acidic soil - university of tennessee extension · alchemy alien or exotic plant ... bacterial...
TRANSCRIPT
Abiotic
Absorption
Acaricides
Acclimate
Acidic soil
Acre furrow slice
Actinomycetes
Actuation
Additive
Adjuvant
Adulticide
Advection freeze or frost
Advection freeze/frost
Adventitious
Aeration (soil)
Aerosols (A)
Aggregate fruit
Agricultural climatology (agroclimatology)
Agricultural drought
Agricultural meteorological station
Agricultural meteorology (agrometeorology)
Air cleaner
Air drainage
Air filter
Air temperature
Alchemy
Alien or exotic plant
Alkaline soil
Allium
Alternate leaf arrangement
Anemometer
Angiosperm
Annual
Anthracnose
Antifreeze
Antitranspirants or antidesiccants
API
Apiaceae
Apical dominance
Application rate
Arthropods
ASTM
Asymmetrical balance
Attractants
Automatic weather station
Auxin
Available water
Available water-holding capacity (AWHC)
Avicides
Awn
Axil
Axillary bud
Backflow prevention
Bacterial blight
Bacterial leaf spot
Bactericides
Baits (B)
Bark inclusion
Barrier zone
Bearing
Biennial
Bilateral cordon system
Bilateral symmetry
Binomial nomenclature
Bioclimatology
Biosafety
Biosynthetic pathways
Biotechnology
Biotic
Bitter rot
Black frost (hard frost)
Black knot
Black root rot
Black spot
Blend (seed)
Blended fertilizer
Blossom blight
Bolt
Borderline pumping temperature (BPT)
Bot rot
Botany
Botryosphaeria canker
Bottomland
Boundary line tree
Bracing
Bract
Branch
Broadcast
Broadcast application
Brown rot
Bubblers
Bud
Budding
Buffer
Bulb
Bulbils
Bulblets
Bunch-type growth (species)
Burms
Calyx
Cambium
Cane
Cane blight
Cane renewal systems
Canes
Canker
Canopy
Canopy temperature
Capitol cost
Carbohydrate
Carburetor
Cardinal temperatures
Caryopsis
Cedar apple rust
Cedar-hawthorn rust
Centistoke
Central leader system
Cephalothorax
Cercospora leaf spot
Certified seed
Check valve
Chewing insects
Chill hour
Chill unit
Chilling injury
Chilling requirement
Chitinous exoskeleton
Chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
Chlorotic
Choloroplasts
Clay
Climate
Climatic element
Climatological data
Climatological division
Climatology
Coccomyces leaf spot
CODIT
Cold frame
Collar rot
Combustion chamber
Compaction (soil)
Companion planting
Complete flower
Compound leaf
Compressed Air Sprayer (Knapsack or Tank
Sprayer)
Compression ratio
Compression stroke
Conduction
Cone
Conifers
Constant-discharge sprinklers
Contact pesticide
Container gardening
Controller (include 3 types: electromechanical,
solid state, hybrid)
Cool-season crop
Cooperative weather station
Cordon
Coring
Corm
Corn heat unit
Corolla
Cortex cells
Corymb
Cotton-region shelter
Crack and crevice
Crankshaft
Crop calendar
Crop coefficient
Crop moisture index (CMI)
Crop residue
Crop rotation
Cross fertilization
Cross-pollination
Crown
Crown gall
Cultivar
Cultivation
Cultivation, selective (turf)
Cut back
Cuticle
Cutin
Cutting
Cylinder
Cyme
Daily maximum temperature
Daily mean
Daily minimum temperature
Data logger
Day-neutral plants
Deadhead
Deciduous
Defoliants
Defoliate
Depression
Desiccants
Dethatching
Dew point (Dew point temperature)
Diagnostics
Dichotomous key
Dicotyledon
Dieback
Dioecious
Directed
Disbudding
Disc filter
Dischasium cyme
Disseminated
Distance diagnostics
Dividing
DNA
Dogwood anthracnose
Doppler radar
Dormancy
Dormant pruning
Downy mildew
Drench
Drift
Drip irrigation (Dripline drip emitters)
Dripline
Drop spreader
Drought
Drupelets
Dusts (D).
Eastern exposure
Ecological control
Ecological severity
Ecosystem
Edema
Edge
Edging
Eight-inch rain gauge
Embryo
Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E )
Encephalitides
Endosperm
Entomosporium leaf spot
Environmental lapse rate
Epidermis
Epiphytic plants
Eradication Fumigants
Ethanol
Etiolation
Eutypa dieback (Dean arm)
Evaporation
Evaporation pan
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Evergreen
Exclusion
Exhaust stroke
Exoskeleton
Experiment station
Exposure
Extension Master Gardener
Exudate
Fertilization
Fertilizer analysis
Fiber pots
Fibrous root
Field capacity
Filtration (sand, disc, screen filters)
Fine
Fire blight or fireblight
Fixative
Floating row cover
Flood plain
Floret (grass)
Floricanes
Flow rate
Flowables (F or L)
Flowers
Fluidity
Flyspeck
Focal point
Foliage
Foliar
Foliar blight
Foliar/fertilizer burn
Footslope
Forb
Formulation
Four-cane kniffen system
Four-cycle engines
Fragipan
Freeze
Freeze-free period
Friable
Friction loss
Fronds
Frost
Frost protection
Frost-free season
Fruit
Fruit swell
Fruiting spur
Fuel stabilizer
Fuel system
Fungicides
Fusarium wilt
Gall
Gametophyte
Gasohol
Gene
Genetic engineering:
Genetics
Genome
Germinate
Germinate
Germination (seed)
Germination test
Gills
Graft
Granules (G)
Gray leaf spot
Gray mold
Green manure cover cropping
Ground color (under color)
Grouping/massed area
Growing degree-day (GDD)
Growing degree-hour (GDH)
Growing media
Growing season
Growth habit
Guard cells
Gymnosperms
Habitat
Hand duster
Hangers
Harborage
Hard freeze
Hardening
Hardiness
Hardscape
Hatch Act
Head (composite inflorencense)
Head-to-head spacing
Heartwood
Heating degree-day
Heliod cyme
HEPA
Herbaceous
Herbicides
Heirloom
High light
Hoarfrost
Homogeneous mixture
Honeydew
Horticulture
Host plant resistance
Hot spots
Hotbed
Humus
Hybrid
Hydrocarbons
Hydrological drought
Hydroseeding
Hydrosprigging
Hypocotyl
Immature
Imperfect flower
In‑furrow
Incomplete flower
Infiltration
Inflorescence
Inoculum
Insect growth regulators
Insecticides
Insolation
Instar
Instrument shelter
Intake stroke
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management or IPM
Intercropping
Internal Feeders
Internode
Interseed
Interspersion
Invasive plant
Irrigation
Junior Master Gardener
Juxtaposition
Key pests
Killing freeze
Kitchen garden
Lamiaceae
Land-grant system
Langley
Larvae
Late leaf rust
Lateral (axillaryl) bud
Layer cake gardening
Layering
Leaching
Leaf
Leaf axils
Leaf blade
Leaf blotch
Leaf galls
Leaf scorch
Leaf spots
Leaf wetness duration
Leather rot
Level
Light box
Loam
Lobed leaf
Long-day plant
Low light
Macronutrients
Macrophoma leaf spot
Macropores
Matched precipitation
Matting
Maturation zone
Maximum Minimum Temperature System
Mechanical aeration
Medium
Medium light
Meristems
Mesophyll
Metamorphosis
Meteorology
Methanol
Microclimate
Microclimatology
Micrometeorology
Micropores
Migration
Mineral elements
Mineralization
Miscibility
Miticides
Mode of action
Molluscicides
Molting
Monitoring/scouting
Monocotyledons
Monoecious
Mordant
Morphology
Morril Act
Mulch
Mulching mower
Multiple fruit
Mummy berry
National Climatic Data Center
National Weather Service
Native alternatives
Natural/Organic Pesticides
Necrotic tissue
Nematicides
Nematodes
Net-veined
NEXRAD
Node
Non-bearing
Non-reproductive
Non-selective pesticides
Non-spur trees
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Northern exposure
Nucleus
Nymphs
Obligate ectoparasites
Octane rating
Oil additive
Oil sludge
Oil sump
Oils as insecticides
Ootheca
Open-center system
Operation Costs
Opposite leaf arrangement
Orange rust
Organic
Organic matter
Ornamental
Osmoprotectants
Osmosis
Overseed
Overwinter
Ovule
Palisade
Palmate
Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)
Pan coefficient
Pan evaporation
Parallel-veined
Parasites
Parenchyma
Peach leaf curl
Peat moss
Peduncle
Peircing Sucking Insects
Percentage of possible sunshine
Perennial
Perfect flower
Period of record
Perk test
Permanent wilting point
Permeability
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Pest resurgence
Pesticide resistance
Pesticides
Petal
Petiole
Petroleum-based oils
Pheromone
Phloem
Phoma stem rot
Phomopsis canker and twig blight
Photoperiod
Photosynthesis
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
Phototropism
Phyllosticta leaf spot
Physic
Physical control
Physiographic landscape
Physiology
Phytotoxic
Pinching
Pinnate
Piscicides
Pistil
Pistillate
Piston
Plant breeding
Plant growth regulators
Plant hormones (growth regulators)
Plant morphology
