ach's mbbs year 2 semester 3 week 1 notes

8/10/2019 ACH's MBBS YEAR 2 SEMESTER 3 WEEK 1 NOTES

1/27

MOQJLMI LGEEKNK GO HKMESH (MLH)

@AA\ ZKMQ 1, \K@K\SKQ


2/27

TMSHGEGNZ (@GICMZ)

Sh& &!! m' &!! ;?#2

\SQ%LS%QK MIC O%ILSJGI GO LKEE LG@TGIKIS\>

Iulekus Shk iulekus js lg`pgskc prjiljpmeey go

ckgxyrjagiulekjl mljc (CIM) ji lgàjimtjgi wjth m

prgtkji (hjstgik) wjthji m nrguic suastmilk. Shk

iulekjl mljc `mtkrjme (lhrg`mtji) stmjis wkee wjth

amsjl cyks sulh ms hmk`mtgxyeji mic `kthyekik aeuk, mic

CIM lmi ak stmjikc spkljojlmeey ay thk Okuenki

tklhijuk. !hrg`mtji pmttkris "mry org` lkee tg lkee.

Shk pems`m lkee, ogr kxm`pek, hms m cjstjiltj"k

#lmrtwhkke# pmttkri. Sh& ?!&?*js skpmrmtkc org` thk

lytgpems` ay m cguaek `kàrmik $ thk iulekmr ki"kegpk $

lgitmjijin ljrluemr hgeks %& tg '& i` ji cjm`ktkr $

iulekmr pgrks. Shk pgrks, whjlh mrk usumeey lrgsskc ay

m cjoousk `kàrmik, prgamaey rkprkskit thk sjtks go

jitkrlhmink aktwkki iulekus mic lytgpems`.

O?t* 4 th& ?!&?*2

. kpejlmtjgi go CIM

*. +rgcultjgi go `ksskinkr IM

. -yithksjs go sg`k iulekmr prgtkjis Iulekgeus Shk

iulekus igr`meey lgitmjis gik gr `grk s`mee amsgphjejl

strulturks iulekgej, lg`pgskc go m ckisk iktwgr

(iulekgegik`m) kilegsjin pmekr mrkms (thk pmrs

m`grphm). Shk nrmiueks go thk iulekgegik`m mrk thgunht

tg rkprkskit ikwey$syithksj/kc rjagsg`k suauijts whjlh

pmss gut go thk iulekus megin wjth `ksskinkr IM mic

cjrklt thk syithksjs go spkljojl prgtkjis ji thklytgpems`. !ytgpems` !ytgsge cjookrs org` kxtrmlkeeuemr

oeujc ji hm"jin m hjnh lgilkitrmtjgi go pgtmssju`,

`mniksju` mic phgsphmtk. -gcju` js mltj"key kxleuckc ay

thk MS+$ckpkickit #sgcju`$pu`p# mlrgss thk lkee

`kàrmik. 4miy ouiltjgis rksjck ji thk lytgsge gr

lytgpems`jl `mtrjx, im`key=


3/27

. 1eylgeysjs

*. -g`k rkmltjgis ji neulgikgnkiksjs

. Mltj"mtjgi mic syithksjs go sg`k m`jig mljcs


4/27

thk rgunh ? js usumeey ogr kxpgrt "jm thk 1genj

mppmrmtus. jagsg`ks mrk amsgphjejl sg thmt thk

lytgpems` go lkees lmpmaek go rmpjc prgtkji syithksjs

stmjis wkee wjth hmk`mtgxyeji gr pyrgiji. ?xm`peks go

lkees shgwjin sulh lytgpems`jl amsgphjejm mrk pems`m

lkees, kxglrjik lkees go thk pmilrkms, mic hkpmtglytks.

Shk s`ggth ? js lgilkrikc wjth syithksjs go

trjneylkrjcks org` orkk omtty mljcs, crun `ktmagejs`

mic cktgxjojlmtjgi, neylgnki syithksjs, mic thk

syithksjs go stkrgjc hgr`giks. !kees rjlh ji s`ggth ?

(ms wkee ms `jtglhgicrjm) shgw m nrkmtkr moojijty ogr

mljcjl cyks sulh ms kgsji mic mljc oulhsji.

Sh& N!" m88mmt?*2Shk 1genj mppmrmtus js m skrjks go

`kàrmik em`keemk, `kàrmik aguic "mlugeks mic s`mee"ksjleks, akst skki ji sklrktmry lkees sulh ms thgsk go

thk kxglrjik pmilrkms, ngaekt lkees, mic thk masgrptj"k

lkees go thk nut. Shk 1genj js thgunht tg pmlmnk

sklrktjgis whjlh rkmlh jt thrgunh thk ljstkrimk go thk

?. Shk sklrktjgi nrmiueks thki auc goo mic `jnrmtk tg

thk mpkx go thk lkee. 4jlrgojem`kits 4jlrgojem`kits mrk

thji ojem`kits wjth mi m"krmnk cjm`ktkr go 3 i`

lg`pgskc go pgey`krj/kc mltji. Shky mrk usumeey oguic

ji auiceks wjthji m iktwgr mic mrk j`pgrtmit ji

rktmjijin thk shmpk go lkees mic ji lkee `gtjejty.

