.

4 KoboCollect website https://www.kobotoolbox.org/



8

Figure 2: Questionnaire programing and data collection protocol

In addition to the questionnaire programming on the tablets, assistive protocols were also used

specifically for enumerators who were either blind or deaf. For the blind enumerators, their

Mobile devices were configured to have a voice-over application while for the visually impaired

enumerators, hard copies of the brailed questionnaires where availed to support them during

their own revision and practicing before interfacing with the interviewees.

Each questionnaire also captured the GPS coordinates of the location in which an enumerator

interviewed a selected respondent, the server was able to track and map data as it came in

from the field in real-time as highlighted in figure 3&4.

Figure 5&6 illustrates the flow chart for the data collection process that was used in this study.



9

Figure 3: GPS mapping for individuals and household respondents (n=2,757)

Figure 4: GPS mapping for businesses and institutions (N=153)


10

Figure 5: Individual and household survey flow

Make final edits Save and

Send tool to Server

Female if

Previous Interview was

Male

Male if

Previous Interview was

Female

Conduct

Interview Disabled

Person

Consent to

Survey

Person

Gender

purposive

Selection

Start

GPS End of

Process

Household

ICT Usage

Household

Social Profile

Household

ICT Access

Household

Perceptions

Individual

ICT Usage

Individual

Demographic

s Profile

Individual

ICT Access

Individual

Perception

No

Yes Yes

No


11

Figure 6: Business and household survey flow

Make final edits Save and

Send tool to Server

Business Selection

Institution selection

Conduct

Interview

PWD

Business/

Institution

Consent to

Survey

Person

Proper Tool

selection

Start

End of

Process

ICT Usage

Institution

Business

Profile

ICT Access

Perceptions


12

2.3 Data collection facilitator Enumerator Recruiting and Training

This study was nationwide and as such, UCC contracted an experienced data collection

facilitator. The data collection facilitator was charged with, recruiting the enumerators, training

them, pretesting the tools, managing the data collection, and cleaning the collected data

before submitting the clean datasets to the UCC strategy and Research division for analysis.

2.3.1 Enumerator recruitment

Enumerators recruited possessed a variety of skills to effectively communicate to the PWDs.

These included staff from Faculty of Special Needs and Rehabilitation, Kyambogo University,

NUDIPU, UNAB USDC among others.

A total of forty-five (45) enumerators were deployed in the UBOS 12 sub regions with a bias

on the language capabilities in the regions. The team was comprised of sign language experts,

Special needs community support professionals, Persons with Disabilities PWDs, and able-

bodied persons with extensive research skills.

2.3.2 Enumerator training

Prior to training, the data collection facilitator working jointly with the UCC team developed

enumerator-training materials. Guided by an outline of all the concepts relevant to the study,

a complete set of training materials that complemented one another was produced.

These materials included the following items.

1) Training Program Agenda; The agenda identified the format of the sessions (self-

tutorial materials, items and role-plays. (See table 2), for the topics covered, and

the length the session.

2) Enumerator’s information pack; In order to provide easy access to additional

information about interview questions manual manual was provided.

3) The data collection facilitator manual; This manual contained all material presented

by the lead trainer. It included interview interactive scripts, contact procedures and

refusal avoidance suggestions.

4) Role-play guide; Role-plays provided the practical and administrative steps to be

implemented during the interviews.

Enumerator training took a period of five (5) working days as depicted in table 2.



13

Table 2: Adopted training schedule for enumerators.

Day Session

Responsible

1

Day 1

Background to the Study and

Objectives

UCC strategy and

research Team

2 Survey Protocol

Data collection facilitator

and the UCC strategy and

research Team

3 Survey Instruments design

4 Mock Interview

5 Questions and Answers

6 Day 2 Skills in Talking to PWDs

7 Role Play

8 Mock Interview

9

Day 3

Tips for successful interviewing

10 Questions and Answers

11 Practical Session

12 Day 4 Pre Test tool and Enumerators

13 Final Enumerator Selection

14 Day 5 Harmonization of Findings and

Final Tool Deployment

2.3.3 Pre deployment activity

Before the teams were deployed, umbrella bodies worked to ensure access to the targeted

respondents. The data collection hierarchy was as depicted in figure 7 below.



14

Figure 7: Data collection hierarchy

The enumerators used for the survey comprised a dynamic team with qualifications ranging

from Bachelor’s degrees, Masters with 3 PhD students in special needs protocol. In addition,

regional guides were selected with intent to have Local Governance and PWD umbrella body

representation.

2.4 Quality control of the data collection process

A multifaceted approach to ensuring that high quality data is collected was adopted for this

study. It involved the following control mechanisms;

1) To ensure proper engagement and useful insights from the PWDs, the Data

Collection Facilitator used qualified (minimum degree level) and experienced

enumerators in the data collection process. The team also had professional sign

language interpreters for the hearing disabilities. These were provided by the

UNAB.

2) The visually impaired enumerators had voice over applications installed to ensure

that they executed their own data collection without assistance.

3) The survey employed members of organisations of persons with disabilities (DPOs)

at the local level to ensure that cooperation was total from the respondents.

4) Braille printing was done for the visually impaired.

Enumerator and Supervisor



15

5) The training for the interviewers and supervisors was comprehensive with practical

sessions drafted into the curriculum to rehearse the engagement of PWDs. Special

sessions were included on handling PWDs

6) Final selection of enumerators was done on merit for trainees that exhibited skill in

communicating to PWDs as well as proficiency in mobile-based interviews.

7) The quality control managers/ auditors were deployed to engage the teams;

managing and overseeing their performance.

8) Interviewer accompanying and back checking: The field auditors were checking a

minimum of 70% of the entire submitted surveys.

9) To avoid issues of missing data, the tools were programmed not to save or submit

incomplete responses.

10) To ensure that the proposed sample is truly nationally representative, we

categorized the sample frame as under the UBOS enumeration regions.

2.5 Data Analysis

Mobile data collection eliminated basic errors and the need for data entry, allowing the team

to quickly transition from data collection to analysis. The data was exported from the server in

a Comma Separated Vales (CSV) file format and imported into the IBM SPSS STATISTICS

21, STATA5 statistical softwares as well as excel (xls) for further analysis and generation of

statistical tables.

5Stata from Stata Corporation, http://www.stata.com

http://www.stata.com/



16

3. STUDY FINDINGS

3.1 Individual demographics

The survey collected data on individual demographic characteristics that included age,

gender, marital status, level of education, main economic activity and level of income, social

welfare, among others.

3.1.1 Respondents Location, Gender and Age

In this study, the ratio of male to female respondents was 55.8% to 44.2%, while that of rural

to urban population of location was 48.7% to 51.3%. Table 3 presents individual information

distribution by location, gender and age.

Table 3: Distribution of individuals information by location, gender, and age

Location

All Individuals (No.) Rural (No.) Urban (No.)

Age (Years)

15—24 220 236 456

25—34 258 372 630

35—44 369 353 722

45—54 201 209 410

55—64 136 129 265

65—74 92 87 179

75+ 67 28 95

Gender % % %

Male 48.7% 51.3% 55.8%

Female 48.8% 51.2% 44.2%

All Individuals 48.7 51.3 100

Table 3 shows that most respondents (722), were aged 35-44, followed by the 25-34 age

category with 630 respondents. There were 456 PWDs aged 15-24, 410 aged 45-54 and 265

aged 55-64. There were 179 PWDs in the age bracket 65-74 while there 95 PWDs above 75

years.

3.1.2 National ID ownership and Marital Status

In Uganda today, every citizen has a right to own a national identity card (ID) and registration

is not delegable. The mandate to create, manage, maintain and operationalise the national

identification register by among others; registering all citizens of Uganda and issuing national

identification cards and aliens’ identification cards to all registered persons is entrusted with

the National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA).

The national ID is an essential tool when it comes to receipt of services like SIM card

registration and it is against this background that the survey sought to establish national ID

ownership among the PWDs. Interesting over 87% of the respondents had National ID while

only 13% indicated that they did not have the National ID (NIRA issued) as depicted in figure

8.



17

Figure 8: Ownership of a national identity card by the PWDs

Regarding marital status, the highest proportion 46.2% (about 1,275 respondents) were

married, followed by approximately 39.7% (about 1094) who reported being single. 227

respondents were widowed while 161 about 10% were either separated or divorced.

As depicted in table 4, the highest proportion of divorces/separations were reported in Bunyoro

region (17%) followed by Central and Kampala at 16% and 14% respectively. In addition, the

divorces/separations were more frequent in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Table 4: Marital status of respondents by region

Region

Marital Status

% Divorced or

Separated

Divorced Married Separated Single Widowed Total

Acholi 1 76 0 119 32 228 1%

Ankole 0 95 7 64 10 176 4%

Bunyoro 5 155 22 110 38 330 17%

Busoga 3 132 17 137 22 311 12%

Central 7 282 19 250 32 590 16%

Eastern 4 213 11 110 26 364 9%

Kampala 14 82 9 120 23 248 14%

Karamoja 0 17 0 9 3 29 0%

Kigezi 0 51 11 21 9 92 7%

Lango 8 85 2 87 14 196 6%

Toro 3 27 4 56 9 99 4%

West Nile 5 60 9 11 9 94 9%

Total 50 1275 111 1094 227 2757

13%

87%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Got No National ID

Got National ID

Got No National ID Got National ID



18

3.1.3 Disability classification and root cause

In the classification of the respondents, the study sought to learn if the respondents had

multiple or single disability. A question was therefore posed to the respondents cognisant of

the sensitivity of the same. Disability was classified in to single and multiple. Multiple disability

implied that one had simultaneous impairments.

Respondents were asked about their disabilities from a list categorised into five (5) major

disability categories namely; Physical impairment, Visual impairment, Learning disability,

hearing impairment and intellectual disability as summarised in figure 9.

Figure 9: Summary of respondents’ disabilities by type

The most prevalent disability among the respondents was physical, 61% (1,668) of the

respondents indicated that they had a physical disability. Specifically, paralysis due to polio

accounted for the highest number in this classification with a frequency of 971. There were

361 amputees and 143 respondents that indicated “Other” and this included paralysis due to:

accident, other disease, old age, injection, Short Limp, Elephantiasis, among others.

Second to physical disability was visual impairment, cited by 31% of the respondents. This

category included those with low vision, the blind and albinos. Third most prevalent disability

among the study participants was hearing impairment (2%).

Intellectual and learning disabilities were low both equally affecting 1% of the respondents.

As can be seen from the figure 10 the largest proportion of the respondents (81%) had a single

disability while 19% had multiple disabilities. Table 5 enumerates the exact type of disability

and elicits the clinical definition of the disability.

Intelectual Disability, 1%

Learning Disabilty, 1%

Hearing Impairment, 2%

Visual Impairment, 31%

Physical Disability, 61%



19

Figure 10: Disability classification single Vs multiple disabilities

Table 5: Respondent disability categorization

Disability Categorisation

Frequency Percentage Classification Clinical Definition

Physical Disability

Paralysis due to Polio 971 35%

Amputee 361 13%

Spinabifida 41 1.5%

Little People 86 3%

Cerebral Palsy 66 2%

Other Specify 143 5%

None 1089 39%

Visual Impairment

Low Vision 439 16%

Blind 334 12%

Albinism 55 2%

Other (Please Specify) 14 0.5%

None 1915 69%

Learning Disability

Speech and Communication

Difficulties 194 7%

Developmental Delays 49 2%

Autism 11 0.4%

Dyslexia 5 0.2%

Other Specify 9 0.3%

None 2489 90%

Hearing

Impairment

Hard of Hearing 252 9%

Deaf 138 5%

Deaf Blind 23 0.8%

Other 21 0.8%

None 2323 84%

Intellectual

Disability

Intellectual Disability 99 4%

Epilepsy 74 3%

Other (Specify) 14 0.5%

None 2570 93%

Multiple Disability, 19%

Single Disability, 81%


20

Furthermore, figure 10 and table 5 depict that, Visual Impairment was the second most

common disability among the respondents; of the respondents, 31% indicated that they had

some form of visual impairment. The main impairment cited by the respondents was low vision,

which had a frequency of 439.

334 respondents cited blindness while 55 respondents cited Albinism. 14 respondents

selected the other category and this had specifications of blind in one eye.

16% of the respondents had a hearing impairment and the most cited impairment hereunder

was hard of hearing, which had a frequency of 252 while 138 indicated they were deaf and 23

were deaf and blind

The learning and intellectual disabilities were not so common amongst the respondents these

were each cited by 1% of the respondents. The most cited disability under the learning

disability category was speech and communication difficulties followed by development delays

which had a frequency of 194 and 49 respectively. The intellectual disability and epilepsy had

a frequency of 99 and 74 respectively.

Under the physical disability classification spinabifida, little people and cerebral palsy had

frequency of 41,86 and 66 respectively.


21

Figure 11: Respondents disability classification

971

361

4186 66

143

439

334

5514

194

4911 5 9

252

138

23 2199 74

14

Pa

raly

sis

du

e t

o P

olio

Am

pu

tee

Sp

ina

bifid

a

Little

Peo

ple

Ce

rebra

l P

als

y

Oth

er

Sp

ecify

Low

Vis

ion

Blin

d

Alb

inis

m

Oth

er

(Ple

ase

Sp

ecify)

Sp

eech

and

Com

mu

nic

atio

nD

ifficu

ltie

s

De

velo

pm

enta

l D

ela

ys

Au

tism

Dysle

xia

Oth

er

Sp

ecify

Ha

rd o

f H

ea

rin

g

De

af

De

af B

lind

Oth

er

Inte

llectu

al D

isa

bili

ty

Ep

ilepsy

Oth

er

(Specify)

Physical Disability Visual Impairment Learning Disability Hearing Impairment IntellectualDisability


22

3.1.4 Education Level of Respondents

Article 24 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

(UNCRPD) stipulates that countries must take steps to ensure that persons with

disabilities access an inclusive, quality and free primary and secondary education on an equal

basis with others in the communities in which they live. The government of Uganda is

committed to this effect as envisaged in the constitution Articles 30 and 34 that make provision

for education as a human right, and basic education as an entitlement for all children.

Governments’ commitment to this effect is further re-echoed among others by the introduction

of Universal Primary Education (UPE) and Universal Secondary Education (USE)

programmes in 1997 and 2007 respectively. In addition, the second National Development

Plan (NDP II)6 emphasizes education as an aspect of Human capital development.

Educational attainment is an important indicator of the society’s stock of human capital and

the level of socioeconomic development. It refers to the highest level of education that an

individual has completed. During the survey, respondents were asked to report on their highest

level of class/grade completed for those in and out of school.

Most individuals (37.2%) had completed Primary (P1-P7) as their highest level of schooling

as indicated in table 6, and despite the implementation of universal primary education in

Uganda over 18 years ago, 29.3% (rural) and 23.3% (urban) PWDs had no formal education.

6 Second National Development Plan (NDPII) 2015/16–2019/20, http://npa.ug/wp-

content/uploads/NDPII-Final.pdf


23

Table 6: Distribution of respondents’ educational level by region, location and gender

Education Level

All

Individuals

(%)

Lower

Secondary

(S1. to

S.4)

None Primary Tertiary:

BSC/BA

Tertiary:

diploma

/certificate

Tertiary:

Masters

Tertiary:

PhD

Tertiary:

Vocational

Institute

Upper

Secondary

(S.5 to

S.6)

Region

Acholi 8.1% 17.0% 4.9% 4.4% 3.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 5.9% 8.3%

Ankole 6.1% 8.3% 5.2% 7.4% 10.6% 25.0% 0.0% 2.1% 7.8% 6.4%

Bunyoro 12.4% 14.1% 13.3% 4.4% 10.6% 0.0% 0.0% 2.6% 6.9% 12.0%

Busoga 13.2% 10.0% 14.7% 4.4% 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 10.8% 11.3%

Central 23.8% 13.7% 16.5% 13.2% 34.8% 0.0% 100.0% 64.6% 20.6% 21.4%

Eastern 14.3% 9.8% 17.2% 14.7% 9.8% 0.0% 0.0% 8.9% 3.9% 13.2%

Kampala 9.0% 7.6% 6.0% 36.8% 12.1% 25.0% 0.0% 9.9% 23.5% 9.0%

Karamoja 0.4% 1.7% 1.0% 1.5% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 1.1%

Kigezi 2.8% 3.3% 3.7% 0.0% 1.5% 25.0% 0.0% 2.6% 7.8% 3.3%

Lango 3.7% 6.5% 9.4% 7.4% 8.3% 25.0% 0.0% 5.2% 6.9% 7.1%

Toro 3.3% 3.3% 4.8% 2.9% 2.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.6%

West Nile 2.9% 4.7% 3.5% 2.9% 2.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.6% 1.0% 3.4%

ALL (%) 18.5% 26.2% 37.2% 2.5% 4.8% 0.1% 0.0% 7.0% 3.7% 100.0%

Location Rural 18.2% 29.3% 42.6% 1.0% 3.4% 0.1% 0.0% 3.4% 2.1% 48.7%

Urban 18.7% 23.3% 32.1% 3.8% 6.2% 0.2% 0.1% 10.4% 5.2% 51.3%

Gender Female 16.9% 30.0% 36.0% 2.2% 4.8% 0.1% 0.1% 6.8% 3.0% 44.2%

Male 19.7% 23.2% 38.1% 2.7% 4.7% 0.2% 0.0% 7.1% 4.3% 55.8%


24

3.1.5 Employment status and source of Income

Both employment and income sources are a good reflector of individual social economic

status. In this study, we sought to profile the income sources and employment status of the

PWDs. As detailed in figure 12, the biggest proportion of the respondents, 46% were self-

employed while a sizable proportion 19% were unemployed. Further analysis reveals that

majority of the self-employed individuals had artisan skills like shoe making.

On the other hand, the proportion of respondents that indicated that they were unable to work

because of their disability were only 9%.

Figure 12: Respondents employment status

An analysis of the individual source of income reveals that majority of the respondents, 1,228

(42%) were earning their income from their businesses while a sizable number of respondents

569 (20%) were earning income through NGO and Government handouts as indicated in

figure 13.

Figure 13: Individual PWD source of income

2%

4%

9%

10%

11%

19%

46%

Retired

Unpaid housework (e.g. housewife)

Disabled Unable to Work

Employed

Student/Pupil

Unemployed

Self-employed

2%

9%

12%

15%

20%

42%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Pension/Retirement Benefits

Transfer Earnings

Student/No Income

Salary/Wages

Handouts from NGOs/Government

Business Retained Earnings


25

Table 7: Distribution of respondents’ occupation by region, location and gender

Employment status

Paid

employee

Disabled

Unable to

Work Employed Retired

Self-

employed Student/Pupil Unemployed

Unpaid

housework

(e.g.

housewife)

Gender Female 34.6% 43.4% 42.6% 53.6% 38.1% 52.9% 45.9% 88.2%

Male 65.4% 56.6% 57.4% 46.4% 61.9% 47.1% 54.1% 11.8%

Location Rural 84.6% 64.3% 33.2% 37.5% 47.9% 48.4% 51.8% 47.1%

Urban 15.4% 35.7% 66.8% 62.5% 52.1% 51.6% 48.2% 52.9%

Region Acholi 26.9% 22.1% 2.2% 3.6% 6.0% 9.7% 10.6% 2.9%

Ankole 3.8% 4.3% 6.5% 0.0% 6.6% 6.6% 5.0% 18.6%

Bunyoro 0.0% 22.6% 7.2% 1.8% 12.2% 5.9% 15.5% 5.9%

Busoga 69.2% 8.9% 8.3% 5.4% 6.2% 15.6% 20.0% 18.6%

Central 0.0% 16.6% 25.6% 58.9% 23.9% 24.9% 10.7% 19.6%

Eastern 0.0% 4.7% 13.4% 7.1% 18.5% 11.4% 4.8% 21.6%

Kampala 0.0% 4.7% 18.8% 7.1% 5.3% 9.0% 16.1% 4.9%

Karamoja 0.0% 4.7% 0.7% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0%

Kigezi 0.0% 0.4% 2.9% 0.0% 4.8% 1.7% 3.5% 0.0%

Lango 0.0% 3.8% 5.8% 14.3% 6.5% 12.8% 8.1% 2.9%

Toro 0.0% 5.5% 6.5% 1.8% 3.7% 1.7% 2.5% 2.9%

West Nile 0.0% 1.7% 2.2% 0.0% 5.7% 0.7% 1.7% 2.0%


26

3.2 Household demographics

In the design and implementation of policy, often the household demographics and

socioeconomic characteristics as an entity are useful. Household characteristics in simple

terms refer to the living conditions of households. For this study, a household is defined as a

group of people who presently eat together from the same pot. This excluded persons who

are currently living elsewhere for purposes of studies or work as well as temporary visitors.

The survey collected data on household characteristics that included household size,

household composition, education level of Household head, Construction materials,

household assets, access to utilities like electricity and water, among others.

3.2.1 Type of construction material for PWD dwellings

One of the basic human needs is housing, and it has an impact on the health, welfare, social

attitudes and economic productivity of the individuals. In addition, it is an indicator of the socio-

economic status of the household. The type of materials used to construct the household’s

dwelling unit gives a general picture of the structural condition of the building based on the

durability and permanency of the materials. The study-elicited responses about the main type

of construction material for the dwelling units by PWDS.

The overall results in table 8, overall, show that 71% of the households lived in dwellings with

Iron sheets, concrete, tiles, asbestos or other while 29 % had grass thatched roofs.

Table 8: Distribution of households by construction materials used on the dwelling

units occupied by the PWDs, and selected background characteristics (%)

Type of Construction Material

External Wall Roof

burnt bricks with cement, wood, tin/iron sheets

,concrete/stones, burnt stabilized bricks, or cement

blocks

Unburnt bricks with mud, mud

and poles, or other.

Iron sheets ,concrete,

tiles, asbestos or

other Thatch,

or tins

Region Acholi 11.4% 88.6% 21.1% 78.9%

Ankole 96.6% 3.4% 99.4% 0.6%

Bunyoro 32.7% 67.3% 61.8% 38.2%

Busoga 67.5% 32.5% 77.8% 22.2%

Central 94.6% 5.4% 96.9% 3.1%

Eastern 20.3% 79.7% 43.4% 56.6%

Kampala 94.8% 5.2% 98.0% 2.0%

Karamoja 13.8% 86.2% 34.5% 65.5%

Kigezi 63.0% 37.0% 97.8% 2.2%

Lango 39.3% 60.7% 50.5% 49.5%

Toro 52.5% 47.5% 97.0% 3.0%

West Nile 36.2% 63.8% 21.3% 78.7%

Total HH% 58% 42% 71% 29%

Gender Female 59.9% 40.1% 71.9% 28.1%

Male 57.0% 43.0% 70.2% 29.8%

Location Rural 40.9% 59.1% 61.0% 39.0%

Urban 74.8% 25.2% 80.5% 19.5%



27

A higher proportion of households in urban areas (80.5%) than in rural areas (61%) had

dwellings with iron sheet roofs. This result compares well with the findings from the recently

concluded Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS) 2017 by UBOS where 93% of the

households in urban areas and 69% in rural areas had dwellings with iron sheet roofs.

Considering the construction materials of the external walls, the results show that, overall,

58% of PWDs households lived in dwellings with burnt bricks with cement while 42 percent

lived in dwellings with unburnt bricks with mud, mud and poles, or other. As would be expected,

the rural-urban disaggregation reveals that more households (74.8%) in urban areas lived in

dwellings with burnt bricks and cement compared to their rural counterparts (40.9%).

Ankole sub-region had the highest percentage of households whose dwellings had iron sheet

roofs (99.4%), followed by Kampala and Kigezi sub-regions (98% each respectively). While

Acholi and West Nile sub-region had the lowest (21.1% and 21.3% each respectively).

3.2.2 PWDs household size

Figure 14 presents the findings on household size. Most households, 27%, had five (5) or Six

(6) members; this compares well with the UNHS in which the average household size in

Uganda is Five (5). This is followed by 15% of the respondents who had Seven (7) or four

members, while 10% and 8% had three and two members in the households respectively.

Only 4% of the respondents had a single member in their household as reflected in figure 14.

Figure 14: Composition of household members.

Disaggregation of household size by sub region reveals that Central region and Kampala had

the lowest average household size (four and below members (77.9%)). Interesting to note,

when it comes to households with seven members and more, Central region still leads in this

category, followed by Busoga and Eastern region at 46.9% and 36.6% respectively as detailed

in table 9.

9%

27%

15%

12%

4%

15%

10%

8%

Eight

Five or six

Four

Nine or more

One

Seven

Three

Two



28

Table 9: Distribution of household size buy, location, gender and sub region

Household Size

Total One Two Three Four

Five

or six Seven Eight

Nine

or

more

Location Rural 34.7% 43.7% 41.8% 44.7% 50.9% 53.9% 47.5% 56.8% 48.7%

Urban 65.3% 56.3% 58.2% 55.3% 49.1% 46.1% 52.5% 43.2% 51.3%

3.6% 8.3% 10.4% 15.0% 26.8% 15.0% 8.9% 12.1% Gender Female 33.7% 40.2% 45.3% 47.1% 45.3% 43.2% 43.4% 44.7% 44.2%

Male 66.3% 59.8% 54.7% 52.9% 54.7% 56.8% 56.6% 55.3% 55.8%

3.6% 8.3% 10.4% 15.0% 26.8% 15.0% 8.9% 12.1% Region Acholi 4.1% 2.2% 7.0% 7.0% 9.5% 11.1% 10.2% 8.7% 8.3%

Ankole 9.2% 7.0% 7.7% 5.8% 7.5% 5.8% 4.5% 4.5% 6.4%

Bunyoro 15.3% 15.3% 15.7% 12.3% 11.9% 17.9% 5.7% 2.4% 12.0%

Busoga 8.2% 4.8% 6.3% 7.5% 11.9% 11.4% 11.5% 24.0% 11.3%

Central 18.4% 18.8% 22.6% 18.1% 20.3% 22.7% 32.4% 19.8% 21.4%

Eastern 3.1% 5.2% 9.8% 23.7% 14.0% 11.8% 12.7% 12.0% 13.2%

Kampala 27.6% 18.3% 13.2% 11.1% 6.1% 4.6% 7.4% 3.9% 9.0%

Karamoja 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 1.8% 1.4% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1%

Kigezi 7.1% 5.7% 6.3% 4.3% 2.8% 1.0% 1.6% 2.1% 3.3%

Lango 5.1% 3.5% 4.9% 6.0% 8.7% 5.8% 7.4% 11.4% 7.1%

Toro 1.0% 17.9% 4.2% 1.0% 1.9% 3.4% 2.5% 2.1% 3.6%

West Nile 1.0% 1.3% 2.4% 2.4% 3.7% 3.1% 2.9% 7.8% 3.4%

3.2.3 Access to utilities; electricity and clean piped water

Uganda’s Vision 2040 recognises that electricity is a driver of socio-economic transformation

of a nation; it is thus true that availability of electricity is key in the use of ICTs and one can

argue that it is a basic need of modern living. On the other hand, it is government’s obligation

to ensure that necessary steps are taken to secure clean and adequate water for its citizenry

and to ensure that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean. The

interviewed PWDs were asked if their households had electricity and piped water. The survey

results of access to utilities i.e. Electricity and Piped water are detailed in table 10.

