access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration

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Access to Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration Preliminary Results for Spain December 14, 2012 Barcelona Center for International Affairs Kristen Jeffers Jasper Dag Tjaden ACIT Researcher Policy Analyst University College Dublin Migration Policy Group

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Access to Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration. Preliminary Results for Spain December 14, 2012 Barcelona Center for International Affairs Kristen JeffersJasper Dag Tjaden ACIT ResearcherPolicy Analyst University College Dublin Migration Policy Group. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Access to Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Preliminary Results for SpainDecember 14, 2012Barcelona Center for International Affairs

Kristen Jeffers Jasper Dag TjadenACIT Researcher Policy AnalystUniversity College Dublin Migration Policy Group

Page 2: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

EUDO Citizenship• European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO), Robert Schuman

Centre of the European University Institute in Florence• Goal: to provide data for research and public policy• Features:

• Databases: national citizenship laws, citizenship case law, modes of acquisition, modes of loss, citizenship statistics

• Publications: country reports, comparative citizenship analyses, working papers, policy briefs

• Citizenship news• Citizenship forum• Citizenship indicators: law, implementation, acquisition, integration

• Five partner institutions:

Page 3: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

ACIT Project• Access to Citizenship and its Impact on Immigrant Integration• Collection and comparison of national and international evidence on effect of

the the acquisition of citizenship on immigrants’ participation in society and the democratic process

• Four sets of citizenship indicators:– CITLAW: indicators of legal provisions of citizenship laws– CITIMP: indicators of formal and informal aspects of naturalisation

procedures – CITACQ: descriptive data of citizenship acquisition in European countries

with a specific focus on the naturalisation of immigrants– CITINT: descriptive data about differences in integration outcomes

• Explaining the impact of citizenship laws on– CITACQ: acquisition rates– CITINT: post-acquisition outcomes (integration, participation, mobility)

• In-depth case studies in 10 EU Member States: Austria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom

Page 4: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Citizenship Law (CITLAW) Indicators

• 57 indicators compare specific aspects of citizenship regimes across countries and time– basic indicators (e.g. ius soli for second generation)– several combined indicators (e.g. ius soli at birth)– six combined indicators: ius sanguinis, ius soli, ordinary

naturalisation, special naturalisation, renunciation, withdrawal

• Indicators measure the degree of inclusion and individual choice (vs. exclusion and state power to determine acquistion or loss):

• Indicator scores range from 0 to 10 = lowest degree of inclusion or individual choice1 = highest degree of inclusion or individual choice

Page 5: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Summary of FindingsIus Sanguinis

Ius Soli

Ordinary Naturalisation

Special Naturalisation

Renunciation

Involuntary Loss

0.0

0.5

1.0

Spain EU-15 EU-27

Page 6: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Ordinary Naturalisation

Overa

ll

Residence

Conditions

Renunciation

Language Conditions

Civic K

nowledge/ Assi

milation

Criminal R

ecord

Economic

Resource

s0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.58

0.29

0.75

0.50

0.75

0.25

0.50

0.640.61

0.83

0.470.53

0.30

0.630.58

0.55

0.73

0.37

0.59

0.29

0.65

Spain EU-15 EU-27

Page 7: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Ordinary Naturalisation

opportunities• language requirements• civic knowledge

requirements

obstacles• residence requirement:

– Belgium (min) 1.00– Spain 0.29– Greece (max) 0.24– EU-15 0.61

• toleration of dual citizenship

• criminal record requirements

• economic resources requirements

Page 8: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Special Naturalisation (selected modes)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.3875

0.48

1

0.5

1

0.75 0.75

0.25

0.75 0.75

0.5

0

0.3570833333333330.375833333333333

0.541666666666667

0.270833333333333

0.883333333333333

0.258333333333333

0.675

0.208333333333333

0.3125

0.225

0.46250.470833333333333

0.3313657407407410.353240740740741

0.456018518518519

0.229166666666667

0.814814814814815

0.277777777777778

0.638888888888889

0.178240740740741

0.349537037037037

0.162037037037037

0.4282407407407410.391203703703704

Spain EU-15 EU-27

Page 9: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Special Naturalisation

opportunities• spousal transfer• child transfer• adoption• reacquisition• historical and cultural

affinity• refugees

obstacles• stateless persons

Page 10: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

• 38 indicators compare formal aspects of naturalisation procedure. These include all stages, from efforts by public authorities to inform applicants to the options to appeal a negative decision.