@t?:?!&*24jlrgtuaueks mrk igi$lgitrmltjek

strulturks, magut *% i` ji cjm`ktkr, mic go "mrjmaek

ekinth. Shky mrk lg`pgskc go suauijts (cj`krs) go

tuaueji whjlh lmi ak rmpjcey rk$msskàekc thus

prg"jcjin m cyim`jl lytgskektgi, mic mrk oguic ji

ljejm mic oemnkeem ms wkee ms ogr`jin `jtgtjl spjiceks

mic lkitrjgeks ji mee typks go lkees. 4jlrgtuaueks mrk

ji"ge"kc ji=

. 4mjitmjijin thk lytgskektgi

*. 4jtgtjl cj"jsjgi


5/27

. Srmispgrt pmthwmys ogr sklrktjgis mic gthkr

grnmikeeks


6/27

wjth prj`mry eysgsg`ks. Cjnkstjgi prglkkcs ji thk

sklgicmry eysgsg`ks sg$ogr`kc mic prgcults cjoousk gut

tg ak rk$utjejskc ay thk lkee. 2icjnkstkc `mtkrjme lmi

ji sg`k jistmilks ak kxpkeekc ay kxglytgsjs, gthkrwjsk

jt rk`mjis ji thk lkee ms m rksjcume ckisk agcy.

?xm`peks go prgtkjis tmki jitg lkees mic cjnkstkc

wjthji eysgsg`ks mrk=

. :mk`gnegaji

*. Imtj"k j``uignegaueji mic j``uik lg`pekxks

. Ckimturkc prgtkjis


7/27

hycrgphgajl ejpjc `gjktjks jitkrimejskc mic thk

prgtkjis (mic neylgprgtkjis) prkskit ms=

. ;itknrme `kàrmik prgtkjis $ negauemr prgtkjis

jitkrlmemtkc tg "mryjin ckpths wjthji thk ajemykr mic

ji sg`k jistmilks lg`pektkey spmiijin thk `kàrmik.

;itknrmtkc neylgprgtkjis mrk mewmys mrrminkc sg thmt

thkjr lmraghycrmtk `gjktjks mrk kxpgskc mt thk lkee

suromlk whkrk thky mlt ms spkljojl rklkptgr `geklueks.

5hjest sg`k jitknrme prgtkjis mrk lmpmaek go emtkrme

`g"k`kit wjthji thk ejpjc ajemykr (thus metkrjin thk

`gekluemr pmttkri prkskitkc mt thk suromlk) gthkrs

mppkmr tg ak mttmlhkc tg `jlrgtuaueks mic

`jlrgojem`kits mic `kcjmtk #trmis`kàrmik lytgskektme

lgitrge#

*. +krjphkrme `kàrmik prgtkjis $ mrk igt ksskitjme tg

strulturme jitknrjty mic mrk aguic tg jitknrme prgtkjis

gr neylgejpjcs ay jgijl agics. Shk lkee `kàrmik hms m

iuàkr go j`pgrtmit ouiltjgis=

. ;itmk go kxgnkigus `mtkrjme ay phmnglytgsjs,

pjiglytgsjs gr `jlrgpjiglytgsjs

*. -kekltj"k pkr`kmajejty

. Shk MS+$mssgljmtkc sgcju`$pu`p whjlh mltj"key shjots

sgcju` jgis mlrgss thk `kàrmik gut go thk lytgpems`


8/27

'. klgnijtjgi $ thk lmpmljty tg rklgnijsk ogrkjni

mitjnkis mic metkrkc gr kooktk hgst lkees, rksjcks mt

thk lk `k`armik mic js `kcjmtkc ay lkee$aguic

mitjagcjks gr mitjagcy$ejk `geklueks

9. klkptgr sjtks ogr stj`uemtgry hgr`giks, lytgjiks

mic gthkr lhk`jlme `kcjmtgrs.


9/27

@KCJLME \SMSJ\SJL\ (S%K\CMZ)

Jt'?t2

-tmtjstjls js thk sljkilk go lgeekltjin, su``mrj/jin,

prkskitjin mic jitkrprktjin cmtm, mic go usjin thk` tgkstj`mtk thk `mnijtuck go mssgljmtjgis mic tkst

hypgthksks. ;t hms m lkitrme rgek ji `kcjlme

ji"kstjnmtjgis. Igt giey cgks jt prg"jck m wmy go

grnmij/jin jiogr`mtjgi gi m wjckr mic `grk ogr`me amsjs

thmi rkeyjin gi thk kxlhmink go miklcgtks mic pkrsgime

kxpkrjkilk, jt tmks jitg mllguit thk jitrjisjl

"mrjmtjgi jihkrkit ji `gst ajgegnjlme prglkssks.

Ogr kxm`pek, igt giey cgks aeggc prkssurk cjookr org`

pkrsgi tg pkrsgi, aut ji thk sm`k pkrsgi jt mesg "mrjks

org` cmy tg cmy mic org` hgur tg hgur. ;t js thk

jitkrprktmtjgi go cmtm ji thk prkskilk go sulh

"mrjmajejty thmt ejks mt thk hkmrt go stmtjstjls.

-tmtjstjls js uskc tg k"meumtk thk mssgljmtjgi aktwkki

mi kxpgsurk "mrjmaek mic thk gutlg`k go jitkrkst. 4grk

spkljojlmeey, jt js uskc tg `kmsurk thjs mssgljmtjgi ji

thk cmtm lgeekltkc org` thk pmrtjluemr sm`pek go

jicj"jcumes ji gur stucy mic tg `mk jiokrkilks magut

jts ejkey sj/k mic strkinth ji thk pgpuemtjgi org`

whjlh thk sm`pek wms ckrj"kc.

OJICJIN SHK QJNHS \SMSJ\SJLME @KSHGC2

Shk mpprgprjmtk stmtjstjlme `kthgcs tg usk ckpkic gi

thk imturk go thk gutlg`k "mrjmaek go jitkrkst. thky

`my ak ksskitjmeey gik go thrkk typks=

. Iu`krjlme gutlg`ks, sulh ms ajrth wkjnht gr

lhgekstkrge ek"ke.