Most households did not have access to electricity (35.7%) or piped water (80%). 32.3% of

the households had access to electricity grid, with the greatest proportion (73%) of those who

had this access located in urban areas, compared to 27% in rural Areas. Only 0.7% of the

households had access to a generator with about 61.1% located in rural areas. As regards

Solar, majority of households with solar (64%) where located in rural Areas.

Disaggregation by sub-region shows that Kampala had the highest number (73.8%) of

households connected to the electricity grid, followed by central, Busoga and Toro regions at

58.1%, 36.7% and 32.3% respectively. Karamoja sub region had the highest number 93.1%

of households without electricity followed by Acholi sub region (82.9%).

The results of access to piped water on the other hand indicate that (87.5%) of households in

rural areas had no access to piped water.67.7% followed by Kampala at 58.1% while



29

Karamoja (6.9%) and Kigezi (7.6%) sub regions households had the least access to piped

water.

Table 10: Distribution of household access to electricity and pipped water

House hold access to electricity Access to pipped water

Generator

Main

Electricity

Grid No

Other

(Specify) Solar No

Yes, into

the

house

Yes, into

the yard

Region Acholi 0.9% 7.5% 82.9% 0.0% 8.8% 94.7% 0.4% 4.8%

Ankole 0.0% 26.7% 6.3% 30.7% 36.4% 70.5% 1.1% 28.4%

Bunyoro 0.9% 21.8% 24.2% 1.8% 51.2% 71.8% 0.9% 27.3%

Busoga 1.6% 36.7% 11.6% 22.5% 27.7% 90.4% 0.6% 9.0%

Central 0.3% 58.1% 26.6% 2.7% 12.2% 84.7% 1.0% 14.2%

Eastern 0.3% 9.6% 79.7% 0.0% 10.4% 95.1% 1.1% 3.8%

Kampala 1.2% 73.8% 19.4% 2.0% 3.6% 41.9% 6.9% 51.2%

Karamoja 0.0% 0.0% 93.1% 0.0% 6.9% 93.1% 0.0% 6.9%

Kigezi 0.0% 10.9% 33.7% 29.3% 26.1% 92.4% 0.0% 7.6%

Lango 1.0% 16.8% 55.1% 8.7% 18.4% 87.2% 0.0% 12.8%

Toro 0.0% 32.3% 7.1% 0.0% 60.6% 32.3% 2.0% 65.7%

West Nile 0.0% 4.3% 1.1% 58.5% 36.2% 90.4% 0.0% 9.6%

Location Rural 61.1% 27.0% 57.3% 54.0% 64.0% 87.5% 0.6% 11.9%

Urban 38.9% 73.0% 42.7% 46.0% 36.0% 73.1% 2.1% 24.9%

3.2.4 Source of lighting

The biggest number of respondents 76.1% indicated firewood, grass or dung as their main

source of fuel for cooking while 23.9% indicated charcoal, paraffin stove, gas bio gas,

electricity as the main source of fuel for cooking.

Table 11: distribution of Source of fuel for cooking by region and location

Source of Fuel for Cooking

Charcoal, paraffin stove, gas, biogas, electricity or other Firewood, cow dung ,or grass(reeds)

Region Acholi 17.1% 82.9% Ankole 50.6% 49.4% Bunyoro 23.3% 76.7% Busoga 52.1% 47.9% Central 67.3% 32.7% Eastern 20.9% 79.1% Kampala 90.7% 9.3% Karamoja 13.8% 86.2% Kigezi 14.1% 85.9% Lango 23.0% 77.0% Toro 57.6% 42.4% West Nile 39.4% 60.6%

Location Rural 23.9% 76.1%

Urban 63.6% 36.4%



30

The disaggregation of the data reveals that rural locations were more likely to use firewood,

cow dung, or grass(reeds), 76.1% compared to 36.4% than Charcoal, paraffin stove, gas,

biogas, electricity or other 63.6% compared to 23.9%.

The Acholi, Karamoja and Kigezi regions were mainly using firewood, cow dung, or

grass(reeds) indicating frequencies of 82.9%,86.2% and 85.9% respectively. This was

followed by regions of Bunyoro, Eastern and Lango that had frequencies of 76.7%, 79.1% and

77% respectively. Kampala registered the lowest usage of this fuel at 9.3%.

The reverse was true that regions that mostly used firewood, cow dung, or grass(reeds), were

not using charcoal, paraffin stove, gas, biogas, electricity for cooking. The highest usage of

charcoal, paraffin stove, gas, biogas, electricity was in Kampala with 90.7% of the respondents

indicated they were using the fuel.

This was followed by Central, Toro, Busoga and Ankole that had frequency of 67.3%, 57.6%

52.1% and 50.6% respectively. The lowest usage of this fuel was recorded in Karamoja

(13.8%) Kigezi (14.1%) and Acholi Regions (17.1%)

3.2.5 Type of toilet facility

The toilet facility an individual has is also an indicator of their social welfare. The more decent

the toilet is, the better one’s welfare. From the survey, it was learned that 1,344 of the 2,757

respondents had an uncovered pit latrine and 1,216 had a covered pit latrine with a slab.

Disturbingly 108 respondents did not have a toilet facility. Only 89 respondents indicated that

they had a VIP toilet.

Table 12: Toilet Facility

Type of Toilet

Covered pit latrine with

slab

No facility /bush /polythene

bags/bucket/etc., or other

Uncovered pit

latrine(with or without

slab

VIP Latrine or flush toilet.

Region Acholi 78.5% 14.0% 5.7% 1.8% Ankole 21.6% 1.1% 75.6% 1.7% Bunyoro 27.6% 1.5% 66.1% 4.8% Busoga 30.9% 8.0% 59.8% 1.3% Central 69.5% 0.8% 26.8% 2.9% Eastern 10.2% 4.4% 84.6% 0.8% Kampala 36.7% 2.8% 48.4% 12.1% Karamoja 55.2% 20.7% 24.1% 0.0% Kigezi 30.4% 1.1% 67.4% 1.1% Lango 81.6% 4.1% 12.8% 1.5% Toro 56.6% 0.0% 42.4% 1.0% West Nile 14.9% 1.1% 76.6% 7.4%

Gender Female 43.5% 4.4% 48.6% 3.4% Male 44.6% 3.5% 48.9% 3.1%

Location Rural 37.2% 5.1% 56.7% 1.0% Urban 50.7% 2.8% 41.2% 5.3%



31

Gender disaggregation of type of toilet facility reveals that the female PWDs were less likely

to use a covered pit latrine with a slab compared to their male counter parts. This is 43.5%

compared to 44.6%. In terms of the location, urban PWDs were more likely to be using this

same type of facility than their rural counter parts; that is 50.7% compared to 37.2%.

The uncovered pit latrines were more prevalent in the rural areas; 56.7% compared to 41.2%,

with barely a distinct difference between males and females using the same 48.9% versus

48.6%. VIP latrine and flush toilets were more likely to be found in urban areas than rural areas

(5.3% compared to 1%) while again there was no salient difference between men and women

using this type of facility.

The disturbing statistic is one of the respondents that did not have a toilet facility and were

using /bush /polythene bags/bucket/etc. More respondents that are rural did not have a facility

compared to urban one that is 5.1% compared to 2.8%. However, more women than men

indicated not using a toilet facility (this is 4.4% versus 3.5%). The fact that women are in

charge of the household welfare does not bode well for the households with this finding. A

deep dive in the data reveals that this problem was more prevalent in Karamoja followed by

Acholi then Busoga sub regions these had a frequency on 20.7%, 14% and 8% respectively.

However, it is also noteworthy that only Toro region indicated they did not have this problem

with other regions like Lango having a frequency of 4.1%, Eastern at 4.4% while Kampala

indicated a frequency of 2.8%, Kigezi, West Nile and Ankole each indicating a frequency of

1.1% and Central at 0.8%.

3.2.6 Poverty Probability Index (PPI)

In this study also, it was envisaged that to guide not only policy but also undertaking impactful

interventions targeting the PWDs in the country, it would be better to aggregate and establish

their poverty outreach. To achieve this determination, the characteristics are aggregated to

determine the poverty outreach by employing the Poverty Probability Index (PPI).

The Poverty Probability Index (PPI) is a statistically sound poverty measurement tool that

generates a score between zero and 100 based on responses to ten (10)7 key livelihood

indicators or questions about a household’s characteristics and asset ownership to compute

the likelihood that the household is living below the poverty line or above by only a narrow

margin.

In the analysis, it is assumed that the household level welfare position is a relevant proxy for

poverty likelihood for most pro-poor households. Therefore, the lower the resulting PPI score,

the higher the likelihood that a household is living below a specified poverty line. The latest

version of the PPI for Uganda was created in June 2015 and the indicators for Uganda are

based on data from the 2012/13 National Household Survey (UNHS) conducted by Uganda

7 Initially developed by the Grameen Foundation, The Poverty Probability Index (PPI) is under the

stewardship of the PPI Alliance under Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA).

https://www.povertyindex.org/

https://www.poverty-action.org/

https://www.povertyindex.org/

https://www.povertyindex.org/what-poverty-probability-index-ppi%C2%AE

https://www.povertyindex.org/what-poverty-probability-index-ppi%C2%AE



32

Bureau of Statistics. The PPI scorecard has four indicators and 10 questions for Uganda as

detailed in table 13.

Table 13: Uganda PPI scorecard indicators and questions

Therefore, using this Uganda PPI scorecard, the poverty profile was predicted using USD ($)

2 per day. As indicated in figure 15, averagely 43.6% of the PWDs interviewed are living

below the USD ($) 2 per day Poverty line (i.e. 1,202 PWD interviewed were below the Poverty

Line). On the other hand, there was not much difference between women and men from the

survey as their poverty likelihood levels were 43.2% for males and 44.1% for females.

Disaggregation at the sub regional level reveals that Karamoja Sub-region was worst off

socially with 80% of the respondents being below the $2 poverty line. This was followed by

the Acholi region PWDs that had a 75% likelihood of being below the 2 per day poverty line.

The West Nile PWDs had a 60% likelihood of being below the poverty line while Eastern and

Lango regions had a 58% and 56% poverty likelihood of being below the poverty line

respectively.

The Busoga, Bunyoro and Kigezi regions had 52%, 41% and 40% likelihood of being below

the poverty line respectively. The Ankole Region had a 36% likelihood of being below the

poverty line in line with the national poverty rate according to the World Bank. The Central,

Kampala and Toro regions had the lowest rates at 26%, 22% and 21% respectively as

indicated in figure 15.

Indicators and questions Max. Points PPI Indicator PPI Questions

Family Composition

1. Number of household members 27

Education 2. Children aged 6-18 enrolled in school (and type of school) 27

3. Highest education level attained by female head/spouse 24

Housing 4. Major construction material of the household’s roof 5

5. Major construction material of the household’s exterior walls 19

6. Main source of lighting in the household 28

7. Main type of toilet used in the household 5

Ownership of durable goods

8. Ownership of electronic equipment by household members 2

9. Ownership of at least two sets of clothes by household members

17

10. Ownership of at least one pair of shoes by household members 4

Total 100



33

Figure 15: PWD poverty likelihood as predicted by $ 2 PPP poverty line (n= 2,757).

Figure 16: Regional PWD poverty likelihood as predicted by $ 2 PPP poverty line (n=

2,757).

In addition to the gender and regional disaggregation, disaggregation by disability category

revealed that, the highest poverty rates were among the Intellectually disabled at 49% followed

by Individuals with Hearing Impairment and Learning Disability that had a 46% likelihood of

being below the poverty line. The visually Impaired and individuals with Physical disability had

lower poverty likelihoods at 45% and 43% respectively. It should be noteworthy that all were

above the National average of 36%.

Figure 17: Distribution of poverty

43.20%

44.10%

43.60%

42.60% 42.80% 43.00% 43.20% 43.40% 43.60% 43.80% 44.00% 44.20%

Male

Female

Average

80%75%

60% 58% 56% 52%

41% 40% 36%26% 22% 21%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

Pe

rce

nta

ge

43% 45% 46% 46% 49%

7%

9%10% 10%

13%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

IntelectualDisability

VisualImpairment

LearningDisabilty

HearingImpairment

PhysicalDisability

Poverty Likihood Country Mean Deviation from Country Mean



34

4. INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD AWARENESS, ACCESS AND USE OF ICTS

The importance of ICTs in Uganda cannot be over emphasized; the sector is one of the most

vibrant and fastest growing in the economy. In this chapter, we discuss the findings on

individual PWD awareness of ICT tools based on demographics like age group, gender, sub

region as well as location in terms of urban or rural. In addition, individual and household

access and usage of communication services including radios, televisions, postal, telephone,

computers and Internet services among others are also discussed.

4.1 Individual PWD awareness and usage of ICT tools.

In this section, we discuss the findings of awareness and usage of ICT devices and products

among the individual PWDs. The results show that only 5% of the interviewed PWDs had

ever heard about Assistive technologies and broadband. Most of the respondents were aware

of phones among the ICTs; therein, the highest awareness was for feature phones (84%) and

smart phones at (68%).

Regarding awareness of computers, slightly more than half (54%) of the respondents were

aware of these with 56% aware of personal computers while about 52% were aware of laptops

as reflected in figure 18.

Figure 18: Awareness levels of ICT devices and products by PWDs

We further examined those who were aware of the ICT devices to understand their usage

patterns and as reflected in table 14, there were significant variations when it came to usage

of the ICTs by PWDs.

48%

44%

50%

16%

32%

46%

62%

55%

95%

95%

52%

56%

50%

84%

68%

54%

38%

45%

5%

5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Laptop

Personal Computer

Internet

Feature Phone

Smart

Social Media

Internet Access Via Smart Phone

Digital TV

Broad Band

Assistive Technologies

Yes No


35

It was evident that awareness of the ICT devices and products never translated directly into usage for instance, of the 52% (1446 Respondents)

who had heard about a laptop computer, only approximately10 % (268 respondents) had ever used a laptop. Of this 10%, only 4% (120

respondents) are still using the laptops to date.

Approximately 95% (2627 of 2767 respondents) had never heard about assistive technologies. Of the 5 % (130 respondents) who have ever

heard about these technologies, only 1% (26 respondents) have ever used. Current usage of these technologies by PWDs stands at

approximately less than 0.5% (13 of the 2627 Respondents). Disaggregation of the results across the gender category showed no significant

differences. Overall, the results depict both low awareness and usage levels of ICT devices and products by PWDs as depicted in table 14.

Table 14: Awareness and usage of ICT devices by PWDs

ICT Devices or Products

ICT Devices or product Awareness and Usage

Heard Of Ever Used Use Nowadays

No % Yes % No % Yes % No % Yes %

Laptop 1311 48% 1446 52% 2489 90% 268 10% 2637 96% 120 4%

Personal Computer 1218 44% 1539 56% 2369 86% 388 14% 2590 94% 167 6%

Internet 1380 50% 1377 50% 2389 87% 368 13% 2551 93% 206 7%

Feature Phone 444 16% 2313 84% 803 29% 1954 71% 1068 39% 1689 61%

Smart 890 32% 1867 68% 2167 79% 590 21% 2405 87% 352 13%

Social Media 1258 46% 1499 54% 2388 87% 369 13% 2511 91% 246 9%

Internet Access Via Smart Phone 1711 62% 1046 38% 2525 92% 232 8% 2617 95% 140 5%

Digital TV 1520 55% 1237 45% 2160 78% 597 22% 2307 84% 450 16%

Broad Band 2617 95% 140 5% 2726 99% 31 1% 2747 100% 10 0%

Assistive Technologies 2627 95% 130 5% 2731 99% 26 1% 2744 100% 13 0%


36

4.2 Ownership and use of ICT devices

In the bid to generate internationally comparable data on ICT access and use by PWDs, the

study adopted a number of core ICT individual indicators as developed by the International

Telecommunications Union (ITU)8. The adopted indicators included proportion of ICT devices

owned by individuals PWDs.

4.2.1 Ownership of ICT devices by Individual PWDs

On average, about 70% of all individual PWDs owned either a radio or a mobile phone, with

more radio ownership (70.1%) and 69.4% mobile phone ownership. Ownership of fixed line

telephones, desktop computers and laptops was very low amongst individual PWDs averaging

less than 2% i.e. 1.8%. Fixed line, desktop computers and laptops had a penetration of 0.5%,

0.9% and 3.9% respectively among PWDs as shown in figure 19.

Figure 19: Individual ownership of ICT devices by PWDs.

The analysis by gender shows that on average, more male PWDs (27.2%) than female

(22.5%) owned ICT devices. Disaggregation by location reveals that urban (26.56%) PWDs

tend to own more ICT devices compared to their rural counterparts (23.3%) as indicated in

table 13.

From a sub-regional perspective, Toro sub region registered the highest ownership of radio

and mobile telephones (94.95%), followed by Bunyoro, Central and Eastern regions at 75.5

85.9% and 77.5% respectively. Regarding desktops, laptops and fixed line phones, Kampala

toppled the region with 8.07% followed by West Nile at 3.57%.

On the other hand, Acholi sub region was at the bottom of the list in ownership of radios and

phones by individual PWDs with only 37.95% followed by Karamoja sub region at 41.4%. With

respect to desktops, laptops and fixed line phones, no individual PWD owns these in

Karamoja, this was followed by 0.6% in Acholi sub region as detailed in table 15.

8 https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/ind/D-IND-ITCMEAS-2014-PDF-E.pdf

99.50%

0.50%

99.00%

1.00%

96.10%

3.90%

30.60%

69.40%

29.90%

70.10%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes

Fixed Line DesktopComputer

LaptopComputer

Mobile Phone Radio



37

Table 15: Distribution of ICT devices ownership by demographic characteristics.

Table 16: Summary of regional ownership of Individual ICT devices

Desktops, Laptops and

Fixed Line Phones Radio and Phone

Acholi 0.60% 37.95%

Ankole 1.50% 63.90%

Bunyoro 0.90% 85.90%

Busoga 1.17% 60.75%

Central 1.13% 77.50%

Eastern 0.80% 75.55%

Kampala 8.07% 68.15%

Karamoja 0.00% 41.40%

Kigezi 1.10% 74.45%

Lango 2.03% 59.95%

Toro 1.33% 94.95%

West Nile 3.57% 62.20%

4.2.2 Use of computers among individual PWDs

In addition to ownership, another core ICT indicator defined in the ITU manual for measuring

ICT access and usage by Households and Individuals 2014 Edition is the proportion of

individuals using a computer. In this study therefore, the respondents were asked if they used

Demographic

Characteristics

ICT devices

Fixed Line

Desktop

Computer

Laptop

Computer

Mobile Phone Radio

No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes

Location Rural 99.8% 0.2% 99.6% 0.4% 98.4% 1.6% 36.5% 63.5% 43.8% 50.8%

Urban 99.2% 0.8% 98.4% 1.6% 93.8% 6.2% 25.0% 75.0% 56.2% 49.2%

All individuals 99.5% 0.5% 99.0% 1.0% 96.1% 3.9% 30.6% 69.4% 29.9% 70.1%

Gender Female 99.5% 0.5% 99.3% 0.7% 96.9% 3.1% 34.5% 65.5% 48.0% 42.5%

Male 99.4% 0.6% 99.0% 1.0% 95.5% 4.5% 27.5% 72.5% 52.0% 57.5%

Region Acholi 100.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 98.2% 1.8% 66.2% 33.8% 57.9% 42.1%

Ankole 100.0% 0.0% 98.9% 1.1% 96.6% 3.4% 36.4% 63.6% 35.8% 64.2%

Bunyoro 99.7% 0.3% 100.0% 0.0% 97.6% 2.4% 21.8% 78.2% 6.4% 93.6%

Busoga 99.7% 0.3% 99.7% 0.3% 97.1% 2.9% 46.0% 54.0% 32.5% 67.5%

Central 99.5% 0.5% 98.8% 1.2% 98.3% 1.7% 14.2% 85.8% 30.8% 69.2%

Eastern 100.0% 0.0% 99.5% 0.5% 98.1% 1.9% 21.7% 78.3% 27.2% 72.8%

Kampala 97.6% 2.4% 97.2% 2.8% 81.0% 19.0% 25.8% 74.2% 37.9% 62.1%

Karamoja 100.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 51.7% 48.3% 65.5% 34.5%

Kigezi 98.9% 1.1% 100.0% 0.0% 97.8% 2.2% 33.7% 66.3% 17.4% 82.6%

Lango 99.0% 1.0% 99.0% 1.0% 95.9% 4.1% 50.5% 49.5% 29.6% 70.4%

Toro 100.0% 0.0% 99.0% 1.0% 97.0% 3.0% 10.1% 89.9% 0.0% 100.0%

West Nile 98.9% 1.1% 94.7% 5.3% 95.7% 4.3% 33.0% 67.0% 42.6% 57.4%



38

computers. As indicated in figure 20 below, only 12% indicated that the used computers while

88% indicated that they did not.

Figure 20:Proportion of individual PWDs using computers.

Having established the proportion of computer usage by Individual PWDs, we further

investigated the usage trends by location, gender and the 12 sub regions as detailed in table

17.

Table 17: Distribution of computer usage by demographic characteristics.

As depicted in table 17, the numbers reveal that while urban PWDs were better off, only 16%

of these indicated they used a computer while only 6% rural PWDs were using Computers.

Despite more male (13%) using computers than their female counterparts (10%), the

difference was not significant.

No, 88%

Yes, 12%

Do you use a computer?

Demographics Characteristics

Do you Use a Computer?

No Yes

Location Rural 94% 6%

Urban 84% 16%

Total 88% 12%

Gender Female 90% 10%

Male 87% 13%

Region Acholi 88% 12%

Ankole 90% 10%

Bunyoro 94% 6%

Busoga 98% 2%

Central 84% 16%

Eastern 90% 10%

Kampala 70% 30%

Karamoja 97% 3%

Kigezi 92% 8%

Lango 90% 10%

Toro 94% 6%

West Nile 91% 9%



39

Regionally, as expected, Kampala PWDs registered higher usage of computers than any other

region (30%), followed by Central that had a usage rate of 16%. The least performing regions

were Busoga and Karamoja where only 3% and 2% of PWDs indicated they were using

computers.

4.2.3 Location and frequency of computer usage by individual PWDs

The study probed further to understand the usage frequency and usage location of those that

indicated that they used computers (the 12%). This was done by asking the individual PWDs

who used the computers how frequently they used them now days, with a 3 months’ reference

period.

Drawing from figure 21, most PWDs (43%), used computers at least once a week while 30%

indicated that they used computers daily. 12% and 21% respondents indicated that they used

computers at least once a month and less than once a month respectively. On the other hand,

5% of the respondents that indicated that they used computers indicated that they were

currently not using them.

Figure 21: Frequency of computer usage by individual PWDs

As reflected in the disaggregation table16, across the different demographic characteristics,

disaggregation by location reveals that urban users used computers more frequently (46%)

compared to 35% of the rural usage.

From a gender perspective, more female (49%) individual PWDs used computers atleast once

a week compared to their male counterparts (39%), yet when it comes to daily usage, this

usage rate had more male users (36%) compared to female (20%).

Regionally, in terms of daily usage, Ankole, Acholi and Kampala had the highest usage rate

with 47%, 46% and 35% respectively. The lowest frequency was less than once a month and

the Kigezi PWDs registered the highest frequency in this category at 29%.

5%

21%

12%

30%

43%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Do not use nowadays

Less than once a month

At least once a month

Daily

At least once a week



40

Table 18: Distribution of frequency of individual PWDs computer usage by

demographic characteristics

Frequency of Computer usage


At least once a

week Daily

Do not use

nowadays

Less than once a month

Location Rural 18% 35% 16% 9% 21%

Urban 10% 46% 35% 3% 6%

All Individuals 12% 43% 30% 5% 10%

Gender Female 13% 49% 20% 7% 11%

Male 12% 39% 36% 4% 9%

Region Acholi 7% 29% 46% 4% 14%

Ankole 18% 29% 47% 6% 0%

Bunyoro 11% 26% 32% 16% 16%

Busoga 60% 20% 20% 0% 0%

Central 4% 72% 20% 1% 3%

Eastern 24% 24% 30% 3% 19%

Kampala 14% 35% 35% 7% 9%

Karamoja 0% 100% 0% 0% 0%

Kigezi 14% 14% 29% 14% 29%

Lango 5% 40% 25% 15% 15%

Toro 33% 17% 33% 0% 17%

West Nile 25% 38% 25% 0% 13%

Having established the usage frequency, we investigated where the PWDs used/accessed

computers. The findings are as depicted in figure 22.

Figure 22: Different locations where individual PWDs use computers

It is evident that majority (48%) of the individual PWDs use computers at school/institution of

learning. Disaggregation of this majority by location and gender indicates that the rural and

female PWDs were more likely to use the computer at an institution.

1%

5%

8%

8%

9%

11%

36%

37%

48%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Somewhere Else (Specify)

Community Or Voluntary Organisation

Public Library

Government Office

Any place via a mobile access device…

An Internet Cafe\Shop

Home

Work

/School College\University\Other…



41

Similarly, a large number of individual PWDs indicated that they either used computers at

home (36%) or the work place (37%). From a location perspective, urban PWDs (41%) where

more likely to use computers both at home and work than their female counterparts (20%).

While from a gender point of view, slightly more male (38%) use computers at home compared

to 32% female.

Both government office and public library had 8% usage while internet café and use of mobile

devices had 11% and 9% respectively. 5% users cited support from community initiatives and

NGO, while 1% of the Individual PWD users indicated using computer somewhere else.

4.2.4 Computer related skills

The study also investigated the computer related skills that the individual PWDs who were

using computers had acquired and how they acquired such skills. Figure 23 shows that most

of the respondents had basic skills. They had skills to copy or move files, transfer files between

computers and other devices, sending email and using word processor these had a frequency

of 294, 238, 198, and 151 respectively. The PWDs also had skills to connect hardware with a

frequency of 126.

Figure 23: PWD computer skills

More complex skills were not so common among the PWD like writing a computer program

installing the Operating System and modifying security settings and creating a web page with

frequencies of 15, 22, 22 and 46 respectively.