• 5 dimensions covered administrative procedure:

1) Promotion: how much do authorities encourage applicants to apply?

2) Documentation: how easily can applicants prove they meet the conditions?

3) Discretion: how much room do authorities have to interpret conditions?

4) Bureaucracy: how easy is it for authorities to come to a decision?

5) Review: how strong is judicial oversight of the procedure?

Citizenship Implementation Indicators (CITIMP)

Page 11: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Summary of Findings

Positive link between law (CITLAW) & implementation (CITIMP) Spain slightly below EU-15 average (only ,47 out of 1,00)

Page 12: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

• Only average policies to promote naturalisation• Demanding documentation, more than in most EU15 countries• Slightly discretionary procedure, more so than in most countries• Just as bureaucratic as in most countries• Strong judicial reviewProcedures in Spain are most similar to those in Austria

Page 13: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Results by dimensionPromotionOpp Costs and basic promotional materialsObs Support to pass requirements, promotional service or

campaign

DiscretionOpp Limited discretion on residence requirementObs Discretionary procedure & language/integration assessment

ReviewOpp Appeal to highest level of procedure & integration

assessment that can change decision in meritObs Time limits, difficult to interpret decision on lang./integ.

Page 14: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

DocumentationDocumentation is more demanding than in most EU-15 countries

• Complicated documentation on identity, criminal record, job situation• Documentation from country of origin (identity, criminal record)• No flexibility on proof of language and integration assessment• Few exemptions on humanitarian or accessibility grounds

Spain

Page 15: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Citizenship acquisition (CITACQ)

• Acquisition indicators compare the rates of citizenship acquisition among foreign-born persons in their country of residence

• Percentages of foreign-born immigrants who have acquired citizenship at any point in time, not naturalisation rates measuring the number of new naturalisations divided by resident population with foreign citizenship

• Information based on European Labour Force Survey Survey Ad Hoc Module (2008) that targets immigrants and their descendants, aged 15-67

• Data exclusively on foreign-born (1st generation) and allows for comparisons of citizenship acquisition rates across 25 European countries

Administrator
delete second "survey"
Page 16: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Includes information on the following indicators for citizenship acquisition by foreign-born:

– ALL– SEX (female vs. male)– ORIGIN (EU vs. non-EU countries)– AGE AT MIGRATION (age at which respondent took up

residence)– YEARS OF RESIDENCE (years of residence)– YEARS OF RESIDENCE (minimum number of years of

residence)– TIME UNTIL NATURALISATION (numbers of years until

naturalisation)

Citizenship acquisition (CITACQ)

Page 17: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

• On average around 34% of foreign-born persons are a citizen of their EU-15 country of residence.– Citizenship acquisition rates in EU-15 range are lowest in

Luxembourg (10%) and highest in Sweden (67%). The rates in Spain (16%) below the EU-15 average.

– Immigrants from non-EU countries (42%) more often acquire citizenship than those from EU countries (20%).

• On average it takes around 10 years for foreign-born persons to acquire citizenship of their country of residence, within EU-15 countries.– In Luxembourg it takes almost 15 years (on average),

whereas in Spain this is around 9 years.