Plant physiology
Plant water use
Plugging
Point of connection (POC)
Pollen
Pollinate
Pop-up-sprinkler
Post-emergence
Postemergence
Potential evapotranspiration
Powdery mildew
Pre-emergence
Pre-emergent
Precipitation
Predaceous
Predacides
Preemergence
Pregermination
Preplant
Pressure
Pressure-compensating
Pressure-compensating device
Prevention capacity
Primary root
Primocanes
Priority rating
Propagation
Propagation
Propagule
Proportioners
Protoplasm
Pruning
PSI
Pubescent
Pump
Pupa
Pure Live Seed (PLS)
Pustles
Quick-release nitrogen
Raceme
Racemose
Radiation freeze (or frost)
Rain barrel
Rain garden
Rain gauge
Rainfall
Raised beds
Reaction zone
Receptacle
Recharge
Recuperative capacity
Red stele
Reduced Pressure Backflow Device (RPBD)
Reduced Pressure Backflow Device (RPBD)
Reel mower
Relative humidity
Renewal spurs
Renovation
Renovation, turf
Repellent
Residual pesticides
Respiration
Reversion
Rhizome
Rhizosphaera needlecast
Riparian
Rodenticides
Rolling
Rolling (maintenance)
Root
Root cap
Root hair
Root suckers
Rootball
Rootbound
Rosette
Rotary spreader
Rotating sprinkler
Rotating sprinkler
Roto-till
Row spacing
Run-off
Runner
Rust
SAE
Sand
Sapwood
Saturation
Scab
Scaffold branch
Scarification
Scion
Scorpiod cyme
Secondary root
Sedge
Seed
Seed coat
Seed dispersal
Seed tape
Selective pesticides
Self-pollination
Semi-permanent cordons
Sentinel plants
Sepals
Septoria leaf spot
Seral Stage
Sere
Sexual propagation
Sexual reproductive parts
Shade leaves
Shoot
Shoot density
Short-day plant
Shrub
Side-dress
Significant threat
Silt
Simple fruit
Simple leaf
Single-wire trellis
Site analysis
Site inventory
Site of action
Slicing
Slit-seeder
Slow release fertilizers
Smith Lever Act
Soaker hose
Soaps as insecticides
Soil
Soil conditioner
Soil fertility
Soil productivity
Soil structure
Soil temperature
Soil texture
Solar radiation
Solid phase
Soluble powders (SP)
Soluble salts
Solutions (S)
Sonication
Sooty blotch
Southern exposure
Spark plug
Sphaeropsis dieback/tip blight
Sphagnum moss
Spike
Spiking
Spontaneous combustion
Spores
Sporophytes
Spot anthracnose
Spot treatment
Sprayers
Spreader or film extender (spreader‑activator)
Sprig
Sprigging
Spur
Spur prune
Spur type trees
Staking
Stamen
Staminate
Steep
Stem
Stem blight
Sterility
Sticker (adhesive)
Stigma
Stolon
Stalinizing
Stomach poisons
Stomata
Stomates
Stone fruits
Stratification
Subterranean insects
Subtropical
Succession planting
Succulent stem
Suckers
Sun leaves
Suppressant
Surface run-off
Surface Water
Surfactant
Symmetrical balance
Synergism
Synthetic oils
Systemic pesticides
T-trellis
Tamping
Taphrina leaf blister
Taproot
TEL
Temperate
Temperature extremes
Temperature inversion
Terminal (apical) bud
Termiticide
Terrace
Texture
Thatch
Thermistor
Thermocouple
Threshold levels
Tiller
Tilth
Tomentose
Topdressing
Topography
Training
Transgene
Transgenic plant
Translocation
Transpiration
Transplant
Tree
Trikle or drip irrigation
Trombone sprayer
Trophallaxis
Tropical
Trunk
Tubakia leaf spot
Tuber
Tuberous roots
Tuberous stem
Turgor
Twig
Twig blight
Two-cycle engines
Two-wire vertical trellis
Umbel
Unbranched whip
Under color (ground color)
Undulating
Uniformity
University of Tennessee Extension
Upland
Urban heat island
Valve
Vaporization
Variety
Vascular tissue
Vector
Vegetative growth
Velocity Method
Venation
Vermiculite
Vertical mowing
Verticillium
Verticillium wilt
Victory garden
Vine
Viscometer (Brookfield)
Viscosity (oil)
Viscosity index
Volatility (gasoline)
Volutella blight and stem canker
Vulnerary
Warm-season crop
Water equivalent of snow
Water-soluble fertilizers
Waterhammer
Waterlogging
Watershed
Watersprouts
Weather
Western exposure
Wettable powders (WP)
Wetting agent
White rot
Wick applicators
Wind direction
Wind vane
Woody stem
Xeric
Xylem
Yield
Zone
Zone of elongation
Material that is originated from nonliving factors of the environment, includes light, temperature and
atmospheric gases.
To suck up or take up, e.g., plant roots absorb water.
Pesticides that kill mites, spiders and ticks.
To adapt to a new temperature, altitude, climate, environment or situation.
A soil having a pH below 7.0; Soil with a pH of 6.0 is 10 times more acidic than the same soil with a
pH of 7.0, while soil with a pH of 5.0 is 100 times more acidic than the same soil with a pH of 7.0.
An acre furrow slice is the volume of soil in an acre of topsoil that is 6-7 inches deep. The estimated
weight of soil in an acre furrow slice is 2,000,000 pounds.
Bacterial fungi that play an important role in plant decomposition, they secrete antibiotics that
suppress harmful bacteria and fungi.
The act of propelling or activating a mechanical (irrigation) device, such as one connected to by a
sensor.
A substance added to another substance (pesticide) for the purpose of changing it in some way.
Substance that enhances the activity of another.
An insecticide that targets the adult stages of insects.
A wind-borne freeze occurring when an invasion of a large, cold air mass from the Arctic or Canada
moves in. Clouds are typically present during a freeze, and the air is usually fairly dry. Such a freeze
may be also be called a hard freeze or killing freeze.
Occurs when tiny spikes of ice form when a very cold wind blows across tree branches and plant
leaves.
A root or bud that arises from a stem, rather than from the primary root.
The movement or exchange of air between the atmosphere and soil.
A substance, such as a paint, or insecticide, dispensed from a small metal container by a propellant
under pressure.
Describes a fruit, such as a raspberry, which consists of a fused cluster of several fruits, each one
formed from an individual ovary.
Climatology as applied to the effects of climate, which is defined as weather conditions averaged over
a period of time, on crops.
Occurs when rainfall has been below normal for a period long enough to negatively affect crops.
A collection of sensors connected to a data logger designed to accumulate several types of soil and
atmosphere observations, and report weather variables related to agriculture, representing conditions
for a designated area. These stations provide weather data related to gardening that can be very
useful when summarized.
The subdiscipline of meteorology that relates weather to crop production. It generally looks at very
small spatial and temporal scales.
A filter that prevents dust and other small debris from entering the internal combustion of an engine.
When the surrounding area of higher elevation might have temperatures above freezing, the
temperature in the low spots might be 5-10 F colder.
A device to clean and filter air before the air enters the combustion chamber of an engine.
The measure of the heat content of the air. It is actually the measure of the average speed or kinetic
energy level of air molecules.
A form of chemistry and speculative philosophy practiced in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
and concerned principally with discovering methods for transmuting baser metals into gold and with
finding a universal solvent and an elixir of life.
A plant not native to the area.
A soil having a pH above 7.0.
The garlic genus.
Describes leaves that are not opposite to each other on the axis, but arranged singly at different
heights.
A device for measuring the wind speed. It is one instrument used in a weather station.
A flowering plant with ovules contained inside the ovary.
A plant with a life cycle of only one year.
A fungal disease that can effect the crown on grasses; the leaves, twigs and fruits on plants; or the
leaves on trees. There are several types of anthracnose.
The liquid circulated in the cooling system, usually a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, that lowers
the freeze point and raises the boiling point
Compounds applied to plants to reduce dehydration and prevent drying.
American Petroleum Institute
The parsley plant family, also called Umbelliferae.