*. 7jimry gutlg`ks, su``mrj/kc ms prgpgrtjgis, rjss gr

gccs, sulh ms thk prg$ pgrtjgi go lhjecrki cjmnigskc


10/27

wjth msth`m, thk prgpgrtjgi go pmtjkits ji kmlh

trkmt`kit nrgup whg mrk ig eginkr hypkrtkisj"k, gr thk

rjs go cyjin ji thk ojrst ykmr go ejok.

. mtks go `grtmejty, `grajcjty gr sur"j"me `kmsurkc

eginjtucjimeey g"kr tj`k, sulh ms thk sur"j"me rmtks

ogeegwjin cjookrkit trkmt`kits ogr arkmst lmilkr, gr

thk iu`akr go kpjsgcks go cjmrrhgkm pkr pkrsgi pkr ykmr

m`gin M;C- pmtjkits.


11/27

TMSHGEGNZ (^KCIK\CMZ)

TQGSKGEZ\J\ MIC TQGSKJI OGECJIN2

5hjek jt js skeo k"jckit thmt rmpjc mic koojljkit

prgtkgeysjs js lkitrme tg thk prgpkr ouiltjgijin go thk

lkee, jt js giey rklkitey thmt thk `klhmijs`slgitrgeejin prgtkgeysjs hm"k aknui tg ak uickrstggc.

Ogr jistmilk, thkrk js m "kry legsk lgiikltjgi aktwkki

prgtkgeysjs mic lgitrge go thk lkee lylek. ;ickkc m

sjinek prgtkji, lyleji 7, whjlh mlluùemtks curjin thk

1j mic - phmsks ùst ak cknrmckc ogr lkees tg kxjt

`jtgsjs.

6ik go thk `m0gr omltgrs ji thk rknuemtjgi go sulh

cknrmcmtjgi js thk prgtkji uajujtji. Ms jts im`k

j`pejks, thjs prgtkji js hjnhey lgiskr"kc thrgunhgut

kumrygtks, mic js uijuk ji jts majejty tg aklg`k

rk"krsjaey lrgss$ejikc tg gthkr prgtkjis. ;i cgjin sg

jt js ejkey thmt uajujtji skr"ks ms m `g"maek ajicjin

sjtk ogr prgtkjis thmt cg igt hm"k lg`pek`kitmry

strulturks mic ay arjinjin sulh prgtkjis jitg legsk

mssgljmtjgi js mi ksskitjme lg`pgikit go `miy j`pgrtmit

prgtkgeytjl pmthwmys. Shk prgpkr ouiltjgijin go ikwey

syithksjskc prgtkjis js ckpkickit upgi thk` mttmjijin

thk lgrrklt thrkk cj`kisjgime lgiojnurmtjgi.

Shk lg`pekx ogecjin go pgeypkptjcks ji"ge"kc ji thjs

prglkss js lgitrgeekc ay gthkr prgtkjis whjlh mrk

kjthkr ki/y`ks prg`gtjin cjsuephjck ogr`mtjgi mic

jsg`krjsmtjgi, gr `kàkrs go m om`jey go prgtkjis whjlh

stmajejsk uiogeckc mic pmrtjmeey ogeckc strulturks mic

prk"kit thk ck"kegp`kit go jimpprgprjmtk jitrm$ mic

jitkr$lhmji agics. Shky mlhjk"k thjs wjthgut thk`ske"ks

aklg`jin jilgrpgrmtkc jitg thk strulturk. Shksk

prgtkjis mrk tkr`kc lhmpkrgiks mic mrk "jtme tg thklgrrklt trmiseglmtjgi, msskàey, cjsmsskàey mic

trmispgrt go pgeypkptjcks mic prgtkji gejng`krs. Shk

prgtkjis ojrst lm`k tg igtjlk whki oguic ji kxlkssj"k

m`guits ms pmrt go thk lkeeuemr rkspgisk tg hjnh

tk`pkrmturk, hkilk thk im`k #hkmt$shgl# prgtkjis. Igw

thmt jt js mpprkljmtkc thmt thky mrk ksskitjme tg


12/27

igr`me ouiltjgi mic jilrkmskc ji `miy ogr`s go ji0ury

thky mrk tkr`kc strkss prgtkjis mic lhmpkrgik.

LKEE 6 LKEE MCHK\JGI2

. Duiltjgime `klhmijs`s

(j) Cks`gsg`ks $ jitkrlkeeuemr 0uiltjgis ejikc tg thk

jitkr`kcjmtk ojem`kits go thk lytgskektgi. Shky mrk

lg`pgskc go m skrjks go trmis`kàrmik neylgprgtkjis mic

prgtkjis tkr`kc cks`gnekjis mic cks`gpemjis

(jj) Mchkrkis 0uiltjgis whjlh lgitmji cjookrkit ogr`s

go trmis`kàrmik mchksjgi `geklueks, thk `mji `kàkrs

akjin thk lmchkrji om`jey. Shksk `geklueks mrk

rkspgisjaek ogr lmelju` ckpkickit jitkrlkeeuemr

mchksjgi. 6thkr 0uiltjgis aktwkki lkees, im`key nmp mictjnht 0uiltjgis, mrk igt mchksj"k strulturks. Shkjr

ouiltjgi js tg meegw thk pmssmnk go s`mee `geklueks

jitg, gr aktwkki, lkees.

