access to trade and growth of women ’ s smes in apec developing economies
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Access to Trade and Growth of Women ’ s SMEs in APEC Developing Economies. Indonesia ∙ Malaysia ∙ Philippines ∙ Thailand. Kate Bollinger WEP Workshop 2014 Ubud, Bali. Presentation Outline. Research Purpose and Partnership Overview and Methodology F indings Recommendations. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Access to Trade and Growth of Women’s SMEs in APEC Developing Economies
KATE BOLLINGERWEP WORKSHOP 2014UBUD, BALI
Indonesia ∙ Malaysia ∙ Philippines ∙ Thailand
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Presentation Outline Research Purpose and Partnership Overview and Methodology Findings Recommendations
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Purpose and Partnership with APEC
It is increasingly recognized that women’s full and equal participation in business has important repercussions for domestic and regional economies.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) commissioned a research study to increase understanding of the factors that encourage or deter access to trade and growth for women’s SMEs in:
◦ Malaysia◦ The Philippines ◦ Thailand
TAF extended the research to Indonesia
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Research Overview Research examined a range of micro-economic factors that affect women’s ability to start and grow SMEs in the study economies:
◦ Economic and Financial Barriers
◦ Government and Policy Barriers
◦ Social Environment, Support Systems and Opportunities for Women
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Research Methodology Quantitative research
Survey questionnaire
Malaysia• 92 SMEs• 55 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50% male• Area-based quota sampling
Thailand• 80 SMEs• 56 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50% male• Stratified random sampling
Philippines• 100 SMEs• 50 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50%
male• Area-based quota
sampling & simple random sampling
Qualitative researchAll Study Economies
• Semi-structured interviews• Focus group discussions • Case studies of female entrepreneurs
Indonesia• 108 SMEs• 42 exporting SMEs• ~50% female, ~50%
male• Area-based quota
sampling & simple random sampling
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Finance & Loans Complexity of the loan application process is a key problem for womenowned SMEs across all countries surveyed.
12%
41%
3.5%
13%
8.1%
2.3%
7%
14% 8.1%
38%
3.5%
21%
5.8%
1.2%3.5%
19%
Male Owner Female Owner
Learning about types of loans High interest rates
Finding a lender Completing application paperwork
Developing a business plan Getting Collateral
Waiting time for approval Other
Most Challenging Part of The Loan Process: Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand
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Employee Hiring and Training Among women and men business owners employee hiring and training was cited as their primary business challenge.
26%
37%
7%
10%
3%
9%
8%21%
40%
7%
11%
2%
13%
7%
Male Owner Female Owner
Physical space Hiring and trainingBusiness licensing Access to capitalAccess to technology/assets Relationships with clientsOther
Primary Business Challenge: All SMEs
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Employee Hiring and Training Women owners hire more women than men owners.
Average Firm Size by Frequency of Interactions with Formal Networks
020
4060
Per
cent
age
of F
emal
e E
mpl
oyee
s
Philippines Malaysia Thailand Indonesia
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NetworksNetworks are recognized as important to success in business, but women-owned firms lag in formal networking.
Frequency of Interaction with Formal Business Associations: All SMEs
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TechnologyWomen firm owners lag behind men in their knowledge and use of technology
Awareness of Technologies that Would Make Business More Profitable
0.2
.4.6
.81
Mea
n of
Aw
aren
ess
Philippines Malaysia Thailand Indonesia
Male O
wner
Female
Owne
r
Male O
wner
Female
Owne
r
Male O
wner
Female
Owne
r
Male O
wner
Female
Owne
r
Are you aware of Technologies that would make your Business more Profitable?
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Corruption Informal payments are a problem for all business owners, especially in the Philippines.
0 20 40 60 80 100percent
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Severe Problem Moderate ProblemMinor Problem No Problem
Perceptions of Severity of Informal Payments Problem: By APEC Economy
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Government Support Women business owners in Malaysia and Thailand perceived low levels of government support.
0 20 40 60 80 100percent
Female Owner
Male Owner
Very Supportive Somewhat SupportiveIndifferent Unsupportive/Hostile
How Supportive is Government of Businesses Like Yours?: All SMEs Malaysia
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Social Support: Role Models & Mentors
75% of all business owners in the study had a relative who ran their own business. Women owners are much more likely than men to have a female relative in business.
64%
36%
78%
22%
Male Owner Female Owner
Yes No
Do You Have a Female Relative in Business?
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Key Recommendations Finance and Loans: Work with the private sector, including SME business associations and networks, to support potential women entrepreneurs on financial literacy and the loan application process.
Networks: Support the capacity of business associations to reach women-owned firms and create programs to address their needs.
Technology: Develop training programs to help women business owners more effectively use technology appropriate for their particular business.
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Key Recommendations Government Support: Build opportunities for more constructive interaction between business women and the public sector through activities such as public-private dialogues and trade fairs.
Social Support: Mentorship programs can pair women with role models to help that start their own business and navigate social constraints.
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Both studies are available online
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Areas of Research Focus◦ Economic and Financial Barriers
◦ Access to finance: interest rates, loan applications, collateral requirements◦ Operational: employee hiring and training, turnover, business technologies◦ Networks: business associations, informal networks
◦ Government and Policy Barriers ◦ Perceptions of government◦ Access to business information from government◦ Government services◦ Corruption/informal payments◦ Crime and safety
◦ Social Support Barriers ◦ Domestic responsibilities◦ Role models: relatives in business, mentors