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To measure access to community gardens, an index was created that incorporated four fac- tors: community garden service areas (≤ 0.25 miles from gardens along the street net- work), number of community gardens within the service areas, community garden square feet per 1,000 people living in service areas, and presence of longstanding community garden waitlists at the neighborhood level. These factors were translated to 2010 U.S. Census blocks. Network analyst was used to create the com- munity garden service areas. A quarter-mile walkable area, a distance which is supported by park equity research, was chosen to en- sure that gardens could be accessible to par- ents with young children and elderly com- munity members. Walkable areas in some neighborhoods over- lapped considerably, which indicated in- creased garden access. Because there was no clear method to quantify this overlap, gar- den counts within the walkable areas were used to up-weight these areas. The number of gardens in each service area was calculated by joining the community garden points to the service area poly- gons. When service area polygons over- lapped, service areas with the maximum number of gardens were assigned to the corresponding census blocks. Boston Natural Areas Network (BNAN) provided information on longstanding garden waitlists by neighborhood and square footage per garden. Using census block population data and the service are- as, square feet of community gar- dens/1,000 people was calculated. Census blocks outside of the quarter-mile areas were coded with access scores of zero. Quantiles of blocks within the walk- able areas were scored by factors 2-4 (below), with a total possible score of 16. Factor 2 carried the most weight because the area available within a walkable dis- tance was the most important factor re- lated to access. The ϐinal access score was then mapped by quantiles. Measuring access to community gar- dens in a holistic way requires as- sessing multiple factors: proximity, availability and adequacy. In Boston, a city that continues to be affected by extreme racial segregation, questions have been raised about the equitabil- ity of access to the City’s 100+ com- munity gardens. Access to community gardens is an issue of food justice, a concept that includes the right of com- munities to produce and consume their own food. These concerns moti- vated this project, which focused on measuring access to community gar- den spaces and exploring possible connections to race, ethnicity and so- cio-economic status. The resulting access index map is shown (top left). Areas with very high access are located throughout the city, with notable pockets in Fenway, Roslindale, Roxbury and Dorchester. On the other end of the spectrum, much of the city has low or very low access to gardens. An analysis of socio-demographic charac- teristics of census blocks by access score revealed a few surprising patterns (right). A posi- tive correlation was seen between percent black and access (below) and a negative correlation was seen between percent white and access. These correlations were not in the expected directions, as it was hypothesized that people of color have lower access to gardens. Finally, correla- tion matrices between access and hous- ing status at the block level and access and median household income at the tract level (not shown) indicated a lack of association between these variables. These results are neither comprehensive nor conclusive. Improvements could be made to the method that may alter the re- sults. Additionally, there might be factors related to access that could not be Overview Factor 3: Garden count score (1‐4 points) ACCESS TO COMMUNITY GARDENS IN BOSTON Methodology Factor 2: Garden area/populaƟon score (2‐8 points) Factor 4: Waitlist score (4, 3, or 1 points) Results and Discussion incorporated here (e.g., individual time con- straints). Conversely, this index could be ac- curately visualizing an on-the-ground reality. Perhaps access is high among some commu- nities of color, but there are other factors that need to be taken into account to encour- age gardening (e.g., outreach). Finally, addi- tional community-driven strategies toward food justice may be more effective than a fo- cus on gardens alone. Nicole Tichenor | 2012 Sources: MassGIS, BNAN, Boston Redevelopment Authority, U.S. Census Bureau 2010 NAD 1983 State Plane MassachuseƩs Mainland FIPS, 2001 (US Feet) Factor 1: Within walkable distance to gardens

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Page 1: ACCESS COMMUNITY GARDENS IN BOSTON · munity gardens. Access to community gardens is an issue of food justice, a concept that includes the right of com-munities to produce and consume

Tomeasureaccesstocommunitygardens,anindexwascreatedthatincorporatedfourfac-tors:communitygardenserviceareas(≤0.25milesfromgardensalongthestreetnet-work),numberofcommunitygardenswithintheserviceareas,communitygardensquarefeetper1,000peoplelivinginserviceareas,andpresenceoflongstandingcommunitygardenwaitlistsattheneighborhoodlevel.Thesefactorsweretranslatedto2010U.S.Censusblocks.