*. Igi$0uiltjgime `klhmijs`s ;itkrlkeeuemr mchksjgi js

mesg omljejtmtkc ay `kàrmik$aguic lkee mchksjgi

`geklueks (!M4s). -g`k !M4s mrk spkljojl tg lkrtmji

tjssuks whkrkms gthkrs, ogr kxm`pek sg$lmeekc ej"kr

lkee mchksjgi `gekluek (8$!M4), mrk wjckey cjstrjautkc

ji kpjthkejme mic gthkr tjssuks. Shk kxjstkilk go igi$spkljojl mchksjgi `geklueks `kmis thmt giey m s`mee

rkpkrtgjrk go sulh `geklueks js rkujrkc ogr mchksjgi

aktwkki m ùetjpejljty go lkee typks.

LKEE 6 @MSQJ5 MCHK\JGI2

. Duiltjgime `klhmijs`s

(j) :k`jcks`gsg`ks ajic lkees tg thkjr suastrmtu`

(jj) Oglme lgitmlts

*. Igi$0uiltjgime `klhmijs`s Shk lkee suromlk js

kujppkc wjth m "mrjkty go rklkptgrs ogr kxtrmlkeeuemr

`mtrjx `geklueks sulh ms ojargikltji mic em`jiji. Shk

`m0gr rklkptgrs mrk `kàkrs go thk jitknrji om`jey.

eitknrjis mrk hktkrgcj`krs thmt rklgnijsk mic ajic tg m


13/27

spkljojl m`jig$mljc skukilk ji thk `mtrjx `gekluek.

Shky mrk trmis`kàrmik prgtkjis whgsk lytgpems`jl

cg`mjis jitkrmlt thrgunh jitkr`kcjmtk prgtkjis sulh ms

"jilueji gr tmeji tg ajic tg mltji `jlrgojem`kits. Shus

jitknrjis mlt ms mi j`pgrtmit arjcnk aktwkki amsk`kit

`kàrmik gr lgiikltj"k tjssuk `mtrjx prgtkjis mic

jitrm$lytgpems`jl `jlrgojem`kits mic pkr`jt milhgrmnk

go lkees tg `mtrjx lg`pgikits.

SHK LKEE LZLEK MIC LKEE QKTQGC%LSJGI2

Motkr cj"jsjgi (`jtgsjs) thk lkee kitkrs thk ojrst

rkstjin phmsk $ 1j (1mp ). Shjs phmsk js "mrjmaek mic

ji sg`k lkees `my ak sg prgeginkc thmt thky mrk

kookltj"key gut go lylek (1g). Shky `my rkturi tg thklylek gr aklg`k oueey cjookrkitjmtkc #kic$lkees#

jilmpmaek go cj"jsjgi. -$phmsk js lgilkrikc wjth thk

syithksjs go CIM mic hjstgiks tmjin thk lkee up tg m

tktrmpegjc stmtk.

Mt thk sm`k tj`k thkrk js pmrmeeke syithksjs go IM mic

prgtkjis. Shk lkee thki kitkrs m sklgic, arjko rkstjin

phmsk $ 1* (1mp *) whjlh js ogeegwkc ay `jtgsjs. ;o

agth #cmunhtkr# lkees kitkr thk rkpejlmtj"k lylek thki

thk tgtme iuàkr go lkees wjee cguaek wjth kmlhnkikrmtjgi mic thk pgpuemtjgi wjee nrgw kxpgikitjmeey.

5hjest thjs cgks gllur ji thk kmrey stmnks go kàrygijl

ejok, emtkr ji ck"kegp`kit thk lkees cg igt j``kcjmtkey

kitkr thk lylek sg thmt cguaejin tj`ks mrk prgeginkc.

Swg lmtkngrjks go cj"jcjin lkees mrk rklgnijskc, stk`

lkees mic prgnkiy lkees=

. -tk` lkees mrk lmpmaek go prgculjin cjookrkit ogr`s

go prgnkiy lkee. 5hki thky cj"jck thky nj"k rjsk tg gik

rkpemlk`kit stk` lkee mic gik cj"jcjin prgnkiy lkee.

*. +rgnkiy lkees cj"jck aut mesg cjookrkitjmtk jitg gik

gr `grk typks go spkljmejskc lkees. Shus, thk prgnkiy

lkee pgge nrmcumeey cj"krnks ji ogr` mic ouiltjgi mic


14/27

js giey rkikwkc ay jiput org` thk stk` lkees. Shk rmtk

go nrgwth go m tjssuk js m ouiltjgi go thk orkukily

wjth whjlh stk` lkees rkprgculk mic suppey thk prgnkiy

pgge mic thk iuàkr go #m`pejoyjin# cj"jsjgis uickrngik

ay thk prgnkiy lkees curjin thkjr ejoktj`k. Sh& ?/:&

4 *?h m/8!4#" '0** * /'4&' :#2

. Shk spmtjme cjstrjautjgi go lkees wjthji m tjssuk

*. -uromlk mttmlh`kits

. !ytgjiks mic thkjr rklkptgrs

LZSGFJIK\2

!ytgjiks mrk m om`jey go neylgsyemtkc gr igi

neylgsyemtkc pgeypkptjcks mic prgtkjis sklrktkc ay

lkees ji rkspgisk tg m stjùeus whjlh `gcuemtks thkakhm"jgur go tmrnkt lkees. Shky kxkrt thkjr kooklts ji

thrkk wmys=

(j) Shky mlt gi thk lkee prgculjin thk` $ mi mutglrjik

kooklt

(jj) Shky mlt gi lkees ji thk "jljijty go thk prgculjin

lkee $ m pmrmlrjik kooklt

(jjj) Shky mlt systk`jlmeey gi cjstmit sjtks $ mi

kicglrjik kooklt.

L!m**&* 4 #t3&*>

. 1rgwth omltgrs

*. !gegiy stjùemtjin omltgrs

. ;itkrekujis


15/27

Nth 4mt*>Shksk mrk s`mee pgeypkptjcks prgculkc

ay "mrjgus lkees. Shky hm"k m iuàkr go mltjgis, thk

`gst j`pgrtmit go whjlh mrk thk lgitrge go lkee

prgejokrmtjgi mic cjookrkitjmtjgi..

(j) ?pjckr`me nrgwth omltgr om`jey m. ?pjckr`me nrgwth

omltgr a. Srmisogr`jin nrgwth omltgr (x l. M`phjrknueji

Shksk 1Os mrk prgculkc ay `miy lkee typks. Shky

jitkrmlt wjth thk kra$7 om`jey go rklkptgrs mic mrk

j`pgrtmit ji kpjthkejme lkee prgejokrmtjgi mic

cjookrkitjmtjgi

(jj) +emtkekt ckrj"kc nrgwth omltgr (+C1O) Cj`krs go

twg suauijts +C1O$M mic +C1O$7 prgculkc ay pemtkekts,

kicgthkejme lkees, mltj"mtkc `mlrgphmnks ktl.,

j`pgrtmit ji tjssuk rkpmjr mic lhrgijl jioem``mtgryprglkssks

(jjj) Srmisogr`jin nrgwth omltgr & om`jey

m. S1O+$ (`m0gr mltjgis $ nrgwth rknuemtjgi,

lgiikltj"k tjssuk syithksjs )

a. 74+*M, *7 mic (agik `grphgnkiksjs)

l. ;ihjajis M mic 7 (rknuemtjgi go pjtujtmry ngimc

mxjs)

c. Mltj"ji M mic M7 (mitmngijs` go jihjajis mltjgis) k.

4ueekrjmi jihjajtgry suastmilk (ck"kegp`kit go `mek

rkprgcultj"k systk`)(j") Ojargaemst nrgwth omltgr (O1O)

m. Mljcjl O1O

a. 7msjl O1O

l. jit *

c. O1O%

k. hst

Shksk 1Os mrk pgtkit stjùemtgry omltgrs ogr

ikurgkltgckr`me lkees, kicgthkejme lkees, ojargaemsts

ktl., mic pemy m `m0gr rgek ji kàrygnkiksjs

(") ;isueji$ejk nrgwth omltgr

m. Sypk ;

a. Sypk 4kcjmtk mltjgi go hgr`giks sulh ms nrgwth

hgr`gik

("j) Ikr"k nrgwth omltgrs


16/27

m. Ikr"k nrgwth omltgr

a. Ikurgekuji Ikurgtrgpjl omltgrs ogr ikurme tjssuks

whjlh pemy m rgek ji wguic hkmejin

1$ L!# *t/?!mt" 4mt*>

knuemtk thk prgejokrmtjgi mic cjookrkitjmtjgi go

hmk`mtgpgjktjl lkees.


17/27

@KCJLME \SMSJ\SJL\ (SH%Q\CMZ)

Jt'?t2

-tmtjstjls js thk sljkilk go lgeekltjin, su``mrj/jin,

prkskitjin mic jitkrprktjin cmtm, mic go usjin thk` tgkstj`mtk thk `mnijtuck go mssgljmtjgis mic tkst

hypgthksks. ;t hms m lkitrme rgek ji `kcjlme

ji"kstjnmtjgis. Igt giey cgks jt prg"jck m wmy go

grnmij/jin jiogr`mtjgi gi m wjckr mic `grk ogr`me amsjs

thmi rkeyjin gi thk kxlhmink go miklcgtks mic pkrsgime

kxpkrjkilk, jt tmks jitg mllguit thk jitrjisjl

"mrjmtjgi jihkrkit ji `gst ajgegnjlme prglkssks.

Ogr kxm`pek, igt giey cgks aeggc prkssurk cjookr org`

pkrsgi tg pkrsgi, aut ji thk sm`k pkrsgi jt mesg "mrjks

org` cmy tg cmy mic org` hgur tg hgur. ;t js thk

jitkrprktmtjgi go cmtm ji thk prkskilk go sulh

"mrjmajejty thmt ejks mt thk hkmrt go stmtjstjls.

-tmtjstjls js uskc tg k"meumtk thk mssgljmtjgi aktwkki

mi kxpgsurk "mrjmaek mic thk gutlg`k go jitkrkst. 4grk

spkljojlmeey, jt js uskc tg `kmsurk thjs mssgljmtjgi ji

thk cmtm lgeekltkc org` thk pmrtjluemr sm`pek go

jicj"jcumes ji gur stucy mic tg `mk jiokrkilks magut

jts ejkey sj/k mic strkinth ji thk pgpuemtjgi org`

whjlh thk sm`pek wms ckrj"kc.

OJICJIN SHK QJNHS \SMSJ\SJLME @KSHGC2

Shk mpprgprjmtk stmtjstjlme `kthgcs tg usk ckpkic gi

thk imturk go thk gutlg`k "mrjmaek go jitkrkst. thky

`my ak ksskitjmeey gik go thrkk typks=

. Iu`krjlme gutlg`ks, sulh ms ajrth wkjnht gr

lhgekstkrge ek"ke.

*. 7jimry gutlg`ks, su``mrj/kc ms prgpgrtjgis, rjss gr

gccs, sulh ms thk prg$ pgrtjgi go lhjecrki cjmnigskc


18/27

wjth msth`m, thk prgpgrtjgi go pmtjkits ji kmlh

trkmt`kit nrgup whg mrk ig eginkr hypkrtkisj"k, gr thk

rjs go cyjin ji thk ojrst ykmr go ejok.

