access to the dead sea scrolls
TRANSCRIPT
BOOK REVIEW
ACCESS TO THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS (DSS)- VI
Stanislav Segert, Los Angeles
0.6 Recent publication activity
The access to the scrolls discovered in the Judean Desert was opened up by an important guide, Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Its review is presented in "Access V" 7. 12.
3.2 Comprehensive Edition
3.2.4 Volume 4B.
The Dead Sea Scrolls - Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations. Volume 4B. Angelic Liturgy: Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice edited by James H. Charlesworth and Carol A. Newsom with H. W. L. Rietz, Assistant Editor, B. A. Strawn, and R. E. Whitaker. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck/ Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press 1999. XXIV + 196 pp. Price USD 99.00.
Like volume 4A (reviewed in CK41/1999, 168-170), this volume 4B contains poetry. A collection of liturgical poems is presented according to 10 manuscripts - actually collections of fragments - and then as composite text.
The arrngement of this volume corresponds to that of volume 4 A. At the beginning thererpifeface, foreword, consistency chart, abbreviations (IX-XX) and general introduction by James H. Charlesworth (XXI-XXI1I). At the end there are two lists of DSS (191-196).
The introduction to Angelic Liturgy (1-15) was written by C. A. Newsom (1, n.l). The title The Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice is adapted from the headings which introduce first thirteen Sabbaths of the year. This composition is preserved in 10 copies, 8 from Qumran cave 4 - 4Q400-407 -, 1 from cave 11 - 11Q17 -, 1 from
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Masada- Mas Ik. These copies from c. 75 B. C. E. - 50 C. E. are described.
In spite of extremely fragmentary nature of these manuscripts it was possible to reconstruct Sabbath Songs 1-13. Songs 1-5 describe angelic priesthood, Songs 9-13 the heavenly temple. Date and provenience are not clearly determined. Hebrew language and theology are presented, as are relations to the Hebrew Bible, to other Qumran literature, to other Jewish literature and to the New Testament.
The presentation of the manuscripts and of the composite texts is explained. Selected bibliography records 7 publications by C. Newsom, among them the critical edition Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (Atlanta 1985). The article "Observations on Poetic Structures in the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice" (Revue de Qumran 13, 1988, 215-223) by S. Segert is mentioned.
The manuscripts and their English translations are published on pp. 16-137, Hebrew originals on left pages, translations on right pages. In the critical apparatus prepared by C. A. Newsom and B. A. Strawn, the restorations are explained, with references to other manuscripts of Songs. Only few lines are completely preserved; v. 4Q405, frg. 20-23, pp. 94-96. Most of 94 fragments of this manuscript are very short.
The composite texts of Sabbath Songs 1-13 (pp. 136-189) were prepared by C. A. Newsom, H. W. L. Rietz and B. A. Strawn. Again Hebrew originals are on the left pages; in apparatus some formulas in other Songs, used for restoration, are referred to. It was possible to restore lines, many of them incomplete, and establish their sequence, with numbering. Sabbath Song 6 has 62 lines, most of them successfully restored, enabling meaningful translation (cf. 154-161). The beginning of Song 12, lines 1-34, could be at least partially restored and translated (182-185), similarly Song 7 (162-167). Other Songs are mostly fragmentary, only some parts can be translated. Indications of numbers of Sabbath at the beginning of Songs made it possible to classify the Songs. The arrangement of lines has to correspond to chosen base text (cf. 14).
The composite text is not meant as a reconstruction of the original, it is an attempt to assemble a continuous text. It is presented as strictly hypothetical (cf. 14).
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The composite text is helpful for the study of the religious message, while the details of the manuscripts are presented in their editions. This arrangement will be appreciated1 by those who perform further research of this important text. Some problems are explained in the introduction. Was the function of these songs really liturgical at sacrifices, or were they used or practicing communal mysticism (cf. 3-4)? Relatively large number of copies points to use in the Qumran community, even as they originated probably outside, as work of priestly scribes (cf. 4-5). The use of the word DTTÒK for God was not common in genuine Essene texts.
The role of the angels as priests in the heavenly temple (cf. 6-8) was presented with high appreciation.
Relationship of Sabbath Songs to Jewish mysticism deserves further research (cf. 10-11). Some similarities to the New Testament Book of Revelation were observed (cf. 11-12).
' The excellent edition, prepared mostly by C. A. Newsom, who provided also introduction and translations of the individual manuscripts, will be effectively used by experts and highly appreciated by general readers. The general editor of the series, Professor J. II. Charlesworth, has contributed to all parts of this very important edition.
Polish translation of Songs by Pawel Zdun, Piemi Ofiary Szabatowej, was published 1994 in Krakow in 1996 (reviewed in CV40, 1998,69-72).
7. Collections of articles
7.13 Article on redating of the Qumran Scrolls.
Gregory L. Doudna, Redating the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran; the case for 63 BCE. = The Qumran Chronicle, Vol. 8, No. 4. December 1999. Pp. 1-96. Cracow: The Enigma Press.
The Research Associate at the University of Copenhagen is known for his reports about the use of Carbon14 for dating of the Scrolls (CV41/1999, 176; Encyclopedia, cf. 7. 12, 120-121). In the abstract of his article, issued as special issue of the journal, he evaluates the scholarly consensus concerning text activity and deposits in the 1st
century C. E. as originated in an error in archaeological interpreta-
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tion (cf. 1). The arguments are presented in 8 chapters (cf. 2; 3-88). Works cited are listed (89-96).
According to Doudna the Lion of Wrath in Pesher Nahum (4QpNah) is Pompey who will conquer Jerusalem (3-26). Qumran's archaeological period lb ended at Roman arrival in 63 B. C. E. (26-45). Jars with scrolls and hellenistic lamps found in Cave 1 are from this period, the jars with seeds are later (45-61). Radiocarbon datings of Qumran texts point to period after 63 B. C. E.; these late datings were influenced by use of castor oil for cleaning of manuscript fragments (62-70). According to Doudna there is no demonstrated basis which would date the Qumran texts with use of palaeography to the time later than 63 B. C. E. (70-80). After 63 no texts were deposited, as the people left Qumran (80-83). It can be supposed that Qumran people were associated with founder of the site, Alexander Jannaeus (83-87).
In conclusion (87- 88) five fundamentals for the 63 B. C. E. theory are presented: historical names and allusions in the texts end at this time; archaeology is related to 63, when Romans ordered to vacate the fortresses; the gap of up to 100 years followed the lb period; the deposits of texts in cave were functional during period lb; the notion of deposits of texts in the 1st century C. E. at the First Revolt is based on a mistake in archaeological interpretation.
Doudna presents in his interesting study various observations which deserve attention, as some commonly accepted opinions are based on not complete or not fully substantiated evidence. Doudna has discussed here and previously the radiocarbon dating, especially Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (cf. 62, η. 63). He supposes that it is the only method which can confirm or disprove his 63 B. C. E. theory.
7.14 Papers from the 1995 colloquium.
Mogilany 1995 - Papers on the Dead Sea Scrolls offered in memory of Aleksy Klawek. Edited by Zdzislaw J. Kapera. Krakow: The Enigma Press 1998 (= Qumranica Mogilanensia, Vol. 15). 256 pp.
Z. J. Kapera appreciated his teacher in the article "The Rev. Aleksy Klawek (1890-1969), the University Scholar" (229-246), his teaching activity, academic career, his relation to the DSS. Kapera added
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the list of Klawek's publications in congress languages (247-249). The great Polish Bible scholar is depicted on photograph (2) and on memorial plaque (249).
The title Mogilany 1995 reminds that this was the fifth colloquium; however, it was held in a monastery in a suburb of Krakow (cf. 14, 7), from June 29 to July 4, 1995. The abstracts of papers were published by Dr. Kapera in The Qumran Chronicle, vol. 5, No. 2 (October 1995), 87-101 (cf. 11, η. 7).
The participants are listed (13-14) and their photograph is on the back cover. Zdzislaw J. Kapera of Jagellonian University introduced the collection: "The Fifth International Colloquium on the Dead Sea Scrolls Krakow - Zakrzówek 1995. General Remarks" (7-12). The original purpose was to discuss new archaeological interpretations concerning the Khirbet Qumran site. The colloquium papers are concisely characteriyed.
Z. J. Kapera contributed also an article written in 1997: "Archaeological Interpretations of the Qumran Settlement - A Rapid Review of Hypotheses Fifty Years After the Discoveries at the Dead Sea" (15-33). The work of R. de Vaux is presented, and also its challenges. In the postscript recent discussions and future tasks are reported.
Bruno W. W. Dombrowski, "Golb's Hypothesis: Analysis and Conclusions" (35-54). Anomalies of the theory of Khirbet Qumran as Essene center were expressed by Norman Golb; he considered the building to be a fortress. Dombrowski criticizes his oppinions and recommends to scrutinize the DSS and their relations to Qumran Association.
Jodi Magness, "The Chronology of Qumran, Ein Feshkha, snd Ein el-Ghuweir" (55-76, with 7 figures). The Qumran settlement was not abandoned after the earthquake of 31 B. C. E. In 9/8 B. C. E. Qumran was destroyed, and about 4 B. C. E. reoccupied. Pottery from Qumran is compared by that from the "Herodian Residence" in Jerusalem, described by N. Avigad. The chronology of other two sites, 3 and 15 km south of Qumran, corresponds to that of Qumran.
Zdzislaw J. Kapera, "Recent Research on the Qumran Cemetery" (77-86). This cemetery has to be compared with newly researched cemeteries in the vicinity. Participating in current discussions, Kapera
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summarizes the interpretation and requires further research and publications.
Robert Donceel (was not present, cf. 13), "Poursuite des travaux de publication du matériel archéologique de Khirbet Qumrân. Les lampes en terre-cuite" (87-104, with 12 figures). Study of 172 ceramic lamps and fragments found at Khirbet Qumran points to different types and origin, local and exterior. Discoveries support the hypothesis of relations between the site and the caves.
Jerzy Ciecielag, "Coins from the So-called Essene Settlements on the Dead Sea Shores" (105-115). The excavations at Khirbet Qumran yielded 1231 coins and fragments, those at Ain Feshkha 144 coins. Coins played a key role in the dating of archaeological strata. Many coins from the finds are now missing, many are not exactly described. Further study is needed.
Papers in the second part, "Qumranica Varia" are arranged in alphabetic order of contributors' names.
Jerzy Chmiel, "Quelle herméneutique est utile pour interpréter les textes du désert de Juda?" (117-121). Three paradigms of hermeneutic are suggested: historico-critic, that of texts, that of rapport between narrative and history. Cooperation with biblical and philosophical hermeneutic is necessary.
Stanislaw Cinal, "Les anges-pretres dans les Sirôt cOlat chas-Sabbat de Qumran (4Q400-407) et les cUtria dans le Diwân Nahrawátá des Mandéens" (123-136, with 4 illustrations). The angelic beings in the Mandean "Diwan of Rivers" are compared with the angelic priests in Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, especially concerning the heavenly liturgy. The migration of Mandeans from Palestine to Media is cited, according to the article from 1957 by the Czechoslovak scholar R. Macuch ( 124,11,3; cf. Archiv Orientální 62, 1994, 334-340).
Michael Conley, "Understanding the Intent of 1Q Serek" (137-149). In this unconventional paper the yahad producing the DSS is characterized as a totalitarian organization ruled by strict cadres. It is compared with some modern political phenomena and also with the 1st century C. E. revolt in Gaul, led by the druids.
Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr, "4Q 521,2 II -ein eschatologischer Psalm" (151-168). This text is reconstructed, translated, and compared with
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expressions in biblical and early Jewish literature. This psalm is a song of hope for God's time of salvation.
Stanislav Segert, "Hebrew Essenes - Aramaic Christians" ( 169— 184). The Essenes cultivated the Hebrew language of the Scriptures. Aramaic texts from the Qumran area were not of Essene origin. Aramaic words appear in the Greek New Testament, the language of Jesus was Aramaic. (Czech version, "Hebrejsti essejci - aramejsti krest'ané", was published in Teologicka réflexe 2, 1996, 146-154).
Felipe Sen, "Qumran and Nag Hammadi" (185-210). In the introduction the information about Gnosticism is offered. Selected words in the Qumran texts related to knowledge are listed and explained within context. In the Qumran texts there is nothing specifically Gnostic. Sen follows H. Ringgren who points to Qumran and Gnosticism as two branches, and uses terms pre- or proto-Gnosticism. After a detailed bibliography comments on some books on Qumran and Gnosis are presented. Felipe Sen contributed also two bibliographies: "Selected Bibliography on Qumran, Gnosis, Judaism and New Testament" (211-222); "Addenda to the Spanish Bibliography on the Dead Sea Scrolls 1989-1997" (223-228).
"Indexes" (250-256) point to texts from Qumran, pseudapocryphs, Bible, and other sources. Presentations of papers at this colloquium well organized by Dr. Kapera were followed by friendly discussions. It can be expected (cf. 11-12) that the Mogilany colloquia will continue and that they will provide further original insights into the DSS.
7.15 Studies in volume devoted to Frank Moore Cross
Frank Moore Cross Volume - Eretz Israel. Volume 26. bmw p x . Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society 1999. Pp. 12 + 1-191 - xxiv + 1 * - 226*. ISBN 965-221-037-4. Price USD 90.
Frank Moore Cross is appreciated, by the editorial board in the preface (vii-viii), (by Avraham Biran in a tribute (ix), by Philip J. King as gentleman and scholar (x), by P. Kyle McCarter as scholar and teacher (xi-xii).
Frank Cross followed William Fox well Albright, his teacher at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Frank Cross was for more than thirty years Professor at Harvard University, where he directed
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over a hundred doctoral dissertatons. In the same time he developed significant research and publishing activity. In the bibliography of his works (xiii-xxiv) those dealing with the DSS are well represented Already in 1949 Cross published an article about Srolls. His book The Ancient Library of Qumran, a synthesis published in 1958, remains a classic; third edition, reviewed and extended, appeared in 1995 (cf. review in CV 40, 1998, 64-67). Still very important is "The Development of the Jewish Scripts", a contribution to The Bible and the Ancient Near East, the volume honoring William Foxwell Albright in 1961. Among the works in press and in preparation, the majority deals with the DSS.
Topics of contributions correspond to the very wide horizon of Cross's scholarsphip: Hebrew Bible, inscriptions, archeology, linguistics. One example: Anson F. Rainey analyzes "Taanach Letters" (153*—162*) with references to their first editions by Bedfich Hrozny, of 1904 an 1906. Hebrew section (1-191) contains 29 contributions. In the non-Hebrew section (1*—224*) there are 28 contributions, mostly in English. At its end English summaries of the Hebrew articles (226*-235*) end of two French and on German articles (23 $*) are offered. In the non-Hebrew section there are 8 articles dealing with the Dead Sea texts, in the Hebrew sections 6 articles. In this review only these contributions are shortly presented.
Articles concerning the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) in non-Hebrew section:
Sidnie White Crawford: 'The 'Rewritten' Bible at Qumran: A Look at Three Texts" (l*-8*). 4Q Reworked Pentateuch, Jubilees and Temple Scroll reflect the theological tendency of the Qumran community.
Joseph A. Fitzmyer: "The So-called Aramaic Divorce Text from Wadi Seiyal" (16*—22*). This text Se 13 is presented in original and in translation, and commented. It is a receipt from the former wife declaring that here former husband is not indebted to her.
Ernest S. Frerichs: "Point, Counterpoint: The Interdependence of Jewish and Christian Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible" (39*-45*). The DSS are mentioned only on p. 42*: Christian scholars interpret them from the viewpoint of the New Testament, the Jewish scholars from the viewpoint of Torah.
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Matthew Morgenstern: "The History of the Aramaic Dialects on the Light of Discoveries from the Judaean Desert: The Case of Nabataean" ( 134*—142*). The form of Aramaic based on Official Aramaic was used by the Judaeans alongside Hebrew, by the Nabataeans alongside Northern Arabic. Nabataean orthography, phonology, morphology of pronouns, adverbs and verbs, and also syntax are studied with references to Jewish texts from various sites at the Dead Sea.
Emile Puech: "Le Fils de Dieu" en 4Q246" (143*-152*, cf. 236*). The text is presented in two figures, according to reconstructions by F. M. Cross and E. Puech, in printed Hebrew letters, arranged in poetic lines, and in French translation. After detailed comments the hypothesis is expressed that the Son of God is eschatological figure of Davidic king.
Lawrence H. Schiffman: "The House of the Laver in the Temple Scroll" (169*-175*). The large basin for ablutions of priests had to be located in a special structure. This arrangement correponds to that in the Book of Ezekiel.
Stanislav Segert: "War Orders and Songs - Essenes and Hussites" (176*-182*), The Essene War Order (1QM) is compared with the Hussite Military Rule of Jan Zizka, issued in 1423. In these orders warriors of God and in their songs some similiarities can be observed, mostly based on the Old Testament.
James C. VanderKam: "Studies on 'David's Compositions' (1 lQPsa 27:2-11)" (212*-22()*). The study of the layout of the composition, of its context within the scroll, and various interpretations of the numbers of David's psalms and songs in relation to calendrical and other traditions leads to the conclusion that by these numbers the status of David had to be enhanced.
The titles and the short characteristics of the articles in the Hebrew section are based on their English summaries (226*-235*).
Hanan Eshel: "The Rulers of Samaria during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE" (226*. 8-12). With help of Wâdi ed-Dâliyeh bulla and documents and of Samaria coins it is possible to establish the sequencepf Samaria rulers.
Magen Broshi: "A Commentary on the Apocalypse of Weeks (4Q247)" (228*, 39-42). In this part of the Aramaic Book of Enoch
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a decimal division of time is applied. The fragment is presented in photograph and in printed letters (39).
Rachel Hachlili: "Names and Nicknames at Masada" (229*, 49-54). More than seven hundred inscribed ostraca and store jars, Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek and Latin, from 66-73 CE, were discovered at Masada. Nicknames were used for distinguishing individuals bearing the same name.
Emanuel Τον: "The Characterization of the Additional Layer of the Masoretic Text of Jeremiah" (229*, 55-63). This layer is characterized concerning its redactional tendencies and its ideological contents.
Ada Yardeni: "Two in One? A Deed of Sale from Wadi Murrabacat" (230*, 64-70). Two fragments, Mur. 26 and XHev/Se 50, published here in drawings (65-66) and in print (67), belong to an Aramaic papyrus on sale of a plot of land. The seller was apparently Greek.
Baruch A. Levine: "Vows, Oaths and Binding Agreements: The Section of Vows in the Light of the Aramaic Inscriptions" (231*, 84-90). The new evidence fomr Aramaic inscriptions from Wâdi Daliyeh and from Saqqara in Egypt point to an agreement entered into voluntarily.
Elisha Qimron: "Improvements to the Editions of the Dead Sea Scrolls" (234*, 142-146). Readings of 20 passages in the recently published manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4 are improved. Cf. 4Q504 1-2 iv 6-7 and 4Q265, 4, 2-3, to which reconstruction of 1 lQTa xvii 6-9 (146) is added as parallel.
All articles are provided with ample notes and references to literature. Texts of many articles are complemented by photographs, drawings and diagrams. The photograph of Frank Moore Cross is on page h (= 5) of the Hebrew section. Cross's contributions to the DSS research are appreciated and followed in many articles reviewed here. The volume dedicated to Frank Moore Cross is appropriate appreciation of his work in many scholarly fields. It is already the second collection of essays honoring Frank Moore Cross.
The volume entitled Ancient Israelite Religion; Essays in Honoqof Frank Moore Cross, edited by Patrick D. Miller, Paul D. Hanson and S. Dea McBride was published in Philadelphia in 1987. The person and the work of Frank Moore Cross were appreciated also in Ency-
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clopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (reviewed above, 7,12 in the article by Eugene Ulrich (pp. 157-158). Frank Moore Cross is effectively continuing his important work on the DSS. At the end of his bibliography (xxiii-xxiv) future studies and editions are listed. Grateful readers and users of his works can express best wishes for the further activity of Frank Moore Cross.
7.16 Studies on Origins of the Bible
Eugene Ulrich, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible (Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature) Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, U. K.: Eerdmans / London, Boston, Köln; Brill, 1999. ISBN 0-8028-4611-4, xviii + 309 pp. Price USD 25.00.
The purpose of the new series is explained by its general editors, Peter W. Flint and Martin G. Abegg (ι). It aims to make accessible the latest and best scholarship.
This volume contains 14 studies by Eugene Ulrich, Professor at the University of Notretoame (Notre Dame, Indiana). He edited many biblical scrolls found in the Qumran caves, for the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. In the preface (ix-xiii) he presents essays reprinted as 14 chapters of this volume. They deal with particular aspects of of the history of the biblical text, and form a unified picture. These essays were publishedpetween 1980 and 1998, some in volumes dedicated to prominent scholars, some were presented at scholarly meetings. Bibliogaphical references to previous publications are presented (290-291). Index of modern authors (292-297) and index of ancient literature (298-309) - DSS are listed on pp. 303-308 - point to copious materials in texts and in notes.
The chapters are presented in two parts: 1, The Scrolls and the Hebrew Bible (1-162), cc. 1-8; 2, The Scrolls, the Septuagint and the Old Latin (163-289), cc. 9-14. Years of original publication are indicated here below within square brackets.
1. The Community of Israel and the Composition of the Scripture [1997] (3-16). The Torah, the Deutronomistic history, the Later Prophets and the Writings are traced in their process, and its continuation in the Qumran manuscripts is characterized.
2. The Bible in the Making: The Scriptures at Qumran [1994|
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(17-33). Individual books are reviewed. The Samaritans, the Jews, and the Christians had different collections of books.
3. Double Literary Editions of Biblical Narratives and Reflections on Determining the Form to Be Translated [1988] (34-50). In the Septuagint translation the use of various models can be observed, some attested in the Qumran scrolls, first editions of Samuel and Jeremiah, second edition of Exodus.
4. The Canonical Process, Textual Criticism, and Latter Stages in the Composition of the Bible [1992] (51-78). The scribes performed some editorial work, some harmonization in Exodus, some expansion in Jeremiah and in Samuel; results of this activity can be observed by comparing Qumran texts and Masoretic text.
5. Pluriformity in the Biblical Text, Text Groups and Questions of Canon [1992] (79-98). Three theories on the history of the text are critically reviewed, Categories of textual variation concern orthography, individual readings,literary editions. Further research is necessary, in terminology, analysis and correlation.
6. Multiple Literary Edition: Reflexions Toward a Theory of the History of the Biblical Text [1996] (94-120). The evidence from Qumran is printed on example from Exodus 32:10-11 cmpared with Samaritan Pentateuch and Masoretic text. The roles of literary editions and of individual variants are discussed. Orthography of Qumran scrolls is studied; photographs of 8 fragments are presented on 2 plates (118-119).
7. The Palaeo-Hebrew Biblical Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4 [1995] (121-147). Five fragments from Pentateuch and one from Job are described, some readings compared with Masoretic and Samaritan readings. These manuscripts correspond concerning orthography and other features to the other Qumran manuscripts.
8. Orthography and Text in 4QDana and 4QDana and in the Received Masoretic Text [1990] (148-162). The orthography is compared to that of the Masoretic text. 4QDan texts and Masoretic text of Daniel 8:1-4 are presented in synopsis (158). 4Q texts have variants differing from the Masoretic text.
9. he Septuagint Manuscripts from Qumran: A Reappraisal of Their Value [1992] (165-183). Eight manuscripts- and one from Nahal Hever - are listed. Variant readings from 4QLXX Leva and
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4QLXX Num arc evaluated. The Hebrew model of translation is discussed.
10. Josephus's Biblical Text for the Books of Samuel [1989] (184-201). The content and the text type of Josephus's Bible are analyzed. Josephus used a Bible in the Greek language.
11. Origen 's Old Testament Text: The Transmission History of the Septuagint to the Third Century C. E. 11988] (202-223). The origins and character of the Old Greek text are discussed and its transmission up to the Hexapla traced. It is not clear how was Origen's knowledge of Hebrew and whether Hexapla had a Hebrew column, in Hebrew letters or in Greek transliteration.
12. The Relevance of the Dead Sea Scrolls for Hexaplaric Studies [19981 (224-232). Variant literary editions and the Hebrew scrolls can be traced in Greek columns. The Greek manuscripts from the Judaean Desert provide evidence for the presence of both Septuagintal and recensional texts in first-century Palestine (231).
13. The Old Latin Translation of the LXX and the Hebrew Scrolls from Qumran [1980] (233-274). Vetus Latina manscripts for 1-2 Samuel are listed. The readings of 4QSam and the Old Latin for 2 Samuel 11-24 are compared with Hebrew and Greek texts (238-257), and also those of 4QSamc for 2 Samuel 14-15 (262-267). Their significance is evaluated (257-262, 267-269). Bibliography of editions and studies is added (271-274).
14. Characteristics and Limitations of the Old Latin Translation of the Septuagint [1985] (275-289). Relationship to the Hebrew model is traced. Greek and Latin grammar are compared.
All chapters are provided with detailed notes; some explain problems, some give exact bibliographical information. In the survey of chapters presented here above attention was devoted especially to the DSS. However, other biblical texts were discussed in the pluralistic approach applied by Ulrich. This pluralism is already indicated in the title of the volume: the unusual plural "origins" points to pluralism. Ulrich used his expertise in editing biblical texts from Qumran caves for evaluating their importance and also for dealing with other biblical texts, original and translated. His approach is personal, in best sense of this term. He presents his original insights and also points to unsolved problems. His studies deserve to be used
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both for data of the texts and their relations and for stimulation of further research.
8. Books about Dead Sea Scrolls
Access to all photographic reproductions of the scrolls and growing publication activity enable both synthetic evaluations and attempts to revise results of previous research. And translations of rather general publications are extending interest in DSS.
8.11 The Enochic Essene hypothesis
Gabriele Boccaccini, Beyond the Essene Hypothesis. The Parting of the Ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. ISBN 0-8028-4360-3. Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, U. K.: Wm. B. Eerd-mans 1998. xxii + 220 pp. Price $ 25.00.
In the preface (x-xvi) Boccaccini depicts his way from Florence through Turin and Princeton to Ann Arbor, where he is Professor at University of Michigan. He explains his interest in the study of second temple Judaism. The list of abbreviations and sigla (xvii-xx) points to wide resources used for this book. Its results are clearly presented on two figures (post p. xx): l.The "Qumran Chain" of Documents; 2. A Map of Middle Judaism.
In the introduction (1-17) the history of research is explained, under the title "The Calm after the Storm" (1-8). Then Boccaccini explains his two methods of analysis, historiographical and systemic (8-11 ). He moves from the Essene hypothesis to the Enochic / Essene hypothesis (11-17). The constitutive document of Enochic Judaism is 1 (Ethiopie) Enoch. (This complex book is available in Czech translation by Zdenëk Polácek, with 4Q Aramaic fragments translated by S. Segert, in Zdenëk Sousek, ed., Knihy tajemstvi a moudrosti, I, Praha: Vysehrad 1995, pp. 78-184).
In part I (19-49) historiographical Analysis is presented, dealing with the Essenes in ancient historiography (21-49). First century Jewish - Philo and Flavius Josephus - and non-Jewish - Pliny the Elder and Dio (Chrysostom) of Prusa - are briefly presented (21-22). After
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information about location, extent and antiquity of the Essenes (22-30) communal ownership (31-38) and marriage and celibacy (38-46) are treated. In the summary (46-49) the Palestinian communites and the community of the Dead Sea are evaluated. The interests of non-Jewish and Jewish authors were different: Pliny and Dio described the Dead Sea community, a minority group, while Philo and Josephus devoted attention to the larger Essene movement.
Part II, Systemic Analysis (51-162), is based on texts from three stages of the development of the Dead Sea community. The prehistory of the sect (53-79) begins with diagram of literature and characterization of the "Qumran library" (53-58). The texts are divided in three categories (a) sectarian literature; (b) texts with some sectarian features, from the formative period; (c) texts with minimal or zero sectarian elements, including the "biblical" scrolls. The sectarian texts (59-67) are recognized as such by cosmic dualism, predeterminism, identification of impurity with evil, and the segregation of the community. Among the pre-Maccabean texts in the Qumran library (68-79) are Enochic - 1 Enoch, Aramaic Levi - and Zadokite - including biblical texts - documents. Some books were composed in the formative age (81-117). Daniel and Dream Visions (1 Enoch 83-90) were written during the Maccabean revolt (62-86). The Book of Jubilees (86-98) is later. The Temple Scroll (11QT) expresses the views of a priestly circle opposing the Jerusalem establishment. The Epistle of Enoch (lEn 91-105) is a witness of later stage of Enochic Judaism (104-113). The Halakhic letter (4QMMT) is also considered as a document of Enochic Judaism (113-117). The schism between Qumran and Enochic Judaism (119-182) is presented on a diagram. The Damascus Document (CD) points to the stage preceding the foundation of the Qumran settlement (119-129). Missing texts (I) are explained as result of sectarian censorship ( 129-131 ): Psalms of Solomon, 1 Maccabees, Judith (and Esther). Some Enochic documents were unknown at Qumran (131-149): Epistle of Enoch- cc. 92-105 -, Testaments of the Twelve patriarchs, Similitudes (1 Enoch 37-71). Reconstruction of the schism, Qumran vs. Enoch (156-156) is offered. Some sectarian documents were found outside Qumran (156-159), in Masada and in the Cairo Geniza. The summary (160-162) deals with bifurcation in the chain of Enochic documents.
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While the Enochic heritage continued in the documents from the lsl
century C. E., the radical and minority community of the DSS, originally within Enochic Judaism, became separated.
Part III (163-196), Comparative analysis, contains conclusion, the Enochic/Essen* hypothesis (165-196). Systems of Enochic Judaism and non-Qumran Essene Judaism have common roots (1651-166). "In both movements both Moses and Enoch were honored (166-170). Individual predestination was rejected (170-178). Common sociology can be observed concerning family life and social life (178-185)." Thus it is possible to produce a composite picture of the Enochic/Essene movement (185-191) Essene movement grew up from Enochian roots. The Dead Sea community was marginal. Mainstream Essenism provides closer context for Christian origins than the texts from Qumran. Essene movement left a legacy for Christianity.
In the summary (191-196) Boccaccini prefers the Enochic/Essene hypothesis and its implications. This hypothesis confirms the tenets of the Essene hypothesis. The Dead Sea community depended on Essenism, even as it was a radical outgrow of Enochic Judaism. The Enochic/Essene hypothesis confirms the "Groningen hypothesis", formulated by F. García Martinez, that Qumran and Essenism were two different phenomena. The Enochic/Essene hypothesis confirms opinions of some scholars, also that of David Flusser, about the pluralism of the Essene movement.
The bibliography (197-218) is introduced by explanation of the importance of the DSS for the study of second temple Judaism and also of Jewish environment of Christianity and of Rabbinic Judaism (197-199). The bibliography is conveniently arranged: history and religion of second temple Judaism, Old Testament, Pseudepigrapha, DSS. The access to rich material in this book is facilitated by indexes, of main subjects (219-222), of ancient sources (223-225), of modern interpreters (226-230).
Boccaccini has based his book on thorough analysis of ancient sources. He quotes them frequently, in translation, ith some relevant words quoted in the original languages. He presents history and documents with special attention to ideas and their application in life. He discusses objectively opinions of scholars, confirming those with
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which he agrees by further arguments and politely disapproving those not corresponding to his opinions. Boccaccini rightly stresses that only selected books were accepted to Qumran library (53-58, Nf-131 ). A question may be asked whether some Aramaic texts were excluded as they were not written in Hebrew, the official language of the Dead Sae community. (Cf. S. Segert, "Hebrew Essenes - Aramaic Christians", pp. 169-184 in: Z. J. Kapera, ed., Mogilany 1995. Krakow; Enigma 1998.). The names in the Greek sources, eooevoi and eooaioi (cf. 47), are derived from Aramaic, -en is the ending of the absolute plural, -ayya that of the determined plural. The meaning with reference to Syriac h-s-a indicates "holiness". DSS call the members of the community "Sons of Light". The name of Enoch is attested relatively rarely in the ancient sources. It appears in fragments of Aramaic 1 Enoch, 4Q203 8:4 and 4Q206 2:2 as ηΐ3Π. This name is attested also m IQ apocr Genesis and 5Q13. In the New Testament (h)Enokh is represented in two series, genealogical in Luke 3:37, that of men of faith in Hebrew 11:5. In the Letter of Jude 14-15 the prophesying Enoch is quoted - cf. 1 Enoch 1:9. Boccaccini presents the Enochic/Essene hypothesis as tool for further research. His ideas and methods as well as his insight into ancient texts can contribute to the study of the DSS. The term "hypothesis" does not point to result, it suggests further research. Boccaccini's book deserves to be appreciated even by those who will not accept all his ideas.
8.12 Investigation of the Teacher of Righteousness
Michael O. Wise, The First Messiah - Investigating the Savior Before Jesus. San Francisco: Harper 1999. X + 342 pp. Price USD 25.00.
Already at the first glance some features unusual in books on the DSS can be observed: On the jacket is the picture of St. Onuphrius by Francisco Collantes, from Prado Museum in Madrid. Some quotations at beginnings of chapters are from too distant sources. The first sentence of the first chapter (1) deals with Papua New Guinea in the 1960s. This book differs from some previous publications by Michael O. Wise, reviewed in the precedent installments of this article (cf. CV 36 / 1994,239-246,273-274; 38/1996, 141 -144; 40 /1998,49-53). Michael O. Wise is now scholar-in-residence and professor of an-
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cient languages and history at Northwestern College in St. Paul, Min
nesota. He started work on the ideas on this book in 1995 (IX), as
explained in "Acknowledgments" (IX-X), where the importance of
the Thanksgiving Hymns (Hodayot) is stressed. Ten chapters are writ
ten in well understandable manner, even complicated matters are pre
sented clearly. Sometimes the style of the story is similar to that of
fiction (v. 37). Chapters 2-9 (37-252) containing well substantiated
biography of the Teacher of Righteousness, supplemented with sug
gestive hypotheses are framed between chapter 1 (1-36) on mes-
sianism and chapter 10 (253-277) on the historical Jesus. All chap
ters are accompanied with detailed notes (279-338). Some inform
about the quotations which are taken from Michael Wise, Martin
Abegg, Jr. & Edward Cook, The Dead Sea Scrolls - A New Transla
tion (San Francisco 1996; reviewed in CV40 / 1998, 49-53). Wise
also discusses opinions of other scholars. In some longer notes Wise
explains his views: on the priestly power (293-295), on reports in the
commentaries (313-316), on hymns (321-322), on Melchizedek
scroll HQMelch (325-327). Very important is the list of 107 manu
scripts which Wise considers sectarian, with proposed dates
(330-333). In the index (339-342) relevant texts, phenomena, and
persons, also modern authors, are listed.
Chapter 1 (1-36) is entitled "Of Messiahs and Myth-Dreams".
Various movements and personalities are presented: cargo cult on
Fiji, after 1885, and later on New Guinea; the ghost dance among
American Indians in 1890; Konrad Schmid in Thuringia in the 13th
century; William Miller in the New York State in the 19th century;
Sabbatai Sevi in the 17th century, in Greece and the Near East. The
anatomy of a crisis cult is characterized. The first messiah arose in
Jerusalem in 76 Β. C. E. (36). The name of this Teacher of Right
eousness may have been Judah, as a few clues in the DSS sug
gest (41). In the chapter 2 (37-60) "Behold the Man", the beginning
activity of this prophet, coming from Jerusalem priesthood, are de
picted according the Thanksgiving Hymns composed by him. Judah's
message, interpretation of laws, visions, brought him in peril, v. "To
Kill a Prophet" (51-79). "Prophet on Trial" (80-103) defended him
self before the high priest Hyrcanus. Judah's expectations are pre
sented under the title "Things Unutterable" (104-132). After Judah
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was sentenced for allegedly false prophecy, he went to exile in the
Land of Damascus; he became "Stranger in a Strange Land"
(133-163). Many of his followers defected, he became silent, v. "The
Dog Turns Back" (164-190). Hymns and also Damascus Document
are sources for the chapter "The Secret Messiah" (191-219). Judah
had to inaugurate the Kingdom of God. The aged Judah died in
72 B. C. E. After his death his followers went back to scriptures. So
ciety of the yahad formulated Community Rules ( 1QS). After Judah's
prophecies were confirmed by the conquest of the country by Ro
mans in 63 B. C. E., the Society grew up. As the year of the End did
not come up in 34 Β. C. E. as predicted, the movement failed. This
development after the death of Judah is presented in chapter 9
(220-252), "Reckoned with the Gods". The last chapter 10 (253-277),
"The Other Messiah", is devoted to Jesus. The historical Jesus is com
pared with Judah. Matthew 11:4-5 and Luke 7:22-23 are similar to
the Qumran text 4Q521, fragments 2 and 4 (cf. 271-272; η. 24 on pp.
337-338). Jesus knew that the Kingdom must come, and who he
was - messiah.
Wise used as primary source for the Teacher's biography the col
lection of his hymns, Hodayot. This methodical approach made it
possible to appreciate the ideas of the Teacher. The information from
the commentaries- pesarim- located the Teacher in the historical
context. As the name given to the Teacher by Wise, Judah (cf. 41), is
not clearly attested, Judah the Essene in the works of Flavius Josephus
(War 1. 78-90; Antiquities 13.311) may be mentioned; he predicted
the death of Antigonus the Hasmonean in 103 B. C. E. According to
David Flusser ("Access V", 8. 10) he could be identified with the
Teacher of Righteousness. Information about the man presented by
Wise as first messiah can be found in Encyclopedia ("Access V",
7.12): "Teacher of Righteousness", by Michael A. Knibb (916-921,
esp. 921); "Messiahs", by Craig A. Evans (537-542, esp. 541). Read
ers of this book will appreciate the understandable and interesting
presentation of life and message of a still mysterious personality. Stu
dents and researchers will find in this in some respects unconven
tional publication imaginative combinations of data, original obser
vations, and useful stimuli for further investigation.
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8.13 A book by Józef Tadeusz Milik in Polish translation.
Józef Tadeusz Milik, Dziesiec odkryc na Pustyni Judzkiej. Przelozil Zygmynt Kubiak. Krakow: The Enigma Press 1999. VI +[II] + 206 pp.; 15 plates; 1 plan.
This significant contribution to DSS studies was first published in French, in Paris in 1957: Dix ans de découvertes dans le Désert de Juda. XKXKThis pioneering work was reviewed in Archiv Orientâlni (27, 1959, 172-174). The English translation by John Strugnell, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judea, appeared in 1959 and 1964. This extended version served as basis of the Polish translation by Zygmunt Kubiak, published in 1968, and again in 1999 (1). In this edition reviewed here there are new illustrations (after p. VI; figures 1-25 on plates), depicting Qumran caves, ruins, founds, objects and manuscripts. The editor of the translation, Zdzisiaw J. Kapera, supplemented it (cf. 1-3; 158) and added two important chapters (177-187; 189-206). The Polish editor informs in his introduction (1-3) about the previous editions and about his contribution to this edition of the still very relevant book. Foreword to the French 1957 edition by R. de Vaux is presented in Polish translation. Milik's work on the DSS is there evaluated (4). In his introduction to the English 1961 edition Milik explains how it is extended (5). A map shows the sites at the Dead Sea (6). The discoveries are presented and their contributions evaluated in five sections (7-151). References to texts and some detailed comments are offered in notes. In the first section (7-17) history of discoveries in the Qumran area (map on p. 13) and in the other sites is presented. The manuscripts from Qumran caves (18-43) are presented according to their kinds, biblical apocrypha and pseudepigraphs, literature of the sect. Detailed history of Essenes (44-103) is based on Plinius, archaeology of Qumran, and texts found there. Special attention is devoted to the Teacher of Righteousness, author of hymns (Hodayot). Four stages of Essenism are characterized.
Organization and doctrine of the Essenes (104-135) can be reconstructed thanks to Qumran texts. Spiritual life, eschatology and messianism point to the position of Essenes between Old and New Testament. The importance of the discoveries in the Judean Desert
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( 136-151 ) for linguistics, paleography, history of texts, of literature, of law and of religion is evaluated. Additional notes (152-154) inform about some new facts. In the chronological table (155-157) political history of Jews and history of Essenes are presented in parallel columns. In the bibliography from 1961 (159-153) most important publications are listed. List of quotations (164-170) and general index (171-176) indicated the richness of data contained in the synthesis.
Z. J. Kaspera added well organized bibliography of the DSS (177-187). He presents the texts editions of various kinds, bibliographies, translations into Polish and other European Languages, and tool for study - dictionaries, grammars, books about intertestamental literature. Some items are provided with explanations. Zdzislaw J. Kapera added a biography of Józef Tadeusz Milik (189-206). Milik was born in 1922. After studying at Catholic University in Lublin in 1944-1946 he was ordained to priesthood in 1946. In 1946-1950 he studied at Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. Since 1952 he worked with Roland de Vaux in Jerusalem, especially on editions of the DSS. Until 1987 Milik was researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris (cf. Emile Puech, "Milik, Józef T." Encyclopedia - v. "Access V" 7. 12, 552-554). Milik's contribution to the DSS was deservedly appreciated, he received varous honors in various countries, also in Poland; two collections of studies honoring him were published, in 1992 and 1996. This reviewer expressed his gratitude to Milik by contributing the article "Parallelistic Structure inbthe Enoch Fragments" to Intertestamental Essays in Honor of Józef Tadeusz Milik, published in Krakow in 1992 (pp. 173-189). And this reviewer gratefully remembers, how in Winter 1963/64 in Beirut Milik showed him photographs of Qumran fragments and explained him work on their edition. Even after more than forty years since its first edition, Milik's synthesis of first ten years of research on the Dead Sea Scrolls retain its value. It shows the results of work on the relatively well preserved manuscripts from the Qumran cave 1 and the direction of further research. Milik's conclusions were confirmed by further research, with help of later texts. In the conclusion of this book (cf. 149-151) Milik presented relations between Essenism and early Christianity on three levels: literary similarities between
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Qumran texts and synoptic gospel; institutional analogies; doctrinal concepts - eschatology, spirits of good and evil, New Covenant. The importance of the Qumran texts for the present time is well expressed. It deserves continuing research and application.
A final note for Czech and Slovak readers: Polish is so similar with their languages that they will understand Polish publication even without learning this cognate language.
8.14 A book by Joseph A. Fitzmyer in Polish translation
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, 101 pytan o Qumran. Krakow: Wydawnictwo WAM Ksiçza Jezuici - The Enigma Press 1997, pp. xxiv + 255, 16 plates, price 16,00 zl.
This book by prominent Qumran scholar, professor Emeritus of Catholic University of America in Washington, appeared in English original, Responses to 101 Questions on the Dead Sea Scrolles in 1992. It was translated into Polish by Tereza Fizia and edited by Wojciech Adamski, who provided notes (194-224). Zdzistaw J. Kapera translated and supplemented bibliography (225-228) and compiled indexes (229-255). Polish editor Z. J. Kapera in his foreword (ix-xiv) mentions some publications concerning DSS and presents to Joseph Augustin Fitzmyer, his biography, his teaching positions, and his work on scrolls. W. Adamaski, editor of the Polish edition, explains its arrangement in his foreword (xv-xvi). In his foreword (xvii-xix) J. A. Fitzmyer informs about his work on the Scrolls. List of abbreviations, adapted to Polish version, is added (xix-xxiv).
The sequence of 101 questions can be observed in contents "(v—viii). Polish translation presents questions and answers (1-194). Fitzmyer begins the sequence with information about the discovery of Qumran manuscripts, than explains their deposition and publication. He presents manuscripts according to the caves where they were found, and describes most important texts. Then he informs about religious matters and about the organization of the community. In questions 65-67 he discusses its possible identification with the Essenes. Appropriate attention is devoted to relations between Qumran texts and the New Testament, in questions 68-82. Problems
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with publication of the texts from the Qumran cave 4 are explained. The last qustion 101, what in the Qumran manuscripts could undermine fundaments of Christian faith, is answered negatively. The Qumran manuscripts are exactly referred to, and often quoted. Various theories are presented with information about literature. Many data are known from other publication; however, Fitzmyer uses effectively his experience from the work with the texts. This is exspecially visible concerning the concordance of texts from cave, which was produced with active participation of Fitzmyer, before the texts were published (cf. questions 91-93). Polish translation of Fitzmyer's questions and answers is provided with 121 notes (196-224) prepared by Wojciech Adamski. He wanted to give the readers not sufficiently acquainted with the matters useful information. He explains various terms and historical context, and gives references to Polish literature. He points to some differences between Fitzmyer's rendering of Qumran texts and their Polish translations by Piotr Muchowski (cf. the review in CV 40/1998, 55-57). Selective bibliography (225-228) with characterization of books was translated by Z. J. Kapera, who also added Polish publications. Kapera also prepared indexes, of Bible (220-236), of Qumran texts (237-244), general (245-251), and of authors (252-255). Plates I-XVI contain maps, pictures of sites, manuscripts, and scholars.
Fitzmyer mentions the resolutions of the 1989 Mogilny colloquium (v. c. 86), in which publication of all Qumran manuscripts was required. It is appropriate that Polish editors made Fitzmyer's book accessible to Polish - and other Slavic (v. supra, ad 8.12) - readers. Fitzmyer's questions and answers are useful for readers and students of Old and especially New Testament. They are presented in manner well understandable to broader public. And the notes by Wojciech Adamski are most helpful to those readers who are attracted to Qumran discoveries either by the publicity devoted to them or by intention to better undersatnd the Bible and its background.
Students and scholars will find in Fitzmyer's answers important observations and insights, based on the author's work on the Scrolls (cf. xvii-xviii, xi-xii). many contributions are listed in the book Dead Sea Scrolls - Major Publications and Tools for Study; revised edition was published in 1990 by Scholars Press, Atlanta, Georgia. Fitzmyer
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considers to supplement it (cf. xviii). This would be most welcome; however, the 1990 edition is still very useful. Selective bibliography (225-228) added to 101 questions point to important publications. It can be expected that the Enigma Press in Krakow will publish further important books on DSS, Polish and translated into Polish.
8.15 Problems of copyright
David Nimmer, Copyright in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Authorship and Originality, (Houston Law Review, Volume 38, Spring 2001, Number 1)217 p.
Even as this publication is marked as a component of a journal, it deserves to be reviewed as a bookm for its extent and for its graphical arrangement. Study of the DSS extends to various scholarly fields, the publication reviewed here deals with importance of law for evaluating the research. The Fifth Annual Franel Lecture was delivered by David Nimmer, who is now visiting Professor at School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles. In the foreword (5-6) he mentions his speech of 1987, in which he argued thet no text of Biblical import could be subject to private ownership, part One of the publication is entitled "Doctrine" (5-157). Part Two "Theory" (158-212). A coda (213-217) is at the end.
Problems concerning the reconstruction of the ancient Hebrew manuscripts are discussed in broad frame. The originator of the text has to be traced (7-13). cases numbered 1-24 are presented in the chapter "Extreme Copyright" (14-42). David Nimmer represented Mathew Bemder in the court, against West Publishing Company (43-48; note 165). "Qumran and Qimron's Copyright Case" (49-80) provides a description of edition problems of the text 4QMMT, "Some Precepts of the Torah". The work of John Strugnell is evaluated. The court cases are evaluated, especially that between Elisha Qimron, Professor at Ben-Gurion University in Beer Sheba, Israel, and Hershel Shanks, who published Qumran matters in Washington. "Copyright Usage" (81-94) concerning Qimron's reconstruction of 4QMMT is analyzed; also some general considerations are applied (95-115). Nimmer does not agree with Qimron's copyright claim (116-132), based on indirectly observed textual variants. According
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to Nimmer, Qimron has the copyright for his edition of 4QMMT, but not for his reconstruction of the manuscript MTT (133-143).
