accessibility and...
TRANSCRIPT
Accessibility and Interaction
Ing. Roberto Tedesco
AA 2018-2019
Politecnico di Milano
2
Disabilities
l Motorl Sensoriall Cognitivel Seizure disorders (caused by strobing, flickering, or
flashing effects)l Ageing
l Anyway, keep in mind that each person is unique and assistive solutions must be personalized!
3
Motor Disabilities
l Traumatic Injuries– Spinal cord injury (paraplegia / quadriplegia)
l Arms+legs (quadriplegia)
à Difficulties in using mouse and keyboard
– Loss or damage of upper limb(s)l Especially if affects both limbs à Difficulties in using mouse and keyboard
l Diseases and Congenital Conditions– Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, spina
bifida, ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease)l Decreased muscle control, arm movements often jerky and unpredictable
à Difficulties in using a mouse effectivelyà Difficulties in using a keyboard
4
Motor Disabilities
l Diseases and Congenital Conditions– Arthritis
l Occurs most often in eldersà Many people with arthritis are able to use keyboard and mouseà They do not always have the fine motor control sufficient to click
on small links
– Parkinson's disease, essential tremorl Uncontrollable tremors and/or rigidity in the musclesl Sometimes the voice is affected as wellà May have difficulties in using mouse and keyboard
5
Sensorial Disabilitiesl Visual
– Blindnessl Complete lack of visionà Cannot see the screenà Cannot use a mouseà Can (and must) use a keyboard
– Low visionl Several different diseases (macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinopathy,
cataract)à Can’t see small, low-contrast objects on the screenà May have difficulties using mouse (and keyboard)
– Color-blindnessl Several diseases affecting color vision
l Auditory– Partial or complete deafness
6
Cognitive Disabilitiesl The concept of cognitive disabilities is extremely broad l Main categories
– Memory (working / short term / long term)– Problem-solving (managing uncertainty)– Visual comprehension
l Individuals may recognize the fact that there are objects on a web page, but may not be able to identify the objects
– SpLD: dyslexia, dysgraphia, disorthography, dyscalculia, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
– People needing iconic language– Autism– Asperger Syndrome– Mental retardation
7
Accessibility & Design for All
l Usual approach– Design for persons with “average” capabilities– Add solutions specifically thought for persons with
disabilityl The “design for all” approach:
– Multimodal, general solution– Make the application easy, efficient and pleasant to
use, to all users– Rationale: good design choices make life easier to all
users!– Or… usability & accessibility come together!
8
Design for All: principles
l Equitable use: the system is usable and effective to all, and does not depend on users’ abilities or preferences
l Flexibility in use: the systems adapts to a broad variety of preferences and user abilities
l Simple and intuitive usel Perceptible information: information is perceptible to at
least one of users’ sensesl Tolerance for error: error prevention and recoveryl Low physical effort: comfortable to usel Size and space for approach and use: appropriate sizes
and space
9
Design for All
l Pros– No multiple versions to design, implement, and
maintain– Side effect: a cleaner UI– No “isolated islands” for users with special needs
l Cons– Sometime it is not possible– Requires more design time
10
Accessibility and ICT
1. Accessing standard UIs– Special I/O devices– Software facilitating interaction
2. Re-thinking the UI– Functions and complexity– Appearance and structure– Navigation
3. Making contents accessible– Electronic publishing– Transcoding– Conceptual density– Linguistic structure and complexity– Facilitating comprehension
ACCESSING STANDARD UI’sPart 1
11
Special I/O Devices
l Make it possible for users with special needs to use a keyboard and a pointer
l Most of the following devices “emulate” a keyboard– For that reason, accessible UIs should be fully
usable with a keyboard-only setting
12
Special I/O Devicesl Motor
– Head wands and mouth sticks– Special keyboards– Buttons– Residual movements
l Cognitive– Iconic-language devices– Pens
l Sensorial– Video magnifiers and special scanners– Refreshable braille displays– Assistive listening devices13
Head wands and mouth sticks
14
http://assisttech.info/equipment/eq_alt_input.htmhttp://www.rehabmart.com
l Permit to use a keyboardl Permit to point (on a touch screen)