294

238

126

198

46

80

89

151

22

29

15

22

41

13

24

80

192

120

272

238

229

167

296

289

303

296

277

305

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Copying or moving a file or folder (Within…

Transferring files between a computer and…

Connecting and installing new devices…

Sending e-mails with attached files

Creating a web page

Finding, downloading and installing…

Using basic arithmetic formulae in a…

Using word processing software (MS…

Modifying the security settings of Internet…

Finding, downloading, installing and…

Writing a computer program using a…

Installing or replacing an operating system

Posting messages (e.g. to chat rooms,…

Other Skill

Yes No



42

The study further sought to understand how the individual PWDs acquired these ICT skills. As

reflected in figure 24, majority of the respondents 79.5% indicated to have acquired their ICT

skills through formal education while 14.5% had acquired their skills through non-formal

education structures. 5.56% acquired their ICT skills through informal learning while 0.31%

acquired them through other ways.

Disaggregation by gender indicates that more female individual PWDs (81.3%) had acquired

their ICT skills through formal education compared to their male (78.5%) counterparts. From

a location perspective, more urban individual PWDs (83%) compared to 71% rural individual

PWDs had acquired their ICT skills through formal education as shown in table 16.

Figure 24: How the individual PWDs acquired the ICT skills

Table 19: Distribution of how the individual PWDs acquired ICT skills by demographic

characteristics.

Demographic Characteristics

How Individual PWDs acquired ICT skills

Formal Education

Non Formal Education

Informal Learning Others

Location Rural 71% 18% 12% 0% Urban 83% 13% 3% 0%

79.5% 14.5% 5.66% 0.3%


Region

Acholi 54% 36% 11% 0% Ankole 82% 12% 6% 0% Bunyoro 68% 26% 5% 0% Busoga 60% 0% 40% 0% Central 98% 2% 0% 0% Eastern 78% 16% 5% 0% Kampala 77% 18% 4% 1% Karamoja 100% 0% 0% 0% Kigezi 57% 14% 29% 0% Lango 55% 25% 20% 0% Toro 83% 17% 0% 0% West Nile 88% 13% 0% 0%

0.31%

5.66%

14.47%

79.56%

0.00% 25.00% 50.00% 75.00% 100.00%

Others

Informal Learning

Non Formal Education

Formal Education



43

4.3 Ownership and use of mobile phones

The study also elicited the ownership and usage of mobile phones. Table 20 shows that 69%

of the PWDs own mobile phones while 31% do not. More male PWDs (73%) than females

(66%) owned phones. Disaggregation by location shows that more urban PWDs (75%) had

more mobile phones than rural PWDs (64%).

In terms of the regional profiling, the Mobile phone penetration was most prominent in the Toro

region with 90% of the PWDs having mobile phones. This was followed by Central, Eastern,

Bunyoro and Kampala regions that had mobile phone ownership levels of 86%, 78%, 78%

and 74% respectively. The Acholi region registered the least mobile phone penetration at 34%

while also Karamoja had lower numbers at 48% of the PWDs.

Table 20: Phone ownership by PWDs

Phone Ownership

No Yes

Gender Female 34% 66% Male 27% 73%

Total 31% 69%

Location Rural 36% 64% Urban 25% 75%

Region Acholi 66% 34% Ankole 36% 64% Bunyoro 22% 78% Busoga 46% 54% Central 14% 86% Eastern 22% 78% Kampala 26% 74% Karamoja 52% 48% Kigezi 34% 66% Lango 51% 49% Toro 10% 90% West Nile 33% 67%

We further investigated the type of phones owned by the PWDs. As can be seen in the figure

25, majority of the PWDs (82%) owned feature phones while only 17% owned smart phones

and 1% owned basic phones.

Figure 25: Type of phone owned by PWDs

1%

17%

82%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Basic mobile phone/Standard phone

Smart Phones

Feature Phones



44

There was no big difference between male and female PWD in feature phone ownership at

81% and 82% respectively. More male than female PWDs owned smart phones this was 19%

compared to 15% while basic phones were only owned by female PWDs.

In terms of the location of the PWDs, 20% smart phone ownership was mainly by urban PWDs

and 10% rural. 77% ownership of feature phones was by rural PWDs and 71% urban. Basic

phone ownership was mainly rural at 14% compared to 8%.

Table 21: Disaggregation of type of phone ownership by PWDs

Basic mobile

phone/Standard phone

Feature

Phones

Smart

Phones

Gender Female 3% 82% 15%

Male 0% 81% 19%

1% 82% 17%

Location Rural 14% 77% 10%

Urban 8% 71% 20%

Region Acholi 25% 43% 32%

Ankole 1% 85% 14%

Bunyoro 6% 81% 13%

Busoga 29% 65% 6%

Central 3% 85% 11%

Eastern 11% 73% 16%

Kampala 18% 45% 37%

Karamoja 7% 71% 21%

Kigezi 0% 89% 11%

Lango 30% 51% 20%

Toro 3% 87% 10%

West Nile 11% 79% 10%

Disaggregation by region reveals that smart phones were mostly found in Kampala region with

37% of the PWDs. Interestingly, this was followed by the Acholi region that registered

penetration of 32%.

Karamoja and Lango had a smart phone penetration of 21% and 20% respectively while the

Eastern, Ankole and Bunyoro had 16%, 14% and 13% penetration respectively. The lowest

smart phone penetration was in the Busoga region at only 6% of PWDs. Feature phone

penetration was most prominent in the regions of Kigezi, Toro, Central, Ankole and Bunyoro

at 89%, 87%, 85% and 85% respectively. While the Acholi, Kampala and Lango had the lowest

feature phone penetration, at 43% 45%, and 51% though still considerably high. The basic

phones were mainly in the Lango Busoga and Acholi regions that registered ownership of

30%, 29% and 25%.



45

4.3.1 Number of registered sim cards owned by PWDs

Most of the PWDs, 67% owned one registered Sim card while 30% owned 2 sim cards and

3% had three Sim cards. Only 1% owned more than 3 registered sim cards.

Figure 26: Registered sim cards owned

We further investigated the type or network the PWDs were majorly subscribing to and using.

Figure 27, shows MTN as the most preferred network with 77.9% of the PWDs indicating they

subscribed to it. Airtel came second with 15.8% of the PWDs while UTL and Africell had 3.92%

and 1.34% usage respectively. Other networks had low subscription at 0.54% for Vodafone,

0.29% for K2 and 0.18% for Smart Telecom.

Figure 27: Proportion of registered sim cards owned by network by the PWDs

Unpacking the numbers as can be seen in the table 22 below reveals that MTN subscribers

were mainly urban at 81% compared to 75% rural. Majority of the subscribers were male (80%)

compared to 75% female PWDs.

1%

3%

30%

67%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

More than Three (>3)

Three (3)

Two (2)

One (1)

0.18%

0.29%

0.54%

1.34%

3.92%

15.78%

77.95%

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00%

Smart Telecom

K2 Telecom

Vodafone

Africell

UTL

Airtel

MTN



46

Table 22: Distribution of proportion of owned sim cards by network


Mobile Networks for which numbers are registered in individual names

Africell Airtel K2

Telecom MTN Smart

Telecom UTL Vodafone

Gender Female 2% 18% 0% 75% 0% 5% 0% Male 1% 14% 0% 80% 0% 3% 1%

All Individuals 1% 16% 0% 78% 0% 4% 1%

Location Rural 2% 18% 0% 75% 0% 3% 1% Urban 1% 13% 0% 81% 0% 4% 0%

Region Acholi 2% 10% 0% 82% 1% 4% 1% Ankole 0% 19% 0% 46% 0% 35% 0% Bunyoro 0% 8% 0% 92% 0% 0% 0% Busoga 6% 50% 1% 41% 0% 1% 0% Central 1% 13% 0% 85% 0% 1% 0% Eastern 0% 13% 0% 87% 0% 0% 0% Kampala 1% 18% 1% 78% 0% 0% 1% Karamoja 0% 3% 0% 97% 0% 0% 0% Kigezi 0% 2% 0% 68% 0% 29% 0% Lango 2% 6% 0% 86% 1% 2% 4% Toro 0% 12% 0% 88% 0% 0% 0% West Nile 2% 3% 0% 95% 0% 0% 0%

In all but 4 regions MTN subscription was above 81%; Kampala region had subscription at

78% while Kigezi had 68%. Busoga and Ankole had 41% and 46% MTN subscribers. Airtel

subscribers were mainly female and rural that is, 18% female compared to 14% male; and

18% rural compared to 13% urban. Regionally the highest Airtel subscription was in Busoga

(50%) followed by Ankole and Kampala that registered 19% and 18% subscribers respectively.

Other networks like UTL were concentrated in specific regions; Kigezi and Ankole had 35%

and 29% subscribers respectively. Africell had 6% in Busoga, 2% in Acholi Lango and West

Nile,1% in Central and Kampala and barely any subscriber in the other regions.

4.4 Internet access and usage.

Access and use of internet is essential in the provision of opportunities to many disabled

people to carry out activities which they were previously unable to do, or could only do with

difficulty. This, if embraced, gives them among other prospects the ability to learn, empower

themselves and contribute to the development of the society. In this regard therefore, the

Internet is an assistive technology. In this study, we sought to establish the internet access

and usage patterns of PWDs in Uganda at both household and individual levels. The findings

are in the sections hereunder.

4.4.1 Access to Internet by any household member

The individual PWDs were asked about the access of internet by any of their household

members, this was to help give an indication of the proportion of households with members’

at least accessing internet.

Figure 28 shows that, majority (85%) of PWD household members either had no access to

internet or the individual PWD interviewed didn’t know. Only 15% indicated that they had

access. Distribution of access by location and gender is in figure 29.



47

Figure 28: Household member access to Internet

Figure 29: Distribution of household member access to internet by location and gender

From figure 29, more members in urban households (22%) as expected had more access to

internet than their rural counterparts 9%. There was no salient difference between access by

gender at 14% female and 16% male level of access.

4.4.2 Type of internet services accessed by household members.

The survey went further to understand the type of internet service the households were using.

As seen in figure 30, most households’ members (25%) were using analogue modems to

access internet. This was followed by Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) at 17%. In

addition, a significant number of the individual PWDs (16%) did not know the type if any of

internet service their household members were using to access internet. The digital subscriber

lines, narrow band and fixed broadband were cited by 13% 12% and 9% respondents

respectively. There were 6% of household members using cable modem and 3% using area

network and WIMAX.

15%

25%

60%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Yes

Don’t Know

No

Does any of your household member have access to internet?

9%

22%

14% 16%

28%

21%25% 24%

63%57%

60% 60%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Rural Urban Female Male

Location Gender

Yes Don’t Know No



48

Figure 30: Type of internet services used by household members

4.4.3 Individual internet access and usage.

In addition to household member usage, the proportion of individuals accessing and using the

internet were also probed for both the figures and actual usage trends. As seen in figure 31,

most individual PWDs (84% ) did not know how to use internet.

Figure 31: Individual knowledge of internet use by PWDs

Dissagregation by location, age group, gender and sub region reveals among others that;

more male (63%) individual PWDs than female (37%) were able to use the internet among

the interviewed respondents.

From a location perspective, more urban PWDs (22%) than rural (9%) were able to use the

internet, and the age profiling revealed that younger individals 15-34 (53%) were more likely

to use the internet compared to individuals above 45 years which stood at 22%.

Analysis by sub region reveals that, Kampala and Central regions had the most able internet

users. This accounted for 58% of all the users while the Acholi region had the least

knowledgable users only at 4%. This is Illustrated in the table 23.

3%

6%

9%

12%

13%

16%

17%

25%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Area network and WIMAX

Cable Modem

Other Fixed Broadband

Other Narrowband

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)

I don’t Know

Intergrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Analogue Modem

Yes, 16%

No, 84%

Do you know how to use the internet?



49

Table 23: Distribution of individual knowledge of internet use by demographics

Do you know how to use internet?

No Yes


Male 54% 63%

Total 84% 16%


Urban 78% 22%


Ankole 83% 17%

Bunyoro 93% 7%

Busoga 93% 7%

Central 76% 24%

Eastern 84% 16%

Kampala 66% 34%

Karamoja 93% 7%

Kigezi 82% 18%

Lango 90% 10%

Toro 90% 10%

West Nile 80% 20%

Age_group 15—24 71% 29%

25—34 76% 24%

35—44 88% 12%

45—54 93% 7%

55—64 91% 9%

65—74 94% 6%

75+ 100% 0%

The study further sought to establish the frequency of usage of the internet services among

those who indicated they had the knowledge to use the same and as such, the 16% who knew

how to use internet were asked about the frequency of their individual use of the interent in

the last 12 months. Of the PWDs that indicated that they had knowledge of the internet 76%

indicated that they had used the internet in the last 12 months as seen in figure 32.

Figure 32: Individual PWD use of internet in the last 12 months

No, 24%

Yes, 76%

Have you used the internet in the last 12 months?



50

Table 24: Distribution of Internet usage in the last 12 months by individual PWDs across different demographics

Demographics

Used internet in last 12 months

No Yes


Male 26% 74%


Urban 21% 79%


Ankole 13% 87%

Bunyoro 17% 83%

Busoga 73% 27%

Central 23% 77%

Eastern 25% 75%

Kampala 13% 87%

Karamoja 100% 0%

Kigezi 41% 59%

Lango 15% 85%

Toro 10% 90%

West Nile 42% 58%

The 76% who had used the internet in the last 12 months were asked how frequent they did

and the results as in figure 33, 55% used the internet at least once a week but not every day

while 30% indicated they used the internet at least once a day.

The gender profiling of the usage revealed that there was no salient distinction between the

female (30%) and male (31%) PWDs regarding daily internet usage. Defying the expectation

that the younger age groups use the internet more often, the study revealed that the age

bracket of 45-54, were using the internet at least once a day at 42%. This was the highest

percentage recorded of all age groups followed by the age bracket 55-64 years that had 36%

of the users accessing internet at least once a day. This can be attributed to financial

empowerment of the older PWDs.

Figure 33: Frequency of internet usage in the last 12 months by individual PWDs

15%

30%

55%

Less than once a week

At least once a day

At least once a week but not every day



51

Table 25: Distribution of internet usage by PWDs across different demographics

Frequency of Internet Usage by PWDs

At least once a day

At least once a week but not

every day Less than once

a week

Gender Female 30% 61% 10% Male 31% 51% 18%

Total 30% 55% 15%

Location Rural 19% 58% 23% Urban 34% 54% 12%

Region Acholi 33% 33% 33% Ankole 19% 69% 12% Bunyoro 42% 32% 26% Busoga 0% 83% 17% Central 22% 70% 7% Eastern 28% 58% 14% Kampala 46% 42% 12% Karamoja 0% 0% 0% Kigezi 30% 30% 40% Lango 47% 29% 24% Toro 11% 67% 22% West Nile 27% 36% 36%

Age group 15—24 23% 65% 12% 25—34 35% 55% 10% 35—44 32% 46% 22% 45—54 42% 29% 29% 55—64 36% 50% 14% 65—74 0% 67% 33% 75+ 0% 0% 0%

Disaggregation by region indicates that the more frequent users were mainly in Lango (47%)

and Kampala (46%). Karamoja and Busoga regions did not have a single user accessing the

internet at least once a day, while from a gender perspective, more female users (61%)

compared to (51%) male PWDs were accessing internet at least once a week but not every

day.

The age profiling reveals that the users accessing internet at least once a week but not every

day were aged 65-74 and 15-24. These had frequencies of 67% and 65% respectively.

4.4.4 Access and use of open source software by PWDs

The term open source software (OSS) refers to software which is free to use, distribute and

modify. This software is often more secure since the source code is accessible to everyone

and is associated with low costs. Given open source software for PWDs exists, in the study

we sought to identify the access and usage of open source software among PWDs in Uganda.

Access and usage of open source enables access to cheaper alternatives compared to the

standardized assistive technologies. It was found that only 5% were accessing the open

source software and as expected, most of these were in urban areas compared to rural areas,

that is 8% compared to 1%.

From a disaggregated perspective, open source software was more common in younger

PWDs. There were 5% users in the age group 15-24 and 8% in the age group 25-34. The



52

percentage of users dwindled as the age brackets ticked higher; the age bracket 34-44 had

4%, 45-54 and 55-64 had 3% each while 65-74 had only 1%.

Analysis by region indicates that majority of the individual PWDs who accessed and used

open source software were in Kampala (25%). West Nile and Ankole had 9% each. Kigezi,

Central, Bunyoro, and Eastern sub region had 5%, 4%, 2% and 2% as detailed in table 26.

Table 26: Indiviudal PWD access and use of open source softwares

Do you access and use of open software?

No Yes


All individuals 95% 5%



Age group 15—24 95% 5% 25—34 92% 8% 35—44 96% 4% 45—54 97% 3% 55—64 97% 3% 65—74 99% 1% 75+ 100% 0%


53

4.4.5 Access and use of social media by individual PWDs

The survey probed for the individual’s access and usage of social media and the findings are

presented below. As with other ICTs, the access to social media was low with only 10%

indicating they used social media and 90% did not.

Figure 34: Individual PWD access to social media

Unpacking the numbers, we learn that more male PWDs (6.2%) had access to social media

than their female counterparts (4%). As expected, more urban PWDs had access to social

media than their rural counterparts; that is 7.8% compared to 2.4%.

Profiling the users by age reveals that usage was in the lower age brackets the ages 15-44

accounted for 8.3% of the 10% that were accessing social media. The PWDs above 55 years

had a combined total of 0.8% of the PWDs accessing social media. Regionally the Central

Kampala and Eastern regions had 2.3% 2.4% and 1.4% of the PWDs respectively. The worst

performing region was Karamoja with no social media user; other regions barely had users

and none exceeded 0.8%.

In terms of the actual platforms accessed, Facebook had the most usage with 96% of the

people accessing social media were using the platform, 73% of these being urban while the

gender profiling revealed that 58% were male and 37.6% being female. The other popular

social medium were instant messaging platforms; WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger that

had 76% and 64.2% usage respectively. Twitter, Instagram, Google Plus had 14.7%, 9.7%

and 6.5% usage respectively while Google talk, Skype and Yahoo messenger had 7.2%, 2.9%

and 3.9% users respectively.

The social media platforms usage trends of the different platforms across the gender, age and

location were similar to the overall Social media usage unpacked earlier; usage was skewed

towards male, and urban PWDs and in age brackets below 44. These were mainly in the

Kampala, Central and Eastern regions while Karamoja remained excluded .

No 90%

Yes 10%


54

Table 27: Individual access to social media by region, age and gender.

Social Media Platforms Instant Messaging

No Yes Facebook Twitter Instagram Google

Plus WhatsApp Facebook Messenger

Google talk Skype

Yahoo Messenger

Location Rural 46.4% 2.4% 22.6% 2.2% 1.4% 1.4% 15.4% 15.1% 1.8% 0.4% 0.4%

Urban 43.5% 7.8% 73.5% 12.5% 8.2% 5.0% 60.6% 49.1% 5.4% 2.5% 3.6% 89.9% 10.1% 96.1% 14.7% 9.7% 6.5% 76.0% 64.2% 7.2% 2.9% 3.9%

Gender Female 40.2% 4.0% 37.6% 3.9% 2.2% 1.1% 27.6% 21.9% 2.2% 0.7% 1.1%

Male 49.7% 6.2% 58.4% 10.8% 7.5% 5.4% 48.4% 42.3% 5.0% 2.2% 2.9%

Age Profile

15—24 14.1% 2.5% 24.4% 4.3% 3.6% 1.4% 13.3% 17.2% 1.1% 1.1% 0.4%

25—34 19.5% 3.4% 31.2% 5.4% 3.6% 2.5% 28.7% 21.9% 2.5% 1.1% 1.4%

35—44 23.8% 2.4% 23.3% 1.8% 0.7% 1.1% 17.9% 12.5% 2.2% 0.4% 1.4%

45—54 13.8% 1.1% 9.3% 2.2% 1.4% 1.1% 9.7% 6.5% 1.1% 0.4% 0.7%

55—64 8.9% 0.7% 6.8% 1.1% 0.4% 0.4% 5.4% 5.7% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%

65—74 6.4% 0.1% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

75+ 3.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Sub Region

Acholi 7.7% 0.5% 5.4% 0.7% 0.0% 0.4% 3.6% 2.2% 1.8% 0.0% 0.4%

Ankole 5.6% 0.8% 5.4% 1.1% 1.4% 0.4% 6.1% 4.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4%

Bunyoro 11.1% 0.8% 7.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 7.2% 1.8% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%

Busoga 11.0% 0.3% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Central 19.1% 2.3% 22.2% 2.9% 1.4% 0.7% 16.1% 16.8% 0.4% 1.1% 1.8%

Eastern 11.8% 1.4% 14.0% 1.1% 1.1% 1.8% 9.0% 13.6% 1.1% 0.4% 0.0%

Kampala 6.6% 2.4% 23.3% 7.2% 4.3% 1.4% 21.5% 15.8% 1.1% 0.7% 0.7%

Karamoja 1.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Kigezi 3.2% 0.2% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Lango 6.4% 0.7% 7.2% 0.7% 0.4% 1.8% 5.4% 4.3% 1.4% 0.7% 0.7%

Toro 3.3% 0.3% 2.9% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 2.2% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

West Nile 3.0% 0.4% 3.9% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% 0.7% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% ALL 89.9% 10.1% 96.1% 14.7% 9.7% 6.5% 76.0% 64.2% 7.2% 2.9% 3.9%


55

The study was interested in how the PWDs were accessing the social media and as can be

seen in the figure 35, majority (93%) were accessing social media via mobile phones while

17% were accessing via Desktop PCs and 14% via tablets.

Figure 35: Device used for accessing social media by PWDs

We further, wished to learn about what exactly the PWD were using social media for and this

can be seen in figure 36. Networking was the most cited use for social media; this had a

frequency of 45% of PWDs that used social media. This was followed by chatting at 27%, of

the PWD that had indicated they used social media. Communication, accessing news and

information and business were cited by 16%, 8% and 5% of the PWDs respectively.

Figure 36: Actual use of social media by PWDs

The study considered the recently introduced Over the Top Tax (OTT) and its impact on the

PWDs’ access to social media.

The largest proportion of the PWDs (66%) indicated that their usage of social media had

reduced while 26% indicated they were no longer using social media and 8% indicated that

their usage had not changed.

17%

93%

14%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Desktop PC Mobile Phone Tablet or Similar

5%

8%

16%

27%

45%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Business and Advertising

Access Information and News

Communication

Chatting

Networking



56

Figure 37: Frequency of social media use by PWDs after OTT

4.4.6 Access to ICTs by PWDs in school.

The study was interested in the school setting and whether these were advancing the PWDs

ICT inclusion agenda. Of the individuals interviewed, only 8% were in school as seen in figure

38, while 92% indicated that they were not.

Figure 38: Individual PWDs currently in school.

5.2% urban PWDs were attending school, and 3.3% in rural areas. However, it should be

noted that the same was true for the PWDs not attending school (51.6% compared to 40%).

There was no discernible difference in terms of Gender for the school attendees this was 4.2%

for both male and female PWDs while more male PWDs indicated they were not attending

school (51.6% compared to 40%).

Regionally, the highest number of the PWDs attending school were from Kampala, Central

Eastern and Busoga these had 1.3%, 2.5%. 1.1% and 1.3% of the school attendees

respectively.

I no longer Use social Media

26%

Reduced Somewhat

66%

Unchanged 8%

No92%

Yes8%

Are you currently in School?



57

Access and usage questions were asked to the group that indicated that they were attending

school and the results are presented hereunder.

The most accessed ICT device was a desktop PC as cited by 86% of the school attendees.

This was followed by a Printer, Portable computer, and USB (Universal Serial Bus) in that

order, these were cited by 20%, 15% and 14% school attending PWDs respectively. Access

to tablet was cited by 8.6% school attending PWDs, E-book reader by 4.7% and interactive

white boards by 3.4%.

The worst performing region was Karamoja where no PWDs were attending school. The

regions of West Nile, Toro, Lango and Kigezi were at the bottom of the pile with a combined

percentage of 0.6. PWDs attending school in the regions of Ankole, Acholi and Bunyoro were

recorded as 0.6%, 0.3% and 0.6% respectively.

Table 28: Individuals access to ICT devices at school

School attendance Do you have access to these ICT devices at school?

No Yes Desktop Portable

Computer Tablet Printer USB

Interactive White Board

E-Book Reader

Location Rural 45.4% 3.3% 33.9% 3.4% 1.7% 8.2% 4.7% 0.0% 0.0%

Urban 46.1% 5.2% 52.4% 11.6% 6.9% 12.0% 9.4% 0.9% 1.7%

All 91.5% 8.5% 86.3% 15.0% 8.6% 20.2% 14.2%

3.4% 4.7%

Gender Female 40.0% 4.2% 42.1% 8.6% 4.3% 10.7% 6.4% 3.0% 3.4%

Male 51.6% 4.2% 44.2% 6.4% 4.3% 9.4% 7.7% 1.3% 3.0%

Sub Region

Acholi 8.0% 0.3% 3.4% 0.9% 0.4% 0.9% 0.9% 0.4% 0.0%

Ankole 5.8% 0.6% 2.6% 0.4% 0.4% 1.7% 1.3% 0.0% 4.7%

Bunyoro 11.4% 0.6% 6.0% 0.9% 0.4% 1.7% 0.4% 0.0% 0.9%

Busoga 10.0% 1.3% 13.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% Central 18.9% 2.5% 28.3% 1.3% 0.4% 1.3% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0%

Eastern 12.2% 1.1% 11.2% 1.3% 1.3% 5.2% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0%

Kampala 7.5% 1.5% 16.7% 8.2% 5.2% 7.7% 5.6% 3.4% 0.9%

Karamoja 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Kigezi 3.1% 0.2% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0%

Lango 7.0% 0.1% 1.3% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Toro 3.4% 0.1% 1.7% 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%

West Nile 3.2% 0.2% 0.0% 1.3% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% Grand Total

91.5% 8.5% 86.3% 15.0% 8.6% 20.2% 14.2% 3.4% 4.7%

The study was interested in how frequently the attendees were accessing the internet and as

can be seen in the table 29 Most of the respondents 51.9%, had access for 30 minutes per

day or less. 23.6% of the attendees were accessing internet for 31-60 minutes a day, 17.6%

had access of up to 4 hours per day while only 6.9% had access of more than 4 hours per

day.



58

Table 29: School attendees’ access to the internet

How often do you access the Internet ? 30 minutes per day or

less.