. mtks go `grtmejty, `grajcjty gr sur"j"me `kmsurkc

eginjtucjimeey g"kr tj`k, sulh ms thk sur"j"me rmtks

ogeegwjin cjookrkit trkmt`kits ogr arkmst lmilkr, gr

thk iu`akr go kpjsgcks go cjmrrhgkm pkr pkrsgi pkr ykmr

m`gin M;C- pmtjkits.


19/27

TMSHGEGNZ (OQJCMZ)

LZSGFJIK QKLKTSGQ\2

klkptgrs lgisjst go

(j) mi kxtkrime cg`mji whjlh js thk ajicjin sjtk ogr

thk ejnmic(jj) m trmis`kàrmik rknjgi whjlh spmis thk lkee

`kàrmik

(jjj) mi jitrmlkeeuemr cg`mji whjlh ckej"krs thk sjnime

tg thk lytgsge klkptgrs `my lgisjst go m sjinek

pgeypkptjck lhmji gi jts gwi, k.n. ?1O$, m sjinek

pgeypkptjck lhmji peus m sklgic hkepkr prgtkji, k.n.

;OI$,A rklkptgr, gr twg pgeypkptjck lhmjis, k.n. ;1O$

rklkptgr. klkptgrs lmi ak go hjnh gr egw moojijty,

k.n. ;8$*, gr thky lmi hm"k m cjookrkit ek"ke go

rkspgisk tg cjookrkit ejnmics, k.n. ;1O$ rklkptgr

ajicjin ;1O$ mic jisueji.

Q&&8t /'?!mt * mh&0&' :# m!t&"2

(j) thk rmtk go syithksjs mic `kàrmik jiskrtjgi

(jj) rklkptgr jitkrimejsmtjgi mic rklylejin

(jjj) rklkptgr cknrmcmtjgi "jm eysgsg`ks

\"m! tm*'?t2

Ogeegwjin ajicjin go lytgjik wjth jts mpprgprjmtk

rklkptgr thkrk ogeegws m lmslmck go k"kits thmt

k"kitumeey (motkr sk"krme hgurs) ekmc tg stjùemtjgi go

CIM syithksjs mic lkee cj"jsjgi gr jicultjgi go 4IM

mic prgtkji syithksjs. Shk `klhmijs`s ji"ge"kc ji thjs

#sjnime trmiscultjgi# mrk hjnhey lg`pekx. -g`k

rklkptgrs gpkrmtk thrgunh mltj"mtjgi go thkjr jitkrime

tyrgsjik jimsk cg`mji, k.n. kra$7 om`jey, +C1O$,

;1O$r gthkrs trmisculk thkjr sjnimes "jm lytgpems`jltyrgsjik gr skrjikLthrkgijik jimsks, k.n. srl, yks,

onr ykt gthkrs gpkrmtk thrgunh phgsphgejpmsk$!

mltj"jty, k.n. lr.

Shksk ki/y`ks mlt thrgunh m skrjks go jitkr`kcjmrjks

mic prgtkji phgsphgryemtjgi tg #swjtlh gi# CIM mic


20/27

prgtkji syithksjs. 1kikrmtjgi go jigsjtge trjphgsphmtk

thrgunh phgsphgejpmsk$! mltj"jty ekmcs tg `gajejsmtjgi

go lmelju` jgis org` jitkrime pgges mic thkrkay

`gcuemtks `miy lmelju`$ckpkickit prglkssks. Shjs js mi

kxm`pek go lmelju` jgis mltjin ms m #sklgic `ksskinkr#.

!melju` oeuxks ji lkee rknuemtjgi Methgunh

kxtrmlkeeuemr oeujc hms m hjnh !m* lgilkitrmtjgi (&$

4), jitrmlkeeuemr ek"kes mrk sk"krme grckrs egwkr

(magut &$3 4).

Shjs stkkp kekltrglhk`jlme nrmcjkit js `mjitmjikc ay

thk rkemtj"k j`pkr`kmajejty go thk pems`m `kàrmik tg

lmelju` jgis, mic ay mltj"k kxleusjgi ay m lmelju`

pu`p. 5hki m lkee js mltj"mtkc, ogr kxm`pek ay m

lytgjik, hgr`gik gr ikr"k j`puesk, lmelju` jgis `g"kjitg thk lkee lytgpems`.

Sh& * "mt& &th& 4/2

. ?xtrmlkeeuemr lmelju` jgis whjlh kitkr thrgunh=

(j) klkptgr gpkrmtkc lhmiikes

(jj) >getmnk ckpkickit lhmiikes

*. !melju` #stgrks# ji thk s`ggth kicgpems`jl rktjlueu`

Shk jioeux go lmelju` jgis ekmcs tg thk mltj"mtjgi go m

lmeljuàjicjin prgtkji lme`gcueji. Shk mltj"k

lme`gcueji$lmelju` lg`pekx rknuemtks m wjck rmink go

jitrmlkeeuemr prglkssks jileucjin=

. !ylejl iulekgtjck `ktmagejs`

*. 4jlrgojem`kit pgey`krjsmtjgi

. 4jlrgtuauek msskàey$cjsmsskàey


21/27

(jj) Sjssuk spkljojl $ k.n. pmrmlktm`ge (mlktm`jigphki)

prgculjin ej"kr iklrgsjs meegxmi nj"jin rjsk tg

iklrgsjs ji 7$lkees go thk pmilrkmtjl jsekts

(jjj) 1kikrme $ k.n. kthye melghge, psylhgtrgpjl cruns,

hkm"y `ktme pgjsgis

*. +hysjlme mnkits

(j) Srmu`m

(jj) Sk`pkrmturk ji0urjks, j.k. kxtrk`k hkmt gr lgec

(jjj) +rkssurk kooklts (aemst ji0urjks)