The phenomenon whereby the main central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more
strongly than) other side stems; on a branch the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its
own side branchlets.
The depth a substance applied to the land surface in a time period, similar to rainfall in inches per
hour.
Any invertebrate of the phylum Arthropoda, having a segmented body, jointed limbs, and usually a
chitinous shell that undergoes moltings. Includes insects, spiders and other arachnids, crustaceans,
and myriapods.
American Society for Testing and Materials
Balanced look occurring when sides do not mirror each other.
A substance that attracts that is produced by an insect and attracts insects of the same species.
An automated version of the traditional weather station, either to save human labor or to enable
measurements from remote areas. It will typically consist of a weather-proof enclosure containing the
data logger, rechargeable battery, telemetry (optional) and the meteorological sensors with an
attached solar panel or wind turbine and mounted upon a mast.
A plant hormone that promotes the formation of roots and buds by regulating cell elongatation.
Water that can be absorbed immediately by the plant.
The amount of water that can be held in the root zone between the wilting point of plants and field
capacity.
Pesticides that kill birds.
A bristle-shaped appendage, especially on grass seeds or grains.
The angle between a petiole, leaf or branch and the stem.
A bud that develops in the axil of a leaf of a plant.A method or device to keep contaminated water in an irrigation system from moving back into a
A bacterial disease in plants, which causes water-soaked brown spots on leaves and twigs.
Eventually, infected plant parts turn completely black, then wither and die.
A bacterial pathogen affecting plant foliage leaving water-soaked spots on leaves.
Pesticides that kill bacteria.
Food or other lure placed on a hook or in a trap; used in the taking of fish, birds or other animals.
The decay of the bark ridge between branches and stems (trunks), or between stems, at their union.
An anatomical and/or chemical wall. Developed by the cambium after a tree has been wounded.
To produce fruit.
A plant with a life cycle that is completed in two years or seasons, with the second season usually
devoted to flowering and fruiting.Using a single-wire trellis, the trunk is headed a few inches below the wire. A shoot is developed on
the wire for each side of the trunk. These shoots, referred to as cordons after one year, will be
A basic body plan in which the left and right sides of the organism can be divided into approximate
mirror images of each other along the midline.
The scientific system of giving a double name to each plant or animal developed by Linnaeus. The
first or genus name is followed by a descriptive or species name.
The branch of climatology that deals with the relations of climate and life, especially the effects of
climate on the health and activity of human beings (human bioclimatology) and on animals and plants.
The study of risks and regulation of biotechnology.
The series of chemical reactions of metabolism in which one chemical is transformed through a series
of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes.
Manipulation of living cells to produce different products. These products may have medicinal,
agricultural or industrial use.
Natural material that is originated from living organisms.
Fungal disease (Glomerella cingulata ) of apples, grapes, pears and other fruit. Producesblistering and
decay and bitterness of the pulp.
A dry freeze with respect to its effects upon vegetation, that is, the internal freezing of vegetation
unaccompanied by the protective formation of hoarfrost. A black frost is always a killing frost, and its
name derives from the resulting blackened appearance of affected vegetation.
Fungal disease (Dibotryon morbosa ) that leaves black fungal growth on stems and branches of fruite
trees. Commonly found in prune, plum and cherry trees.
Fungal disease of plants marked by a dark confluent lesions of the root or crown.
Fungal disease or diesease symptoms which leave black spots on leaves and stems of plants.
A seed combination of two or more varieties of the same species.
A fertilizer containing granules of more than one nutrient source.
Fungal disease of plants that causes flowers to wilt and branches to dieback.
To produce flowers and seeds prematurely.
The lowest temperature that an engine oil can be adequately supplied to the oil pump of an engine.
White Rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea ) is a fungal canker disease of apple or fruite trees during the
summer.
The scientific study of plant life.
A canker disease (also known as White Rot or Bot Rot) of fruit trees, often causes wilting and
dieback. Can cause fruit loss up to 100%.
Flood plain; rich deposits of loam left from flood water runoff.
A tree that is on a boundary between two or more adjoining properties.
A method of reinforcing a plant to support and promote growth.
A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence, or sometimes
cauline.
A secondary woody stem growing off of the trunk or main stem of a woody plant.
Insecticide that kills pests and beneficial insects.
The uniform distribution of a fertilizer, pesticide or other material over a turf; some products are
applied to turf in solution while others are manufactured as dry granules intended to be applied with a
spreader.
Fungal disease (Monillinia spp .) of stone fruits that can cause browing and decay of fruits, leaves,
flowers and stems.
A method of irrigation where tubes or hoses, sometimes porous, are brought close to plants and water
is allowed to trickle out at a very slow, but constant rate. Bubblers are a form of what is termed "flood
irrigation." They are most often used in areas that are too small for sprinklers, or in areas where water
spraying on windows or walls would cause problems. They used in commercial landscapes around low
signs where sprinkler water will sometimes find it's way into the sign and cause problems.
The rudimentary state of a stem or branch; an unexpanded flower.
A form of asexual reproduction in which a single bud is used to produce a new plant.
A substance in the soil that will chemically act to resist changes in the soil's reaction or pH, usually
clay or fine organic matter.
A short underground stem with fleshy scales or coats.
Small bulb or bulb-shaped body, especially sprouting from the stem, and usually produced for asexual
reproduction.
When a bulb forms suckers at the base of the stem, just above the mother bulb. There is tiny foliage
sprouting from them. In the fall, bulblets can be carefully broken off or cut away with a sharp knife.
Grasses that do not spread by above- or below-ground runners. Turfs of bunch-type grasses often
become ‘clumpy’ as the plant population declines and individual plants mature, forming many tillers.
A mound that separates two areas.
A bract which takes the form of a petal or sepal.
The internal layer of living cells between the inner bark and the sapwood where growth takes place
that produces secondary xylem and phloem .
A long, often supple, woody stem.
A major fungal disease (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium ) affecting Southern raspberries and blackberries.
This disease causes the formation of cankers, areas to wilt and death.
System the fruit is borne upon long canes, which are cut away each season, and their place supplied
by young canes grown for that purpose during the time that the crop on the fruiting canes is being
produced. These young canes renew the vine.
The stem of a raspberry, blackberry, certain roses or similar plants.
A type of plant disease symptom that causes small areas of dead tissue that grow larger over time.
Can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or mycoplasmas.
The uppermost layer in a forest, formed by the crowns of the trees.
Canopy temperature and its reduction relative to ambient air temperature is an indication of how
capable is transpiration in cooling the leaves under a demanding environmental load. The
relationships between canopy temperature air temperature and transpiration is not simple, involving
atmospheric conditions (vapor pressure deficit, air temperature and wind velocity), soil (mainly
available soil moisture) and plant (canopy size, canopy architecture and leaf adjustments to water
deficit).
Costs incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction and equipment to be used in the
production of goods or the rendering of services.
Chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen such as cellulose, starch and sugar.
The part of an internal combustion engine that blends fuel and air.
The minimum and maximum temperatures that define limits of growth and development of an
organism, and an optimum temperature at which growth proceeds with greatest rapidity. Cardinal
temperatures may vary also with the stage of development.
A grain, such as grasses. A seed-like fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the contained seed.
Fungal disease(Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae ) of fruit trees that completes the first part of its
life cycle on the eastern red cedar and the second on the leaves of apple trees. The fungus causes
bright orangish spots to appear on upper leaf surfaces.
Fungal disease of trees. On evergreens, galls develop on twigs; on deciduous hosts, small, yellow
spots develop.
A unit of measurement. It is used to measure kinematic viscosity.
A system to create a central leader tree. It is characterized by one main, upright trunk, referred to as
the leader. A Christmas tree is an example of a properly trained central leader system. The lowest
scaffold whorl branches will be the longest and the higher scaffold whorl branches will be
progressively shorter to allow maximum light penetration into the entire tree.
An anatomical term describing the anterior (or first) section of the body in arachnids and
malacostracan crustaceans. It is the united head and thorax.
A foliar fungal disease in plants. It causes small circular or oval spots to appear on leaves. These
spots eventually get bigger.
Seed subjected to testing and meeting stringent standards of a certifying agency responsible for
verifying the genetic integrity of a particular seed lot.
Valves that prevent flow in one direction. The control element maybe in the form of ball, disk lift, tilting
disk, flapper or a swinging disk, and is lifted by the pressure of liquid flowing in the normal direction. It
returns to the closed position due to gravity or gravity combined with spring action when the flow
stops. The pressure caused by backflow or the weight of a water column in the line increases the
force which presses the control element against the seat, further preventing a flow in the reverse
direction.
Any of various small wingless insects of the order Anoplura that have mouthparts adapted for
chewing.