31-60 minutes per

day

Between 1 hour and 4

hours per day More than 4

hours per day

Location Rural 20.6% 8.2% 7.7% 2.1%

Urban 31.3% 15.5% 9.9% 4.7%

All Individuals 51.9% 23.6% 17.6% 6.9%

Sub Region Acholi 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9%

Ankole 5.2% 0.9% 0.4% 0.9%

Bunyoro 5.2% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0%

Busoga 7.7% 1.3% 4.3% 1.7%

Central 18.5% 10.7% 0.4% 0.0%

Eastern 3.0% 5.6% 3.4% 0.4%

Kampala 6.4% 3.0% 5.2% 3.0%

Karamoja 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Kigezi 2.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Lango 0.9% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%

Toro 1.3% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%

West Nile 0.4% 0.4% 1.3% 0.0%

All individuals 51.9% 23.6% 17.6% 6.9%

The study was interested in what skills the school attendees had and they were therefore

probed and the results are summarized in the table below; these were pertaining to computer

usability.

Table 30: Computer related activities performed

What tasks do you perform on the computer while at school?

Chatting online

Sending email

Internet for

school work

School site

Posting work

on site

Playing simulations

Practicing drilling

Homework

Group work & communication

with other students

Location Rural 11.2% 11.6% 8.2% 6.4% 5.2% 1.7% 2.6% 10.7% 14.2%

Urban 19.7% 35.2% 17.2% 9.0% 6.4% 3.9% 2.1% 30.0% 30.5%

All 30.9% 46.8% 25.3% 15.5% 11.6% 5.6% 4.7% 40.8% 44.6%

Sub Region

Acholi 2.6% 1.7% 1.7% 0.4% 0.9% 0.4% 0.9% 1.7% 1.7%

Ankole 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 0.4% 0.9% 0.4% 0.0% 0.9% 0.4%

Bunyoro 0.9% 1.3% 0.9% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%

Busoga 3.0% 1.3% 1.7% 1.3% 1.7% 0.9% 1.3% 3.4% 3.4%

Central 4.7% 24.9% 7.7% 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 24.0% 26.6%

Eastern 7.7% 4.7% 4.7% 5.2% 2.6% 3.0% 1.3% 3.4% 6.4%

Kampala 9.0% 8.2% 3.9% 4.3% 4.3% 0.4% 0.9% 5.2% 3.9%

Karamoja 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Kigezi 0.0% 0.9% 0.9% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0%

Lango 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% 1.3% 0.4%

Toro 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.4%

West Nile 0.9% 1.3% 1.7% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4%

ALL 30.9% 46.8% 25.3% 15.5% 11.6% 5.6% 4.7% 40.8% 44.6%



59

18

35

25

24

15

8

19

28

30

22

11

18

4

17

7

4

15

28

93

48

78

114

122

124

117

53

41

15

17

15

7

4

8

6

14

15

27

62

30

18

9

14

10

61

58

0 50 100 150 200

Chatting Online

email at school

Internet for School Work

School Site

Posting Work on Site

Playing Simulations

Practicing Drilling

Homework

Group work and Communication with…

A few times a month Almost every day Almost never or never Every day Once/twice a week

Most PWDs attending school (46.8%) were accessing computers to send email followed by

the need to complete group work and communicate with other students cited by 44.6% and

40.8% of the respondents respectively. A good number was also using computers for chatting

online (30.9%) and for accessing the internet for school work (25.3%). Other tasks that were

being performed were posting work on the website, accessing the school site, playing

simulations and practicing and drilling either languages or other subjects like mathematics.

These were cited by 15.5%, 5.6% and 4.7% attendees respectively.

There was nothing new learned about the regions and the locations from this analysis; rural

users lagged behind their urban counterparts and the regional performance was similar to

other analyses.

The study probed further to understand the frequency of performance of the tasks and it was

learned that there was low frequency of performance of the tasks even if the PWDs could

execute these.

Figure 39: Frequency of execution of computer related activities

For most tasks, the PWDs indicated that they almost never perform these the tasks i.e. with

frequency of ‘every day’ and ‘almost every day’ were email at school 17 respondents indicated

they performed every day. This was followed by chatting online internet for school work and

group work and student communication that were cited by 15 of the attendees; the same

activities can be seen in the list of those performed almost every day. The activities that had

the most citing for ‘almost never’ or ‘never’ were playing simulations, posting work on the

school site, practicing and drilling and visiting the school site that had frequency of 124, 122,

117 and 114 respondents.

4.5 Financial inclusion of individual PWDs

Financial inclusion is where individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable

financial products and services that meet their needs delivered in a responsible and

sustainable way. The premise of this inclusion is the availability and equality of opportunities

to access financial services.



60

The silent goal of financial inclusion is to increase access to financial services and empower

users of financial services to make rational decisions in their personal finances so as to

contribute to economic growth. In this section, we explore inclusion of the individual PWDs in

the formal sector, by establishing their ownership of a bank account, as well as access to

alternatives financial services.

4.5.1 Individual PWDs access to a bank account.

The PWD’s access to financial services was divided into formal and alternative financial

services. In terms of the formal financial service, PWDs were asked if they had access to a

bank account and only 14% indicated they did compared to 86% that did not have one. This

was slightly higher than the national average which is at 11% according to the FinScope 2018

Survey.

Table 31: Individual PWD access to a bank account.

Demographic characteristics

Individual access to a bank account

No Yes


Total 86% 14%



Ankole 84% 16%

Bunyoro 88% 12% Busoga 95% 5% Central 84% 16% Eastern 93% 7% Kampala 72% 28%

Karamoja 90% 10%

Kigezi 84% 16% Lango 76% 24% Toro 86% 14% West Nile 86% 14%

Disaggregation by gender reveals that more male (15%) had access to a bank account

compared to their female counterparts (12%). Also, more urban (19%) than rural (9%)

individual PWDs had access to a bank account. In terms of the regional profiling, Kampala

and Lango region had the highest access at 28% and 24% respectively. Other regions that

had good financial access were Ankole, Central and Kigezi were 16% of the PWDs indicated

that they had access to a bank account. The lowest access to formal financial services was

in the Eastern and Busoga Regions where 5% and 7% PWDs respectively indicated they had

access to a bank account.

4.5.2 Individual PWDs access to alternative source of financial services.

For those that were not in the formal space, the study further explored their access to

alternative financial services. Specifically, we focused on access to mobile money, classified

as a formal financial services by the FinScope survey 2018. Savings and Credit Cooperative

(SACCO), Village Savings and Loan Association (VSLA) and Rotating Savings and Credit

Association (ROSCA). The three are classified as informal financial services by the FinScope



61

survey 2018 . Figure 40, shows that most individual PWDs were financially excluded. 41%

indicated that they did not have access to informal financial services and comparatively the

national average is at 22% implying that the PWDs are worse off in comparison to the average

Ugandan in terms of access to financial services.

The largest proportion of PWDs, 33% was accessing mobile money for financial services; the

national average was higher at 56%.

The PWDs accessing services through SACCOs was 15% compared to the national average

of 5% while those accessing VSLAs were 9% compared to the national average of 37% and

ROSCAs had 12% as is in the national average.

Figure 40: Individual PWDs access to alterantive sources of financial services

The disaggregation of access to informal financial services reveals among others that, in terms

of gender, more female (44%) than male (38%) were financially excluded from informal

financial services. This same trend is observed for all the other financial informal services

except ROSCA where more female (3%) compared to male (1%) had access. Access to

mobile money was mainly by male PWDs (36%) compared to 30% female. It was mainly

access by urban PWDs (37%) compared to 30% in rural areas. For VSLAs and SACCOs the

access was mainly by male PWDs 10% and 15% compared to 9% and 14% respectively.

SACCOs were more prominent in urban areas (18%) than in rural ones (11%) accessing these

while ROSCAs were predominantly Rural, that is 3% compared to 1% urban PWDs accessing

these.

Regionally, the most excluded PWDs were from Acholi region (75%) followed by Karamoja

(55%) and Busoga (53%). The mobile money access was more pronounced in Bunyoro (62%)

and Kampala (55%) while the informal financial services were in Kigezi (47% accessing

SACCOs), Eastern (37% accessing SACCOs) Toro and Lango where 40% and 41% were

accessing VSLAs.

41%

33%

15%

9%12%

22%

56%

5%

37%

12%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

None of theAbove

Mobile Money SACCO VSLA ROSCA

PWDs National Average



62

Table 32: Distribution of access to informal financial service.


Proportion of access to Informal financial services

Mobile money None of the above ROSCA SACCO VSLA

Gender Female 30% 44% 3% 14% 9% Male 36% 38% 1% 15% 10%

Total 33% 41% 2% 15% 9%

Location Rural 30% 46% 3% 11% 11% Urban 37% 36% 1% 18% 8%

Region Acholi 4% 75% 0% 3% 17% Ankole 23% 29% 0% 27% 21% Bunyoro 62% 28% 4% 2% 4% Busoga 31% 53% 0% 9% 7% Central 42% 36% 5% 17% 1% Eastern 12% 51% 0% 37% 0% Kampala 55% 37% 1% 6% 1% Karamoja 14% 59% 0% 10% 17% Kigezi 18% 34% 0% 47% 1% Lango 21% 35% 0% 3% 41% Toro 40% 12% 5% 2% 40% West Nile 45% 24% 0% 13% 18%

4.5.3 Mobile money use by individuals PWDs

Since its introduction in 2009, Mobile money has improved the state of financial inclusion

according to the FinScope Uganda 2018 survey. This study therefore considered it to inform

the access and usage of ICT services. 55% of the PWDs were using mobile money while 45%

were not.

Figure 41: Use of mobile money services

No, 45%

Yes, 55%

Do you use mobile money services?



63

Table 33: Distribution of mobile money use by gender, location and region

Use of Mobile Money

No Yes


Total 45% 55%



More male than female PWDs used mobile money (59% compared to 51%) and more urban

PWDs were using mobile money compared to their rural counterparts (59% compared to

51%).

Regionally, Bunyoro had the highest users with 75% of the PWDs followed by Toro at 67%

and Kampala at 66%. Central region had 60% of PWDs using mobile money while West Nile

had 61%. The lowest usage was in Busoga and Acholi that had 23% and 47% users

respectively.

4.5.4 Frequency of mobile money received by individual PWDs.

The study was interested in how frequently the PWDs were receiving mobile money and a

majority of the PWDs, (55%) were receiving mobile money at least once a week but not every

day. 38% were receiving mobile money less than once a week while only 4% were receiving

mobile money every day. 3% indicated they did not receive mobile money.

Figure 42: Frequency of money received by individual PWDs

3%

4%

38%

55%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

I do not Receive Money

At least once a day

Less than once a week

At least once a week but not every day



64

Table 34: Distribution of Frequency of money received by Individual PWDs

There was no discernible difference across gender in the frequency of receiving mobile

money. However, in terms of the PWD’s location, rural mobile money users were receiving

more frequently than their urban counterparts. More rural PWDs, 57% compared to 53% in

urban areas were receiving mobile money at least once a week but not every day while the

same proportion of rural and urban PWDs (38%) were receiving mobile money less than once

a week.

Regionally, the more frequent receivers of mobile money, at least once a day, were mainly in

Karamoja (7%), Ankole (5%) and Acholi (4%). The users that received mobile money at least

once a week but not every day were mainly from the Eastern Kampala and Bunyoro regions;

this was 45%, 44% and 44% of the PWDs in those regions respectively. The less frequent

users, receiving money less than once a week were mainly from the West Nile (57%) and from

Toro region (35%).

4.5.5 Distance to the nearest mobile money agent to the PWDs.

The study also investigated the distance to the nearest mobile money agent to the PWDs.

Figure 43 shows that the agent network was good; with 33% of the PWD indicating that the

nearest mobile money agent was less than 0.5 kilometres from them and 31% indicating that

they were in a distance between 1-2 kilometres. 21% indicated that they had no opinion about

this and few respondents 10% and 4% indicated that agents were in a distance between 3-4

Kilometres, and no agent existed in a 5 kilometres radius respectively.

As depicted in table 35, the proximity of the agents in the urban location was closer than that

of their rural counterparts. For instance, 44.6% of the respondents in urban and only 21.6% of

respondents in rural locations indicated that agents were less than a kilometre from them.

34.1% urban PWDs indicated that the agents were in a distance between 1-2 kilometres

compared to 28% rural PWDs. For further distances like 3 - 4 kilometres, there were 15% rural


How often do you receive mobile money?

At least once a day

At least once a week but not

every day I do not Receive

Money Less than once

a day

Gender Female 3% 54% 3% 39% Male 4% 55% 3% 38%

Total 4% 55% 3% 38%

Location Rural 2% 57% 2% 38% Urban 5% 53% 3% 38%

Region Acholi 4% 6% 0% 13% Ankole 5% 23% 3% 22% Bunyoro 2% 44% 5% 25% Busoga 0% 32% 2% 13% Central 3% 32% 1% 24% Eastern 1% 45% 0% 9% Kampala 4% 44% 3% 14% Karamoja 7% 31% 0% 0% Kigezi 0% 26% 0% 17% Lango 1% 3% 1% 40% Toro 0% 30% 1% 35% West Nile 0% 1% 2% 57%



65

4%

10%

21%

31%

33%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

No Agent in 5 Km Radius

Between 4 - 3 Km

I have No Opinion

Between 1 - 2 Km

Less than 0.5 Km

PWDs compared to 5.7% urban PWDs. 7.5% of PWDs in rural areas indicated that there were

no agents in a 5kms radius compared to only 1.3% in urban locations.

It is interesting that Ankole region PWDs indicated they were closer to the mobile money

agents than any other regions with 65% indicating less than 0.5 kilometres. This was followed

by West Nile with 57.4%. 41% in Kampala and 37% in Toro indicated they were in the same

radius.

Figure 43: Distance to the nearest mobile money agent

Table 35: Distribution distance to nearest MM agent by Region and Location

What is your nearest distance to a mobile money agent?

Between 1 - 2 Km

Between 3-4 Km

I have No

Opinion Less than

0.5 Km

No Agent in 5 Km Radius

Location Rural 28.0% 15.0% 27.9% 21.6% 7.5% Urban 34.1% 5.7% 14.2% 44.6% 1.3%

31.1% 10.2% 20.9% 33.4% 4.4%

Region Acholi 13.2% 11.8% 48.7% 18.0% 8.3% Ankole 18.8% 12.5% 2.8% 65.3% 0.6% Bunyoro 21.2% 19.4% 33.6% 25.5% 0.3% Busoga 27.0% 8.4% 33.4% 31.2% 0.0% Central 59.5% 5.1% 4.1% 31.4% 0.0% Eastern 31.3% 7.7% 17.0% 29.4% 14.6% Kampala 22.2% 3.6% 29.8% 41.9% 2.4% Karamoja 10.3% 0.0% 41.4% 48.3% 0.0% Kigezi 46.7% 3.3% 7.6% 41.3% 1.1% Lango 25.5% 24.5% 13.3% 23.0% 13.8% Toro 8.1% 15.2% 30.3% 37.4% 9.1% West Nile 18.1% 10.6% 10.6% 57.4% 3.2%

For further distances that is 3-4 kms, the highest registered numbers were in the Lango region

where 24.5% indicated that they were 3-4 kms from the agents followed by Bunyoro and Toro

Regions where 19% and 15.2% of the respondents.



66

Regions where PWDs indicated there were no agents in a 5 kilometre radius were mainly

Eastern and Lango and this was cited by 14.6% and 13.8% of the respondents respectively.

Most of the PWDs that had no opinion of the agents’ location were mostly in the Acholi region

(48%) followed by, Karamoja, Busoga and Bunyoro regions that had 44%, 33% and 33%

respectively indicating they did not have an opinion of the agent’s location.

4.6 Individual PWD awareness and usage of Assistive Technologies.

Assistive Technologies (ATs) are items or pieces of equipment that are used to increase,

maintain or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities in all aspects of

life, including school, work, home and in the community. The technologies range from low

technology (low tech) to high technology (high tech) devices, equipment’s, or products.

Low tech ATs refer to those devices, equipment or products that do not require much training,

may be less expensive and do not have complex or mechanical features. Such devices

include; handheld magnifiers, manual wheelchairs, use of paper and pens to communicate,

large print text, communication boards, while on the other hand, high tech ATs refer to the

most complex devices or equipment, that have digital or electronic components, may be

computerized, will likely require training and effort to learn how to use and cost the most. Such

devices may include; digital hearing aids, magnification software, Audio player, Perkins Smart

Brailer, Touch screen computers, Text to audio scanners etc.

4.6.1 Awareness of low tech assistive technologies among PWDs

In this study, Individual awareness and usage of assistive technologies was elicited through

closed ended questions with classification of low tech and high tech assistive devices. The

low-tech devices included in the study were manual perkins brailler, magnifiers (hand held),

Hand frames/Slates and Communication boards. The high tech assistive devices included

among others magnification software, Audio player, Perkins smart brailler, Touch screen

computers and Text to audio scanners etc.

Figure 44 reveals that there is generally low awareness of the low-tech devices and even

much lower usage among persons with disabilities. For all the ICTs, PWDs’ awareness did

not exceed 20% and usage did not exceed 5%. This can further be qualified by the high

number of PWDs that indicated that they were not aware of any of the assistive devices (2,098

which is 76%) and the high number of respondents that indicated that they had never used

any of devices (2,528 which is 92%)

Amongst the known Low-tech ATs, users were most aware of the parkins brailler which was

cited by 14% of the respondents. However, the usage of this was very low, cited by only 4%

of the respondents. 13% of the PWDs indicated that they were aware of magnifiers but there

was low usage of the same at only 2% by the PWDs.

To understand the depth of awareness of the ATs by PWDs, disaggregation of the awareness

levels of the Low-tech ATs was done at location (rural- rban classification), Gender, sub region

and age group demographics.



67

Figure 44: Low tech assistive devices awareness levels

As expected, of the approximately 24% of PWDs aware of the low-tech assistive technologies,

51.3% level of awareness was in urban areas compared to 48.7% in rural areas. An analysis

by gender reveals that male (55.8%) PWDs were more likely to know of the low-tech ATs than

their female counterparts were.

Disaggregation by reveals higher awareness levels among the 24% aware of the low-tech ATs

in the central region (21.4%) followed by Eastern, Bunyoro and Busoga at 13.2%, 12.0%, and

11.3% respectively. Karamoja sub region had the lowest awareness levels (1.1%) followed

closely by Kigezi and West Nile sub regions at (3.3% and 3.4% respectively.)

4%

7%

9%

13%

14%

76%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Others

Communication Boards

Hand frames/Slate and Stylus

Magnifier (Hand Held Video Desktopmagnifiers, Desktop)

Perkins Brailler

None

Which of the following devices have you ever heard of?



68

Table 36: Awareness of low tech assistive technologies by gender, location, regions

and age groups.

Demographics

Low Tech Assistive Technologies

Perkins Brailler

Magnifier (Hand held)

Hand frames / slates and

Stylus Communication

Boards Others None All

Location Rural 27.8% 28.7% 44.0% 47.3% 33.3% 54.5% 48.7%

Urban 72.2% 71.3% 56.0% 52.7% 66.7% 45.5% 51.3%

13.6% 5.7% 1.8% 2.0% 1.7% 75.2% Gender Female 43.6% 16.8% 6.1% 6.1% 6.7% 44.4% 44.2%

Male 56.4% 83.2% 93.9% 93.9% 93.3% 55.6% 55.8%

Age group 15—24 21.7% 26.1% 10.0% 7.3% 12.5% 15.4% 16.5%

25—34 28.1% 28.7% 24.0% 25.5% 22.9% 21.4% 22.9%

35—44 25.4% 23.6% 26.0% 45.5% 33.3% 25.9% 26.2%

45—54 13.6% 13.4% 16.0% 7.3% 14.6% 15.4% 14.9%

55—64 7.2% 5.1% 12.0% 9.1% 8.3% 10.4% 9.6%

65—74 3.7% 3.2% 8.0% 5.5% 6.3% 7.2% 6.5%

75+ 0.3% 0.0% 4.0% 0.0% 2.1% 4.4% 3.4%

Region Acholi 15.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 8.2% 8.3%

Ankole 2.9% 20.4% 8.0% 3.6% 0.0% 6.1% 6.4%

Bunyoro 1.6% 1.3% 6.0% 21.8% 2.1% 14.8% 12.0%

Busoga 7.0% 8.3% 4.0% 3.6% 0.0% 12.9% 11.3%

Central 28.6% 42.0% 24.0% 16.4% 4.2% 19.0% 21.4%

Eastern 8.6% 3.2% 10.0% 10.9% 0.0% 15.2% 13.2%

Kampala 15.2% 7.6% 24.0% 16.4% 4.2% 7.5% 9.0%

Karamoja 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 1.1%

Kigezi 1.6% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 6.3% 3.8% 3.3%

Lango 5.6% 10.2% 14.0% 3.6% 2.1% 7.2% 7.1%

Toro 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 20.0% 0.0% 3.9% 3.6%

West Nile 10.7% 3.8% 10.0% 3.6% 81.3% 0.1% 3.4%

4.6.2 Awareness and Usage of high tech assistive technologies among PWDs

As indicated in 4.2.1, the survey probed the PWDs on their awareness and use of different

high tech Assistive technologies.

The most familiar assistive high-tech device was the electric wheel chair; 529 PWDs indicated

they were aware of it but only 3 (1%) had ever used it. The Smart Perkins Brailler, Audio

player/recorder and Magnifier (Video Desktop magnifiers other Software, CCTV) were familiar

devices with 5%, 4.9% and 4.7% PWDS respectively indicating they were aware of these, in

terms of usage 0.9%, 2.9% and 0.6% PWDs had used the devices respectively.

The rest of the devices as shown in the table 37 had a less than 8% awareness level among

the PWDs and a less than 3% usage level.



69

Table 37: Awareness and usage of high tech assistive technologies by PWDs.

Awareness and usage of high tech ATs

Device or Software

Heard Of Ever Used

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

High Tech ATs

Perkins Smart Brailler 218 5.0% 24 0.9%

E-Braille 180 4.1% 30 1.1%

Audio player/recorder 214 4.9% 80 2.9%

Braille printer 158 3.6% 23 0.8%

Scanning Pens 87 2.0% 15 0.5%

Duxbury Braille translator (Software

47 1.1% 5 0.2%

Specialized keyboard 73 1.7% 8 0.3%

Screen readers (Jaws, NVDA, Apple Voice Over etc)

125 2.9% 43 1.5%

Bar Code Scanners 58 1.3% 12 0.4%

Speech synthesizer 91 2.1% 15 0.5%

Talking web browser 71 1.6% 5 0.2%

Touch screen computer 153 3.5% 25 0.9%

Text to audio converter 72 1.6% 9 0.3%

Audio book 99 2.3% 15 0.5%

Talking Watches Calculators 131 3.0% 26 0.9%

Windows eyes web browser Hearing Aid (Software)

58 1.3% 2 0.1%

Electrical Wheel chair 529 12.1% 38 1.4%

Magnifier (Video Desktop magnifiers other Software, CCTV)

205 4.7% 16 0.6%

None 1792 41.0% 2395 85.7%

Other 11 0.3% 9 0.3%

4.7 Television ownership, viewership and perceptions

In Uganda today, radio and television is a major source of information and entertainment.

Radio geographic area coverage stands at 89% and 96% population coverage While

Television geographic area coverage stands at 89% and 96% population coverage according

to the GIS coverage analysis undertaken by UCC in 2017.

4.7.1 TV viewership by PWDs.

Cognizant of the fact that Uganda has not attained 100% analogue to digital switch over,

television viewership was never categorized as terrestrial or satellite television or pay TV or

Analogue.

Only 36% of the PWDs interviewed indicated they watched TV while 64% indicated they did

not watch TV as presented in figure 45. Disaggregation of the viewership by region reveals

that more viewership (68.2%) of the 36% who watch TV are located in urban centers,

compared to 31.8% who are in the rural areas.



70

Gender disaggregation shows that the more male (57.3%) watched TV compared to their

female counterparts (42.7%) as depicted in table 38.

Figure 45: PWDs viewership of TV

Table 38: Distribution of TV viewership by gender and location

Demographics

Do you watch TV?

All Individuals No Yes

Location Rural 58.1% 31.8% 48.7%

Urban 41.9% 68.2% 51.3%

64.3% 35.7% 100.0%

Gender Female 45.0% 42.7% 44.2%

Male 55.0% 57.3% 55.8%

In addition to TV viewership, the respondents were asked what TV station and programmes

they watched most.

The most watched TV station was Bukedde TV. NTV Uganda closely followed with a 4%

difference in viewership as seen in figure 46.

No 64%

Yes 36%

Do you watch TV?



71

Figure 46: Most watched TV station by PWDs

Figure 47 disaggregates the most watched TV station by PWDs by location. It reveals among

others that all the 2% who watched Top TV were located in Urban Areas. Most of the PWDs

who watched UBC (57%) were in rural areas. Urban TV and Star TV were equally (50%)

viewed in urban and rural areas.

Figure 47: Distribution of TV viewership parterns of PWDs by location

2%

2%

4%

4%

11%

22%

26%

29%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Top TV

Star TV

TV West

Urban TV

UBC

NBS

NTV Uganda

Bukedde Tv

NTVUganda

NBSBukedde

TvUBC

UrbanTV

Star TV Top TV TV West

Rural 31% 30% 28% 57% 50% 50% 0% 46%

Urban 69% 70% 72% 43% 50% 50% 100% 54%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Rural Urban



72

4.7.2 TV programmes watched by PWDs

PWDs like other people watch a variety of programming on TV. News is the number one

programme irrespective of socio-demographic characteristics in terms of viewership.

35% of all PWDs TV viewers watched news, followed by programmes on entertainment (27%),

educational programmes (14%), Sports (13%), health programmes at 10% as depicted in

figure 48. The other category had 1% viewership and these were programmes such as

religious programmes, business programmes and political debates among others.

Figure 48: Programmes that PWD individuals watch on TV

Having established the programmes watched, the survey established the duration PWDs who

watched TV took viewing in a day. As highlighted in figure 49, most individuals (77%) watched

at least one or more hours of TV on average per day.

Figure 49: Viewing duration amongst PWDs individuals who watched TV

1%

10%

13%

14%

27%

35%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Other

Health programmes

Sports

Educational programmes

Entertainment

News

6%

20%

23%

33%

51%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

More than 4 hours

Between 2 and 4 hours

Less than 1 hour

Very Irregularly




73

Disaggregation of duration taken by individual PWDs watching TV reveals that, Urban PWD

individuals tend to watch more TV, with 73.7% watching 1 or more hours on average compared

to 26.3% of rural viewers. From a gender perspective, there was no significant difference in

viewership for more than one hour despite female (50.3%) PWD individuals being more

devoted TV viewers compared to their male (49.7%) counterparts.

When it comes to sub regional viewership, the Central region has more viewership compared

to all the other regions combined as depicted in table 39.

Table 39: Distribution of TV duration vieweship by sub region.