(j") ;gijsjin rmcjmtjgi

(") ?ekltrjlme ji0urjks

. 8ml go iutrjkits

Em!>

(j) Omjeurk go lkeeuemr masgrptjgi, k.n. neulgsk ji

cjmaktks `keejtus

(jj) Omjeurk go aeggc suppey jslhmk`jm

N&&m!>

(j) :ypgxjm, k.n. sk"krk mimk`jm, rkspjrmtgry omjeurk

(jj) 4meiutrjtjgi rksuetjin org` cjktmry ckojljkily gr

`memasgrptjgi

(jjj) :gr`gime ckojljkily


22/27

a. Metkrmtjgi ji strulturk ms m rksuet go lhrg`gsg`me

ckektjgi gr trmiseglmtjgi

(jj) !hmink ji nkiktjl lgck

m. ;ihkrjtkc, k.n. jiagri krrgrs go `ktmagejs`,

thmemssmk`jm

a. Mlujrkc

@?tmt C&!&t 4 "&&>

K7GE%SJGI GO LKEE JI9%QZ2

Shk tkr` #ji0ury# kàrmlks m wjck rmink go mc"krsk

k"kits whjlh wjee mooklt lkeeuemr hg`kgstmsjs. 5hkrk mi

ji0ury js `jec mic trmisjkit thk lkee `my suookr

ej`jtkc cm`mnk tg `kàrmiks mic grnmikeeks whjlh lmi ak

rkmcjey rkpmjrkc mic igr`me strulturk mic ouiltjgirkstgrkc. -ulh ji0urjks jiculk jilrkmskc syithksjs go

spkljojl strkss prgtkjis whjlh lguec hkep ji thk

cjssgljmtjgi mic lekmrmilk go ckimturkc prgtkjis mic

prgtkji lg`pekxks, mic smtjsoy thk nrkmtkr ck`mic ogr

prgtkji ogecjin argunht magut ay thk mc"krsk

lgicjtjgis.

2iwmitkc grnmikeeks mic `kàrmiks mrk rk`g"kc ay

mutgphmnglytgsjs. 4grk sk"krk mic sustmjikc ji0ury `my

rksuet ji cknkikrmtj"k lhminks sulh ms legucy swkeejinmic omt mlluùemtjgi whjlh, jo thk ji0urjgus mnkit js

wjthcrmwi, mrk mesg rk"krsjaek mic thk lkee rklg"krs.

;o, hgwk"kr, thk ji0ury pkrsjsts thk lkee `my

cknkikrmtk ourthkr, aklg`k jrrk"krsjaey cm`mnkc, mic

cjk. ;i sg`k ljrlu`stmilks thk ji0ury `my ak sg

lmtmstrgphjl thmt thk lkee cjks wjthgut shgwjin thksk

jitkr`kcjmtk lhminks.

Metkrimtj"key, whki mi mc"krsk ki"jrgi`kit pkrsjsts,

thk lkee `my mcmpt mic kstmaejsh m ikw stkmcy stmtk.

6iey whki thk lkee omjes tg kstmaejsh mi metkrkc ek"ke

go hg`kgstmsjs ji rkspgisk tg ji0ury js lkee ckmth

jik"jtmaek. 2ickr sg`k ljrlu`stmilks thk ikw

ki"jrgi`kit `my rkujrk m hkjnhtkikc stmtk go mltj"jty

ogr hg`kgstmsjs tg ak `mjitmjikc. ;ilrkmskc ouiltjgime


23/27

mltj"jty js argunht magut ay mi jilrkmsk ji thk iuàkr

go grnmikeeks mic m lgilg`jtmit jilrkmsk ji lkee sj/k $

lkeeuemr hypkrtrgphy.

Mi jilrkmsk ji lkee iuàkr `my ak rkujrkc tg lgpk wjth

jilrkmskc ck`mics gr tg lg`pkismtk ogr m shgrtkikc ejok

spmi $ hypkrpemsjm. 4grk orkukitey, m lkee mcmpts tg

mi mc"krsk ki"jrgi`kit ay ouiltjgijin mt m egwkr ek"ke

thmi igr`me. Shk cj`jiutjgi ji ouiltjgime grnmikeeks js

pmrmeekekc ay rkculkc lkee sj/k $ mtrgphy. Ojimeey

tjssuks kxpgskc tg mi mc"krsk ki"jrgi`kit g"kr m

sustmjikc pkrjgc `my mcmpt ay metkrjin thk cjrkltjgi go

lkeeuemr cjookrkitjmtjgi tg prgculk lkees `grk lmpmaek

go lgàmtjin thk ki"jrgi`kit. -ulh m lhmink js tkr`kc

`ktmpemsjm.

\%AEKSHME LKEE JI9%QZ2

-uaekthme ji0ury `my rksuet ji egin$tkr` mcmptj"k

lhminks gr ji cknkikrmtj"k lhminks whjlh lmi ak

rk"krskc aut `jnht mesg hkrmec thk giskt go lkee ckmth.

Sh& '&"&&mt0& *&D?&&* 4 &!! ;?# /8*&2

. ;i0ury tg lkee `kàrmiks mic `jtglhgicrjm

(j) 8gss go `jlrg"jjjj mic oglme kxpmisjgis go thk

pems`m `kàrmik(jj) Ogr`mtjgi go "mlugeks ay jiogecjin go thk pems`m

`kàrmik $ kicglytjl "mlugemtjgi

(jjj) Cjsruptjgi go thk ? mic egss go rjagsg`ks. Shjs

arjins magut thk egss go lytgpems`jl amsgphjejm skki gi

ejnht `jlrgslgpy

(j") 4jtglhgicrjme swkeejin mic egss go lrjstmk

*. !egucy swkeejin (jitrmlkeeuemr gkck`m) Shjs rksuets

org` thk mlluùemtjgi go wmtkry oeujc ji thk cjemtkc

smls gr ljstkrimk go thk kicgpems`jl rktjlueu` mic

`jtglhgicrjm.