Chill hours are roughly the number of hours between the temperatures of 32-45 degrees Fahrenheit.
Winter hours above 60 degrees are subtracted from the totals.
An index calculated from air temperature to estimate fulfillment of plant dormancy requirements and
the ability to start springtime growth, especially tree fruits. A commonly used base temperature is 45
degrees F.
The physiological damage to plant parts and tissues in the temperature range from about 32 to 68
degrees F, depending on the crop.
The amount of cold needed by a plant to resume normal spring growth following the winter period.
A hard outer structure, made of chitin, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, that provides
protection or support for an organism. Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the outer skeleton of insects,
crabs, shrimps, and lobsters and in the internal structures of other invertebrates.
The green photosynthetic pigment found chiefly in the chloroplasts of plants and in other
photosynthetic organisms.
A plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis .
The yellowing or whitening of normally green plant tissue because of a decreased amount of
chlorophyll, often as a result of disease or nutrient deficiency.
The microscopic body within the cell which contains chlorophyll.
A soil class that contains 10% or more of a soil particle less than 0.002 mm in diameter.
The long-time trends in atmospheric conditions, such as annual average temperature and rainfall.
The weather elements that are used to describe climate are also the elements that determine the
type of climate for a region. The climatic elements most important to gardening include air
temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, and
precipitation.
Data detailing the trends in atmospheric conditions such as annual average temperature and rainfall.
Geographical division for measuring climate. Both PDSI and CMI are reported per climatic division.
Tennessee has 4 divisions – East, Plateau, Middle and West.
The science of climate.
Fungal disease that is often seen in black cherries, leaves become chlorotic or necrotic and eventually
drop.
Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees.
A structure with a transparent lid built to protect plants from the cold.
A fungal disease of plants. It causes cankers to appear on the lower part (near the soil line) of the tree
trunk.
Where fuel is burned in an engine.
A decrease in large poor space and an increase in the density of soil often caused by excessive or
heavy traffic.
The cultivation of different types of plants in close proximity so as to benefit each other, such as
planting a deer-repellent plant in a flower garden.
Having all the principal parts, particularly the stamens and pistils.
A leaf divided into smaller leaflets.
A method of spaying a pesticide from a larger container or knapsack or backpack.
The ratio of the largest to the smallest capacity of the combustion chamber.
In a four-cycle engine, it is the stroke that causes the the piston to squeeze the gas/air mixture to the
top of the cylinder. In a two-cycle engine, the compression and exhaust stroke are combined.
Movement of food molecules within a plant.
Produced in fruit and seeds used in reproduction and are often ornamental.
Cone-bearing gymnosperms.
Most rotating sprinklers are considered constant-discharge sprinklers because the discharge rate
does not automatically change when part-circle sprinklers are used in corners and along boarders and
thus the application rate or precipitation rate changes when the same sprinkler is used. In other
words, a half-circle sprinkler with the same discharge rate will apply twice as much as a full-circle
sprinkler because it is applying the same amount of water to half the area. It should be operated for
half the time of a full-circle sprinkler.
A toxic substance that kills upon penetration of the body covering.
A method of gardening in which plants are placed in containers as opposed to the ground.
A timer or controller are generally one of three types: electromechanical, solid state electronic and
hybrid. Electromechanical controllers were the first type of controllers with settings made on rotating
dials with trip pins. Later, solid-state controllers were introduced with all settings entered on a keypad
within a program loop. Presently, hybrid controllers are the most popular, because a limited number
of dials help the user enter the settings without having to enter a long programming loop.
A plant that thrives in temperatures between 60 and 75 degrees F.
A facility with instruments and equipment for observing atmospheric conditions to provide information
for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include
temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction and precipitation. Manual
observations are taken at least once daily, while automated observations are taken at least once an
hour. Data is transmitted among different stations.
A tree or shrub, especially a fruit tree such as an apple or pear, repeatedly pruned and trained to
grow on a support as a single ropelike stem.
A turfgrass maintenance practice often referred to as core aerification that relieves soil compaction by
removing small plugs of plants and soil from turf.
The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid.
A modification of growing degree-days (GDD) with both upper and lower temperature thresholds. All
temperatures above 86 degrees F are set to 86 and all temperatures below 50 degrees F are set to 50
before calculation of daily mean temperature. The reference temperature (base temperature) for corn
heat units is 50 degrees F. Growing degrees can also be calculated on an hourly basis if data are
available.
The petals of a flower; the inner perianth of distinct or connate petals .
Cells that are involved in moving water from the epidermis to the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
and in storing food.A raceme that has the pedicels of lower flowers that are longer then those of the upper flowers. This
causes the inflorescence to appear flat-topped.
A type of MMTS shelter called Stevenson shelter or instrument shelter. Enclosure to shield
meteorological instruments against precipitation and direct heat radiation from outside sources, while
still allowing air to circulate freely around them. It forms part of a standard weather station.
Indicates a procedure where insecticide sprays, dusts, aerosols and baits are injected to or placed in
areas where conventional methods are not possible.
Cracks and crevices include areas such as wall voids, spaces between walls and cabinets or other
small spaces that are out of reach of pets and children.
The part of the engine that turns the movement of the pistons into rotation.
May be developed for each of the garden crops that are grown by knowing the cardinal temperatures
and relating them to the average temperatures at the location. The cardinal temperatures for many
crops can be found in any Crop or Vegetable Production Handbook.
A number that relates potential evapotranspiration to crop evapotranspiration and can be used to
estimate the water requirements of a crop.
The CMI gives the short-term or current status of purely agricultural drought or moisture surplus and
can change rapidly from week to week. Calculation is made for 350 climatic divisions in the United
States and Puerto Rico. Input to the calculations include the weekly precipitation total and average
temperature, division constants (water capacity of the soil, etc.) and previous history. The CMI can be
used to measure the status of dryness or wetness affecting warm season crops and field activities.
What is left in the field/landscape after the crop has been harvested.
A method of gardening in which different crops are grown sequentially in the same area. This practice
is done to discourage pests.
Fertilization by the joining of gametes from different individuals of the same species (cross-pollination),
or from different species.
The transfer of pollen from an anther of the flower of one plant to a stigma of the flower of another
plant.
The site on a plant where roots join the stem at the base of a vegetative, aerial shoot.
Plant disease caused by a soil borne bacteria. It causes galls to develop on the plant crown.
A strain of plant that is produced by horticultural techniques and not normally found in wild
populations.
A term for the tilling of soil or working up the bare soil around plants to kill weeds and allow air and
water to penetrate to plant roots.
Aerating turf by disturbing soil and thatch without completely destroying turf; coring, slicing and spiking
are examples of selective cultivation.
Removing the top or central growing point of a plant to promote the development of side shoots. See
also apical dominance.
The waterproof layer of the epidermis of plants.
A thin waxy covering on the outer layer of a leaf.
What growers of houseplants call slips, used for propagating new plants. The method involves cutting
or breaking off a part of the plant, inserting it in growing medium so it can grow a new plant like the
one from which it came. Hardwood cuttings are mature wood; softwood cuttings are taken in spring or
early summer from tips when plants are actively growing; semihardwood cuttings are taken in late
summer or fall when growth has slowed and wood is beginning to harden.
The space in an engine in which a piston moves.
A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e., with its central or terminal flowers
blooming earliest.
The highest temperature recorded on a day.
To calculate daily means or monthly average maximum or minimum temperatures, a record of at least
10 years is recommended, although 30 years is considered optimal. It is also best to use the most
current set of data, such as 1971-2000.
The lowest temperature recorded on a day.
Where data signals are sent from automatic sensors from electronic thermocouples or thermistors
located in an automatic weather station.
A plant that blooms when the length of day is either long or short.
Removing or cutting part of a plant after flowering to encourage repeat blooming to prolong its
blooming period. Removing the spent blooms allows many plants to produce more flowers in its effort
to reproduce through seed production.
Plants that usually lose their leaves to prepare for dormancy.
Chemicals that cause leaves to drop from plants; defoliation facilitates harvesting.
The act of leaves dropping from a plant.
Somewhat flattened from above.
Chemicals that kill leaves of plants; the leaves may either drop off or remain attached; in the
harvesting process the leaves are usually shattered and blown away from the harvested material.
The process of lifting and removing a portion of thatch from a turf.
The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for
water vapor to condense into water. The dew point is a saturation point.
The process of identifying the cause of something.
A tool used for identification of organisms. It consists of a series of questions that can lead a person to
the correct identification.
Plants (dicots) are the second major group of plants within the Angiospermae division. Dicots have an
embryo with two cotyledons, which give rise to two seed leaves. The mature leaves have veins in a
net-like pattern, and the flowers have four or five parts.