TV duration Viewership among Individual PWDs

Between 1

and 2

hours

Between 2

and 4

hours

Less than

1 hour

More than

4 hours

Very

Irregularly

Location Rural 32% 28% 42% 19% 30%

Urban 68% 72% 58% 81% 70%

51% 20% 23% 6% 33%

Gender Female 40% 54% 39% 57% 40%

Male 60% 46% 61% 43% 60%

Region Acholi 1% 0% 4% 0% 5%

Ankole 7% 1% 13% 0% 2%

Bunyoro 10% 5% 18% 0% 4%

Busoga 5% 7% 5% 6% 12%

Central 44% 55% 7% 62% 13%

Eastern 10% 5% 13% 4% 10%

Kampala 6% 13% 15% 19% 26%

Karamoja 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Kigezi 1% 1% 2% 2% 3%

Lango 4% 1% 13% 0% 17%

Toro 7% 4% 4% 2% 0%

West Nile 6% 7% 7% 4% 7%

Having established the duration of TV viewership amongst PWDs, the study set out to

determine the times those who watched TV (36% of the respondents) actually watched it. This

was envisaged to be of importance in terms of designing effective TV adverts targeting a

specific category. Disaggregation of this category was done at sub region level, gender as

well as location.

As depicted in figure 50 below, a bigger proportion of individual PWDs (76%) watched TV in

the evenings, with viewership peaking between the 19:00 to 21:00 hours (41%), this was

closely followed by 17:00 to 19:00, 21:00 to 24:00 at (21%) and (14%) respectively.

From a gender perspective, there was no difference in viewership between the male and

female PWD individuals in viewing TV in the morning hours. When it comes to evening hours,

male viewers watched more TV (58%) compared to female viewers as indicated in table 40.



74

Figure 50: Times at which individual PWDs watched TV

Table 40: Times individual PWDs watched TV by location, gender and sub regions

Times at which individual PWDs watch TV

05:00 - 08:00

08:00 - 12:00

12:00 - 14:00

14:00 - 17:00

17:00 - 19:00

19:00 - 21:00

21:00 - 24:00

Location Rural 24% 36% 47% 32% 39% 29% 18%

Urban 76% 64% 53% 68% 61% 71% 82%

All 2% 5% 8% 10% 21% 41% 14%

Gender Female 59% 51% 41% 51% 36% 46% 34%

Male 41% 49% 59% 49% 64% 54% 66%

Region Acholi 12% 0% 4% 0% 2% 6% 2%

Ankole 7% 0% 2% 1% 2% 2% 9%

Bunyoro 14% 24% 21% 26% 6% 6% 7%

Busoga 13% 6% 23% 14% 6% 3% 3%

Central 15% 6% 9% 5% 31% 20% 42%

Eastern 15% 0% 6% 8% 11% 17% 7%

Kampala 6% 29% 23% 21% 25% 24% 6%

Karamoja 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0%

Kigezi 4% 6% 4% 0% 0% 0% 3%

Lango 7% 29% 4% 3% 4% 8% 11%

Toro 3% 0% 2% 18% 6% 6% 1%

West Nile 2% 0% 0% 3% 5% 7% 8%

4.7.3 Perceptions about TV

A number of attitudes and perceptions about TV were also stimulated in the study. As such,

the individual PWDs were asked to qualify some statements as summarized in figure 51.

The need to access Television is very apparent in the PWDs as majority of viewers (93%)

agreed that TV contributed to their thinking and understanding of the world. This was closely

followed by 91% who thought TV connects the community and country. About half of the

2%

5%

8%

10%

21%

41%

14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

05:00 - 08:00

08:00 - 12:00

12:00 - 14:00

14:00 - 17:00

17:00 - 19:00

19:00 - 21:00

21:00 - 24:00



75

PWDs agreed to rely on TV for their education. Slightly more than half (57%) the PWDs found

TV programs offensive. 60% PWDs thought programmes were discriminating them.

Figure 51: PWDs attitudes and perceptions of those who watched TV

4.7.4 Non viewers of TV among Individual PWDs

Non-viewers of TV among individual PWDs were also assessed within the study to understand

the reasons for their exclusion. A significantly higher proportion of individual PWDs (64.3%)

did not watch TV. From a gender perspective, more male (55%) never watched TV compared

to their female (45%) counterparts. Disaggregation by location show that more PWDs in rural

areas (58%) never watched TV compared to 42% in urban areas as depicted in figure 52.

Figure 52: Proportion of Individuals PWDs that did not watch TV by demographics

57%

51%

91%

93%

60%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

I find TV programs morally offensivesometimes

I rely on TV for My Education

TV Connects my Country and MyCommunity

TV Expands my thinking andunderstanding of the World

TV Programs are discriminatory to PWDs

False TRUE

58%

42%

64%

45%

55%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Rural Urban Female Male

Location All Individuals Gender



76

Having established the non-viewership by location and gender characteristics, the study set

out to establish the reasons why over 60% PWDs did not watch TV. The reasons for non-

viewership as specified by the PWDs is indicated in Figure 53.

Figure 53: Reasons why PWDs do not watch TV

As in figure 53 above; from the significantly high proportion of individual PWDs (64.3%) that

did not watch TV, their top most reason for non-viewership was their inability to afford a TV

set (40%) while about 12% indicated that they could not afford subscription for Pay TV.

Second to the inability to afford a TV set was the lack of electricity or solar in the household

(18%). About 12% had no interest in watching TV. The absence of sign language interpreters

and having no time to watch TV was elicited each by 9%of the PWDs. (3%) of the individual

PWDs sighted other reasons which included among others the lack of TV signal.

Disaggregation of the reasons for non-viewership showed no significant difference by gender,

while from a location perspective, lack of household electricity or solar, inability to afford a TV

set, and lack of TV signal were more noticeable amongst rural non-viewers compared to

urban. There was no statistical difference when it came to inability to afford subscription

amongst urban non-viewers to rural, while lack of time to watch a TV and lack of interest were

more common amongst urban non-viewers to rural.

4.8 Radio ownership, listenership and perceptions

Radio is the major source of information and entertainment, with geographical area coverage

standing at 89% and 96% population coverage. Despite this, radio listenership is fragmented

nationally due to the prevalence of local radio station. In this section therefore, we explore

radio ownership, listenership and individual PWD perceptions on radio.

4.8.1 Radio ownership

In this study, the proportion of individual PWDs owning a working radio is relatively higher.

70% of all individuals indicated that they owned a radio compared to 30% who did not have or

own a radio as depicted in figure 54.

3%

10%

12%

13%

21%

41%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Other

Don’t have time to watch a TV

No interested

Cannot Afford Subscriptions

No electricity/Solar

Can’t afford a TV set



77

Figure 54: Individual PWDS radio ownership

Radio ownership among individual PWDs remained relatively higher in rural areas than in

urban areas constituting 50.8% in rural areas and 49.2% in urban areas. Analysis from a

gender perspective indicate that more male (57.5%) compared to female (42.5%) owned a

working radio.

From a regional perspective, all (100%) individual PWDs in Tooro sub region owned a radio,

this was followed by Bunyoro sub region at (93.6%) and Kigezi sub region at (82.6%).

On the other hand, among the three regions with the least ownership of radio sets across the

region included Karamoja, Acholi and West Nile sub regions at 34.5%, 42.1% and 57.4%

respectively as depicted in table 41.

Yes i own a Radio, 70%

No, I don't own a Radio 30%



78

Table 41: Distribution of Individual PWDs ownership of radio by demographics

Radio Ownership All Individuals No Yes

Location Rural 43.8% 50.8% 48.7% Urban 56.2% 49.2% 51.3%

All Individuals 29.9% 70.1% 100.0%

Gender Female 48.0% 42.5% 44.2% Male 52.0% 57.5% 55.8%

Region Acholi 57.9% 42.1% 8.3% Ankole 35.8% 64.2% 6.4% Bunyoro 6.4% 93.6% 12.0% Busoga 32.5% 67.5% 11.3% Central 30.8% 69.2% 21.4% Eastern 27.2% 72.8% 13.2% Kampala 37.9% 62.1% 9.0% Karamoja 65.5% 34.5% 1.1% Kigezi 17.4% 82.6% 3.3% Lango 29.6% 70.4% 7.1% Toro 0.0% 100.0% 3.6% West Nile 42.6% 57.4% 3.4%

Age_group 15—24 29.4% 70.6% 16.5% 25—34 28.1% 71.9% 22.9% 35—44 26.3% 73.7% 26.2% 45—54 29.8% 70.2% 14.9% 55—64 40.4% 59.6% 9.6% 65—74 34.6% 65.4% 6.5% 75+ 34.7% 65.3% 3.4%

4.8.2 Radio listenership

The study set out to establish radio listenership among the PWDs. As such, all interviewed

PWDs were asked if they listen to radio. Figure 55 reveals that majority of individual PWDs

(65%) listened to radio compared to only 35% who never listened to a radio.

Figure 55: Radio listenership by PWDs

Yes , 65%

No, 35%

Do you listen to a radio?



79

Disaggregation of the listenership by location indicate that urban individual PWDs are more

regular radio listeners (50.3%) compared to (49.7%) of rural individual PWDs. Likewise, in

terms of gender, male individual PWDs (58.3%) still remained more regular radio listeners

compared to (41.7%) female listeners.

From a regional perspective, West Nile had the most enthusiastic listeners (95.7%) followed

by Bunyoro region at 85.2% while the Karamoja region had the most unenthusiastic listeners

(31%) as indicated in table 42.

Table 42: Distribution of Individual PWDs radio listenership of radio by demographics

Individual PWDs radio listenership

Total No Yes


Urban 53.2% 50.3% 51.3%

Total 35.2% 64.8% 100.0%

Gender Female 48.8% 41.7% 44.2%

Male 51.2% 58.3% 55.8%

Region Acholi 56.1% 43.9% 8.3%

Ankole 32.4% 67.6% 6.4%

Bunyoro 14.8% 85.2% 12.0%

Busoga 39.9% 60.1% 11.3%

Central 42.4% 57.6% 21.4%

Eastern 36.0% 64.0% 13.2%

Kampala 47.2% 52.8% 9.0%

Karamoja 69.0% 31.0% 1.1%

Kigezi 20.7% 79.3% 3.3%

Lango 16.3% 83.7% 7.1%

Toro 39.4% 60.6% 3.6%

West Nile 4.3% 95.7% 3.4%

Age_group 15—24 47.6% 52.4% 16.5%

25—34 34.9% 65.1% 22.9%

35—44 32.5% 67.5% 26.2%

45—54 28.5% 71.5% 14.9%

55—64 33.2% 66.8% 9.6%

65—74 31.3% 68.7% 6.5%

75+ 38.9% 61.1% 3.4%

The respondents were asked on average how long in terms of hours them spent per day

listening to radio. As reflected in figure 56 most individuals PWDs (36%) were devoted radio

listeners putting in between 1 and 2 hours a day.

Gender disaggregation reveals that female individual PWDs listened to radio more than their

male counterparts. Those between the age of 25 – 44 years (39%) listened more to radio than

the other age groups.

From a regional perspective, 100% of the Individual PWDs in Karamoja sub region listened to

radio between 1 and 2 hours a day. As evidenced in table 43, Toro and Karamoja sub region,

100% Individual PWDs listened to radio for at least one hour a day. This was closely followed

by West Nile, Eastern, Central and Lango sub regions at 87%, 82%, 77% 74% respectively.



80

Figure 56: Listening duration amongst individual PWDs who listened to radio

Table 43: Distribution of radio listening duration among individual PWDs by location,

gender, region and age group.

Radio listening duration



Less than 1 hour

More than 4 hours

Very Irregularly

Location Rural 40% 48% 40% 22% 15% Urban 60% 52% 60% 78% 85%

36% 16% 14% 17% 17%

Gender Female 39% 14% 14% 14% 19% Male 34% 18% 14% 20% 16%

Region Acholi 45% 15% 20% 0% 20% Ankole 51% 19% 26% 2% 2% Bunyoro 35% 18% 31% 16% 0% Busoga 22% 7% 25% 12% 34% Central 32% 13% 5% 31% 18% Eastern 41% 15% 14% 27% 4% Kampala 15% 9% 7% 10% 60% Karamoja 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% Kigezi 40% 20% 20% 13% 7% Lango 38% 32% 19% 3% 7% Toro 78% 22% 0% 0% 0% West Nile 42% 25% 8% 20% 5%

Age_group 15—24 34% 11% 18% 7% 30% 25—34 39% 17% 13% 14% 17% 35—44 39% 18% 15% 18% 10% 45—54 38% 12% 16% 15% 19% 55—64 27% 26% 11% 13% 23% 65—74 26% 15% 2% 43% 15% 75+ 10% 14% 5% 67% 5%

14%

16%

17%

17%

36%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Less than 1 hour


Very Irregularly

More than 4 hours




81

4.8.3 Time of radio listenership

Time of radio listenership was also regarded as important, if targeted radio announcement or

adverts are to reach the right audience. The study therefore examined the time with the aim

of determining the peak hours for radio listenership among PWDs.

As depicted in figure 57, Radio listenership peaks between 05:00 and 12:00 hours, with

majority of the individual PWDs (23%) listening in between 08:00 -12:00 hours. The evening

slots between 17:00 and 21:00 are second to the peak hours with time slots, 17:00 -19:00 and

19:00 - 21:00 hours each having 16% Radio listenership.

Figure 57: Times at which individuals PWDs listened to radio.

4.8.4 Programmes listened to by Individual PWDs on Radio

The study also established the types of programmes that were listened to by the individual

PWDs on radio. Majority of individual PWDs (36%) listened to news, this was followed by

entertainment, education programmes and sports at 23%, 16% and 16% respectively as

depicted in figure 58.

Figure 58: Programmes listened to by individual PWDs on radio.

17%

23%

13%

10%

16%

16%

5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

05:00 - 08:00

08:00 - 12:00

12:00 - 14:00

14:00 - 17:00

17:00 - 19:00

19:00 - 21:00

21:00 - 24:00

2%

11%

12%

16%

23%

36%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Other

Health programmes

Sports

Educational programmes

Entertainment

News



82

4.8.5 PWDs perception on quality of radio reception in their areas

In order to assess the quality or strength of the radio signal, the individual PWDs were asked

how good the radio reception was in their areas. Majority of the PWDs (94%) reported that the

radio reception in their area was good, while only 4% reported that they experienced weak

radio reception in their areas. About 2% of the individual PWD radio listeners where indifferent

and as such reported no opinion as reflected in figure 59.

The distribution of the quality of radio reception received by the PWDs in their different areas

by location, gender, age group and sub region is presented in table 44.

Figure 59: PWDs perception on quality of radio reception in their areas.

Table 44: Distribution of the quality of received radio reception across different

demographics

Reception of radio reception in the area

Good I have No Opinion No reception Weak

Location Rural 50.3% 29.7% 33.3% 47.6% Urban 49.7% 70.3% 66.7% 52.4%

94.2% 2.1% 0.2% 3.5%


Region Acholi 99.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% Ankole 95.8% 4.2% 0.0% 0.0% Bunyoro 96.8% 0.4% 0.4% 2.5% Busoga 97.3% 2.1% 0.0% 0.5% Central 96.8% 1.5% 0.3% 1.5% Eastern 90.1% 0.9% 0.0% 9.0% Kampala 92.4% 0.8% 0.0% 6.9% Karamoja 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Kigezi 90.4% 1.4% 1.4% 6.8% Lango 97.0% 1.8% 0.0% 1.2% Toro 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% West Nile 70.0% 16.7% 0.0% 13.3%

2%

4%

94%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

No Opinion

Weak

Good

RA

dio

Sig

na

l Str

en

gth



83

4.8.6 Individual PWDs perceptions about radio

To elicit a number of individual PWDs important perceptions about radio, a number of

statements where posed to the PWDs as detailed figure 60. Majority of the individual PWDs

indicated that they majorly listen to radio for news and announcements 420 versus 229. In

addition, a significant number of individual PWDs indicated that radio was good for information

on government programs, useful information on farming and health information 477, 462 and

455 respectively.

A key note is that most individual PWDs indicated that they mainly listen to radio in their local

language; this had a frequency of 446 as true and 213 indicating false.

Figure 60: Individual PWD perceptions about radio

4.8.7 Reasons why individual PWDs are not listening to radios

Having established that majority of individual PWDs (65%) were having access to radio, we

investigated why the 35% had no access to a radio.

To understand why some PWDs did not have access to radio; we started by asking them to

state the reason and as can be seen in the figure 61, more than half of the individual PWDs

said they could not afford a radio. About 26% indicated they had no interest in listening to

radio, while 21% cited other reasons, which included disabilities like lack of funds to buy

batteries, hearing impairments among others.

446

455

462

477

420

213

199

189

171

229

I listen to Radio Content in the LocalLanguage

Radio Provides me with Relevant HealthInformation.

Radio Provides me with Useful information onFarming

Radio Provides me with Useful information onGovernment programs

I majorly listen to News or announcements.

TRUE FALSE



84

Figure 61: Major reasons for not listening to radio by PWDs

4.9 Individual access and usage of postal services

The proportion of individuals accessing and using postal services is another ITU core indicator

of ICT access and usage. The study was interested in the PWD’s access to Postal service. Of

the individuals interviewed, only 8% indicated having access to postal services while 92%

indicated that they did not have access. See figure 62.

Figure 62: Individual PWDs access to postal services

The urban PWDs had better access to postal services than their rural counterparts that is 5.5%

compared to 2.6%. The same was true for all the other forms of access to postal services as

can be drawn from the table 45.

21%

26%

54%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Others

I don’t like listening to a radio

I cannot afford one

Yes, 8%

No, 92%



85

Table 45: Postal services access by region and location

Access to Postal Services Do you have Access to the following?

Yes No

Private Post office

Box Street Address

At Work

Local Shop/School Other

Location Rural 2.6% 46.1% 4.8% 10.5% 3.1% 14.5% 2.2%

Urban 5.6% 45.7% 11.8% 28.1% 13.6% 20.6% 4.8%

All 8.3% 91.7% 16.7% 38.6% 16.7% 35.1% 7.0%

Sub Region

Acholi 0.2% 8.1% 1.8% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.9%

Ankole 0.2% 6.2% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0%

Bunyoro 0.1% 11.8% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Busoga 1.0% 10.3% 2.6% 4.4% 2.2% 4.4% 0.0%

Central 1.4% 20.0% 3.1% 10.5% 3.5% 5.7% 1.8%

Eastern 0.7% 12.5% 0.4% 5.7% 1.3% 1.3% 0.4%

Kampala 1.7% 7.3% 2.2% 6.1% 5.3% 7.5% 1.3%

Karamoja 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Kigezi 2.4% 1.0% 0.9% 11.8% 0.9% 14.9% 0.4%

Lango 0.3% 6.8% 0.9% 0.0% 1.8% 0.4% 0.9%

Toro 0.1% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.9%

West Nile 0.1% 3.3% 0.9% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.4%

All 8.3% 91.7% 16.7% 38.6% 16.7% 35.1% 7.0%

Regionally, it was very interesting to note that the highest access to postal services was

registered in the Kigezi Sub Region at 2.4%. This was followed by Kampala, Central and

Busoga regions that had 1.7%, 1.4% and 1% of the PWDs accessing postal services. The

most popular form of access was through street address indicated by 38.6% of the PWDs

accessing postal services.

This was followed by access through a local shop or school at 35.1% while Private post office

box had a frequency of 16.7%; the same number was accessing postal services at work. The

other category was cited by 7% of the PWDs accessing postal services and it included access

through organization’s address and/or church.

4.10 Distance to nearest postal outlet.

In terms of the proximity of the service to the PWD, the biggest number of the PWDs (1,783)

indicated they had no opinion. There was a good number of PWDs (275) that indicated that

the post office was in a radius of less than 0.5 kilometres although 225 were in urban areas

and only 50 were in rural areas. 202 indicated that the services were in a distance of 1-2

kilometres, 80 indicated that that the service was between 3 to 4 kilometres while 209 indicated

that the services were in a distance of more than 5 kilometres.



86

Figure 63: Distance to the nearest post office outlet

4.11 Use of courier services

The survey probed to understand the proportion of individuals accessing courier service and

only 2% were accessing the services while 98% were not.

Figure 64: Using courier services

More urban PWDs indicated they were using the courier services than their rural counter parts

that is 1.7% compared to 0.5%. The distribution across the regions was tepid with barely a

region exceeding 0.5%

67 46

883

50118135

34

900

225

91

202

80

1783

275209

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Between 1 - 2 Km Between 3 - 4 Km I have no Opinion Less than 0.5 Km More than 5 Km

Rural Urban All

No,98%

Yes , 2%

Do you use courier services?



87

Table 46: Courier Services access by region and location

Do you use Courier Services?

No Yes

Location Rural 44.9% 0.5% Urban 52.9% 1.7%

All 97.8% 2.2%

Sub Region Acholi 8.9% 0.0% Ankole 6.9% 0.0% Bunyoro 8.5% 0.1% Busoga 8.4% 0.1% Central 22.9% 0.3% Eastern 14.2% 0.0% Kampala 9.2% 0.5% Karamoja 1.1% 0.0% Kigezi 3.4% 0.2% Lango 7.2% 0.5% Toro 3.7% 0.1% West Nile 3.3% 0.4%

All 97.8% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0%

In terms of the frequency of the usage of the courier services, most PWDs that used courier

services indicated that their usage of the service was irregular but they were using the service

less than once a month while 27% indicated that they used the service once a month. 11%

were using the service at least once a week, 7% indicated using the service daily and 9%

indicated they were not using the service any longer.

Figure 65: Frequency of usage of postal or courier services.

27%

11%

7%

9%

46%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%


At least once a week

Daily

Do not use nowadays

Irregular but Less than once a month



88

4.12 Barriers facing PWDs use of ICTs

In the bid to understand the challenges facing PWDs in accessing ICTs, the last section of the

individual and household questionnaire sought information on the barriers and challenges for

accessing ICTs among PWDs, in addition to suggestions and recommendations from study

participants on enhancing ICT access among PWDs. At analysis level, we generated a tag

cloud with the view of having a feel on the prominence of the words in the dataset as regards

the barriers faced by PWDs. Visibly the most prominent barrier was financial barrier followed

by capacity of the PWDs. Many of the PWDs also indicated they did not have interest in ICT.

However, we attribute the lack of interest to a missing value proposition associated with the

ICTs and the limited ICTs for PWDs in the market.

Figure 66: A tag cloud of the barriers facing individual PWDs in Uganda

Using content analysis, the qualitative barriers as Identified by the individual PWDs could be

categorized into six categories namely; financial, lack of suitable ICTs, Advocacy, capacity

related problems, logistical as well as social issues as indicated in table 47.



89

Table 47: Distribution of the categorization of ICT access and usage barriers as

identified by individual PWDS

Category Details of Barrier

Financial

Lack of money to acquire device

Insufficient income to support operational costs like subscription

Taxes associated with the devices

Lack of knowledge and suitable ICTs

My disability (Blind, Deaf)

No importance attached that is why they don't use some of the ICTs and no time for using ICTs

Consumes a lot of time

Lack of money to purchase some of the devices

Advocacy No initiative visible government initiatives in my area

Lack of awareness

Weak leadership

Capacity Problem Lack the knowledge to operate devices

No time for ICTs

Logistical Lack of suitable devices to support my disability intellectually

Poor network challenges

Lack of electricity

Social Issues

Inferiority complex

Discrimination

Lack of personal interest

Corruption

In addition, table 48 gives a percentage distribution of key barriers as identified by the PWDs.

Table 48: Distribution of the percentage barriers to ICTs as identified by individual

PWDs

Barrier Frequency Percentage

1. Prices of ICT assistive technologies are high in relation to our

incomes 2489 90.28%

2. Ignorance and limited educational opportunities, 2172 78.78%

3. Awareness of location to access the devices 1764 63.98%

4. Physical accessibility in buildings 1608 58.32%

5. Cultural factors such as pity and shame and stereotypes 1224 44.40%

6. Lack of awareness by community at large 1522 55.20%

7. No mouse alternatives and replacements 1537 55.75%

8. Lack of keyboard modifications and alternatives 1657 60.10%

9. No voice recognition 1678 60.86%

10. Lack of accessible buildings and workstations 1920 69.64%

11. Lack of affirmative action and waiver of policies on PWDs 1922 69.71%

12. Lack of augmentative and alternative communication 1810 65.65%

13. Granting of privileges and existence for PWDs 1693 61.41%



90

5. BUSINESSES AND INSTITUTION FINDINGS

In this study, in addition to individual PWDs, we also focused on businesses dealing in PWD

products and services in the enumeration areas as well as institutions supporting and

implementing different initiatives for PWDs. This chapter investigates access and usage of

various ICTs amongst institutions and businesses. It covers aspects such as; access to ICTs

by the businesses and institutions; PWD ICTs initiatives by the institutions, funding

opportunities among others.

5.1 Business and institutional classification by type of ownership

As indicated under the sample size in section two, a total of 35 businesses and 118 institutions

were engaged during the study. As reflected in table 49, most of the businesses were located

in central region (22 of the 35 interviewed). Half the of regions (Acholi, Ankole, Busoga, Lango,

Toro and West Nile) had no known businesses dealing in PWDs related ICT’s. On the other

hand, most of the PWD institutions interviewed where either in West Nile, Kampala or Central

region as shown in table 49.

Table 49: Businesses and Institutions interviewed per region.

Business Institution Total

Acholi 0 3 3 Ankole 0 3 3 Bunyoro 2 6 8 Busoga 0 4 4 Central 22 17 39 Eastern 2 5 7 Kampala 6 20 26 Karamoja 3 12 15 Lango 0 9 9 Toro 0 7 7 West Nile 0 32 32

Total 35 118 153

Classification of businesses reveal that most businesses in this study were sole

proprietorships 76%; Partnerships were 20% while limited liability were 4%.

Figure 67: Business classification by type of ownership (n= 35).

4%

20%

76%

Business (Pty limited) (limited liability)

Partnership

Sole proprietor



91

On the other hand, classification of the institutions supporting PWDs show that majority of

these institutions were NGOs (37.2%) followed by government institutions, schools and clinics

at 33.3% and 21.8% respectively of those engaged.

Figure 68: Insitutional classification by type.

5.2 Business and Institutions source of funding.

The majority of the businesses (64%) indicated that they had saved up to start their

businesses. 12% indicated that they had taken out a microfinance loan to start their business

while the same number indicated the other category. This included disability grant, well-

wishers, parents’ contributions among others. There were 8% of the businesses that indicated

that borrowing from friends and relatives while only 4% indicated that they had taken out a

bank loan to finance the business.

Figure 69: Source of business startup capital (n= 35).

Average Net worth for the businesses was UGX 6,631,818.18

3%

5%

22%

33%

37%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Religious Insitutions

CBO's

Schools and Clinics

Government

NGO's

Bank Financing4%

Lending from Friends or

Relatives 8%

Micro finance loan 12%

Other sources (please specify)

12%

Own Savings 64%



92

Government , 29%

Donors , 38%Church

Organisation , 4%

Benefactors (Local and

International), 5%

Other (Specify), 24%

With reference to institutions, their major source of funding were donors accounting for (38%)

of the institutions. Government followed this at 29% while benefactors and church

organizations accounted for 5% and 4% as depicted in figure 70.

Figure 70: Source of funding for institutions supporting PWDs(n= 118).

5.3 Businesses and institutional awareness of assistive technologies.

As it was for the individual assessment of their awareness of assistive technologies

categorized between both low tech and high tech, both businesses and institutions were

interviewed regarding assistive technologies as it was of interest to the researchers and in line

with one of the study objective.

5.3.1 Awareness and use of low tech ATs by business and institutions

Analysis of the awareness and use of the awareness of low tech and high tech assistive

technologies reflects generally low awareness levels. The most famous low tech ATs were

Communication Boards (53%) and Hand frames/Slate and Stylus (42.7%). Similarly, usage

was low standing at 12% and 13% for Communication Boards and Hand frames/Slate and

Stylus respectively.

The Perkin’s Braille had an awareness level of 32% and usage level of 30.7% while magnifiers

had an awareness level of 36% and usage level of 26%. Only 18% indicated unawareness of

any of the low tech technologies presented while 44% indicated they had never used any of

the technologies.

Table 50: Awareness of low tech assistive technologies by business and institutions

Awareness and usage of Low tech ATs

Heard Of Used


Low Tech

Perkins Brailler 24 32.0% 23 30.7%

Magnifier (Hand Held Video

Desktop magnifiers, Desktop) 27 36.0% 20 26.7%

Hand frames/Slate and Stylus 32 42.7% 10 13.3%

Communication Boards 40 53.3% 9 12.0%

None 18 24.0% 33 44.0%



93

5.3.2 Awareness and use of high tech ATs by business and Institutions

Under the high tech ATs, the most familiar technology was E-braille and Audio player/recorder

that had awareness levels of 66.2% and 63.2% respectively. However, the same had usage

levels of 50% for Audio player/recorder and 50% for e-braille.

47.1% of the respondents were familiar with the electricity wheel chair, indicating they were

aware of the assistive device but only 21.4% had used it. 35.3% of the respondents indicated

that they were aware of Smart Perkins Braille but only 28.6% were using it. The least familiar

technology was the hearing aid software and was cited by only 5.9% institutions and usage

was only 1.4% as detailed in table 51.

Table 51: Awareness of high tech assistive technologies by business and institutions

Awareness and usage of high tech ATs

Heard Of Used


High Tech

Perkins Smart Brailler 24 35.3% 20 28.6%

E-Braille 43 63.2% 18 25.7%

Audio player/recorder 45 66.2% 35 50.0%

Braille printer 20 29.4% 7 10.0%

Scanning Pens 14 20.6% 5 7.1%

Duxbury Braille translator

(Software 7 10.3% 3 4.3%

Specialized keyboard 9 13.2% 1 1.4%

Screen readers (Jaws,

NVDA, Apple Voice Over etc) 10 14.7% 2 2.9%

Bar Code Scanners 12 17.6% 2 2.9%

Speech synthesizer 9 13.2% 4 5.7%

Talking web browser 13 19.1% 6 8.6%

Touch screen computer 14 20.6% 9 12.9%

Text to audio converter 12 17.6% 7 10.0%

Audio book 23 33.8% 7 10.0%

Talking Watches Calculators 9 13.2% 5 7.1%

Windows eyes web browser

Hearing Aid (Software) 4 5.9% 1 1.4%

Electrical Wheel chair 32 47.1% 15 21.4%

Magnifier (Video Desktop

magnifiers other Software,

CCTV) 16 23.5% 15 21.4%

5.4 Business and institutions access and usage to ICT devices

A summary of the access and usage of ICT devices by businesses and institutions is

presented in table 52 and it can be seen, overall that most businesses and institutions had low

awareness of ICTs and an even lower usage of the same. It barely exceeds 50% of the

population. The most familiar ICT was a feature phone; 47.7% of the businesses and

institutions indicated that they were aware of the same while usage of the same stood at

43.1%.


94

Institutions and businesses registered high awareness of personal computers standing at 41.2% while usage was at 31.4%. Interestingly the

lowest appreciation was for Broadband, while 11.1% of the institutions surveyed indicated awareness only 6.5% indicated usage of the same.

Another disturbing statistic was the awareness and usage of assistive technologies for PWDs which were at 19.6% and 13.7% respectively.

Table 52: Businesses and Institutions ICT awareness and usage

Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used Aware Used

Acholi 2.5% 2.5% 0.8% 0.8% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 0.8% 0.8% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0%

Ankole 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Bunyoro 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Busoga 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 3.4% 3.4% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 1.7% 0.8% 0.8% 3.4% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0%

Central 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0%

Eastern 3.4% 3.4% 3.4% 2.5% 4.2% 3.4% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 1.7% 1.7% 0.8% 1.7% 1.7% 0.8% 0.8% 1.7% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0%

Kampala 11.0% 10.2% 11.0% 10.2% 11.0% 11.0% 10.2% 8.5% 9.3% 7.6% 10.2% 9.3% 10.2% 7.6% 8.5% 3.4% 5.9% 5.9% 3.4% 1.7%

Karamoja 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0%

Lango 6.8% 5.1% 6.8% 5.1% 6.8% 5.1% 6.8% 4.2% 7.6% 4.2% 5.9% 5.1% 5.9% 4.2% 5.1% 1.7% 4.2% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0%

Toro 5.1% 3.4% 5.1% 4.2% 5.1% 4.2% 5.9% 5.9% 4.2% 3.4% 3.4% 2.5% 4.2% 4.2% 3.4% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0%

West Nile 15.3% 11.9% 22.0% 14.4% 22.0% 17.8% 27.1% 27.1% 15.3% 10.2% 19.5% 10.2% 12.7% 9.3% 18.6% 14.4% 7.6% 6.8% 8.5% 6.8%

ALL 36.6% 30.7% 41.2% 31.4% 41.8% 35.9% 47.7% 43.1% 33.3% 25.5% 35.9% 26.1% 30.7% 24.8% 29.4% 17.6% 19.6% 13.7% 11.1% 6.5%

Internet Access Via

Smart Phones Digital TVAssistive

technologies BroadbandLaptop Personal Computer Internet Feature Phones Smart PhonesSocial Media

(Facebook,


95

5.4.1 Computer access and usage by businesses and institutions.

The proportion of businesses and institutions with access to computers is yet another indicator

that was measured in this study in line with ITU manual for measuring ICT access and use.

As depicted in figure 71.

Figure 71: Proportion of businneses and insitutions with access to a computer.

A drilldown into the numbers reveals that more institutions were using computers than

businesses; 45% compared to 37%. While more institutions participated in the study, it is

noteworthy that of all the businesses that participated in the survey only 11% indicated that

they used computers pointing to a low usage. On the other hand as one would expect, usage

was more prominent in urban areas (33%) than rural (14%).

5.4.2 Use of internet by businesses and institutions

Use of internet by businesses and insitutions was another core indicator that was measured

in this study. As depicted in figure 72, Almost half (49%) of the businesses and insitutions had

access to internet while about 51% did not have access.

Figure 72: Usage of internet by businesses and institutions.

Businesses, 45%

Insitutions, 37%

No 51%Yes 49%

Does this business or Insitution use Internet?



96

Of this proportion that had access to internet, the study established the proportion that was

actually using the internet. Analysis of this data by type shows that more institutions (40.8%)

than businesses (7.8%) were actually using the internet.

From a location perspective, more urban institutions and businesses (32%) had access to the

internet than their rural counterparts (16.5%. Analysis by the sub regions reveals that

businesses and institutions in West Nile and Kampala used the internet more than the other

regions at 18.4% and 12.6% respectively.

Table 53: Internet access by business and institutions

Demographic characteristics Internet usage by institutions and businesses

No Yes

Sub region Acholi 2.9% 0.0%

Ankole 1.0% 0.0%

Bunyoro 3.9% 0.0%

Busoga 1.9% 1.9%

Central 14.6% 3.9%

Eastern 1.9% 3.9%

Kampala 3.9% 12.6%

Karamoja 0.0% 1.0%

Lango 4.9% 3.9%

Toro 3.9% 2.9%

West Nile 12.6% 18.4%

Type of Institution Business 16.5% 7.8%

Institution 35.0% 40.8%

Location Rural 32.0% 16.5%

Urban 19.4% 32.0%

5.4.3 Type of internet access by businesses and institutions.

In addition to the internet usage, we established the type of internet being used by the

businesses and the insitutions. As depicted in figure 73, most institutions, 37% used mobile

broadband followed by narrow broad band (34%). 22% of the businesses and institutions were

using fixed broadband while 7.4% indicated that they did not know what type of internet they

were using.

Figure 73: Type of internet access by businesses and institutions.

7%

22%

34%

37%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Don’t Know

Fixed broadband (e.g ADSL Above 256kSpeed)

Narrow broadband (modem dail up, ADSL256K or below)

Mobile broadband (3G, Wireless)



97

5.4.4 Internet uses by businesses and institutions.

We investigated what the main activities the businesses and insitutions are using the internet

for and as depicted in figure 74, the top most use of the internet was sending and recieveing

emails (80%). This was followed by by searching for information of about goods and services

(71%). Other uses were telephony over the internet (or voice over IP) at 37%. At the bottom

of this list was the use of internet for staff training (12%) and teaching (14%).

Figure 74: Internet uses by business and institutions

5.4.5 Perception on importance of internet; an institution and business perspective

The survey was interested in the institutions perceptions on accessing the internet; and 78%

of the institutions and businesses indicated that the internet was very important while 14%

indicated that it was important and 8% were indifferent.

Figure 75: Importance of the internet to businesses and insitutions

12%

14%

16%

20%

25%

31%

37%

45%

71%

80%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Staff training (e-learning)

Teaching

Internal or external recruitment

Internet banking

Providing health advice

Interacting with government organizations

Telephoning over the Internet/VoIP …

Getting information from government…

Getting information about goods and…

Sending and receiving e-mail

Important 14%

Neither/ nor 8%

Very important78%



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5.5 Access and use of social media by institutions and businesses

As of december 2017, internet usage in Uganda was estimated to be 19 million, with a

penetration rate of approximately 31.3%. Of this, about 2,600,000 are facebook subscribers.

The fact that technology and internet in particular is changing the way business is done, the

study sought to establish the social media usage patterns by insitutions and businesses

interviewed As depicted in figure 76, 52% of the businesses and institutions indicated that they

were on social media while 48% were not.

Figure 76: Use of social media by businesses and insitutions.

The 52% businesses and insitutions who were using social media, where asked which social

media platforms they were using. Figure 77 below shows the social media platforms being

used by businesses and insitutions. Majority of the businesses and insitutions (35%) were

using facebook followed by twitter, Google Plus, and instagram at 13%, 8% and 7%

respectively.

Figure 77: Social media plaforms used by businesses and insitutions.

The study also sought to establish the usage of instant messaging services. Businesses and

institutions were therefore asked to name which instant messaging platforms if any they were

using in their communications. The analysis shows that most businesses and institutions were

Yes, 52%

No, 48%

Do you use social media as a business or insitution?

35%

13%

7%

3%

1%

8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Facebook

Twitter

Instagram

Snapchat

Linkedin

Google Plus



99

using WhatsApp (31%). Facebook messenger at 28% followed this and yahoo messenger at

10%. Skype and Google Talk usage was at 7% each while Viber usage was at 1% as depicted

in figure 78.

Figure 78: Instant messaging plaforms being used by businesses and insitutions.

Analysis by region and location reveals among others that; at regional level, on average

Karamoja region has the highest percentage (17.45%) of organisations using Instant

messaging. This is followed by Central, Kampala and Bunyoro at 15.9%, 7.53% and 2.00%

respectively with usage patterns for whatsapp observed at 28.6%, 20.6% and 19% for Central,

Karamoja and Kampala respectively.

And as one would expect, usage per location reveals that more businesses and insitutions

located in urban areas are using more of the instant messaging as seen in table 54.

Table 54: Distribution of instant messaging services by subregion and location.

Demographic characteristics

Instant Messaging Services

WhatsApp Facebook Messenger Google Plus Google Talk

No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes

Sub Region

Acholi 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Ankole 1.6% 1.6% 3.2% 0.0% 1.6% 0.0% 3.2% 0.0%

Bunyoro 4.8% 3.2% 3.2% 4.8% 6.3% 0.0% 7.9% 0.0%

Busoga 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Central 14.3% 28.6% 12.7% 30.2% 33.3% 4.8% 42.9% 0.0%

Eastern 0.0% 3.2% 0.0% 3.2% 3.2% 0.0% 3.2% 0.0%

Kampala 1.6% 19.0% 12.7% 7.9% 15.9% 1.6% 19.0% 1.6%

Karamoja 1.6% 20.6% 0.0% 22.2% 9.5% 12.7% 7.9% 14.3%

Lango 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Toro 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

West Nile 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

All total 9.8% 31.4% 13.1% 28.1% 28.8% 7.8% 34.6% 6.5%

Location Rural 3.9% 0.0% 1.3% 2.6% 2.6% 0.0% 3.9% 0.0%

Urban 5.9% 31.4% 11.8% 25.5% 26.1% 7.8% 30.7% 6.5%

31%

28%

7%

7%

10%

1%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Whatsapp

Facebook Messenger

Google talk

Skype

Yahoo messenger

Viber



100

5.5.1 Reasons why businesses and institutions were using social media

Businesses and institutions were using social media mainly for networking as cited by 30% of

the businesses and institutions followed by Communication and Coordination cited by 23% of

the businesses and institution. Other important uses were advertising cited by 17% , business,

funds mobilization and chatting cited by 10% each.

Figure 79: Reasons business and institutions were using social media.

5.6 Individual PWDs employed in businesses and institutions.

The study also set out to establish the proportion of individual PWDs who are employed by

the businesses and institutions. The proportion of individual PWDs employed is relatively low,

standing at 27% of the workforce. Of these, the male PWDs comprised a greater proportion

(18%) compared to the female at (9%) as depicted in figure 80.

Figure 80: Proportion of Individual PWDs employed by businesses and insitutions

We further sought to learn about the deliberate efforts undertaken by PWD supporting

institutions to recruit any PWDs in their ICT departments. To achieve this, the different

institutions were asked if they had an ICT department and of the 118 institutions interviewed,

only 24 insitutions ( about 20%) had an ICT department. 10% are in Kampala and 4% are in

17%

10%

10%

23%

30%

10%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Adertising and Networking

Business

Chatting

Communication and Coordination

Network

Funds Mobilization

53%

47%

18%

9%

Male Female

Employees PWD



101

Eastern region. The regions of Acholi, Busoga Karamoja and Lango all had 1% each, while

the rest of the regions had no institution supporting PWDs with an ICT department as seen in

figure 81.

Figure 81: Proportion of PWD insitutions with an ICT department by subregion

5.7 ICT access parameters for businesses and Institutions.

Despite the digital age in which most businesses and insitutions have an online presence

through a website and email adresses, the use of postal services still remains a signifcant

authenticity indicator when it comes to businesses and insitutions. As such, the study sought

to establish ownership of a post office box number, website and email by the insitutions and

businesses. Majority (62%) of the businesses and institutions owned a post office box

number. Only 23.1% had websites and 31.1% had email addresses.

Figure 82: Business and insitutiuonal ownership of website, email and postal number

In the study, we sought to establish the modes of reaching out to the target individuals (the

individual PWDs) by the insitutions and businesses. They were asked how they were

marketing or creating awareness of their activities.

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

1%

1%

1%

4%

10%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Central

Kigezi

Toro

West Nile

Acholi

Ankole

Bunyoro

Busoga

Lango

Karamoja

Eastern

Kampala

Website, 23%

Email, 31%

Post Office Box , 62%



102

As reflected in figure 83, majority (72%) of the Institutions and Businesses are marketing their

activities while 28% did not undertake any marketing or advertisements.

Figure 83: Proportion of insitutions and businesses marketing their activities.

This was followed by an assessment of the most common mode of marketing the businesses

and institutions were using for their initiatives or activities.

As depicted in figure 84, most of the institutions and businesses marketed their initiatives or

activities by word of mouth (66%), this was followed by radio marketing at 49%. A good number

of the businesses and institutions, 35% were marketed via social media.

There was also the “Other’’ category selected by 28% of the respondents. Analysis of this

category reveals that the insitutions and businesses also advertised through means like public

events and gatherings, meetings, church, t-shirts, school open days among others. Print

media marketing was not so common and only cited by 18.9% of the respondents. Billboard

and roadsters were used by 16.2% of the businesses and institutions and SMSs by 13.5%

while only 10.8% were using TV.

Figure 84: Proportion of marketing medium by business and Institutions

No 28%

Yes 72%

11%

14%

16%

19%

28%

35%

49%

66%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

TV

SMS

Billboards

Print Media

Other Mediums

Social Media

Radio

Word of Mouth



103

5.8 Mobile phone usage by Business and Institutions

The proportion of businesses and Institutions using mobile phones was also of interest in this

study and as such, table 55 below shows the usage results of mobile phones by insitutions

and businesses. 71% of businesses and institutions indicated that they used mobile phones

while 29% indicated they did not.

Table 55: Mobile phone usage by business and institutions

Disaggregation by location reveals that urban businesses and institutions use of mobile

phones was slightly higher than that of their rural counterparts, 38% versus 32%. The highest

mobile penetration rate for institutions and businesses was in the West Nile with 26% of the

businesses and institutions indicating access followed by Central region with 17.5%. The low

percentages in Kampala of 7.8% are disturbing but noted as a finding.

5.9 Barriers to ICTs for PWDs as cited by businesses and institutions

The business and institutional questionnaires like the individual and household one elicited

barriers to accessing ICTs by PWDs in Uganda today. As depicted in figure 85, as was with

the case with the individuals, the financial barrier was the most potent according to the

businesses and institutions, this was cited by 92% of the respondents 48% of whom were rural

and 45% urban.

Again, the lack of awareness was the next biggest barrier cited by 70% of the respondents

equally distributed between rural and urban. Other problems cited were limited training in use

of devices, limited availability of these in the country and ill-suited technologies which were

cited by 66%, 60% and 53% respectively. Cultural reasons were cited by 37% of the

respondents and 19% were rural while 17% were urban.

Demographic Characteristics Do you use a mobile phone for your business or institution?

No Yes All

Sub region Acholi 2.9% 0.0% 2.9% Ankole 0.0% 1.0% 1.0% Bunyoro 1.0% 2.9% 3.9% Busoga 0.0% 3.9% 3.9% Central 1.0% 17.5% 18.4% Eastern 1.0% 4.9% 5.8% Kampala 8.7% 7.8% 16.5% Karamoja 0.0% 1.0% 1.0% Lango 4.9% 3.9% 8.7% Toro 4.9% 1.9% 6.8% West Nile 4.9% 26.2% 31.1%

All businesses and Institutions 29.1% 70.9% 100.0%


Urban 12.6% 38.8% 51.5%



104

Figure 85: Barriers to ICTs by PWDs as cited by businesses and insitutions.

19%

29%

48%

27% 29%35%

17%

37%

45%

26%31%

35%37%

66%

92%

53%60%

70%

Cultural limited trainingon device use

andrehabilitation

services

Expensive ICT No SuitableTechnologies

LimitedAvailability inthe Country

Lack ofawareness andinformation onICT for PWDs

Rural Urban Total



105

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions

In summary, one is tempted to say that, in Uganda today, the PWDs are a “forgotten people”.

The study confirms the existence of a significant divide not only in access and usage of ICTs

by PWDs but also access to other human needs like education, clean water, electricity,

employment as well as financial services. Therefore, overcoming the observed exclusion will

necessitate a joint approach involving all stakeholders.

The most cited disability was physical and it affected over 61% of the respondents. Within the

physical category, the most encountered clinical classification was paralysis due to polio. On

average 43.6% of PWDs are living in poverty using the $2 per day poverty line as the threshold

compared to the national average of 36% by the same measure. Despite universal primary

education (UPE) and universal secondary education (USE), slightly more than half (55.7%) of

individual PWDs interviewed have not gone beyond senior four (S.4), 26.2% did not complete

any grade, while approximately 2.6% have completed bachelors or postgraduate levels.

Awareness, access and use of ICTs by PWDs is extremely low. The most accessible and used

ICT device amongst PWDs is a radio (70.1%) followed by a mobile phone at 69.4%. 8% of

PWDs are using computers whereas internet usage stands at 16% amongst PWDs. Regarding

Assistive Technologies (ATs), only 5% PWDs have ever heard of these technologies. In

addition, 1% have ever used ATs while less than 0.5% of the 1% currently use these

technologies. The situation was not any different for businesses and institutions with their

awareness of assistive technology barely exceeding 55% and the usage barely breaking the

30% barrier. In terms of high tech assistive devices, the E-braille and audio recorder were the

most known but their usage was below 50%. Access to internet by the businesses and

institutions was at 51% and social media at 52%. Only 23% of the businesses and institutions

had a website while only 31% gave their employees email. The more impressive parameters

were access to mobile phones as businesses and institutions use of these was at 71% while

62% had access to Postal services.

Only 36.5% of PWDs are accessing both formal and non-formal financial services. Of this,

16.5% inclusion is resulting from mobile money compared to the national average of 78% or

57% reported by the FinScope 2018 or 2006 financial inclusion survey reports. It is obvious

that given the observed poverty likelihood amongst PWDs, if not exempted from the daily UGX

200 ($0.052) for use of Over The-Top (OTT) services and the tax on mobile money

transactions, the progress made in advancing financial inclusion of this financially excluded

people using ICTs may be reversed. The observed digital divide in access and usage of ICTs

by PWDs is attributed to a number of factors like; poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, lack of

ICT skills, low awareness, limited access to information, social exclusion, as well as the limited

availability of ATs or suitable ICTs in the market for PWDs.

Therefore, current initiatives by government, development partners and the private sector

aimed at improving ICT access and usage by PWDs, seem to either be ineffective at a national

level or simply insignificant. We are optimistic that different stakeholders will find this report

useful in bridging the knowledge gap that often arises due to lack of accurate information

required for sound public policy decision making and designing impactful initiatives to close

the observed digital divide.



106

6.2 Recommendations

On the basis of the study findings, the following are recommended;

AGENCY/INSTITUTION RECOMMENDATION PARTNER (S) MoICT&NG Develop and fast track the implementation of Web

Accessibility Guidelines (WAG) in Uganda

Develop national policies to foster widespread inclusive use of ICTs and Assistive Technologies

UCC

MDAs

UCC Conduct sensitisation on Inclusive ICTs to PWDs, CSOs and agencies supporting PWds

- RCDF community sensitisations (at least 5% covering PWDs)

- Ensure participation of PWDs in the Consumer Parliaments

- Review the consumer code of practice for all operators to ensure it caters for interests of the PWDs

- Provide sensitisation materials in Braille

Umbrella Agencies supporting PWDs

Consumer Advocacy organisations

UCC Support innovation in the development of technologies to promote access to ICTs by PWDs

Provide ICT infrastructure for PWDs. i.e. Computers at the various schools for PWDs, and Community access points

Support Provision of low technology Assistive Technologies to PWDs e.g. hearing aids

Schools, Universities and Tertiary Institutions /MoES/MoSTI Schools and libraries

UCC Support the training of sign language interpreters (capacity building) in partnership with Kyambogo University

Kyambogo University

UCC Encourage the provision of differentiated service plans by operators to promote access and usage of ICTs by PWDs including dedicated assistive technologies

Operators

UCC Develop standards to for access devices to have provisions for consumers of communication services with special needs

UNBS

UCC Ensure compliance to regulatory requirements regarding provision of ICT services to PWDs

operators to demonstrate and report on progress made in provision of inclusive ICTs services

Step up efforts towards enforcement of 21(2) (a) of the persons with disabilities Act 2006, that provides that any person who owns a television station shall provide sign language inset or subtitles in at least one major newscast programme each day and in all special programmes of national significance

Consider establishment of a special network identifier to enable provision of services for PWDS

Licensed operators



107

Promote inclusivity under the programing code for broadcasters by incentivising broadcasters to include programs geared towards supporting PWDs

EOC Monitor the implementation of the “universal design principle” and mainstreaming of PWDs issues in all development initiatives

Conduct a “Web Accessibility Audit” and “Ranking” for both Public and Private Sector Institutions

Strengthen the requirements of the Gender and Equity Certificate of Compliance to include performance of the Web Access Audit among others

MDAs

NPA

Parliament of Uganda

MoFPED Development

partners

NIRA Provide for the identification of PWDs under the Citizens Registration process to facilitate access and provision to services at specialised rates

Support sector regulators to monitor compliance to the respective directives or regulatory requirements on inclusive service provision


Private sector

Sector regulators

Uganda Energy Credit Company Limited

Incentivise Access to energy by households led by PWDs

Collaborate with Tier 4 institutions to support PWDs in accessing energy through financial support

Financial Institutions

Ministry of Energy

BoU REA

MoGLSD Develop and implement initiatives for economic empowerment for the PWDs

Monitor implementation of incentives for promoting employment of PWDs


MoES Support the accreditation of Sign language interpreters in Uganda

Establishment of a an updated database of sign language interpreters in Uganda

Establish schools for PWDs.

NCHE KYU UCC NUDIPU

MoES/MoGLSD Encourage/incentivise vocational training for PWDs

Promote the employment of PWDs through sensitisation of companies on existing tax incentives

NUDIPU + other agencies Parliament of Uganda

MoFPED Provide incentives for access devices for PWDs

Incentivise service providers towards ensuring that their services are accessible by PWDs

MoICT/ Development partners Civil Society Organisations


108

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Terms of reference for the study.

A STUDY ON ACCESS AND USAGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS

TECHNOLOGIES (ICTS) BY PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES (PWDS)

1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY:

Uganda is a state party (of the 157 states) to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), ratified in September 2008. The UNCRPD guarantees People with disabilities (PWDs) a right to education without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunities. With regard to education, it requires making education available, acceptable, accessible and adaptable (4As) to PWDs at all levels.

Article 21 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda reaffirms the Government of Uganda’s commitment in the protection and promotion of fundamental human rights and freedoms for all, including PWDs. It thus guarantees that all persons, disabled or not have a right to education. In a bid to operationalise this article, more policies and legal frameworks9 have been developed to promote inclusion and equity of PWDs in most sectors of the economy. Few if any have focused on the Inclusion of PWDs in Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs).

The National ICT Policy 2014, prioritises the facilitation and encouragement of usage of ICT by special interest groups10. This is aimed at making this group more productive in addition to utilising this largely untapped human resource.

