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ACE Operations: ARFF and Emergency Response
Presented by
C. Daniel Prather, Ph.D., A.A.E, CAM
Chair & Professor of Aviation ScienceCalifornia Baptist University
DPrather Aviation Solutions, LLC
Index Determination
ARFF Equipment and Agents
ARFF Operational Requirements
Airport Emergency Plan
Accident Investigation
Q&A
Mod 1
Overview of Webinar
ARFF Index
Index Aircraft Length Sample Aircraft
A Less than 90’
BAt least 90’, less than
126’
CAt least 126’, less
than 159’
DAt least 159’, less
than 200’
E At least 200’
Based on the longest air-carrier
aircraft that serves the airport
with five or more average daily
departures.
If there are five or more average daily departures of air carrier aircraft in a single Index group serving that airport, the longest aircraft with an average of five or more daily departures determines the Index required for the airport.
When there are fewer than five average daily departures of the longest air carrier aircraft serving the airport, the Index required for the airport will be the next lower Index group than the Index group prescribed for the longest aircraft.
The minimum designated index must be Index A.
ARFF Index - Points to Remember
Smother the fire to prevent oxygen from mixing with the hydrocarbons.
Suppress the release of fuel vapors.
Separate the combustible materials.
Lower the temperature of the fire through a cooling effect.
Purpose of Extinguishing Agents
One vehicle carrying at least―500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon
1211, or clean agent; or450 pounds of potassium-based dry chemical and
water with a commensurate quantity of AFFF to total 100 gallons for simultaneous dry chemical and AFFF application
Note: Halon is no longer being produced. Halotronis an alternative.
Index A
Index “A” Vehicle - 150 Gallon/DC
Emergency One R200
Pump & turret equipped vehicles provide faster response times and
more practical training.
Either of the following:
One vehicle carrying at least 500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon 1211, or clean agent and 1,500 gallons of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF for foam production.
Two vehicles―
One vehicle carrying the extinguishing agents as specified for Index A; and
One vehicle carrying an amount of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by both vehicles is at least 1,500 gallons.
Index B
Either of the following:
Three vehicles―
One vehicle carrying the extinguishing agents as specified for Index A; and
Two vehicles carrying an amount of water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by all three vehicles is at least 3,000 gallons.
Two vehicles―
One vehicle carrying the extinguishing agents as specified for Index B one vehicle requirement; and
One vehicle carrying water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by both vehicles is at least 3,000 gal.
Index C
Three vehicles―One vehicle carrying the extinguishing
agents as specified for Index A; andTwo vehicles carrying an amount of
water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by all three vehicles is at least 4,000 gallons.
Index D
Three vehicles―One vehicle carrying the extinguishing
agents as specified for Index A; andTwo vehicles carrying an amount of
water and the commensurate quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried by all three vehicles is at least 6,000 gallons.
Index E
E-One P-23 trucks may be used at some joint-use airports where the Air
National Guard provides part 139 ARFF services under contract to the
airport operator.
Index C/D/E Vehicle - 3300 Gallon
Emergency One P-23
Must be available during air carrier operations (15 minutes before/after).
Increase in Index, as necessary. Index may be reduced during shorter aircraft operations,
although certain conditions must be met (procedures, recall, NOTAMs).
ARFF vehicles must have two-way radio communications with other vehicles, ATCT, CTAF, and fire stations.
ARFF vehicles must have a flashing/rotating beacon and high contrast paint/markings.
Create a path for evacuation/rescue and extinguish fire. Timely respond.
Main ARFF Operational Requirements
Airport familiarization, including airport signs, marking, and lighting Aircraft familiarization Rescue and firefighting personnel safety Emergency communications systems on the airport, including fire
alarms Use of the fire hoses, nozzles, turrets, and other appliances
required for compliance with this part Application of the types of extinguishing agents required for
compliance with this part Emergency aircraft evacuation assistance Firefighting operations Adapting and using structural rescue and firefighting equipment for
aircraft rescue and firefighting Aircraft cargo hazards, including hazardous materials/dangerous
goods incidents Familiarization with firefighters' duties under the airport emergency
planMod 4
Required ARFF Training Areas
Bleeding
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Shock
Primary patient survey
Injuries to the skull, spine, chest, and extremities
Internal injuries
Moving patients
Burns
Triage
Mod 4
Basic Emergency Medical Care Training (at least 1 person)
All rescue and firefighting personnel must participate in at least one live-fire drill prior to initial performance of rescue and firefighting duties and every 12 consecutive calendar months thereafter.
The size of the fire used in the drill must replicate the potential created by the size of the typical aircraft using the airport.
Mod 4
Drills
Assigns responsibility to organizations and individuals for carrying out specific actions at projected times and places in responding to an emergency.
Sets forth lines of authority and organizational relationships, and shows how all actions should be coordinated.
Describes how people and property will be protected in emergencies and disasters.
Identifies personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and other resources available—within the airport or by agreement with communities—for use during response and recovery operations.
As a public document, cites its legal basis, states its objectives, and acknowledges assumptions.
Facilitates response and short-term recovery to set the stage for successful long-term recovery.
Mod 4
The AEP…
Aircraft incidents and accidents
Terrorism incidents, including designation of parking areas for the aircraft involved
Structural fires, fuel farms, and fuel storage areas
Natural disasters, including hurricane, earthquake, tornado, volcano, and flood
Hazardous materials incidents
Sabotage, hijack incidents, and other unlawful interference with operations
Failure of power for movement area lighting
Water rescue situations, as appropriate*
Crowd control*A body of water or marsh land is significant if the area exceeds one-quarter square mile and cannot be traversed by conventional land rescue vehicles.
Mod 4
Airport Emergency Plan (AEP)
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Terms and Definitions
Functional Sections Command and Control
Communications
Alert Notification and Warning
Emergency Public Information
Protective Actions
Law Enforcement/Security
Firefighting and Rescue
Health and Medical
Resource Management
Airport Operations and Maintenance
Hazard-Specific Sections (from previous slide)Mod 4
Basic Structure of AEP
Emergency Alerting System Siren Horn Beeper Light signal Telephone (“red phone” or “hot line”) other means
Means of emergency identification Dedicated direct communication link (“hot line”) telephone, a computer, a radio ATCT LOA/MOU
Coordinate with law enforcement agencies Rescue and fire-fighting agencies Medical personnel and organizations Principal tenants Other persons having responsibilities
Mod 4
Notification
Describes how communities, tribes, states, the federal government, private-sectors, and nongovernmental partners work together to coordinate national response
Describes specific authorities and best practices for managing incidents
Builds upon the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which provides a consistent template for managing incidents
Mod 5
National Response Framework
Provides a set of standardized organizational structures - such as the Incident Command System (ICS), Unified Command (UC), multiagency coordination systems, and public information systems - as well as requirements for processes, procedures, and systems designed to improve interoperability among jurisdictions and disciplines in various areas, including
Training
Resource management
Personnel qualification and certification
Equipment certification
Communications and information management
Technology support
Continuous system improvementMod 4
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Management system designed to enable effective and efficient domestic incident management by integrating a combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure.
Based on a military model, where one individual assumes the role of incident commander for all responses to an airport emergency.
Incident commander (IC) works from a centrally located incident command post and coordinates the responsibilities of the functional response groups.
Mod 4
Incident Command System (ICS)
Runners
Cellular phones
Walkie-talkies
Radios
Language(s) used (e.g., code words, signals, terminology)
Consider overburdened cellular and telephone communications, missing keys for locks, people not remembering codes, faxes or printers that run out of ink, etc.
Mod 4
Communication
Mitigation - Actions that can prevent, alleviate, or diminish the potential effects of a disaster situation, including zoning, public education, budget allocations, and earthquake-resistant construction
Preparedness - Actions that enhance emergency response capabilities, including emergency plans, training, drills and exercises
Response - Time-sensitive actions to save lives and property, reduce the possibility of secondary damage, and speed recovery operations, including mobilizing emergency response, personnel and equipment, conducting search and rescue, alerting the public, and evacuation
Recovery - Actions that restore the airport/community to pre-emergency conditions, including crisis counseling, long-term medical assistance, reconstruction, rehabilitation, public information programs, and hazard-reduction programs Mod 4
Phases of Comprehensive Emergency Management
1. Discovery/notification How emergency is first reported
Acquire accurate data
Transmit to appropriate persons for verification
Mod 4
Response Phase cont.
2. Identification/Verification
Determine an actual emergency exists
Information needed
Aircraft identification
Nature of the emergency
Quantity of fuel on board
Runway intended to be used
Number of occupants or Souls On Board (SOB)
Presence of any hazardous material
Location of the aircraft if on the ground.
Mod 4
Response Phase cont.
3. Response
Alert levels
Alert I —Signifies a precautionary approach to a situation where a real or suspected emergency exists on an aircraft, but the nature of the emergency would not normally cause serious difficulty or make the anticipated landing unsafe.
Alert II —Signifies an actual aircraft emergency exists in flight, and an accident may well occur resulting in injuries and aircraft damage.
Alert III —Signifies an actual aircraft accident has occurred.
Mod 4
Response Phase cont.
4. Resolution
ARFF response (Create exit path, extinguish fire, triage, stabilization, first aid, and removal of injured survivors)
Security of the scene
Airport operations personnel are normally responsible for several key command, control, and communications functions.
Prepare for off-airport accidents:
Understand role in such emergency situations
Developing, coordinating, and practicing crisis management plans and techniques with other federal, state, and local agencies
Understanding the human factors involved in tragedies
Learning to deal with the unexpectedMod 4
Response Phase cont.
Requires attention to detail to ensure safe restoration of the airport to normal operation.
Maintenance, airport operations, and security personnel play key roles in the restoration to normal operations after an emergency.
Before any airfield operation can resume, a thorough inspection must be conducted to ensure that the airport is in compliance with its ACM.
If the airport is not fully certificated, personnel should ensure that no unsafe conditions exist.
Additionally, NOTAMs will be cancelled and efforts will be coordinated with ATC.Mod 5
Recovery Phase
Ensure compliance with all appropriate aviation standards and regulations.
Ensure that the command vehicle (e.g. mobile command center, bus, etc.) is provided at the scene as soon as possible.
Coordinate emergency response efforts with air traffic control personnel.
Ensure any and all required NOTAMs have been issued.
Provide overall airport familiarization and training program for designated on- and off-airport maintenance personnel. Provide training to reduce the potential for Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations
(V/PD) and runway incursions.
Provide grid maps for each vehicle, as appropriate.
Ensure completion of necessary airport inspections upon emergency termination.
Mod 5
Operations Role in Emergency Response
Prepare detailed SOPs and checklists that include:
Contact information and mechanisms for notifying personnel.
Step-by-step procedures for performing assigned tasks.
Contact information for agency notification (e.g. air traffic control, FAA, NTSB, etc.).
Listing of the radio communications call signs and frequencies used by responding organizations.
Provide means (e.g. buses), to evacuate people from the accident scene.
Provide information regarding the status of the airport to the news media through the Public Information Officer (PIO).
Maintain a chronological event log Mod 5
Operations Role in Emergency Response cont.
Aircraft operating areas are safe and secure
Aircraft movement areas that are to be reopened have been properly inspected
Adequate aircraft rescue and fire fighting protection is available for aircraft operations
Public safety is assured
Mod 5
Closed Areas Not Reopened Until...
Prepare and maintains an airport resource list. Ensure the restoration of utilities to critical and essential facilities,
when necessary. Ensure the safety of facilities (e.g. post-fire, flood, earthquake,
tornado, hurricane, explosion). Provide backup electrical power. Clear debris, as necessary Ensure availability of potable water supply. Prepare detailed SOPs and checklists that include:
Contact information and mechanisms for notifying personnel. Step-by-step procedures for performing assigned tasks.
Provide sanitation services. Maintain a chronological event log
Mod 5
Maintenance Role in Emergency Response
Airline Responsibility under Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act (ADFAA)
Establish a group of all air carriers serving the airport which would respond to assist the affected carrier during the first 12 hours.
Utilize local emergency service resources for specific functions at pre-designated areas, such as collecting names, addresses, and telephone numbers of passengers that do not receive medical attention.
Pre-determine locations for key facilities, such as a “Friends and Relatives” reception area, and other areas where families may gather.Mod 5
Considerations for Family Support
Incorporate existing security plans to include the affected air carrier ticket counter, “Friends and Relatives” reception area, and other areas where families may gather.
Identify information that station managers and airport operator may need concerning passengers, their families, and the accident site. Establish a process by which this information is relayed to the affected air carrier and emergency operations centers.