Networkanalystwasusedtocreatethecom-munitygardenserviceareas.Aquarter-milewalkablearea,adistancewhichissupportedbyparkequityresearch,waschosentoen-surethatgardenscouldbeaccessibletopar-entswithyoungchildrenandelderlycom-munitymembers.

Walkableareasinsomeneighborhoodsover-lappedconsiderably,whichindicatedin-creasedgardenaccess.Becausetherewasnoclearmethodtoquantifythisoverlap,gar-dencountswithinthewalkableareaswereusedtoup-weighttheseareas.The

numberofgardensineachserviceareawascalculatedbyjoiningthecommunitygardenpointstotheserviceareapoly-gons.Whenserviceareapolygonsover-lapped,serviceareaswiththemaximumnumberofgardenswereassignedtothecorrespondingcensusblocks.

BostonNaturalAreasNetwork(BNAN)providedinformationonlongstandinggardenwaitlistsbyneighborhoodandsquarefootagepergarden.Usingcensusblockpopulationdataandtheserviceare-as,squarefeetofcommunitygar-dens/1,000peoplewascalculated.

Censusblocksoutsideofthequarter-mileareaswerecodedwithaccessscoresofzero.Quantilesofblockswithinthewalk-ableareaswerescoredbyfactors2-4(below),withatotalpossiblescoreof16.Factor2carriedthemostweightbecausetheareaavailablewithinawalkabledis-tancewasthemostimportantfactorre-latedtoaccess.The inalaccessscorewasthenmappedbyquantiles.

Measuringaccesstocommunitygar-densinaholisticwayrequiresas-sessingmultiplefactors:proximity,availabilityandadequacy.InBoston,acitythatcontinuestobeaffectedbyextremeracialsegregation,questionshavebeenraisedabouttheequitabil-ityofaccesstotheCity’s100+com-munitygardens.Accesstocommunitygardensisanissueoffoodjustice,aconceptthatincludestherightofcom-munitiestoproduceandconsumetheirownfood.Theseconcernsmoti-vatedthisproject,whichfocusedonmeasuringaccesstocommunitygar-denspacesandexploringpossibleconnectionstorace,ethnicityandso-cio-economicstatus.

Theresultingaccessindexmapisshown(topleft).Areaswithveryhighaccessarelocatedthroughoutthecity,withnotablepocketsinFenway,Roslindale,RoxburyandDorchester.Ontheotherendofthespectrum,muchofthecityhasloworverylowaccesstogardens.

Ananalysisofsocio-demographiccharac-teristicsofcensusblocksbyaccessscorerevealedafewsurprisingpatterns(right).Aposi-tivecorrelationwasseenbetweenpercentblackandaccess(below)andanegativecorrelationwasseenbetweenpercentwhiteandaccess.Thesecorrelationswerenotintheexpecteddirections,asitwashypothesizedthatpeopleofcolorhaveloweraccesstogardens.Finally,correla-tionmatricesbetweenaccessandhous-ingstatusattheblocklevelandaccessandmedianhouseholdincomeatthetractlevel(notshown)indicatedalackofassociationbetweenthesevariables.

Theseresultsareneithercomprehensivenorconclusive.Improvementscouldbemadetothemethodthatmayalterthere-sults.Additionally,theremightbefactorsrelatedtoaccessthatcouldnotbe

Overview  

Factor 3: Garden count score 

(1‐4 points) 

ACCESS TO COMMUNITY GARDENS IN BOSTON  

Methodology  

Factor 2:  Garden area/popula on 

score (2‐8 points)   

Factor 4: Waitlist score  

(4, 3, or 1 points) 

Results and Discussion  

incorporatedhere(e.g.,individualtimecon-straints).Conversely,thisindexcouldbeac-curatelyvisualizinganon-the-groundreality.Perhapsaccessishighamongsomecommu-nitiesofcolor,butthereareotherfactorsthatneedtobetakenintoaccounttoencour-agegardening(e.g.,outreach).Finally,addi-tionalcommunity-drivenstrategiestowardfoodjusticemaybemoreeffectivethanafo-cusongardensalone.

Nicole Tichenor | 2012    

Sources:  MassGIS, BNAN, Boston Redevelopment Authority, U.S. Census Bureau 2010    

NAD 1983 State Plane Massachuse s Mainland FIPS, 2001  (US Feet)  

Factor 1:  Within walkable distance  

to gardens 

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