Similarly, section 5 (L) of the Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) Act of 2013 mandates UCC to “promote research into the development and use of new communications techniques and technologies, including those which promote accessibility of persons with disability and other members of society to communications services”. As a result over the years, UCC has developed and implemented various initiatives aimed at ensuring universal access and usage of ICTs not only in rural and underserved areas but also targeted ICT interventions with focus on PWDs.

Therefore given the dynamic nature of technologies, special attention should be given to PWDs not only in ensuring their accessibility to ICTs, but also the design and supply of ICT products and services, with particular affection that they can be usable by this group of people, for whom the technical features of ICTs often pose barriers to their usage. To this end, UCC is commissioning a study on access and Usage to ICTs by PWDs.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study seeks to assess the access and usage of ICTs by PWDs in Uganda.

9 The Uganda National Policy on Disability, The Persons with Disabilities Act, The Equal Opportunities Commission Act, National Programme and Plan of Action on Disability, 10 Special interest groups include: women, youth and PWDs.



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Specifically, the study shall seek to achieve the following:

1) Identify and profile PWDs in Uganda not limited to current institutions engaged in supporting access and usage of ICTs by PWDs in Uganda.

2) Identify and profile the currently available ICTs devices, services and initiatives catering for PWDs

3) Profile the current ICT access and usage trends of PWDs 4) Assess the level of awareness of available ICT devices, services and initiatives for

enabling Inclusion of PWDs in the Use of ICTs including but not limited to;

a) Radio and Television broadcast services b) Social Media c) Telecommunications services

5) Identify and evaluate the gaps/barriers in existing levels of access and usage of ICTs by PWDs in Uganda.

6) Establish the proportion of individual income or institutional budgets spent on the various ICTs by PWDs or supporting Institutions in Uganda.

7) What they know, skills on training (TOTs) to support the PWDs, numbers of professionals in PWDs, profile professionals and skill sets available

8) To provide evidence based recommendations and appropriate actions for all stakeholders to implement in the bid to promote access to and usage of ICT services by PWDs.

3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In light of the minimum budget available for this study, the study will be limited to physical and

sensory impairments (visual and hearing). The project implementation team is expected to

employ both primary and secondary information collection mechanisms including extensive

consultations with a wide range of stakeholders including but not limited to UN agencies, PWD

organisations, organizations in the business of ICTs schools/academia and civil society

organizations. In the execution of the study, the team shall;

a) Design a study that is geographically representative of all the regions of the

country as designated by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics and develop the tools to

be used,

b) Engage in recruiting, training and equipping of a team of research assistants with

the requisite skills in data collection, in addition to overall supervision during the

data collection process,

c) Collect, clean and process the data collected in this assignment,

d) Synthesize and analyse data collected,

e) Conduct one-day workshop, for the review and validation of the outputs of the

study,

f) Produce reports including cleaned datasets in both soft and hard form to the

Commission

4. STUDY OUTPUTS AND DELIVERABLES

The following outputs and deliverables shall be delivered by the project implementation team;

a) An inception report with proposed work plan, list of stakeholders the Consultant

proposes to meet, design and plan for the survey;

b) Draft of instruments to be used for survey and a pre-test report of the instrument;



110

c) Cleaned datasets used in the analysis of the data for which the survey report is

premised.

d) A draft Report of the study

e) A report on the workshop organized to present and validate findings of the study.

f) A final study report.

5. TIMELINES

This study is expected to take a three (3) months effective from the date a multi stakeholder

project implementation team is affected. More specifically the following timelines will be

applicable;

NO. STUDY OUTPUTS TIMELINES

1 Inception report approval Within 21 calendar days of constitution of the project implementation team

2 Sign off of the study instrument Within 7 days after approval of inception report

3 Draft survey report Within 50 days after approval of inception report

4 Report of the workshop 5 days after the workshop

5 Final study report Within 90 calendar days

6. PROJECT TEAM COMPOSITION

In addition to the UCC project team;

A maximum of 12 members will be co-opted on the project implementation team as may be

deemed fit in the execution of this study. Such members must demonstrate any or all the

following:

a) Demonstrate experience working with PWDs at either national or International level

or both.

b) Have conducted/ been part of any similar studies at a national level in the last five

years;

c) Having been seconded to the project team by their organisation

d) Be familiar through experience at either individual, organization level in applicability

of access and Usage of ICTS by PwDs. And with demonstrated ability to engage

with the relevant stakeholders, i.e. ICT policymakers, government officials, and

private sector enterprises.

7. COPYRIGHT AND DISCLOSURE

All data collected, field tools and other deliverables of the study shall remain the property of

the Uganda Communications Commission during and after the study implementation period

and shall under no circumstance whatsoever, be disclosed / reproduced without the prior

written consent of the Commission.



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Appendix 2: Individual and household questionnaire.

INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONNAIRE, 2018

STUDY ON PWDS’ ACCESS AND USAGE OF ICTS IN UGANDA

Introduction:

Good day. My name is __________________. I am working as an enumerator for the Study on

Access and Usage of ICTs by PWDS being conducted by Uganda Communications Commission

(UCC). We are studying the views of Persons with disabilities (PWDs) citizens in Uganda about how

they are accessing and Using ICTs. We Want to discuss these Issues with you. Every Person with a

disability has an equal chance of being included in this study. All information will be kept confidential.

You have been chosen by chance to participate.

A.0 Would you like to participate? Consent [Circle one]

Yes 1

No 2

If No, Interviewer: Close the survey, Thank the respondent and go to your next scheduled respondent.

MODULE A: ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION. To be completed before start of the interview [Interviewer: Select appropriate code for Region. Write names for District, County, subcounty, Parish/Ward, Town/Village.]

A.1 Enumerator ID ______________ A.3

Start Time (12hours)

_____:_____ A.2 Guide ID ______________

A.4 Location PSU/EA: [Circle one] A.4.1 Subregion PSU/EA: [Circle one]

Urban 1 Acholi 1

Rural 2 Lango 2

Karamoja 3

A.4.2

District __________________ Eastern 4

A.4.3

County __________________ Busoga 5

A.4.4

Subcounty __________________ Central 6

A.4.5

Parish/Ward __________________ Kampala 7

A.4.6

Town/Village

__________________ Ankole 8

Kigezi 9

Tooro 10

Bunyoro 11

West Nile 12

A.5 EA GPS Coordinates

X:______________________________________________

Y:_____________________________________________________



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Respondent Selection Procedure.

Interviewer: It is your responsibility to interview the randomly selected Individual (as given to you buy the research manager). This individual becomes the interview Respondent. In addition, you are responsible for alternating interviews between men and women. Circle the correct code below. Note that “First Interview” should ONLY be used for your very first interview on the first day of fieldwork, NOT your first interview every day.

First Interview Male Female

A.6 PREVINT. Previous interview was with a:

0 1 2

THISINT. This interview must be with a:

1 2

MODULE B: INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD ROSTER: Individual and Household Attributes (to be completed by a PWD being interviewed or Household Head)

B.0 What is the respondents Gender? 1. Male

2. Female

B.1 Age group (years) 1. 15—24

2. 25—34

3. 35—44

4. 45—54

5. 55—64

6. 65—74

7. 75+

B.2 Category of Disability 1. Multiple

2. Single Disability

B.3 Single Disability Individual

1. Physical

Impairment

1. Amputee

2. Cerebral Pulse

3. Little People

4. Spinabifida

5. Paralysis due to Polio

6. Other Specify

2. Visual Impairment 1. Blind

2. Low Vision

3. Albinism

4. Other (Please Specify)

3. Learning Disability 1. Dyslexia

2. Autism

3. Developmental Delays

4. Speech and

Communication

Difficulties

4. Hearing

Impairment

1. Deaf

2. Hard of Hearing

3. Deaf Blind

5. Intellectual

Disability

1. ID

2. Epilepsy



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B.5 Have You ever been assessed by a Medical Professional?

1. Yes

2. No

B.6 Respondents’ Marital Status 1. Married

2. Single

3. Widowed

4. Divorced

5. Separated

B.7 Highest level of schooling completed (Tertiary = university / College / polytechnic)

1. None

2. Primary

3. Lower Secondary (S1. to

S.4)

4. Upper Secondary (S.5 to

S.6)

5. Tertiary: Vocational

Institute

6. Tertiary:

diploma/certificate

7. Tertiary: BSC/BA

8. Tertiary: Masters

9. Tertiary: PhD

B.8 What’s your employment situation? 1. Paid employee

2. Self-employed (includes

paid family works)

3. Unemployed

4. Unpaid housework (e.g.

housewife

5. Retired

6. Student/Pupil

7. Disabled Unable to Work

B.9 What skills set do you have? 1. Artisanal skills (specify)

2. Technical or Professional

skills (e.g. Accountant)

if code 2 GO to B.6

B.10 What specific skills do you have? 1. Plumbing

2. Shoe making and repair

3. ICT related

4. Building

5. Others (please specify)

____________________

B.11 Do you have any formal qualifications in the skills started above?

1. Certifcate

2. Ordinary certifcate

3. Advanced certifcate

4. Degree/Diploma

5. Onjob training

6. Formal training but no certifcate

7. Others (please specify)



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___________________________

B.12 Household Welfare Level: This study intends to profile the respondents in terms of their

welfare levels and in this employs the PPI, Poverty Probability Index. Please ask the

respondent to answer as truthfully as possible.

Score

C.1 How many members does the household have?

6 or more 0

4 or 5 6

3 9

2 14

1 27

C.2 Do all children ages 6 to 18 attend school?

Not all attend 0

All attend government schools

2

No children ages 6 to 8 4

All attend, and one or more attend private, NGO/religious, or boarding school

5

C.3 What is the highest grade that the female head/spouse completed?

No female head/spouse 0

P.5 or less, or none 2

P.6 6

P.7 to S.6 8

Higher than S.6 19

C.4 What is the major construction material of the roof?

Thatch, straw or other 0

Iron sheets or tiles 5

C.5 What is the major construction material of the external wall?

Un-burnt, mud poles, thatch/straw, timber, stone, burnt bricks with mud, other

0

Burnt bricks with cement, or cement blocks

2

C.6 What is the main source of lighting in your dwelling?

Firewood 0

Tadooba, or other 11

Paraffin lantern, or electricity (grid, generator, solar)

17

C.7 What is the type of toilet that is mainly used in your household?

Bush (none) 0

Covered pit latrine (private or shared), VIP latrine (private or shared), uncovered pit latrine, flush toilet (private or shared), or other

4

C.8 Does any member of your household own electronic equipment (e.g. TV, radio, cassette, etc) at present?

No 0



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Yes 7

C.9 Does every member of the household have at least two sets of clothes?

No 0

Yes 7

C.10

Does every member of the household have at least one pair of shoes?

No 0

Yes 9

Other Household Profiling questions

C.11

Does this household have at home?

1. A fixed line telephone 2. Desktop Computer 3. Laptop Computer

C.12

Does any of the Household members have access to the internet regardless of whether it is used

1. Yes 2. No

C.13

What type of Internet Service You have? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Analogue modem

2. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) turns

3. Other Narrowband, Includes mobile phone and other forms of access with an advertised download speed of less than 256 kbit/s (including CDMA 1x (Release 0), GPRS, WAP and i-mode).

4. DSL, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) includes ADSL, SDSL, VDSL and uses ordinary telephone lines.

5. Cable modem, A cable modem uses cable TV lines for connecting to the Internet.

6. Other fixed broadband, Includes technologies at speeds greater than or equal to 256 kbit/s, in one or both directions, such us leased lines, fibre-to-the-home, satellite, fixed wireless, Wireless Local

7. Area Network and WiMAX.

8. I Don’t Know

C.14

Does this household have ELECTRICITY? (If Multiple, chose the one used mostly)

1. No

2. Main Electricity Grid

3. Generator

4. Solar

5. Other

C.15

Does this house have piped water? 1. No

2. Yes, into the yard

3. Yes, into the house

C.16

Has this household subscribed to Pay TV (e.g. DSTV, star times, Zuku, GoTv)? If yes which one?

1. Yes 2. No

C.17

How good is the TV signal in your area 1. no reception

2. Weak [unclear picture, sound]

3. strong (clear picture and sound



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C.18 What’s your actual/ estimated total monthly income in UGX?

___________________________________________

_

C.19 What is the main source of your monthly income?

1. Salary/Wage

2. Pension/Retirement benefits

3. Business Retained Earnings

(Profits, rent income etc.)

4. Transfers Earnings

5. Handouts from

NGO/Government

C.20 What is your main occupation? (Please Describe)

___________________________________________

Module D: Individual Awareness and Access to ICT

D.10

Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products have you heard of? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Laptop

2. Pc\Personal Computer

3. Internet

4. Feature Phones

5. Smart Phones

6. Social Media (Facebook, WhatsApp etc.)

7. Internet Access Via Smart Phones

8. Digital TV

9. Broadband

10. Assistive technologies

99. None

D.2 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products have you ever used? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Laptop


3. Internet

4. Feature Phones

5. Smart Phones



8. Digital TV

9. Broadband


99. None

D.3 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products do you use nowadays? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Laptop


3. Internet

4. Feature Phones

5. Smart Phones



8. Digital TV

9. Broadband


99. None



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D.4 What are some of the ICT initiatives or services available on the Ugandan market for PWDs? (Please List)

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

D.5 Which institutions if any are currently supporting PWDs in accessing and using ICTs in Uganda?(Please List)

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

D.6 What are some of the ICT devices available for PWDs in the Ugandan market? (Please List)

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

D.7 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products have you heard of? (Interviewer, Read Out and Circle all that Apply)

Low Tech 1. Perkins Brailler

2. Magnifier (Hand Held Video Desktop magnifiers,

Desktop)

3. Hand frames/Slate and Stylus

4. Communication Boards

5. None

6. Other Specify

High Tech 1. Perkins Smart Brailler

2. E-Braille

3. Audio player/recorder

4. Braille printer

5. Scanning Pens

6. Duxbury Braille translator (Software)

7. Specialized keyboard

8. Screen readers (Jaws, NVDA, Apple Voice Over

etc)

9. Bar Code Scanners

10. Talking web browser

11. Touch screen computer

12. Text to audio converter

13. Audio book

14. Talking Watches Calculators

15. Windows eyes web browser Hearing Aid

(Software)

16. Magnifier (Video Desktop magnifiers other

Software, CCTV)

17. None

18. Other Specify

D.7 Which if any of these Devices/services have you used in the last 12 months? (Interviewer, Read Out and Circle all that Apply


2. Magnifier (Hand Held Video Desktop magnifiers,

Desktop)



5. None

6. Other Specify


2. E-Braille




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4. Braille printer

5. Scanning Pens



8. Screen readers (Jaws, NVDA, Apple Voice Over

etc)





13. Audio book


15. Windows eyes web browser Hearing Aid

(Software)

16. Magnifier (Video Desktop magnifiers other

Software, CCTV)

17. None

18. Other Specify

D.9 In your opinion, in Uganda Today do we have

readily available accessible ICT products and

services for PWDs across the market

1. Yes

2. No

D.10

Do you access Free/Open Source Software 1. Yes

2. No

D.11

Are these ICTs for the PWDs Affordable? 1. Yes

2. No

D.12

To what Extent the ICT Products on the

Ugandan market have built in accessibility

functions?

1. Yes

2. No

D.13

In your opinion could ICTs improve your

economic status?

1. Yes

2. No

D.14

What are some of the ICTs that you would wish to use in your day to day activities?

D.15

What other suggestions can you make to enhance PWDs access and use ICTs?

D.16

Do you have/Own any of the following: (Circle all that Apply)

1. Radio

2. Television

3. A fixed telephone

4. A mobile telephone (Smart

5. A mobile telephone (Feature)

6. Fixed telephone only

7. Mobile Telephone only

8. Both fixed and Mobile telephones

9. Laptop

10. Computer

11. A fixed telephone

12. A mobile telephone (Smart)



119

D.17

Do you use any of the following ICT devices? : (Circle all that Apply)

1. Desktop computers;

2. Portable/laptop computers (e.g. notebook,

netbook);

3. Tablet computers;

4. Mobile phones (can be further detailed for smart

phone usage);

5. Smart TV;

6. Electronic book devices (e-book readers);

7. Music and/or video (MP3/4) players (e.g. iPod

touch);

8. Other handheld devices (e.g. video game

consoles, GPS tools).

D.18

How often do you use a computer nowadays? Please include your usage of a computer at home, work or elsewhere. Do not include any time spent just playing games.

1. daily

2. at least once a week

3. at least once a month

4. less than once a month

5. do not use nowadays

D.19

Thinking about the last seven days, in total how many hours have you spent using a computer, excluding time spent just playing games?

D.20

Which of the following computer-related activities have you carried out in the last three months? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Copying or moving a file or folder

2. Sending e-mails with attached files

3. Using basic arithmetic formulae in a spreadsheet

4. Using copy and paste tools to duplicate or move

information within a document

5. Connecting and installing new devices

6. Finding, downloading, installing and configuring

software

7. Creating electronic presentations with

presentation software

8. Transferring files between a computer and other

devices

9. Writing a computer program using a specialized

programming language

D.21

In which of the following places do you use a computer nowadays?

1. Home

2. Work

3. School College\University\Other

Educational\Training Institution

4. Government Office

5. Another Person's Home

6. Public Library

7. An Internet Cafe\Shop

8. Community Or Voluntary Organisation

9. Somewhere Else (Specify

D.22

Thinking about the future, how interested are you in using a computer?

1. Very Interested

2. Fairly Interested



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3. Not Very Interested

4. Not At All Interested

D.23

Are you currently studying or in school?

1. Yes

2. No

If No, skip to Qn…….

D.24

Do you have and use any of the following ICT tools at school/ Place where you are studying from?

1. Desktop computer

2. Portable Computer

3. Tablet Computer

4. Printer

5. USB (memory) stick

6. Interactive white board

7. E-book reader (e.g.

Amazon)

D.25

How often do you access and use the Internet at School?

1. More than 4 hours per day;

2. Between 1 hour and 4 hours

per day;

3. 31-60 minutes per day;

4. 30 minutes per day or less.

D.26

Which of the following activities do you do/ perform with the internet while at school? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Chatting on line at school;

2. Using email at school;

3. Browsing the Internet for schoolwork;

4. Downloading, uploading or browsing material from

the school’s website (e.g. Intranet);

5. Posting your work on the school’s website;

6. Playing simulations at school;

7. Practicing and drilling, such as for foreign

language learning or mathematics;

8. Doing homework on a school computer;

9. Using school computers for group work and

communication with other students.

D.27

How often do you perform the following activities while at school?

Every day

Almost every day

Once or twice a week

A few times a month

Almost never or never

1. Chatting on line at school; 1 2 3 4 5

2. Using email at school; 1 2 3 4 5

3. Browsing the Internet for schoolwork; 1 2 3 4 5

4. Downloading, uploading or browsing

material from the school’s website (e.g.

Intranet);

1 2 3 4 5

5. Posting your work on the school’s website; 1 2 3 4 5

6. Playing simulations at school; 1 2 3 4 5

7. Practicing and drilling, such as for foreign

language learning or mathematics;

1 2 3 4 5

8. Doing homework on a school computer; 1 2 3 4 5

9. Using school computers for group work

and communication with other students.

1 2 3 4 5



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D.28

Which if any of the following ICT tasks can you perform with ease?

1. Using word processing software

2. Using basic arithmetic formulas in a spreadsheet

3. Using spreadsheet advanced functions to organise and

anlyse data, such sorting, filtering, using formulas,

creating charts

4. Using software for electronic presentations (slides)

5. Sending e-mails with attached files (document, picture,

video)

6. Posting messages (e.g. to chat rooms, newsgroups or

forums)

7. Transferring files (e.g. digital camera, mobile phone, m-

player)

8. Finding, downloading and installing software from the

Internet

9. Modifying or verifying the configuration of software

applications

10. Modifying the security settings of Internet browsers

11. Computer programming using a specialised language

12. Creating a web page

13. Installing or replacing an operating system

D.29

How did you gain these ICT skills or capabilities? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Formal education;

2. Non-formal education;

3. Informal learning.

4. Others (specify)

_______________________________

D.30

Here is a list of reasons other people have given for not using a computer. Please tell me which, if any, of the reasons apply to you. PROBE: Any others?

1. i don't know anything about

computers

2. i cannot afford to buy a computer

3. i do not know how to use one

4. i haven't got the time to use one

5. i'm not interested in computers

6. i can do my work without one

7. i have no need to use a computer

8. i'm too old to start to use one

9. computers are far too complicated

for me

10. i'd be scared to use a computer

11. i do not know how to get started

d.31 And what, if anything, might encourage you to use a computer in the future?

1. free\cheaper machines\software

2. free\cheap lessons

3. will have to use for work

4. will need one for children\school

work

5. more spare time to spend on it

6. make them easier to use

7. make them more widely available



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8. to understand what my children are

doing on the computer

9. other (specify)

10. nothing

D.32

Do You Know how to Use the Internet?

1. Yes

2. No

D.34

Have you used the Internet from any location in the last 12 months?

1. Yes

2. No

D.35

What type of Internet Service You have? (Circle

all that Apply)

1. Fixed (wired) narrowband network 2. Fixed (wired) broadband network 3. Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband

network 4. Satellite broadband network 5. Mobile broadband network (at least

3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset 6. Mobile broadband network (at least

3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card or USB modem

7. I don’t Know

D.36

Where did you use the Internet in the last 12

months? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Home 2. Work 3. Place of education 4. Another person’s home 5. Community Internet access facility 6. Commercial Internet access facility 7. Any place via a mobile telephone 8. Any place via a mobile access device

e.g. laptop computer

D.37

How often did you typically use the

Internet during the last 12 months

(from any location)?

1. At least once a day 2. At least once a week but not

every day 3. Less than once a week

D.38

For which of the following activities did you use the Internet for private purposes in the last 12 months (from any location)? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Getting information about goods or services 2. Seeking health information 3. Making an appointment with a health practitioner via

a website 4. Getting information from general government

organizations 5. Interacting with general government organizations 6. Sending or receiving e-mail 7. Telephoning over the Internet/VoIP 8. Participating in social networks 9. Accessing chat sites, blogs, newsgroups or online

discussions 10. Internet banking 11. Doing a formal online course 12. Using services related to travel or travel-related

accommodation 13. Watching web television 14. Streaming or downloading images, movies, videos

or music; playing or downloading games 15. Downloading software or applications



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16. Reading or downloading online newspapers or magazines, electronic books

17. Looking for a job or sending/submitting a job application

18. Managing personal/own homepage 19. Using storage space on the Internet to save

documents, pictures, music, video or other files 20. Using software run over the Internet for editing text

documents, spreadsheets or presentations

D.39

If you knew how to access the Internet, which of these would encourage you to use it?

1. free\cheaper access 2. free\cheap lessons 3. if i needed to use it for work 4. if i needed it for children\school work 5. more spare time to spend on it 6. if it was easier to use 7. if it was more widely available 8. to understand what my children are doing on the

computer 9. cheaper prices for items like books or records or

travel 10. if it were easier to buy things over the internet than

it is at the moment

D.40

Do you own a registered Mobile number? 1. Yes

2. No

D.41

How many Lines are registered in Your Names 1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. More than 3

(Specify)

D.42

Specify Network 1. MTN

2. Airtel

3. Africell

4. UTL

5. K2 Telcom

6. Smart Telecom

7. Vodafone

D.43

Do you Own a Phone? 1. Yes

2. No

D.44

Type Specify 1. Smart Phone

2. Feature Phone

D.45

How much would you be willing to Spend on Acquiring

1. Smart Phone

2. Feature Phone

D.46

Do You Use Mobile Money Services

D.47

How Often do You Receive Mobile Money Transfers

1. At least once a day 2. At least once a week

but not every day 3. Less than once a

week



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D.48

How Often do You Send Mobile Money Transfers 1. At least once a day 2. At least once a

week but not every day

3. Less than once a week

D.49

What are your Average Transaction amounts

D.50

What is the Distance to the Nearest Mobile money Agent

D.51

Has Mobile Money added Value to You? 1. Yes

No

D.51

What do you use Mobile Money for? 1. Transfer of money

2. Made Utility

Payments

3. Payments for goods

4. Others (Specify)

___________________

D.56

Do you have a bank account with a Financial Institution?

2. Yes

3. No

D.57

Do you access financial Services from Any of these

1. SACCO

2. I use Mobile Money

3. VSLA

4. RSCAs

D.52

If yes, do you use mobile banking services? 1. Yes

2. No

D.55

What do you use the service for mainly ? 5. Transfer of money

6. Made Utility

Payments

7. Payments for goods

8. Others (Specify)

___________________

D.58

In Your opinion do Financial institutions in Uganda offer any specialized services for PWDs

1. Yes

2. No

3. They offer for some

and not others

4. I have no opinion

D.59

Have you in the last 12 months done any online purchases?

1. Yes

2. No

D.60

If yes, what if any did you purchase online?

1. Books, magazines or newspapers

2. Clothing, footwear, sporting goods or accessories

3. Computer equipment or parts (including

peripheral equipment)

4. Computer or video games

5. Computer software (includes upgrades and paid

apps; not games) f. Cosmetics



125

6. Financial products (including shares and

insurance)

7. Food, groceries, alcohol or tobacco

8. ICT services (excluding software)

9. Medicine

10. Movies, short films or images

11. Music products

12. Photographic, telecommunications or optical

equipment

13. Tickets or bookings for entertainment events

(sports, theatre, concerts, etc.)

14. Travel products (travel tickets, accommodation,

vehicle hire etc.)

D.61

Which Payment channels for online purchases did you use?

1. Debit card or electronic bank transfer online;

2. Online payment service (e.g. Paypal, Google

Checkout);

3. Prepaid gift card or online voucher;

4. Points from rewards or redemption program (e.g.

Air Miles);

5. Other (e.g. cash, cheque by post, etc.).

Module E: TV and Radio access and Usage.

E.1 Do you watch TV? 1. Yes

2. No

If no, please go to Qn.

E.2 How many hours a day do you watch Television on average?

1. Very Irregularly

2. Less than 1 hour

3. Between 1 and 2 hours


5. More than 4 hours

E.3 From where do you watch television mainly? (Circle all that Apply)

1. At home

2. At friends, relatives or

neighbours home

3. Public places (bars,

community halls)

4. Others (please

specify)_________________

E.4 What TV Stations do you watch most?

1. NTV Uganda 2. NBS 3. Bukedde Tv 4. UBC 5. Urban TV 6. Start Tv 7. Top TV 8. TV west 9. Other Specify_______________________

E.5 To what Extent are these Statements agreeable to you

Very Large Extent

Large Extent

Moderate

Low Extent

Very Low Extent



126

1. TV Expands my thinking and understanding of the World

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

2. TV Connects my Country and My Community

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

3. I find TV programs morally offensive sometimes

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

4. I rely on TV for My Education

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

5. TV programs are discriminatory to PWDs

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

E.6 What times do you often watch TV? (Circle all that Apply)

1. 5:00-8:00

2. 8:00-12:00

3. 12:00-14:00

4. 14:00-17:00

5. 17:00-19:00

6. 19:00-21:00

7. 21:00-24:00

E.6 What programmes do you view? (READ OUT)

1. Entertainment

2. educational programmes

3. news

4. sports

5. health programmes

6. other, please specify

7. ________________________________________

E.7 If you don't watch TV, why not? 1. No interested

2. No electricity/Solar

3. Can’t afford a TV set

4. Don’t have time to watch a

TV

5. Cannot Afford

Subscriptions

6. Others (please specify)__

E.7 In your opinion do Television broadcasters in Uganda offer services in

a manner that caters for PWDs

1. Yes

2. No

3. They offer for

some and not

others


E.8 Do you listen to radio? 1. Yes

2. No

E.9 What is your favorite station

E.10 How good is the Radio reception in your area?

1. no reception

2. weak



127

3. good

E.11 To what Extent do You agree with the Following

Very Large Extent

Large Extent

Moderate

Low Extent

Very Low Extent

1. I listen to Radio Content in the Local Language

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

2. Radio Provides me with Relevant Health Information.

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

3. Radio Provides me with Useful information on Government programs

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

4. Radio Provides me with Useful information on Farming

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

5. I majorly listen to News or announcements.

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

E.12 How many hours a day do you listen to RADIO on average?

1. Very irregularly

2. Less than 1 hour



5. More than 4 hours

E.13 What times do you usually listen to radio? (Circle all that Apply)

1. 5:00-8:00

2. 8:00-12:00

3. 12:00-14:00

4. 14:00-17:00

5. 17:00-19:00

6. 19:00-21:00

7. 21:00-24:00

E.14 Where do you listen to radio mainly 1. At home

2. Work

3. [At friends, relatives or

neighbours home

4. Public places (bars,

community halls etc.)

5. While travelling (car or

public transport)

6. Using my mobile phone

7. other

E.15 What programmeS do you listen to?

1. Music

2. educational programmes

3. politics

4. news

5. Sports

6. health programmes

7. religious

E.16 If you do not listen to radio, why not? 1. I don't like listing to the

radio



128

2. I cannot afford one

3. Other, please specify

4. _____________________

___

E.17 In your opinion do Radio broadcasters in Uganda offer services in a

manner that caters for PWDs

1. Yes

2. No

3. They offer for

some and not

others


E.18 Are You Currently on any Social Media Platform

Yes

No

E.19 Please SPECIFY 1. Facebook

2. Twitter

3. Instagram

4. Snapshat

5. Linkein

6. Fliker

7. Pintrest

8. Google Plus

9. Other Specify

E.20 In the last Six Months have you used an instant messaging application

1. Whatsapp

2. Google talk

3. Facebook Messenger

4. Skype

5. Viber

6. Yahoo messenger

7. Other Specify

E.21 Where did you use it 1. Desktop PC

2. Mobile Phone

3. Laptop/ Tablet or Similar

E.22 What Exactly preoccupies you on the Social Media Platforms?

E.23 In your opinion are social media platforms accessed in Uganda

specialized for PWDs

1. Yes

2. No

3. They offer for

some and not

others


E.24 Since the introduction of the latest OTT Tax introduced by

Government; has your usage changed of the platforms

1. Unchanged

2. Reduced

Somewhat

3. I no longer Use

social Media

E.25 What Recommendation do you have in relation to This?

F. Module on access to Postal Services

F.1 Does this household have a postal address?

1. No



129

2. Private Post box

3. Street address

4. At work

5. Local shop/school

6. Other

F.2 What is the Distance to the nearest postal Unit

F.3 Do you use postal or courier services?

1. Yes

2. No

F.4 How often do you use the Postal or Courier Service?

1. Daily

2. At least once a week

3. At least once a month

4. Less than once a month

5. Do not use nowadays

F.5 Think of the last 6 Months How much did you spend on the postal or courier services

F.6 In your opinion are social media platforms accessed in Uganda

specialized for PWDs

1. Yes

2. No

3. They offer for

some and not

others


MODULE G: Barriers In Existing Levels Of Access And Usage

G.1 Which of the following are barriers to accessing and Using ICTs in Uganda? (Circle all that apply)

1. Prices of ICT assistive technologies are high

2. Ignorance

3. Awareness of location to access the devices?

4. Cost of services e.g Data

5. Others (Specify) ____________________

G.2 What actions if any, do you recommend in the bid to promote access to and usage of ICTs by PWDs

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

G.3 For each of the actions above, who (which stakeholder) should spearhead?

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

G.4 Is there any projects you think government or any other stakeholder should undertake to increase the access and usage of ICTs by PwDs?

________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________

G.5 Do you have any other recommendations you would love to make with regards to ICTs and PWDs?

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

Very Large Extent

Large Extent

Moderate

Low Extent

Very Low Extent



130

G.6 To what extent these barriers affect accessibility and of ICTs among PWDs.

1. Mouse

alternatives and

replacements

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

2. Keyboard

modifications and

alternatives

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

3. Voice recognition ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

4. Accessible

buildings and

workstations

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

5. Augmentative and

alternative

communication

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

6. Affirmative action

and waiver of

policies on PWDs

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

7. Granting of

privileges and

existence for

PWDs

☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

G.7 What other barriers have you faced in access and use of ICTs?

1. Low incomes and limited educational opportunities,

2. Cultural factors such as pity and shame and

stereotypes

3. Limited availability of information communication

technologies

4. Lack of awareness by community at large

5. Literacy levels of PWDs

6. Limited training on device use and rehabilitation

services

7. Physical accessibility in buildings

G.8 In Uganda today do you know of any financial Support system for persons with disabilities to utilize accessible computers / assistive technology equipment?

1. Yes (Specify)

2. No

G.9 Are there any funding resources to promote ICT accessibility for persons with disabilities

1. Yes (Specify)

2. No

G.10

Are there any activities to promote ICT for persons with disabilities? If yes, please specify. (Organization)

1. Yes (Specify)

2. No



131

Appendix 3: Businesses in ICTs for PWDs questionnaire.

BUSINESS QUESTIONNAIRE, 2018


Introduction:

Good day. My name is __________________. I am working as an enumerator for the Study on Access and Usage of ICTs by PWDS being conducted by Uganda Communications Commission (UCC). We are studying the views of Businesses dealing in Persons with disabilities (PWDs) related products as well as institutions supporting PLWDs in Uganda about how they are accessing and Using ICTs. We want to discuss these Issues with you.

Every business dealing in goods and services for PLWDs as well as Institutions supporting PLWDs in Uganda have an equal chance of being included in this study. All information will be kept confidential. You have been chosen by chance to participate.


Yes 1

No 2

If No, Interviewer: Close the survey, Thank the respondent and go to your next scheduled Business or Institution.

MODULE A: ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION. To be completed before start of the interview [Interviewer: Select appropriate code for Region. Write names for District, County, subcounty, Parish/Ward, Town/Village.]

A.1 Enumerator ID ______________ A.3

Start Time (12hours)

_____:_____ A.2 Guide ID ______________

A.4 Location PSU/EA: [Circle one] A.4.1 Sub region PSU/EA: [Circle one]

Urban 1 Acholi 1

Rural 2 Lango 2

Karamoja 3

A.4.2 District ________________ Eastern 4

A.4.3 County ________________ Busoga 5

A.4.4 Sub county ________________ Central 6

A.4.5 Parish/Ward ________________ Kampala 7

A.4.6 Town/Village ________________ Ankole 8

Kigezi 9

Tooro 10

Bunyoro 11

West Nile 12

Business

A.5 EA GPS Coordinates X:_______________________________________

Y:_______________________________________

A.6 Is this a Business or an Institution? 3. Business 4. Institution

If 2, go to module E otherwise continue



132

MODULE B: BUSINESS INFORMATION: ( Interviewer Please Interview the Business Owner or Manager.)

B.0

What is the form of ownership of this business?

1. Sole proprietor 2. Partnership 3. Closed corporation (limited liability) 4. Business (Pty limited) (limited liability) 5. Other (Specify): __________________

B.1 In what year was this business established?

B.2 In your Opinion, what is the current net worth of your Business?

B.3 How was the start-up capital financed? 1. Own Savings 2. Lending from Friends or

Relatives 3. Micro finance loan 4. Bank 5. Other sources (please

specify)__________________

B.4 How many Employees does your business have (excluding owners)?

1. Full-time: ______________ 2. Part-time:

_______________ 3. Occasional:

_____________ 4. Unpaid Family members:

B.5 Of the above stated employees, how many are? 1. Male: __________________

2. Female: ________________

Of the above stated employees, Do you employ any People with Disabilities?

B.6 How many of your employees have a written employment contract?

1. Male: __________________

2. Female: ________________

B.7 Does your business have a postal box; can it receive mail?

1. No 2. Yes

B.8 Does your business have a website?

1. No 2. Yes

B.9 Does your business provide email addresses to employees?(Company email ID)

1. No 2. Yes

B.10 Do you ever market your business? 1. No 2. Yes

Is there awareness of the services provided by your business?

3.

B.11 How do you market?

1. Radio 2. TV 3. Word of Mouth 4. Mobile/SMS 5. Social Media 6. Others (Specify)_________

Who are your partners?



133

Does your business follow any standards in acquisition of assets or goods or any other equipment?

B.12 Do you Know of any direct or Indirect suppliers of goods and services for PWDS?

1. Yes 2. No

B.13 Where are these suppliers Located? (Please estimate distance in Kilometres)

3. ____________________________________________

B.14 Physical address and contacts of these suppliers 1. Physical Address 2. Email 3. Contact Telphone

B.15 How does your business transact financially with SUPPLIERS

1. Cash 2. Credit card 3. Check / Cheque 4. Bank account transfer 5. Online banking 6. Mobile Money transfers 7. Letter of Credit 8. Western Union or

Moneygram 9. Business sends money with

someone

B.16 Which modes of communication do you use while engaging with your suppliers: (Multiple Choice)

1. Mobile Phone 2. Land Line 3. Email 4. SMS 5. Social Media 6. Fax 7. In person / Face to Face

B.17 Does your business have a working Fixed-line telephone connection?

8. Yes 9. No

B.18 How many working Fixed-line telephone connections does your business have?

__________________________________________________

B.19 How many working fax machines does your business have?

_________________________ _________________________

B.20 What is your current Monthly cost of Fixed-line Access and Usage

__________________________________________________

B.21 No Fixed-line access

B.22 If your business does not have a fixed-line phone why not?

1. Too expensive 2. No need 3. Not available 4. Other: (please specify)

______________________

B.23 Does your business use mobile phones for business purposes?

_________________________

B.24 Does the business send SMS or text messages for business purposes?

_____________________ ______________________

B.25 Does the business receive SMS or text messages for business purposes?

______________________ ______________________

B.26 Does the business own any computers

1. Yes 2. No

B.27 How many working Computers does your business have?

_________________________



134

B.28 Does your business have a local area network (LAN)

_________________________

No go to QZ

B.29 Does your company make use of Inventory Control Software/ Point of Sale Software?

1. Yes 2. No

B.30 Does your company use Anti-Virus software

1. Yes 2. No

B.31 What is the Annual expenditure on Hardware and Software of the business? (local currency)

_________________________

B.32 How important is the usage of computers for your business activities?

1. Very important 2. Important 3. Neither/ nor 4. Not important 5. Not important at all

B.33 Why does the business not have computers? 1. Too expensive, 2. No need 3. Others (please specify) _________________________

B.34 Have you ever attended any ICT formal training to improve your business skills?

1. Yes 2. No

B.35 Which skills do you train your customers in if any? __________________________________________________

B.36 Does your business have internet access? 1. Yes 2. No

B.37 What type of internet access? 1. Narrow Band (Modem dial up, ADSL 256K or below)

2. Fixed Broadband (e.g. ADSL above 256k speed)

3. Mobile Broadband (3G, wireless)

4. Don’t know 5. Other Please specify: 6.

B.38 What are some of the challenges you face dealing in PWDs goods and services?

__________________________________________________

B.39 How best do you think these challenges can be mitigated?

__________________________________________________

B.40 What projects or initiatives do you think stakeholders can undertake to enhance the access and Usage of ICTs by PWDs?

B.41 Are You Currently on any Social Media Platform 1. Yes

2. No

B.42 Please SPECIFY 1. Facebook

2. Twitter

3. Instagram

4. Snapshat

5. Linkedin

6. Fliker

7. Pintrest

8. Google Plus



135

9. Other Specify

B.43 In the last Six Months have you used an instant messaging application

1. WhatsApp

2. Google talk

3. Facebook Messenger

4. Skype

5. Viber

6. Yahoo messenger

7. Other Specify

B.44 Have you in the last 12 months done any online purchases?

1. Yes

2. No

B.45 If yes, what if any did you purchase online? 1. Books, magazines or

newspapers

2. Clothing, footwear, sporting

goods or accessories

3. Computer equipment or

parts (including peripheral

equipment)

4. Computer or video games

5. Computer software

(includes upgrades and

paid apps; not games) f.

Cosmetics

6. Financial products

(including shares and

insurance)

7. Food, groceries, alcohol or

tobacco

8. ICT services (excluding

software)

9. Medicine

10. Movies, short films or

images

11. Music products

12. Photographic,

telecommunications or

optical equipment

13. Tickets or bookings for

entertainment events

(sports, theatre, concerts,

etc.)

14. Travel products (travel

tickets, accommodation,

vehicle hire etc.)

B.46 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products has the Organization heard of? (Interviewer, Read Out and Circle all that Apply)

1. Braille

2. E-Braille

3. Braille printer

4. Duxbury Braille translator



136


6. Video magnifier


8. Audio book

9. Screen readers


11. Windows eyes web browser

12. Speech synthesizer



15. Jaws screen readers’

software

16. Glare protected computer

screen

17. Online Public Access

Catalogue (OPAC)

18. Other Assistive device

(please specify)

______________________

B.47 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products does your Business deal in?

1. Braille

2. E-Braille

3. Braille printer



6. Video magnifier


8. Audio book

9. Screen readers


11. Windows eyes web browser

12. Speech synthesizer



15. Jaws screen readers’

software

16. Glare protected computer

screen

17. Online Public Access

Catalogue (OPAC)

18. Other Assistive device

(please specify)

______________________

B.48 Which ICT for PWDS services does your business currently offer?

______________________

B.49 What are the ICTs for PWD devices or products currently on market in Uganda?

____________________________________________

B.50 For each of the above devices, can you please tell us who is the major user of the product?

______________________



137

What mechanisms can you suggest for these devices to be made affordable?

B.51 In your opinion, are these devices ? 1. User friendly

2. Advanced

3. Difficult to use

B.52 Which devices or products are majorly demanded in the Ugandan Market today?

____________________________________________

B.53 Are there any gaps in products or services available on the Ugandan market today?

1. Yes

2. No

B.54 If yes, What are some of these gaps/ challenges? ____________________________________________

B.55

Reflecting on your entire business today, about how much is your current working capital?

______________________

B.56 About how much of the above working capital is spent of ICTs for PWDs?

____________________________________________



138

Appendix 4: Institutions supporting ICTs for PWDs questionnaire.

INSTITUTIONS SUPPORTING ICTS FOR PWDS QUESTIONNAIRE, 2018 BASELINE


Introduction:

Good day. My name is __________________. I am working as an enumerator for the Study on Access and Usage of ICTs by PWDS being conducted by Uganda Communications Commission (UCC). We are studying the views of Persons with disabilities (PWDs) citizens in Uganda about how they are accessing and Using ICTs. We Want to discuss these Issues with you. Every Person with a disability has an equal chance of being included in this study. All information will be kept confidential. You have been chosen by chance to participate.


Yes ☐

No ☐

If No, Interviewer: Close the survey, Thank the respondent and go to your next scheduled respondent.

MODULE A: ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION. To be completed before start of the interview [Interviewer:

Select appropriate code for Region. Write names for District, County, sub-county, Parish/Ward,

Town/Village.]

A.1 Enumerator ID ________________ A.3 Start Time (12hours)

_____:_____ A.2 Guide ID ________________

A.4 Location PSU/EA: [Circle one] A.4. 1

Subregion PSU/EA: [Circle one]

Urban Acholi 1

Rural Lango 2

Karamoja 3

A.4.2 District _________________ Eastern 4

A.4.3 County _________________ Busoga 5

A.4.4 Subcounty _________________ Central 6

A.4.5 Parish/Ward _________________ Kampala 7

A.4.6 Town/Village _________________ Ankole 8

Kigezi 9

Tooro 10

Bunyoro 11

West Nile 12

A.5 EA GPS Coordinates

X:____________________________________________________

Y:_____________________________________________________

Respondent Selection Procedure.



139

Module B: Please answer all of the questions about the governmental organizations, international organizations or NGOs which you belong to, and the section marked "For all". If you have any related information about other organizations, please include such in your answers

B.1 Organization:___________________ B.3 Respondent Title

B.2 Mandate to support PWDs:_______ Telephone No:

B.4 Website of your Ministry / Department / organization:

E-mail address:

B.5 Mailing address:

C.1

Type of institution?

1. Government i

2. Non-

government

organisation

3. Limited Company

4. School or clinic

5. Other (Specify):

nstitutio n

C.2 In what year was this institution established?

C.3 How many Employees does your institution have (excl. owners)?

1. Full time:_______________

2. Other Staff:_____________

C.4 Of these, How Many are ?

1. Male:__________________

2. Female:________________

C.5 How many of these employees have any form of disability?

1. Male:__________________

2. Female:________________

C.6 Do the institutional premises have electricity 1. Yes

2. No

C.7 If yes, what sources of electricity do you use? 1. Main electricity grid

2. Solar

3. Generators

4. Biogas

5. Others (specify)

C.8 Does your institution have a postal box, can it receive mail?

1. Yes

2. No

C.9 Does your institution have a website?

1. Yes

2. No

C.1 0

Does your institution provide email addresses to employees

1. Yes

2. No



140

D.1 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products have you ever used? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Laptop


3. Internet

4. Feature Phones

5. Smart Phones



8. Digital TV

9. Broadband


11. 99. None

D.2 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products does your Institution use nowadays? (Circle all that Apply)

1. Laptop


3. Internet

4. Feature Phones

5. Smart Phones

6. Social Media (Facebook,

7. WhatsApp etc.)


9. Digital TV

10. Broadband


12. 99. None

D.3 Which, if any, of these ICT devices or products has the Organization heard of? (Interviewer, Read Out and Circle all that Apply)


2. Magnifier (Hand Held Video

3. Desktop magnifiers, Desktop)



6. None

7. Other Specify


2. E-Braille


4. Braille printer

5. Scanning Pens



8. Screen readers (Jaws, NVDA, Apple Voice Over etc)



141





13. Audio book

14. Talking Watches

15. Calculators

16. Windows eyes web browser Hearing Aid (Software)

17. Magnifier (Video Desktop magnifiers other Software,CCTV)

18. None

D.4


2. Magnifier (Hand Held Video Desktop magnifiers, Desktop)



5. None

Does your Organisation Own/ use any of the following devices

6. Other Specify

High Tech 1 Perkins Smart Brailler

2. E-Braille


4. Braille printer

5. Scanning Pens


(Software)


8. Screen readers (Jaws, NVDA,

Apple Voice Over

etc)





13. Audio book




142

15. Windows eyes web browser Hearing Aid (Software)

16. Magnifier (Video Desktop magnifiers other Software, CCTV)

17. None

D.5 Does your Institution have a department responsible for ICT for persons with disabilities?

1. Yes

2. No

D.6 Does your institution have a working Fixed-line telephone connection

3. Yes

4. No

D.7 How many working Fixed-line telephone connections does your institution have?

_________________________________

_________________________________

D.8 How many working fax machines does your institution have?

_________________________________ _________________________________

D.9 Annual cost of Fixed-line Access and Usage

_________________________________ _________________________________

D.1 0

How important is the usage of a fixed-line phone for your institution activities?

1.

2.

Very important

Important

3. Neither/ nor

4. Not important

5. Not important at all

D.1 1

Are there any networks of consumers with disabilities with a purpose to increase the buying power for ICT products and services?

1. 2.

3.

Yes No Don’t know

D.1 2

Is there any regional working group to develop standards in ICT telecommunication and broadcasting for persons with disabilities?

1. 2.

3.

Yes No Don’t know

D.1 3

Is there any financial support system for persons with disabilities to utilize accessible computers / assistive technology equipment that you know of in Uganda today?

1. Yes

2. No

3. Don’t know

D.1 4

Does your organization conduct ICT-related training?

1.

2.

Yes

No

D.1 5

If Yes, which specific ICT Related trainings does you undertake? (Tick all that Apply)

1.

1.

Sign language

Use of Assistive Computer application

2. Assistive Mobile App

3. Braille Related

4. Others Specify

E.1 What Percentage of your Budget do you spend on ICTs?

_________________________________



143

E.2 About how much is this Percentage? _________________________________

E.3 Of this amount, Does your Institution spend on any PWDS ICT related services or Products?

1. Yes

2. No

E.4 About how much does your Institution spend on ICTs for PWDs?

_________________________________

E.5 Does your institution have a working Fixed-line telephone connection

1. Yes

2. No

E.6 How many working Fixed-line telephone connections does your institution have?

_________________________________

E.7 How many working fax machines does your institution have?

_________________________________

E.8 Annual cost of Fixed-line Access and Usage _________________________________

E.9 How important is the usage of a fixed-line phone for your institution activities?

1. 2.

Very important

Important

3. Neither/ nor

4. Not important


E.10

If your institution does not have a fixed-line phones why not?

1.

2.

3.

Too expensive,

No need

Not available,

4. Other please specify:

E.1 1

Do you plan to use it in the future? 1. Yes

2. No

E.1 2

How much would the institution be willing and able to spend on a fixed-line phone in a month

_________________________________ _________________________________

E.13 Does your institution use mobile phones for institutional purposes?

1. 2.

Yes

No

F.1

Does the institutional Head/Manager have a mobile phone?

1.

2.

3.

No

Yes, private mobile

Yes, institution mobile

4. Both

F.2 Does the institution send SMS or text messages for institution purposes?

1. Yes

2. No

F.3 Does the institution receive SMS or text messages for institutional purposes?

1. Yes

2. No

F.4 Monthly cost of Mobile Access and Usage

F.5 How important is the usage of the mobile phone for institutional activities?

1.

2.

Very important

Important

3. Neither/ nor

4. Not important




144

F.6

If your institution does not use mobiles for institutional purposes, what is the main reason?

1.

2.

3.

Too expensive,

No need

Not available,


F.7 Is your institution planning to use mobile phones in future?

1.

2.

No

Yes

3. Maybe

F.8 Does the institution own any computers

1. 2. 2.

Yes

No

F.9 How many working Computers does your institution have?

________________________________

F.10 Does your institution have a local area network (LAN)

1. 2. Yes

No

F.11 Does your institution have an intranet?

1.

2.

Yes

No

F.12 Does your company use Anti-Virus software

1. 2. Yes

No

F.13 What is the Annual expenditure on Hardware and Software of the institution? (Uganda Shillings)

_________________________________ _________________________________

F.14 How important is the usage of computers for your institution?

1. Very important

2. Important

3. Neither/ nor

4. Not important


F.15 Why does the institution not have computers? 1. Too expensive,

2. No need


_________________________________

_________________________________

F.16 Does your institution plan to use computers in the future?

1. Yes

2. No

F.17 How much would the institution be willing and able to spend for a computer

_________________________________ _________________________________

G.1 Does your institution have internet access? 1. Yes

2. No

G.1 What type of internet access? 1. Narrow Band (Modem dial up,

ADSL 256K or below)

2. Fixed Broadband (e.g. ADSL above 256k speed)

3. Mobile Broadband (3G, wireless)



145

4. Other Please specify:

_________________________________

G.2 What do you use the Internet for (Mark all that apply)

1. Sending and receiving e-mail

2. Telephoning over the

Internet/VoIP (Skype…)

3. Getting information about goods and

services

4. Getting information from government

organisations

5. Interacting with government

organisations

6. Internet banking

7. Providing health advice

8. Providing health advice

9. Teaching

10. Internal or external recruitment

11. Staff training (e-learning)

G.3 Can you estimate your Annual cost of Internet Access and Usage

_________________________________ _________________________________

G.4 How important is the use of the Internet for your institutional activities?

1.

2.

Very important

Important

3. Neither/ nor

4. Not important


G.5 If No internet, Why does your institution not have Internet Access?

1.

2.

Too expensive

No Need

3. Not Available

4. Lack of Skills for internet Use

5. Use of public Internet Access

e.g. Internet Cafes

G.6 Do you plan to use it in the future? 1. Yes

2. No

G.7 How much would the institution be willing and able to spend on Internet access in a month

_________________________________ _________________________________

G.8 What means of sending and receiving does the institution use

1.

2.

Mobile Money

Post Office

3. Western Union

4. Bank

5. Send Cash through someone

6. Others Specify

G.9 What means of sending and receiving does the institution use the most?

1.

2.

Mobile Money

Post Office



146

3. Western Union

4. Bank

5. Send Cash through someone

6. Others Specify

G.1 0

Does the institution send or receive money via mobile phones (mobile money - mobile money transfer such as MTN Mobile Money or Airtel Money)

1.

2.

Yes

No

G.1 1

What does the institution uses mobile money for

1.

2.

Paying employees paying insurance

3. paying suppliers

4. paying bills

5. paying taxes

6. paying pension fund contributions

7. Others (specify)

_________________________________

G.1 2

The following are some of the ICT Barriers in the Ugandan Market today. In your opinion, to what extent are they a barrier to ICT usage by PWDs?

1. Expensive ICT

2. No Suitable

Technologies

3. Limited Availability in

the Country

4. Lack of awareness and

information on ICT for

PWDs

5. Literacy Levels

6. Cultural factors such as

pity and shame and

stereotypes

7. limited training on

device use and

rehabilitation services

8. Other (Specify)

9. Do you think the

development of

environmental

10. infrastructure for

utilizing ICT is

adequately carried out

in Uganda today?

11. If not, what are the

barriers to using ICT in

your

12. country? (Please

specify)

1. To a Great Extent

2. Somewhat

3. Very Little

4. Not at All



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H.1

What actions if any, do you recommend in the bid to promote access to and usage of ICTs by PWDs

_________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________ _________________________________________________

H.2

For each of the actions above, who (which stakeholder) should spearhead?

_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

H.3 Is there any projects you think government or any other stakeholder should undertake to increase the access and usage of ICTs by PwDs?

_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

H.4

Do you have any other recommendations you would love to make with regards to ICTs and PWDs?

_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

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