A chronological survey is at the beginning of the chapter "Moral" (144-145): 1954 MMT was assigned to John Strugnell, 1984 he and Qimron discussed MMT at a Shanks, 1993 Judge Dalia Dorner issues ruling, 1994 MMT published in DJD X, 2000 Israeli Supreme Court affirms. In 1991 Shanks did not mention Qimron by name, only as "a colleague" of Strugnell. As Qimron made his reconstructed text accessible to scholars, his claim of moral rights is evaluated and failed (155). In "Afterword" (156-157) the conclusion is presented: "There is no protection for reconstruction of an old manuscript of an uncopyrighted work"
Patr Two "Theory" moves to general considerations (158-159). Roles of author and of reader are discussed (160-167). In his "Biblical Excursus" (168-174) Jeremiah 23:29 and Psalm 62:12 are quoted. "Authorship Under the Copyright Act" (125-192) is explained with help of diagrams: Works of great artistry, of high authorship, published works, "works of authorship"; works of authorship protected by Act of 1909 and of 1976. The terms are instable (193 196). The last chapter (197-212) is an attempt to reconcile copyright theory and literary theory. Coda (213-217) ascribed to Eaton S. Drone is entitled "Codes and Other Laws of Cybertime".
This survey gives only imperfect idea about the work by Nimmer. It is well documented, on 227 pages there are 1088 footnotes. Some features of presentation and documentation may seem unusual to people not acquainted with legal matters. Richness of data and insights will be highly appreciated by those who'study and research the DSS. Some publications often mentioned were reviewed in CV: DJD X-36/1994: 255-260; A Facsimile Edition... edited by R. E. Eisenman and J.M. Robinson- 36/ 1994: 228-231. The Review of Encyclopaedia, where MMT is evaluated by L. H. Shiftman (1,558-560) has appeared in CV 44/2002. The study by David Nimmer, an expert in copyright laws, will stimulate further research on the DSS. David Nimmer deserves gratitude of those who are interested in thorouh study of these important texts.
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8.16 Dead Sea Scrolls in broader context
Neil Asher Silberman and Ernest S. Frerichs, eds., Archeology and society in the 21st Century: The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Case Studies. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, The Dorot Foundation 2001. 16] + 210 pp. Price USD 28.00.
This book presents lectures at the Death Sea scrolls Conference held at the New York Public library in April 1998. Some deal with themes from other areas. In this review these areas are indicated before the title lectures. The arrangement of the collection is indicated in list of themes 1-5 on p. 2, not in the contents [pp. 5-6]; in this review themes are presented in brackets.
In the "Introduction: The Dead Sea Scrolls and Archeology: Looking Back and Looking Ahead" (1-10) the editors explain the purpose of lectures, and some rather unconventional approaches.
[(1) The Politics of the Pasti Neil Asher Silberman, "The Politics of the Dead Sea Scrolls" (11-20). They influenced discoveries and publications. The documents found at masada, related to Qumran texts, are important, scholars differ as concerns politics and religion. [Latin America] Irene Silverblatt, Power and Memory in Latin America: The Uses of the Pre-Columbian Past" (21-32, fig. 1). Maya, Inca. [South Africa] Martin Hall, "Landscapes of the Past" (33-40). Apartheid.
[(2) Presenting Past to the Public] Adolfo Roitman, "Exhibiting the Dead Sea Scrolls: Some Historical and Theoretical Considerations" (41-66, fig. 1—6b). The development of the exhibition of the scrolls from 1949 to 1998: 1. isolated artifacts, 2.temporary exhibitions, 3.-4. permanent exhibition at the Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem. [Jordan] Ghazi Bisheh, "The Protection and Preservation of Ar-cheological Heritage of Jordan: The Challenge for Constructing a Responsible Stewardship" (67-74, fig. 1-5). the Madaba Archeologi-cal Park and the Petra Church project; clandestine excavations. [Greece] Christos G. Doumas, "Interpreting the Past in Modern Greece" (75-92, fig 1-17). Museum and site policy. Akrotiri, Thera.
[(3) Decipherment of Ancient Scripts] [General] Brian Fagan, "Decipherment" (93-95). Maya, DSS, Egypt. Emanuel Τον, "The Decipherment and Public Publication of the Dead Sea scrolls" (96-103).
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Identification; publication in the series Discoveries in the Judean Desert. lEgypt] Donald B. Red ford, "New Perspectives on Ancient Egyptian Texts" (104-110). Interface between the oral and the scribal tradition. [Latin America) George E. Stuart, "Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: the History and Consequences of Decipherment" (111-127). Continuing attempts to decipher.
1(4) Aspects of Modern Antiquities Laws| [General] Patty Gers-tenbhth, Who Owns the Past: Introduction" (128-131). International Conventions. [Near East] Herschel Shanks, "How to Stop Looting" (132-137). Cooperation of dealers and collectors is recommended. |Cyprus) Ellen Herscher, "Destroying the Past in Order to 'Save' It" Collecting Antiquities from Cyprus ( 138-154. fig. 1). Private collecting is common. Now government policies, scholars and museums are more active. [U.S.A.] Hester A. Davies, "Facing the Crisis of Looting in the United States" (155-159). Concerning native American antiquities.
f(5)(Modern Philosophical Approaches to the Past)] Lawrence H. Schiffman, "Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Significance of the Scrolls for Judaism and Christianity" (160-168). At the beginning of research various Christian approaches were applied. Then Judaic scholars pointed to the pluriform Judaism attested in the scrolls. Paula E. Hyman, "Forgotten Voices and Legacies" (169-176). The documents of woman named Babatha, written before Bar Kokhba revolt, found in the Cave of Letters, inform about the status of women. [General] David Lowenthal, "The Tangible Pat in a Commemorative Age" (177-187). Devotion to the ancient. Thucydides, Revelation of John, holocaust. Lawrence H. Schiffman, "The Many 'Battles of the Scrolls'" (188-210). History of research; initial theories, the second generation of scholars, the nature of the Qumran library, the origin of the Qumran community, relations of the scrolls to the Jewish religious groups, to the Early Christianity, the history of the biblical text, new light from the caves. The study of Qumran texts will provide better perception of Judaism and Christianity in Late Antiquity.
Authors from three continents, active in various fields of research, contributed to this interesting book, offering original viewpoints to the important discoveries. Even as the lectures were directed to broader public, scholars can find in them various stimuli for their
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research. A personal recollection: During his short stay in Cyprus in 1964, this reviewer was invited to homes of gentlemen who had some contacts with Czechoslovakia. All of them had interesting collections of antiquities (cf. supra, 139-143). The phrase "Battles of the Scrolls" (188) reminds battles of fake Czech allegedly medieval manuscripts, held about a century ago. Similar title was used for an article on the Dead Sea Scrolls, "Boje o rukopisy" (Ceská Metanoia 3, kvëten 1994, 50-54). The book reviewed here above can be recommended both as introduction to the complicated problems of the Dead Sea Scrolls and as a model of their presentation to the broader public.
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