A condition that is marked by progressive wilting of twigs and branches, starting at the tip. Eventually,
the leaves on the branch wilt and the entire branch dies.
Unisexual, with male and female flowers on separate plants.
Aiming the pesticide at a portion of a plant, animal or structure.
Removing buds to promote better blooms from the remaining buds or to control the shape of the plant.
Type of water filter used primarily in irrigation, similar to a screen filter, except that the filter cartridge is
made of a number of disks stacked on top of each other like a pile of poker chips. The water passes
through the small grooves in between and the impurities are trapped behind. Some types of disk filters
can be backflushed in such a way that the disks are able to separate and spin during the cleaning
cycle.
Cyme with florets opposite each other along the peduncle.
Spread over a large area of a body, tissue or organ.
Technique UT Extneion County Offices uses to help clients diagnose their landscape issues from
remote or far away areas through the use of technology. Equipment includes digital cameras and
video mounted on microscopes.
A technique in order to keep the plants vigorous and blooming by separating the root clumps, used
particularly for perennials. It can be done by digging a trench around the clump, cleanly severing any
roots, then cutting at an angle down and under the clump from various points around the outer edge
until the plant can be levered out of the hole. For large, heavy plants, a trench may need to be dug
first and then slice straight down through the center of the plant should be made, halving or quartering
the clump before undercutting and lifting it.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the double helical molecule in the nucleus of cells that codes the
genetic make-up of an organism.
A fungal disease (Discula destructiva ) of dogwoods. It causes blotches or lesions to appear on
leaves.
A radar that makes use of the Doppler effect to produce data about objects at a distance. It does this
by beaming a microwave signal towards a desired target and listening for its reflection, then analyzing
how the original signal has been altered by the object's) that reflected it. Variations in the frequency of
the signal give direct and highly accurate measurements of a target's velocity relative to the radar
source and the direction of the microwave beam.
A state of quiescence during the development of many plants characterized by their inability to grow
though continuing their morphological and physiological activities.
Pruning during the dormant season. Dormant pruning is an invigorating process. During the fall,
energy is stored primarily in the trunk and root system to support the top portion of the tree. If a large
portion of the tree is removed during the winter while the tree is dormant, the tree's energy reserve is
unchanged.
Plant fungus (Plasmopara viticola ) that causes white downy masses on underside of leaf and
yellowish spots to appear on leaf surface, older lesions turn brown.
Saturating the soil with a pesticide.
In landscape design, drift planting uses loose mulches of gravel or bark through which plants grow
and spread. Paths and open areas are often of the same material, giving a sense of moving through,
or being part of a continuous landscape. Limit the number of plant varieties and group the plants
together, giving them enough elbow room so that they will grow for many years without crowding each
other out.
A method of irrigation where tubes or hoses, sometimes porous, are brought close to plants and water
is allowed to trickle out at a very slow, but constant rate.
The circumference around a plant formed by water that drips off its outermost leaves or branches.
A spreader designed to drop fertilizer, seed or granular pesticides by gravity through a series of small
openings located at the base of a hopper.
When there is less rainfall than expected over an extended period of time, usually several months or
longer.
Individual sacs of fruit, each with its own seed.
Formulations made by adding the active ingredients to a fine inert powder or talc. They are generally
used dry.
Eastern exposure windows receive bright light from sunrise until noon. Medium light plants and some
high light plants are well suited for Eastern windows.
Type of pest control that uses other organisms and the environment to achieve control of the pest.
An element in the environment that has a significant effect or is a significant threat.
The complex community of organisms and its functioning as an ecological unit.
Swelling of plant tissue, due to retained fluid.
A border or something that separates two of more areas.
A shallow trench or physical barrier of steel, plastic, brick or boards used to define the border between
a planting and adjacent turf.
Type of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of
liquid precipitation (as opposed to solid precipitation that is measured by a snow gauge) over a set
period of time.
The rudimentary plantlet within the seed.
The active ingredient is mixed with an oil based carrier (often listed as petroleum derivatives) forming
an emulsion that is diluted with water for application .
Infalamation of the brain, which can be commonly caused by a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes.
The nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants, surrounding and absorbed by the embryo
Leaf spot, caused by the fungus Entomosporium maculatum, is a widespread and destructive disease
of red tip (Photinia fraseri), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), India hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica), some
pear cultivars (Pyrus sp.) and several other members of the rose family. This disease is most
damaging during periods of cool, wet weather and when active growth is occurring.
The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation, generally about 1 degree F per 1000 ft.
The outermost layer of cells covering the plant.
Plants that rely on other plants for support, growing on trunks and branches rather than rooting
themselves to the ground, or the seafloor in the case of aquatic epiphytes.
Type of gasses that kill when inhaled or otherwise absorbed by pests.
A form of alcohol made from corn or sugar cane.
To alter the natural development of a plant by excluding sunlight, often resulting in pale or bleached
foliage. Etiolation is one method of layering for propagation; the shaded parts turn white or cream and
develop no leaves.
Two different fungi (Eutypa lata and Phomopsis viticola ) in grapes caused by a deep-seated wood rot
of the arms or trunk of the grapevine. As the disease progresses over several years, one or more
arms may die, hence the name "deadarm". Eventually the whole vine will die.
Water loss from a turf by vaporization from the surface of aerial shoots.
Used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given
location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or
square.
Combined water lost from both transpiration from plant leaves and evaporation from soil and wet
leaves.
Plants that retain their leaves seemingly year round; however, they do cast off older leaves and grow
newer leaves during the growing season. Evergreen plants are further divided into broadleaf (azalea,
holly) or needle-leaved plants (pines, junipers).
Keeping something out of an area.
Occurs when the momentum of the power stroke causes the piston to move back to the top of the
cylinder to push exhaust gases out of the engine in preparation for a new series of strokes to begin.
A hard outer structure, made of chitin, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, that provides
protection or support for an organism.
A center developed for research and education.
A position in relation to climatic or weather conditions.
National Master Gardener volunteer program organized by each state's land grant university.
Matter oozing from a surface.
The union of the male sperm nucleus from the pollen grain and the female egg found in the ovary.
The amount of N, P2O5, K2O and other nutrients in a fertilizer container expressed as percent of the
total weight.
A container used to grow plants.
A root that has no prominent central axis and that branches in all directions.
The highest amount of moisture remaining in a soil after free water has been allowed to drain away.
Expressed as a percentage of oven-dry weight of soil or other convenient unit.
Filtration prevents irrigation devices from clogging. A screen filter is still recommended to protect the
emitters from debris caused by pipe breaks and the sand that is sometimes carried in well water. A
disc filter is a better choice if surface water is used on a small drip area. Sand filters are used if an
extensive area is drip irrigated with surface water.
Soil particles measuring from 0.10 to 0.25 or a clayey soil containing 35% or more clay.
A bacterial disease of fruit trees and other plants in the rose family. Erwinia amylovora moves through
the plant from the blossoms or flowers and moving up to the twigs and then the branches. Fire blight
gets its name from the burnt appearance of affected blossoms and twigs.
Having the power to make permanent, as a scent.
Used to protect plants from frost, wind or insects while allowing sunlight, water and air move through
the material.
The almost level land forming the floor on either side of a stream in a valley, often subject to flooding.
Contains a small flower but is not a flower in itself.
On raspberries and blackberries, two-year-old canes that bear fruit and then die.
The volume of water per unit time that is either supplied to an irrigation system, moves through an
irrigation pipe or is discharged from irrigation equipment. Most irrigation flow rates are denoted in
gallons per minute (gpm); however, some drip irrigation products are rated in gallons per hour (gph).
A liquid that can be mixed with water to form a suspension in a spray tank.
The reproductive structure of a flowering plant consisting of a pistil and/or stamen, and usually
including petals and sepals.
The ability of something to flow.
Description of spotting form pathogens. Fly excrement, it is dark in color.
The point of focus.
The leaves of a plant taken collectively.
Application of pesticide to the leaves of plants.
Anthracnose of turfgrass. It causes the grass to appear to have pinkish patches with grassy centers.
Also a disease in fruit and vegetable plants.
Damage to turf resulting from over-fertilization; occurs as aerial shoots that come in direct contact with
highly concentrated fertilizers become severely dehydrated.
The inclined surface at the base of a hill.
Herbaceous flowering plant that is not a grass or sedge.
Describes the physical state of a pesticide and determines how it will be applied. The active
ingredient kills pests and the added chemicals, those that make the product easy and safe to
formulate or apply, are known as inert ingredients.
