London

Account Separation and Mandatory Access Control on AWS

Dave WalkerSpecialised Solutions Architect, Security and Compliance

16/11/15

Mandatory Access Control?

• Contrast with Discretionary Access Control– u/g/o / rwx file permissions– Under the control of the file owner

• MAC is a function of core system policy– Immutable to all system users; sometimes also invisible to them– …including root

• Epitomised in SELinux, descended from Orange Book B1 systems– Sometimes extended to do multilevel / cross-domain security

Mandatory Access Control?

• SELinux on AWS– RHEL, Ubuntu, SuSE, etc AMIs…– (Don’t forget FreeBSD and other Community AMIs)

• First native MAC service on AWS: Glacier Vault Lock– Set a Policy and fix it in place– Even the account owner can’t change it, until its time lock expires– Meets SEC “Books and Records” requirements (Rule 17a-4(f))

• Also FINRA Rule 4511, CFTC Regulation 1.31

• How can we make more services behave similarly?– Cross-account access gets us close!

S3 Subtleties

• Versioning• MFA Delete

– Put these together, and you get something which looks a lot like an append-only object store

– …consider evidential integrity and weight– Consider adding lifecycle policies to rotate into Vault-Locked Glacier

• Good for long-term log retention

S3 Subtleties

• CloudTrail, Config, CloudWatch Logs, ELB logs, VPC Flow Logs– Make them write-only for production / resource accounts

• No means to read or list bucket contents– Make them read-only for audit accounts

• Though audit user activities may need to be written to logs too– Potentially to a different log location

• Create a separate Logging account and apply cross-account sharing:

S3 Subtleties

• S3 write-only cross-account sharing– Share write-only (no reading or listing of contents) from owner

account via bucket policy– Writer accounts have IAM permissions to write

S3 Subtleties: Log Bucket Policy, Part 1

• (Actual policy won’t fit here, but…):– Start with the cross-account bucket policy for writing CloudTrail logs, at

https://blogs.aws.amazon.com/security/post/Tx1QT0TX44KW7XM/Sharing-AWS-CloudTrail-Log-Files-Between-Accounts Scenario 1

– Add the Sid + Effect + Principal + Action + Resource aggregate objects from the bucket policy for Config, at http://docs.aws.amazon.com/config/latest/developerguide/s3-bucket-policy.html , applying the same principles

– Add s3:GetBucketLocation permissions, to handle cross-Region logs• (we want to log from all Regions to 1 bucket)

– Add the following for CloudWatch Logs:

S3 Subtleties: Log Bucket Policy, Part 2 { "Sid": "Cross-account write allow for CloudWatch Logs, mediated by control below", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": ] "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::Writer-Account-ID:root”,

<Add other accounts here>],

"Action":["s3: PutObject","S3: GetBucketLocation"],

"Resource":"arn: aws: s3:::myorg-logbucket/<optionalprefix>/AWSLogs/*" }, { "Sid":"Control to require full control grant on write", "Effect":"Deny", "Principal":[

"AWS":"arn: aws:iam::Writer-Account-ID:root”, <Add other accounts here> ], "Action": [ "s3:PutObject", "s3:GetBucketLocation" ], "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::myorg-logbucket/<optional prefix>/AWSLogs/*", "Condition": { "StringNotEquals": { "s3:"bucket-owner-full-control" } }}

S3 Subtleties: Log Bucket Policy, Part 3• Audit users (in another account) will need read-only access to your log

bucket; see https://blogs.aws.amazon.com/security/post/Tx1QT0TX44KW7XM/Sharing-AWS-CloudTrail-Log-Files-Between-Accounts , again (Scenario 2)

• Good to do via a Role which has to be explicitly assumed; again, see the URL above

S3 Subtleties: Log Bucket Policy and IAM• Point CloudTrail and Config in other accounts to our log

bucket for writing, when setting these accounts up• IAM policy to add to each log-generating account to allow

cross-account writing:{ "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Sid": ”Cross-account Write", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "s3:PutObject”, ”s3:GetBucketLocation” ], "Resource": [ "arn:aws:s3:::myorg-logbucket" ] } ]}

Detailed Billing: Sample Records

ItemDescriptionUsageStartDate

UsageEndDate

UsageQuantity

CurrencyCode

CostBeforeTax

Credits

TaxAmount

TaxType

TotalCost

$0.000 per GB - regional data transfer under the monthly global free tier

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:59

0.00000675 USD 0.00 0.0

0.000000

None

0.000000

$0.05 per GB-month of provisioned storage - US West (Oregon)

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:59

1.126.666.554USD 0.56 0.0

0.000000

None

0.560000

First 1,000,000 Amazon SNS API Requests per month are free

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:5910.0 USD 0.00 0.0

0.000000

None

0.000000

First 1,000,000 Amazon SQS Requests per month are free

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:594153.0 USD 0.00 0.0

0.000000

None

0.000000

$0.00 per GB - EU (Ireland) data transfer from US West (Northern California)

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:59

0.00003292 USD 0.00 0.0

0.000000

None

0.000000

$0.000 per GB - data transfer out under the monthly global free tier

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:590.02311019USD 0.00 0.0

0.000000

None

0.000000

First 1,000,000 Amazon SNS API Requests per month are free

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:5988.0 USD 0.00 0.0

0.000000

None

0.000000

$0.000 per GB - data transfer out under the monthly global free tier

01.04.14 00:00

30.04.14 23:593.3E-7 USD 0.00 0.0

0.000000

None

0.000000

Linked Accounts

• Consolidate daily Detailed Billing logs into one bucket, for all accounts

• Now put it all together…

The Base Account StructureAWS Account Root Account • No Access Keys

• MFA Enabled• Raise Alert on Login

IAM Master • No Access Keys• MFA Enabled• Raise Alert on Login

Define IAM PoliciesEnable IAM Managers (User or

Role)

• Have Passwd Policy• Enforce Passwd

Rotation• Have Acct Questions set

up• Have Info eMail set up

IAM Manager • No Access Keys• MFA Enabled

Create IAM Users/Groups/Roles

Use Pre-Defined Policies

The Larger PictureBILLING

S3 HolderCloudTrailConfigCW Logs

S3 Holder

BILL

CloudTrail

IAMUser

IAM User AssumeRole

IAM User AssumeRole

IAM User AssumeRole

Resources

IAM ROLE

IAM ROLE

IAM ROLE

Backup Data

Backup

S3 Holder

AuditDisplay Rights

STS

{ "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ {

"Sid": ”STS-Only", "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "sts:AssumeRole" ], "Resource": [ "*" ] } ]

}

There’s One More Account to Consider…• (…and it won’t fit on the diagram) • Service Catalogue

– Also has cross-account capability– Repository for CloudFormation templates, golden AMIs…– …add latest database backups and other necessary datasets, and

you have an Intellectual Property Holding Account• Something to copy cross-Region for DR• See http://aws.amazon.com/servicecatalog/faqs/ for cross-account access

Raising Alerts• Raise (through CloudTrail, watched by a Lambda function triggered on

bucket writes) an Alert (through, eg, SNS) if:– Any account’s root user logs in– Any IAM-Master account logs in– Billing/CloudTrail accounts have another S3 Bucket created – IAM-User generates any new AWS resource– IAM-User generates any CloudTrail events other than assume-role

and console login– IAM-User logs in to any Resource Accounts (besides IAM-Manager)– Resource-Account has IAM-Users assigned (besides IAM-Master/IAM-Manager)

Logs→metrics→alerts→actions

AWS Config

CloudWatch / CloudWatch Logs

CloudWatch alarms

AWS CloudTrail

Amazon EC2 OS logs

Amazon VPC Flow Logs

Amazon SNS

email notification

HTTP/S notification

SMS notifications

Mobile push notifications

API calls from most

services Monitoring data from

AWS services

Custom metrics

Also:• Federate from IAM-User to another IdP• Filter on LDAP DN elements; ou=, dc=• Result: no PII in IAM!

– See page 20 of https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/aws-whitepaper-single-sign-on-integrating-aws-open-ldap-and-shibboleth.pdf

• Set account and contact details to an email alias and a PABX hunt group, and arrange with your AM to have your billing invoiced to your company accounts

• …no PII in your AWS account– unless you explicitly need to process PII in your AWS environment

Other Resources

• Re:Invent 2015: “Wrangling Security Events in the Cloud” (SEC308)– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc1Q0XCcCv4– Further ways to enable service configuration immutability

• Essentially, “config-correcting Lambda functions”

Account Separation and Mandatory Access Control on AWS

Dave WalkerSpecialised Solutions Architect, Security and Compliance

16/11/15

PLACE