Special Keyboards
l Large-key keyboardsl Keyboards with masksl Programmable keypads
15http://www.tiflosystem.it/
Trackballs, Joysticks, and Buttons
l Trackballsl Joysticksl Single button
16http://www.tiflosystem.it/
Sensors
l Triggersl Grasp
17http://www.tiflosystem.it/
Residual movements
18
l Eye-trackingl Eye-blinkingl Head movementsl Sip-and-puff sensor
http://www.tiflosystem.it/
Iconic languages
l For people with cognitive disabilities
19http://www.tiflosystem.it/
20
l IrisPen– A handheld scanner with OCR
l IrisNotes– Captures handwritten notes, with OCR
l LiveScribe– Records what the user hears and writes
l Useful for people with SpLD
http://www.irislink.com/http://www.livescribe.com/en-us
Pens
Video magnifiers and special scanners
l Video magnifiersl Scanners with TTS
21
http://www.tiflosystem.it/
Refreshable braille displays
22
http://www.anasitalia.orghttp://www.tiflosystem.it/
l Used with screen readersl braille instead of TTS
Hearing aids & cochlear implants
l Hearing aids. Devices designed to improve hearing, making sound louder; two typologies:– External, behind the ear aids– Receiver in the canal: the receiver is the speaker
which sends sound into the earl Cochlear implant. A surgically implanted device that
replaces the function of the damaged inner ear– Cochlear implants do the work of damaged parts of
the inner ear (cochlea) to provide sound signals to the brain23
Hearing aids & cochlear implants
24
external internal
http://www.ktbs.com/story/30605261/whats-going-around-first-bilateral-cochlear-implant-at-lsuhsc-avoid-burns-from-deep-fried-turkey
http://hearingaidbuyertoday.com/facts-cost-hearing-aids/
http://www.oticon.ca/support/how
-to/clean-hearing-aid/
Assistive listening devices (ALD)l Hearing loop (or induction loop) systemsl Sound creates an electromagnetic field l Picked up directly by a hearing loop receiverl Composed of:
– A sound source, such as microphone, TV, telephone– An amplifier– A thin loop of wire that encircles a room or branches
out beneath carpeting– A wireless receiver (telecoil) that is built into many
hearing aids and cochlear implantsl Suitable for conferences; expensive25
https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/assistive-devices-people-hearing-voice-speech-or-language-disorders
Assistive listening devices (ALD)l FM systems use radio signals to transmit amplified
soundsl Often used in classrooms
– The instructor wears a small microphone connected to a transmitter
– The student wears the receiver, which is tuned to a specific frequency, or channel
l People who have a telecoil inside their hearing aid or cochlear implant:– May also wear a wire around the neck (a neckloop)– Or behind their aid or implant (a silhouette inductor) to
convert the signal into magnetic signals26
Assistive listening devices (ALD)
27
http://www.ampetronic.co/How-do-loops-work
http://www.usnewsound.com/product/Device/2010/1215/189.html
Hearingloop
FMsystem
Assistive listening devices (ALD)l Infrared systems use infrared light to transmit
soundl A transmitter converts sound into light and
beams it to a receiver that is worn by a listenerl The receiver decodes the infrared signal back to
soundl As with FM systems, people with a telecoil may
also wear a neckloop or silhouette inductorl Bluetooth systems use Bluetooth for
connecting the neckloop to the sound source28
Assistive listening devices (ALD)
29http://www.loop-systems.co.uk/infra-red-systems/
Infraredsystem
Bluetoothsystem
Bluetooth
TxRx
Induction neckloop
Assistive listening devices (ALD)
l Personal amplifiers: useful in places in which the above systems are unavailable
l Or when watching TV, being outdoors, or traveling in a car
l These devices increase sound levels and reduce background noise for a listener
l Some have directional microphones that can be angled toward a speaker or other source of sound
30
Assistive listening devices (ALD)
31
http://www.harriscomm.com/comfort-audio-duett-new-personal-listener-with-earphone-headphone.html
Personalamplifier
Software facilitating interaction
l Motor– Scanning keyboards
l Cognitive– Virtual keyboards
l Sensorial– TTS and ASR– Accessibility toolbar– Magnifiers
32
l Virtual keyboardsl Customizable layoutl Several interaction
modalities– Touch screen– Scanning keyboard– …
Virtual and scanning keyboards
33 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdEaeULKkLQ
TTS & ASR
l Text to Speech (TTS)– To read the UI: screen reader
l Example– To read the contents: High quality TTS