A system used in growing grapes that is similar to an ordinary two-wire fence. Wooden end posts
should be at least 6 inches in diameter and from 8 to 8-1/2 feet long. When set about 3 feet deep and
properly braced, the wires can be stretched fairly tight. Other posts may be smaller and need not be
set as deeply as end posts. Oak posts treated with a preservative are satisfactory. Steel fence posts
may be used except for the end.
Engines that have a power stroke for every two revolutions of the crankshaft.
A dense, natural subsurface layer of hard soil with relatively slow permeability to water, mostly
because of its extreme density or compactness rather than its high clay content or cementation.
The return of water vapor to the atmosphere by evaporation from land and water surfaces and by the
transpiration of vegetation. To be at that degree of temperature at which ice forms.
Period of time that has no freezes or frosts.
The ability of something to crumble.
Refers to the loss in energy when water flows through pipe and irrigation equipment and is measured
in either feet of head or pounds per square inch of pressure.
The leaves of ferns.
Formed when solid surfaces are cooled to below the dew point of the air.
The solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air. It is formed when solid surfaces are cooled to
below the dew point of the adjacent air. Frost crystals' size differ depending on time and water vapor
available.
The number of days between the average dates of the last killing frost or freeze in spring and the first
killing frost or freeze of autumn. To calculate the average frost or freeze dates for spring and fall,
there needs to be at least 20 years of dates.
Any part of the plant structure that contains a seed. From a use perspective, a fruit is consumed for its
edible qualities; a fruit is called a vegetable or herb when it is consumed during the main portion of the
meal.
Caused by the accumulation of fluid in a fruit as rippening occurs.
On a fruit tree, a short twisted branch with rings around it, which flowers and produces fruit.
Product that is mixed with fresh fuel in the proper amounts to prevent volatilization of the lighter
hydrocarbons, occurs in aged fuel
Stores and then supplies fuel to the cylinder chamber.
Chemical that is used to kill fungi.
A disease affecting vine crops caused by several different species of Fusarium, a soil-borne fungus. It
causes wilting of watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, squash and other vine crops. In many cases,
the fungus-causing wilt in a particular crop is specific to that crop. These fungi are generally capable
of surviving for long periods in the soil.
Abnormal swelling or growths of plant tissue. Can be caused by insects, disease, bacteria, fungi, etc.
The gamete-producing phase in a plant characterized by alternation of generations.
A mixture of alcohol and gasoline used to fuel gasoline engines.
A portion of DNA controlling a particular trait of an organism.The use of modern scientific tools and technologies to modify the genetic information of an organism.
Synonyms are genetic modification and genetic alteration.
A discipline of biology known as the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.
An organism's complete set of genes.
To develop a young plant from seed.
To cause to sprout or grow.
The process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy.
A test done to determine the viability of seeds.
Anatomical structures found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the
extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide.
A bud, shoot or scion of a plant inserted in a groove, slit or the like in a stem or stock of another plant
in which it continues to grow.
Granular formulations are made by adding the active ingredient to coarse particles (granules) of inert
material such as fired clay particles.
Foliar disease of plants (usually grasses) that is caused by a fungus.
Fungal disease (Botrytis cinerea ) of plants. It causes water-soaked spots to appear and fruit, crown
and stem rot in humid conditions.
Crops that are planted in the late summer or early fall and are plowed under in the late fall or before
planting spring vegetables. They provide organic matter, nutrients and protection from erosion.
The background color of a fruit is the color of the skin on the side of the fruit that is not exposed to the
sun.
A group of plants in a particular area.
A heat unit, which is a heat index that relates the development of plants, insects and disease
organisms to environmental air temperature.
When growing degrees can also be calculated on an hourly basis if data are available. All
temperatures above 86 degrees F are set to 86 and all temperatures below 50 degrees F are set to 50
before calculation of daily mean temperature. The reference temperature (base temperature) for corn
heat units is 50 degrees F.
A broad term covering a multitude of mixtures in which plants grow.
The number of days between the average dates of the last killing frost or freeze in spring and the first
killing frost or freeze of autumn.
The way a plant grows, how it appears in shape.
The two cells that bound a stoma and by opening and closing allow gas exchange .
A seed plant that bears naked seeds, i.e., seeds without ovaries. These include conifers, cycads,
ginkgos and ephedras.
An environment in which a plant or organism will grow.
A pesticide applicator that may consist of a squeeze tube or shaker, a plunger that slides through a
tube, or a fan powered by a hand crank. Uniform coverage of foliage is difficult to achieve with many
dusters. Dusts are more subject to drift than liquid formulations due to their lightweight and poor
sticking qualities.
Weak, shaded shoots growing off the undersides of branches.
A type of shelter.
A freeze in which seasonal vegetation is destroyed, the ground surface is frozen solid underfoot, and
heavy ice is formed on small water surfaces such as puddles and water containers. Such a freeze
may be also be called an advective freeze or killing freeze.
Gradual exposure of plants to cold weather.
The ability of a plant to withstand winter cold and summer heat.
In the practice of landscaping, refers to the paved areas like streets & sidewalks, large business
complexes & housing developments, and other industrial areas where the upper-soil-profile is no
longer exposed to the actual surface of the earth. The term is especially used in heavily
urbanized/suburbanized areas with little bare soil.
Provided the establishment of facilities in each state to conduct research to improve agriculture and
An inflorescence is made up of numerous stemless florets that is characteristic of daisy inflorescence.
When a sprinkler’s wetted radius reach the adjacent sprinkler to create overlapping patterns resulting
in uniform application of water.
The harder, and often darker colored, wood that forms the interior of a tree trunk or branch .
Based on a base temperature of 65 degrees F. Can be used to estimate the air conditioning
requirements of supplemental buildings such as sheds and greenhouses.
A chyme in which the lower florets are all on the same side of the peduncle, examples are freesia and
statice inflorescences.
High Efficiency Particulate Air.
Having little or no woody tissue; leaf-like in color and texture. Refers to a plant that dies back to the
roots each year during winter, as opposed to a plant which remains green all winter.
Chemical that is used to kill plants.
A variety of plant that has survived for several generations.
Indoor plants that need a lot of light and would do best in a south or west window and direct light most
of the day.
Frozen dew that forms a white coating on a surface.
A mixture that is uniform throughout the composition.
A sweet, clear substance produced by aphids and some other pests. Many plant owners will notice the
honeydew before they notice the pest infestation.
The cultivation of plants grown for edible parts are referred to as fruits, nuts, herbs or vegetables.
Occurs when a plant develops resistance to a pathogen.
An area of frequent disease, weed or other type of pest activity.
A structure used for producing transplants. It is essentially a box with a transparent top and added
heat.
The amorphous, ordinarily dark-colored, colloidal matter in soil; a complex of the fractions of organic
matter of plant, animal, and microbial origin that are resistant to decomposition.
A cross between two species.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen.
When rainfall has been below normal for a period long enough to negatively affect water supply, as
measured by below-normal stream flow, lake and reservoir levels, groundwater levels and depleted
soil moisture content. It is longer or more severe than an agricultural drought.
A method where the seed is applied with a large stream of water. This can be good because
fertilizers and mulches can be included in the mix. This method is often used on steep hills where
other methods are just too difficult.
The process of taking the same sprigs, mixing it into a hydromulching machine with a high quality fiber
mulch, fertilizer and water then spraying the mix on to the ground.
The part of the stem of an embryo or young seedling below the cotyledons.
Not fully grown.
Flowers that only have one set of reproductive organs, so they are either male or female.
In the planting row, direct contact with crop seed.
Lacking one or more whorls, i.e., sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels, of the complete flower.
The movement of water into the soil from the surface. The infiltration rate depends on soils texture
and structure.
A term that refers to a cluster of flowers and how they are arranged on a floral stem.
The substance that is inoculated (placed into something else to grow or reproduce).
Something that can influence or control the life cycle of a pest.
Chemical that is used to kill insects.
Contracted from incoming solar radiation.
A stage of an insect or other arthropod between molts.
Thermometer shelter; also called thermoscreen or thermometer screen.
Allows gasoline and air needed for combustion to enter the combustion chamber.
A strategy used to reduce pests and their damage to an acceptable level. The IPM strategy depends
on the pest identified and the kind and amount of control needed.
A practical approach to control pests to an acceptable threshold. Includes scouting, control (biological,
physical or chemical, etc.), assessing and record keeping.
Cultivating two crops at the same time, in the same place.
Many insects feed within plant tissues during part or all of their destructive stages. They gain entrance
to plants either in the egg stage, when their mothers deposit eggs into the plant tissue, or after they
hatch from the eggs, by eating their way into the plant.
The part of a plant stem between two successive nodes. The process in which a seed or spore
emerges from a period of dormancy.
The practice of sowing one crop into an existing crop.
To distribute something at intervals.
Non-native plant that has invaded into an area.