Summary of Findings

Page 18: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Acquisition rates in EU-15 (+CH, NO)

SPAIN

Page 19: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Speed of naturalisation

Spain

Page 20: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Spain compared I(% foreign-born with citizenship)

ALL SEX (female) SEX (male) ORIGIN COUNTRY (EU)

ORIGIN COUNTRY (non-EU)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45 Spain EU-15

%

Page 21: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Spain compared II(% foreign-born with citizenship)

at least 5 years at least 10 years at least 15 years at least 20 years0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Spain EU-15

%

years of residence

Administrator
can you insert precise percentages on top of each bar?
Page 22: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Analysis of acquisition ratesCitizenship acquisition & speed of acquisition are mainly driven by:• Socio-economic development of countries of origin• Citizenship laws of the country (see following graph)Variation in acquisition rates is mainly explained by:• Marital status (married people are more likely to be naturalised)• Socio-economic status (employed immigrants are more likely)• Gender (female immigrants are more likely)• Use of native language at home (immigrants who speak the

language of the destination country at home are more likely)

Page 23: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Predicted probability of having destination country citizenship by MIPEX Access to Nationality

(by years of residence in country)

Spain (29) Spain (29)

MIPEX Access to Nationality score (adjusted for first generation only), Austria: 34

Page 24: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Citizenship and Integration (CITINT)

• 10 core indicators measure the the extent to which changes in citizenship status affect levels of integration.

• Two categories of indicators:– Labour force participation (2008 Eurostat LFS ad hoc

module)– Social inclusion and standard of living (2008

Eurostat LFS ad hoc module & 2008 EU-SILC)• Sample: EU-27, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland• As expected, immigrants who naturalised are often

better off than immigrants who have not naturalised.

Page 25: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Labour Force ParticipationUNEMPLOYMENT RATEECONOMIC ACTIVITY RATEOVERQUALIFICATION RATE

The gap in unemployment between foreign-born non-citizens and native-born citizens in Spain is among the largest in our sample.

UNITED KINGDOM

GREECE

LUXEM

BOURG

IRELAND

ITALY

EU-27

PORTUGAL

EU-15

AUSTRIA

SWED

EN

NETHER

LANDS

SPAIN

BELGIUM

GERMANY

FRANCE

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

-2.9

-0.4

2.22.7 2.7 2.7 2.8

3.5 3.74.2 4.3

7.3 7.5 7.5

8.9

Gaps in unemployment rates, non-citizen immigrants compared to natives, 2008 (%)

Page 26: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Labour Force Participation

UNEMPLOYMENT RATEECONOMIC ACTIVITY RATEOVERQUALIFICATION RATE

Naturalized immigrants have lower levels of unemployment than non-citizen immigrants.

Immigrants from outside the EU have higher levels of unemployment than immigrants from within the EU.

Source: 2008 EU Labour Force Survey Ad Hoc Module

Non-citizen Immigrants

Naturalized Immigrants

Natives

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Unemployment Rates, Spain, 2008 (%)

Non-EU EU Total

Page 27: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Social Inclusion & Standard Of LivingEDUCATION LEVELDWELLING & AREA QUALITYPROPERTY OWNERSHIPHOUSING COST BURDEN

RECEIPT OF SOCIAL

BENEFITSDIFFICULTY MAKING ENDS MEETUNMET HEALTHCARE NEEDS

Source: 2008 EU-SILC Survey

Generally, the gaps between the share of immigrants and the share of natives having difficult paying household expenses are larger in Spain than across the EU.

Spain EU-15 EU-270

5

10

15

20

25

12.311.2

7.4

21

15

7

Share Having Difficulty Making Ends Meet, Gaps with Natives, 2008 (%)

Naturalized Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants

Page 28: Access to  Citizenship & Its Impact on Immigrant Integration

Social Inclusion & Standard Of LivingEDUCATION LEVELDWELLING & AREA QUALITYPROPERTY OWNERSHIPHOUSING COST BURDEN

RECEIPT OF SOCIAL

BENEFITSDIFFICULTY MAKING ENDS MEETUNMET HEALTHCARE NEEDS

Source: 2008 EU-SILC Survey

Immigrants in Spain spend a larger portion of their income on housing expenses than natives.

The gaps between natives and immigrants are larger in Spain compared to the averages for the EU-15 and EU-27.

Spain EU-15 EU-270

5

10

15

20

25

8.6

2.0 2.0

19.7

9.29.9

Housing Cost Burden, Gaps with Natives, 2008 (%)

Naturalized Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants