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Achieving OPV Efficiency beyond 15%
L. Dou, J. You, C-H. Chung, R. Zhu, Gang Li & Yang Yang
NSF/ONR Workshop on OPV – Arlington, VA - Sep. 20-21, 2012
Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Los Angeles
Email: [email protected] & [email protected]
Outline
• Review of OPV research status
• Recent OPV results in UCLA
– Single junction
– Solution process tandem OPV
• Perspective
– What do it take to get 15% OPV cell
– A proposal for 15% solution process solar cell
I. Status of OPV: Excitements & Challenges
• Fast progress since 08-09
• Double digit era now • Three entities have
Double digit OPV efficiency
• Polymer & small molecule
• Single junction & tandem cell
• Thermal evaporation & solution process
Mitsubishi Chemical – 10.1% PCE Small molecule / Solution process
Closest Published Info. – 5.2%
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131 (44), 16048
Heliatek – 10.7% PCE Small molecule/ Vacuum process / Tandem
Closest Published Info. – 6.1%
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 3019
UCLA – 10.6% PCE Polymer / Solution process / Tandem
Closest Published Info. - 8.6%
a b
Nature Photon. 2012
7
II.A. Single Junction OPV Materials & Morphology control
Voc Jsc P3HT - BG:1.9 eV Silicon - BG 1.1 eV Solar cell Voc – 0.7 V OPV - too much energy loss
400 600 800 1000 12000
400
800
1200
1600
Irra
dia
nc
e [
Wm
-2m
-1]
P3HT:PCBM
cell response
AM 1.5G Reference
Spectrum (IEC 60904)
Wavelength [nm]
Silicon
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS (100)
(200)
(300) (010)
qxy (Å-1)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
a-axis
Substrate
200nm
G. Li, Y. Yang et al., NM (2005); Adv. Funct. Mater. (2007).
8
Examples – Co-polymer With Benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b′] dithiophene (BDT) unit
Mn: 27.4 kDa PDI: 1.8 Eg (Opt): 1.75 eV Voc = 0.92V / PCE = 5.7%
4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole
Thieno[3,4-b] thiophene
Yang Y. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 1500 (2010)
Y.Y. Liang et al. JACS. 131, 56 (2009)
400 600 800-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
EQ
E (
%)
Wavelength (nm)
PC61
BM
PC71
BM
D A
Voc Enhancement
LUMO
HOMO
LUMO
HOMO
Quinoid structure to lower bandgap
BDT unit to enhance planarity & mobility
II.B. Single Multi-junction Effective way for high efficiency
10
Single junction solar cell efficiency limit – 33% (J. Appl. Phys. 32, 510(1961))
Peter L M Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
2011;369:1840-1856
Reducing thermalization loss!
R. King et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183516 (2007 )
“40% efficient metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge
multijunction solar cells”
Tandem Polymer Solar Cells
- +
ITO
300 600 900 1200
0
1x1021
2x1021
3x1021
4x1021
5x1021
0.0
0.5
1.0
Ab
so
rban
ce (a
.u.)
Ph
oto
n D
en
sit
y (
Nu
mb
er
/m2/n
m)
Wavelength (nm)
Solar Spectrum
60% of
solar spectrum
Green polymer absorption
Red polymer absorption
PV1 PV2 n+ p+
hν
12
- + ITO
Regular
Inverted
• Two solar cells with complementary absorption range
• Reduce the “Quantum/Energy Loss” of high energy photons
• Transparent/conductive/robust interconnection layer (ICL)
• Multijunction solar cell compatible with Low-Cost Solution process
UCLA Tandem research – a Long way Traditional/Regular Tandem Cell
• Absorption range from 300nm to 850nm.