The addition of extra water, above that from normal rainfall, to growing plants.
Texas A&M Extension program to provide a youth Master Gardener curriculum.
Placing objects near each other, usually for the purpose of comparing them.
A landscape pest that frequently causes damage and requires management.
Any occurrence of air temperature below 32 degrees F that kills annual vegetation without formation of
frost crystals on surfaces.
A low maintenance ornamental garden design. These gardens usually include edible flowers, herbs
and vegetables.
The mint plant family, also called Labiatae.
An institution designated, from the Morril Acts of 1862, to receive government funding to provide
education in agricultural and mechanical fields.
A unit equal to one gram calorie per square centimeter of irradiated surface, used to measure solar
radiation.
A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults.
A fungal disease (Phragmidium rubi-idaei ) of raspberries and blackberries occuring on the underside
of leaves forming yeallow blotches. Most common in cool, damp weather (autumn).
A bud formed at the sides of a stem, twig or branchlet. Most lateral buds arise in the axils of a leaf.
A method of gardening that allows for the creation of a garden bed without digging. The garden is
made by layering the soil with cardboard or newspapers, organic material and organic mulch.
The process of rooting branches, twigs or stems that are still attached to a parent plant, as by placing
a specially treated part in moist soil.
The accidental removal of essential soil minerals from light sandy soils caused by overwatering or a
year of excess rain. The removal of materials such as mineral nutrients in solution. The natural,
downward movement of minerals through a soil by percolating water.
A usually flat, green structure of a plant where photosynthesis and transpiration take place. Leaves
are attached to a stem or branch.
The angle between the petiole of a leaf and the stem to which it is attached.
The flattened portion of the leaf that is suspended on the leaf sheath .
A sign of a fungal disease in plants that causes circular spots on leaves.
Leaf galls usually result from insects or mites feeding on plant leaves. It develops as the plants
response to the irritation of the insects/mites feeding.
Noninfectious condition in plants. It is caused by poor environmental conditions such as a lack of
water or soil compaction.
A fungal or bacterial disease in plants. It causes round blemishes on the leaves.
The length of time of continual exposure of plant surfaces to liquid moisture. Leaf wetness duration is
often related to plant disease infection periods.
A fungal disease (Phytophthora cactorum ) of strawberries. It causes fruit to turn dark brown and
leathery.
Having a surface without slope.
Used for producing transplants indoors. It is a box built to supplement light from a south-facing
window. It has a bottom, back and two ends. The inside of the box is usually lined with aluminum foil
to reflect light and a fluorescent light with soft white tubes across the top ends of the box. The
fluorescent light then becomes the top of the box.
The textural class named for soil containing 7% to 22% clay, 28% to 50% silt, and less than 52%
sand. Refers to a mellow soil rich in organic matter.
A leaf having deeply indented, rounded margins.
A long day plant is a plant that requires fewer than a certain number of hours of darkness in each 24
hour period to induce flowering.
Plants that only require low light can be placed in east or north windows, foyers, stair landings or
anywhere that does not get direct sunlight.
Six essential mineral nutrients are classified as macronutrients according to the amount required by
plants. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are primary macronutrients. Calcium, magnesium and
Fungal disease of plants like boxwood, symptoms may vary from spotting to browning at tips or edges.
Later, many raised black dots, the fruiting bodies (pycnidia) of the fungus (Macrophoma candollei ),
can easily be seen on dead and dying leaves.
Large pores that control the permeability and aeration of a soil. They include earthworm channels and
many root channels. They are large enough for water to move through them rapidly by gravity.
Refers to sprinklers that have the same application rate and can be zoned together for uniform
application of water. Full and part-circles spray sprinklers of the same type normally have matched
precipitation rates, while rotating sprinklers require different nozzle sizes to create match precipitation.
Using a drag mat to mix aeration cores with thatch, reduce grain in turf or prepare a site for planting.
The part of the root where cells undergo changes to become specific tissues such as epidermis,
cortex or vascular tissue.
The National Weather Service deploys electronic temperature measurement devices as a part of their
Cooperative Network.
A selective cultivation procedure such as coring, slicing or spiking that replenishes the air in soil with
air from the atmosphere.
A condition or environment in which something, such as a plant, may function or flourish.
Plants that tolerate some direct light. They like light, so bright light is good, but not very much direct
light. These plants can live near a west or southeast window.
Area where plant growth occurs; the site of repeated cell division of unspecialized cells. These cells
differentiate, and become specialized in relation to the function they will perform. There are two types
of meristems; lateral and apical.
The middle and photosynthetic tissue of a leaf.
A biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a
conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and
differentiation. Some insects, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, Cnidarians, echinoderms and
tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of habitat or behavior.
The scientific study of the atmosphere and of atmospheric conditions, especially as they relate to
weather and weather forecasting.
Fuel for an internal combustion engine. It is colorless, volatile and flammable.
The climate of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the climate of the entire area.
The study of the climate of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the climate of the
entire area.
The scientific study of the atmosphere and of atmospheric conditions, especially as they relate to
weather and weather forecasting of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the
climate of the entire area.
Fine soil pores, typically a fraction of a millimeter in diameter that are responsible for the water holding
capacity of soil. They hold water by capillary forces, like the fine pores in a sponge or towel. Much of
the water held in micropores is available to plants, while some is held so tightly that plant roots can not
tap it.
In insects, migration refers to seasonal movement. In plants, migration refers to seed dispersal.
One of 13 elements, or nutrients, supplied by soils and considered essential for turfgrass growth,
survival and reproduction.
The process in which the elements in organic matter decomposes into plant accessible forms.
The ability of liquids to mix; how completely liquids can dissolve each other.
Chemical that is used to kill mites.
Describes which insect physiological process or functional metabolic pathway is disrupted by chemical
activity.
Chemical that is used to kill mollusks, such as slugs and snails.
Molting is the process by which insects grow. Generally accomplished through the early years of the
insect's existence, molting allows the body of the insect to expand under controlled and protected
conditions.
The process of inspecting/exploring the landscape for pests.
A plant with one cotyledon or seed leaf.
A plant having both pistillate and staminate flowers.
A fixative used with dye plants.
The biological form and structure of plants.
A bill passed in 1862 by Abraham Lincoln that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges to
provide education in agricultural and mechanical fields.
Any type of material that is spread or laid over the surface of the soil as a covering. It is used to retain
moisture in the soil, suppress weeds, keep the soil cool and make the garden bed look more
attractive.
A mower specifically designed to return very small grass clippings back to the turf as it is mowed.
The carpels of several flowers join in a single fruit, like a fig, Ficus. This differs from an aggregate fruit
which derives from the multiple carpels of a single flower, e.g., a raspberry, Rubus.
A common fungal disease (Monilinia vacinii-corymbosi ) of blueberries. It causes leaves to wilt and
mature berries to shrivel and fall to the ground.
National source of weather and climate data.
The U. S. agency responsible for weather data collection and forecasting in the U. S..
Using a plant that is indigenous to a region as opposed to one that is non-native, exotic or invasive.
Natural substances that control pests that are not regulated by the EPA and do not have a
precautionary warning label.
Dead tissue.
Chemical that is used to kill nematodes.
Microscopic pathogens that live in the soil.
A leaf with a network of veins.
A program by the National Weather Service is used to estimate rainfall on a 2.3 mile grid across the
U. S. Current Radar maps from National Doppler Radar Sites.
The place upon a stem that normally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves.
Young branches or trees that have not yet produced fruit.
A plant part that is incapable of reproduction.
Chemical that is used to kill most plants or animals. Vinegar (which is 5% acetic acid) will burn plant
foliage.
A tree with no spur growth. It is usually more vigorous and more branching than spur type.
Pollution that occurs when rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation runs over land or through the ground, picks
up pollutants, and deposits them into rivers, lakes and coastal waters or introduces them into ground
water.
Moderate or relatively cool areas in the home for indoor plant.
The germ cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes the seed. The kernel of a seed.
The larval form of certain insects, such as silverfish and grasshoppers, usually resembling the adult
form, but smaller and lacking fully developed wings.
External parasites that can not complete their life cycle without a host.
Measures the tendency of fuel to burn in a controlled manner (meaning that it does not ignite
spontaneously).
Chemicals added to oil to improve the performance of the oil in engines. Detergents, anti-oxidants,
anti-foam and anti-corrosion are examples of additives
A thickened mixture of contaminants found in used motor oil. Sludge is usually a gray/black, greasy
substance.
Feeds the lubrication system in internal combustion engines.
Oils are derived from petroleum or hydrocarbon chains from plants. They kill insects and mites by
suffocation or membrane disruption.
An egg case or mass.