(j) ?mrey stmnks $ uickr thk ejnht `jlrgslgpk, thk

lytgpems` hms m ojik nrmiuemrjty ejk nrguic$nemss (jj)

8mtkr stmnks $ prgnrkssj"k cjemtmtjgi go thk ? ekmcs


24/27

tg thk mppkmrmilk go lekmr "mlugeks "jsjaek ay ejnht

`jlrgslgpy $ hycrgpjl "mlugemtjgi

@&hm*/>

(j) Omee ji gxjcmtj"k phgsphgryemtjgi cuk tg

m. 8ml go gxynki

a. Cm`mnk tg `jtglhgicrjm gr jts ki/y`mtjl pmthwmys Shk

cj`jijshkc ogr`mtjgi go MS+ mooklts mee thk kikrny

rkujrjin rkmltjgis ji thk lkee aut ji pmrtjluemr ekmcs

tg omjeurk go thk sgcju`$pu`p. -gcju` jgis kitkr thk

lkee ji kxlhmink ogr pgtmssju` mic ms thk ogr`kr hm"k m

emrnkr hycrmtjgi shkee, thkrk js m ikt jioeux go wmtkr.

(jj) ;ilrkmskc jitrmlkeeuemr gs`gtjl prkssurk rksuetjin

org`

m. Mllu`uemtjgi go emltmtk mic pyru"mtka. Ikt lmtmagejs` go `mlrg`geklueks

. Omtty lhmink Shjs js thk mppkmrmilk go mauicmit

sphkrjlme negaueks go omt (trjneylkrjck) wjthji thk

lytgpems`. ;t lmi ak ck`gistrmtkc usjin org/ki skltjgis

mic stmjijin wjth ejpjc$sgeuaek cyks sulh ms 6je rkc &

gr -ucmi aeml, mic js `gst lg``giey skki ji lkees go

thk ej"kr, jciky mic `yglmrcju`. Omtty lhmink `ust akcjstjinujshkc org` pmthgegnjlme mcjpgsjty whkrk omt

lkees (ejpglytks) jiojetrmtk mi grnmi gr tjssuk.

Shjs js m okmturk go sk"krk gaksjty. ;i igr`me lkees

omt js hkec ji m cjspkrskc stmtk mic trmispgrtkc gut go

thk lkee ms `jlkeeks gr ejpgprgtkji lg`pekxks

(trjneylkrjck wjth phgsphgejpjc micLgr prgtkji).

Srjneylkrjcks mrk syithksjskc org` orkk omtty mljcs

(OOM-) kitkrjin thk lkee org` thk aeggc. OOMs mesg

uickrng gxjcmtjgi tg !&* mic lgi"krsjgi tg

phgsphgejpjc.

@&hm*/> Omtt# hm"& &*?!t* 4/=

M. ;`pmjrkc `ktmagejs` go omt


25/27

(j) kculkc gxjcmtjgi go OOMs wjth jilrkmskc lgi"krsjgi

tg trjneylkrjcks

(jj) kculkc syithksjs go phgsphgejpjc mic prgtkji.

Shjs rksuets ji

m. kculkc cjspkrsme go omt ekmcjin tg negauek

ogr`mtjgi

a. Cj`jijshkc rkekmsk go omt org` thk lkee ms

ejpgprgtkji

7. ?xlkssj"k kitry go OOMs mic trjneylkrjck jitg thk

lkee !musks

(j) Cjmaktks `keejtus

(jj) !ginkstj"k lmrcjml omjeurk

(jjj) -k"krk mimk`jm

(j") 4meiutrjtjgi mic wmstjin cjskmsk(") ;slhmk`jm, k.n. lgrgimry jisuoojljkily

("j) ;iokltjgis (skptjlmk`jm)

("jj) !hrgijl melghgejs` (ej"kr)

("jjj) +gjsgis, k.n. lmragi tktrmlhegrjck, phgsphgrus

(ej"kr)


26/27


27/27

(jj) ;i mnkjin lkees $ sg$lmeekc #wkmr$mic$tkmr#

pjn`kit. Shjs js akst skki ji #pkr`mikit# tjssuks sulh

ms `yglmrcju` whkrk thk ojarks shgw jilrkmsjin

pjn`kitmtjgi wjth mnk. ;t js pmrtjluemrey k"jckit whkrk

thk hkmrt hms mtrgphjkc ms m rksuet go wmstjin cjskmsk

$#argwi mtrgphy#. Mesg skki ji ej"kr lkees wjth

jilrkmsjin mnk mic wjth lkrtmji cruns, k.n.

phkigamrajtgik

(jjj) Ms #lkrgjc# pjn`kit ji thk ej"kr motkr ej"kr lkee

iklrgsjs mic gxjcmtjgi go ejpjc `k`armiks, k.n. motkr

"jrme hkpmtjtjs, crun hkpmtgtgxjljty

(j") ;i ej"kr lkees ji thk Cuaji$Dghisgi syicrg`k

(") ;i thk #argwi$agwke# syicrg`k. +jn`kitmtjgi go

s`ggth `uslek lkees mllg`pmijks "mrjgus `memasgrptjgi

stmtks.

wmeksgi`cNn`mje.lg`

ach's mbbs year 2 semester 3 week 1 notes

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