l Example
l Automatic speech recognition (ASR)– To control the UI – To insert contents (dictation)– Training is required– Results depend on the vocabulary used by the speaker
34
Magnifiers
l To enlarge portions of the screen– Pointing magnifierhttp://depts.washington.edu/aimgroup/proj/ptgmag
l To zoom in the screen– Apple ”CTRL-scroll” gesture
35
Browser Accessibility Toolbar
l A browser plug-inl Modify the content of the page
– Colors, characters, layout, …– Remove CSS
36http://www.visionaustralia.org.au/info.aspx?page=1985http://firefox.cita.uiuc.edu/
RE-THINKING THE UIPart 2
37
Ad-hoc UIs
l Reduce functionalities – Only “core” functionalities
l Adapt UI appearance & simplify UI structure – Enlarge widgets and text– Reduce information items– Use high contrast color scheme– …
38
Ad-hoc UIs
l Simplify navigation – Reduce “click typologies”
(e.g., left/right click, double click, click-and-hold, …)– Reduce the “information depth”– …
l Ad-hoc UIs: only if really needed – Remember the “design for all” approach…
39
Dynamic Adaptation
l Modify the UI according to some user profilel A possible user profile (the MAIS project):
– User informationl Personal information (name, age, gender, …)l Expertise (expertise and knowledge, where it can help in the
interaction with the system)l Role (e.g. “teacher”)l Activity (the log)
– User preferencesl Quantitative (e.g., min bandwidth = 1 Mbit/s)l Qualitative (e.g., preferred screen resolutions: HIGH)
– User abilitiesl The user “functioning”; e.g., the WHO ICF
40
Miscellaneal Google Accessibility Scanner
https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/03/google-releases-new-tool-to-scan-android-apps-for-accessibility-issues/
l Testing your (iOS) app with a wireless keyboard and Switch Controlhttp://www.mostgood.net/blog/2015/5/21/testing-your-app-with-switch-control
l Accessibility for the Machttps://developer.apple.com/accessibility/macos/
l Accessibility for Windows 10https://www.microsoft.com/enable/products/windows10/
l Accessibility for Linuxhttps://opensource.com/life/15/8/accessibility-linux-blind-disabledhttps://wiki.gnome.org/Accessibilityhttps://accessibility.kde.org41
MAKING CONTENTS ACCESSIBLE
Part 3
42
Contents
l Transcoding contents– ASR, high-quality TTS, iconic languages
l Simplifying the conceptual contents– E.g. do not show lists with many items
l Simplifying the linguistic structure and complexity– Text complexity evaluation– Then…
à reduce text lengthà reduce “information density” in text blocksà reduce syntactic complexity (simple sentences)à reduce lexical complexity (common words)
l Facilitating comprehension– Mental maps43
E-BOOKS: DAISY
l The DAISY Consortium is a global consortium of organizations
l Works towards creating the best way to read and publish
l Makes e-books accessible for everyone– Defining open accessible standards– Supporting the inclusive publishing ecosystem
around the world
44
DAISY standards
l DAISY 3– Specifications for digital talking books (DTBs)– Supports refreshable braille displays
l EPUB 3– Standard (HTML 5-based) for e-books
– Extensions for accessibility (supersede DAISY 3)
l http://www.daisy.org/daisy-standard
l http://www.daisy.org/daisy-epub-3-developments45
SOME USEFUL LINKSPart 4
46
47
Standards, docs, software
l TRACE – http://trace.wisc.edu– Research center– Documentation– Free software
l RESNA – http://resna.org– Standards
l W3C-WAI – http://www.w3.org/WAI/– Standards for Web accessibility
l WebAIM – http://webaim.org– Documentation on Web accessibility– Free software for Web accessibility
48
Databases
l EASTINhttp://www.eastin.eu/en-GB/searches/products/index
– Prototype for the European Assistive Network Information web site
– Searches in databases of assistive devices– Six languages supported
l Atis4all collaborative portalhttp://collaborativeportal.atis4all.eu/en-GB/default.aspx
49
In Italy: service and research centers
l SIVA – Fondazione Pro Juventute Don Carlo Gnocchi – Milano - www.siva.it– Part of the The EASTIN portal– HW and SW assistive devices
l ASPHI – Bologna – www.asphi.it– ECDL /STEP /GRIL– The magazine / Handimatica
l AUSILIOTECA – Bologna – www.ausilioteca.orgl CNR – Genova – Istituto per le tecnologiie
didattiche- www.itd.cnr.it
50
Italian resellers
l AUXILIA – www.auxilia.itl EASYLAB – www.easylab.itl TIFLOSYSTEM – www.tiflosystem.itl ANASTASIS – www.anastasis.itl HELPICARE – www.helpicare.itl LEONARDO - www.leonardoausili.coml ARS – www.ars-coop.itl QUALILIFE (Lugano) – www.qualilife.coml www.ausilionline.it