Review procedures for emergency access to the terminal by air carrier employees and emergency service providers during an event.
Pre-arrange or assist in securing hotel rooms in the local area for non-tenant air carriers involved in an emergency diversion or for charter carriers that have no employees at the airport.Mod 5
Considerations for Family Support cont.
Exercising the AEP is critical for finding gaps or difficulties in the Plan
Five types of exercises
1. Orientation seminar
2. A drill
3. Tabletop exercise
4. Functional or partial exercise
5. Full-scale exercise
Mod 4
Exercising the Airport Emergency Plan
1. Orientation Seminar
Involves bringing together those with a role or interest in the AEP (airport, ARFF, law enforcement, EMS, air carriers, media, airport tenants, etc.) to discuss the AEP and the initial plans for upcoming drills and exercises, as well as to become familiar with the roles, procedures, responsibilities, and personalities of all those involved.
Mod 4
Exercising the Airport Emergency Plan
2. Drill
Lowest level of an exercise
Used to test, develop, or maintain skills in a single emergency response procedure (such as the emergency notification process)
Mod 4
Exercising the Airport Emergency Plan
3. Tabletop Exercise
Learn limitations & capabilities of each response resource
Describe actions each response resource would take
Estimate amounts of time, equipment, and travel needed
Predict the personnel and equipment problems they would face
Reveal problems
conflicts of functional area
lack of means for communication
lack of equipment
vague procedural descriptions
confusing jargon or terminology
procedural omissions Mod 4
Exercising the Airport Emergency Plan
4. Functional or Partial Exercise
Focuses on a single aspect of the AEP
Can be conducted more often than full-scale exercises
Economical because of their limited scope
Provide easy way to practice complex skills
Coordinate tasks
New techniques
Mod 4
Exercising the Airport Emergency Plan
5. Full-scale Exercise
Most comprehensive test intended to evaluate the operational capability of the emergency management system in a stress-induced environment with actual mobilization and deployment of resources
Class I conducts full-scale every consecutive 36 months
Careful advance planning
Requires reaction from personnel and use of equipment
Mod 4
Exercising the Airport Emergency Plan
Needs assessment
Define the scope
Statement of Purpose
Goals/Objectives
Scenario
Messages/Problems Statements
Evaluation/Critique
Mod 3
Steps to Development of any Drill or Exercise
FAA requires a full-scale demonstration of the emergency plan at least once every 36 consecutive calendar months for Class I certificated airports.
The full-scale demonstration requires a simulated emergency that is commensurate with the index of the airport. In other words, it must be of a size and scope to take into account the largest aircraft the airport serves.
Mod 3
Full Scale Requirement
ARFF Index Minimum Number of Casualties
A 20-30
B 40-50
C 60-70
D 80-90
E 100 or more
Develops rules & regulations governing accident notification & reporting
Authority for removal of aircraft wreckageGo-team dispatched within 12-24 hours if necessaryPreservation & security of on-airport accident site (airport
responsible for preservation of accident scene) If off-airport, responsibility resides with local jurisdiction
after release by NTSBSecurity must be provided 24-hoursDelegate authority to FAA –aircraft less than 12,500
poundsMakes recommendations to FAA regarding aviationMod 4
Role of National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Involving international passengers
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Hijacking, Dignitaries, Bomb threats, Hostage taking
U.S. Postal Service (USPS) Mail is involved
U.S. Air Force (USAF) for Search and Rescue (SAR) operations in the 48 contiguous states
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hazardous materials spills
U.S. Army Bomb Squad Bomb threats or explosives
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hazardous materials spills
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Involving bodies of water
Mod 4
Other Agencies Possibly Involved
For accidents involving both military & civilian aircraft, the NTSB includes military participation in the investigation
For accidents involving only military aircraft or equipment (i.e., arrestor gear), the military has sole investigative authority, but may involve the NTSB or FAA if it would contribute to the promotion of aviation safety.
Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) New digital frequency of 406MHzLocating ELT signal can be accomplished with a hand-held
radio or Direction Finding (DF) equipmentU.S. Air Force or U.S. Coast Guard Rescue Coordination
Centers monitor and resolve ELT signalsCivil Air Patrol (civilian auxiliary of U.S. Air Force) often
called upon to assist in locating aircraftMod 4
NTSB and Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)