Glass / ITO Substrate
PEDOT:PSS
PSBTBT:PC70BM
P3HT:PC70BMPEDOT:PSS
h
PEDOT:PSSTiO2
Metal Electrode
TiO2:Cs
-+
PSBTBT P3HT
Glass / ITO Substrate
PEDOT:PSS
PSBTBT:PC70BM
P3HT:PC70BMPEDOT:PSS
hh
PEDOT:PSSTiO2
Metal Electrode
TiO2:Cs
-+
-+
PSBTBT P3HTPSBTBT P3HT
13 Sista, S. et al Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 380–383
1.25V
0.66V 0.60V
PCE(%) Voc (V) Jsc (mA/cm2) FF(%)
P3HT:PC70BM 3.77 0.60 9.27 66.6
PSBTBT:PC70BM 3.94 0.67 10.71 55.8
Tandem 5.90 1.25 7.44 63.2
PBDTT-DPP based single junction cell
Low bandgap polymer (PBDTT-DPP, Eg=1. 44 eV)
High mobility (3.1×10-4cm2V-1s-1 )
Deep HOMO (-5.3 eV)
6.5 -7% power conversion efficiency (PCE) Nature Photonics, 6, 180 (2012)
Polymer / Solution process / Tandem
a
b
Dou et al. Nat. Photon. 2012
VOC (V) JSC
(mA/cm2)
FF (%) PCE
(%)
Front cell
(P3HT:ICBA)
0.85 9.56 70.2 5.7
Rear cell (PBDTT-
DPP:PC71BM)
0.74 13.5 65.1 6.5
Tandem (NREL) 1.56 8.26 66.8 8.6
III. Perspective on OPV going forward 1. Overcoming Jsc Deficit
17
10.6% polymer tandem OPV - ~60% IPCE
Science, 334, 629 (2011)
12.3% DSSC: 90+% IPCE
Approach: Light trapping Large EQE – IQE gap in OPV
Metal NP scattering @ interface
Excitation of localized surface plasmon
Excitation of surface plasmon polariton
Atwater et al. Nature Photonics (2011)
Approach 2: Interface Engineering
Hongbin Wu, Yong Cao et al. Nature Photonics (2012)
9.2% PCE & ~80% EQE
PTB-7 + PFN +
Inverted structure Glass
ITO ETL
Polymer blend
V2O5, MoO3, WO3
Electrode
Li, Yang et al. APL (2006)
Shrotriya, Yang et al., APL (2006)
Voltage loss in inorganic solar cell Typical: 0.4 – 0.5 eV, min: 0.32eV (GaAs)
R. King et al., Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 2011; 19:797
2. Overcoming Voc Deficit
Experimental: OPV Voc understanding & Status
Exciton dissociation Non-geminate
recombination
J. Nelson et al., JACS 134, 685 (2012)
Scharber, Brabec et al. Adv. Mater. 18, 789 (2006)
“Good” - EQE > 50 or 60%
Low bandgap
PBDTT-DPP:PCBM
BG = 1.44eV
Voc = 0.74V
Wide bandgap
(a) P3HT:ICBA
(b) PCDTBT:PBM
BG = 1.9eV
Voc = 0.85V / 0.90V
More work to do!
D. Veldmen et al., Adv. Funct. Mater.
19, 1939(2009)
Polymer Voc loss in OPV: >0.6 V
Brabec et al. Adv. Mater. (2009)
15% is NOT just a dream (Double-junction tandem scenario)
22
15% module ? @ $50/m2 $0.3/Wp @ $75/m2 $0.5/Wp
Simple math:
Same bandgaps & FF as in current 2-junct. OPV
EQE enhancement from 60% to 90% +
Bandgap – Voc offset of 0.7eV
20% double-junction OPV
A Fully solution-processed CIS solar cell
•Replacement of sputtered i-ZnO/ITO and better power conversion efficiency than control devices
24
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.60
-10
-20
-30 AgNW/ITO-NP
PCE=10.3%
Sputtered i-ZnO/ITO
PCE=9.35%
Bare AgNW
PCE=1.1%
Cu
rre
nt
de
nsity (
mA
/cm
2)
Voltage (V)
Mo
CuInSe2
CdS
ITO-NPAgNW
CdS
Mo
ITO-NP
AgNW
100 nm
CuInSe2
C.H. Chung, Y. Yang et al Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201010 (2012)
Voc(V) Jsc(mA/cm2) Efficiency(%) FF(%)
AgNWs- ITO NPs 0.494 30.11 10.31 69.34
i-ZnO/ITO 0.496 27.42 9.36 68.82
400 600 800 1000 1200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
EQ
E (
%)
Wavelength (nm)
AgNWs-ITO NPs
Sputter i-ZnO/ITO1.9eV
1.4eV
I II III
Proposal: A Fully solution-processed Hybrid Triple Junction solar cell
Goal - High Efficiency & Low Cost
26
Organic photovoltaic technology Exciting progress Multiple reports on over 10% Challenges
Multi-junction approach is expected to lead us to 20% cell / 15% module Efficiency
Transparent OPV - an enabling / disruptive technology
Big Challenges & opportunities
Summary
Acknowledgement
27
• UCLA • Jing Gao •Dr. Ziruo Hong (U. Yamagata)
• Solarmer Energy Inc. • Dr. Yue Wu • Dr. Jianhui Hou (ICCAS) • Christine Tsai
• U. Chicago • Dr. Luping Yu • Dr. Yongye Liang (Stanford)