Pruning to a form resembling the shape of a vase. Three or four side limbs, well spaced around the
trunk, should be developed at about 18 to 24 inches above ground. These limbs should grow off the
trunk at wide angles and grow out at about 60 degrees from the ground.
The day-to-day expenses incurred in running a business, such as sales and administration, as
opposed to production.
Two leaves arranged on opposite sides of each node.
Fungal disease that causes blackberry (Gymnoconia nitens ) and raspberry (Arthuriomyces
peckianus ) leaves to be covered with an orange, powdery looking substance.
Coming from a once living organism.
Any material originating from a living organism - peat moss, ground bark, compost or manure, for
example - that can be dug into soil to improve its condition.
Plants that are cultivated for aesthetic beauty or environmental enhancement values.
Compatible solutes are small molecules of organic compounds that help organisms maintain cell
volume and fluid balances, allowing them to survive extreme osmotic stress (extreme water, solute
changes).
The passive transport of water by diffusion across the plant cell, and most often, the cell membranes
of root hairs.
Process of applying too much seed for the area .
To last through or past the winter. Plants are alive, but not actively growing, during the winter season
(dornmant).
The body which, after fertilization, becomes the seed.
Refers to the layer of columnar photosynthetic cells in the leaf.
Describes a leaf that is radically lobed or divided.
The PDSI indicates the prolonged and abnormal moisture deficiency or excess. Indicates general
conditions and not local variations caused by isolated rain. Calculation is made for 350 climatic
divisions in the United States and Puerto Rico. Input to the calculations include the weekly
precipitation total and average temperature, division constants (water capacity of the soil, etc.) and
previous history. The PDSI is an important climatological tool for evaluating the scope, severity and
frequency of prolonged periods of abnormally dry or wet weather. It can be used to help delineate
disaster areas and indicate the availability of irrigation water supplies, reservoir levels, range
conditions, amount of stock water and potential intensity of forest fires.
The ratio of the amount of evaporation from a large body of water to that measured in an evaporation
pan.
A measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climate elements: temperature,
humidity, solar radiation and wind. Evaporation is greatest on hot, windy, dry days and is greatly
reduced when air is cool, calm and humid. Pan evaporation measurements enable farmers and
ranchers to understand how much water their crops will need.
With the veins running more or less parallel toward the tip of the leaf.
An organism that benefits at the expense of the host.
Soft tissue of cells with unthickened walls.
Fungal disease (Taphrina deformans ) of peaches that can causes leaves to curl and early defoliation.
Any of various mosses of the genus Sphagnum, growing in very wet places or the partly carbonized
remains of these plants, used as a mulch and plant food.
A primary flower stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary flower.
Any insects of the that have mouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking.
There are annual percentages of possible sunshine for each of the 50 states. Scientists keep records
of daily sunshine. At weather stations throughout the country, the percentage of possible sunshine is
calculated monthly and then averaged annually.
A plant whose life cycle lasts for three or more seasons. Perennial plants last year after year.
Flowers that have both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) reproductive parts, including
stamens, carpels and an ovary.
The period of record means the averages contain all of the data ever taken at that station.
Way to evaluate the absorption rate of a particular area of soil.
When soil moisture has reached the point where it is insufficient to meet a plant's need and it wilts
permanently (dies).
The property of something that can be pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
Protective clothing that is required to apply a pesticide. Professional-used pesticides provide a label
that will provide information on the type of PPE to wear.
Occurs when a broad-spectrum insecticide is used to control a pest, but it also kills beneficial
arthropods. Thus, when the natural enemies of the pest are eliminated, the pests that survive develop
without pressure from parasites and predators. As a result, subsequent pest populations may be
larger than the initial pest population.
Adaptation of a pest to a pesticide, causes the pesticide to no longer be effective an control for that
pest.
A chemical substance that kills pests. Pesticides are used as a tool to control or manage pest
populations at an acceptable tolerance level. Pesticides can be synthetic and/or natural chemicals.
A division of the corolla. One of a circle of modified leaves immediately outside the reproductive
organs, usually brightly colored.
The stalk of a leaf that attaches to the stem.
Oils found in nature and refined to remove some impurities such as sulfur, iron, magnesium and clay
A chemical released from an organism that triggers a social response from members of the same
species.
The tissue in land plants that conducts organic food material.
Fungal disease of plants like, cucubits and melons causing a gummy stem blight and irregular leaf
spots.
Fungal disease (Phomopsis vaccinii ) of plants, causes stems to wilt and die while the leaves remain
attached. Fungal disease, often seen in junipers. Damages new growth causing the foliage to turn
from green to brownish to grayish.
The duration of an organism's daily exposure to light, considered especially with regard to the effect of
the exposure on growth and development.
The manufacturing of sugar through the action of sunlight.
The electromagnetic energy in the 400-700 nm, or visible, wavelength range.
Growth or movement toward or away from a light source.
Fungal disease of plants, often seen on maple trees which causes little damage because the infection
is localized. Spots are roughly circular and develop into tannish spots with purple to red borders. Later
in the season the spots often contain black fruiting bodies of the fungus arranged in rings inside the
lesion
Referring to science of healing.
A method of controlling landscape pests through physical means, such as hand weeding a garden.
Also called physiographic position, the study of the natural features of the earth's surface, especially in
its current aspects, including land formation, climate, currents and distribution of flora and fauna.
That branch of plant sciences that aims to understand how plants live and function.
Harmful or lethal to plants.
A form of pruning that encourages branching on the plant. When a plant is pinched, part of the main
stem is removed, forcing the plant to grow 2 new stems from the leaf nodes below the pinch or cut.
Consisting of several leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or rachis on a compound
leaf, frond or the feather vein pattern of simple leaves.
Chemical that is used to kill fish.
The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, stigma and style when present.
Provided with pistils, and, in its more proper sense, without stamens.
Pistons are connected to the crankshaft that is connected to a mower blade, pulley, sprocket,
transmission or some other similar device to perform work .
The process of altering the genetic make-up of a plant.
Chemical used to stop, speed up or otherwise change normal plant processes.
Substances produced in one part of a plant that move to another to initiate or regulate a development
process.
Describes the form and structure of a plant.
The way in which plants and their parts functions.
The depth of water consumed in a landscape due to soil surface evaporation and plant transpiration
(evapotranspiration) during a time period, similar to rainfall in inches per day or week.
The process of planting of turf sections varying in size from small cores extracted during core
cultivation to large plugs extracted with a cup cutter or similar device. This is used to repair small
sections of damaged turf.
In irrigation design, where the irrigation system will hook into the existing supply.
The microspores of a seed plant contained in the anther, usually appearing as a fine dust.
To transfer pollen from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a pistil, resulting in fertilization. This
can occur either on a single plant (self-pollination) or between different plants.
A sprinkler lays flush with the ground surface when not in use, so mowing equipment can pass safely
overtop without damaging the sprinklers. When in use, the water pressure supplied to the sprinkler
will cause the sprinkler to pop out of the ground and operate above the landscape plants.
Usually refers to a herbicide applied to control weeds once they have emerged from the soil.
Broadleaf weeds including chickweed, henbit and ground ivy are usually controlled by applying
postemergence herbicides to turfs.
Chemical that is used to kill after the crop or weeds have germinated.
A term used to describe the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth's land surface
to atmosphere.
A fungal foliar disease.
Usually refers to a herbicide applied to control weeds before they emerge from the soil surface.
Several preemergence herbicides are registered for the control of summer annual grassy weeds such
as crabgrasses and goosegrass in turf.
An herbicide sprayed before the emergence of seedlings that inhibits growth.
Product resulting from the condensation of water vapor, usually refers to rain, snow, sleet or hail.
Insects that hunt and eat other animals, including other insects and vertebrates.
Chemical that is used to kill pest animals.
Chemical that is used to kill before plants emerge from the soil.
Soaking of seeds, reduces the time required for seeds to uptake sufficient moisture to initiate the
germination process. Seeds are normally pre-germinated when directly sown into wet puddled
seedbeds or standing water .
Chemical that is used to kill before the crop is planted by applying to the soil.
The amount of force per unit area applied to water. Measured in either feet of head or pounds per
square inch of pressure (2.31 feet of water equals 1 psi of pressure). Pressure is a source of energy
to move water in a pipeline and determines how much flow will exit different sized sprinkler orifices
and drip emitters.
Irrigation devices that will operate uniformly over a greater range of pressures.
Regardless of overpressure, a device that will release a steady flow of water depending on which
emitter is used.
The degree in which something can be prevented.
A root that originates at the lower end of the embryo of a seedling plant.
Canes that may produce berries in first growing season.
Ranking something on the basis of importance.
To produce new plants, either by vegetative means involving the rooting, grafting of pieces of a plant,
or sowing seeds.
Production of more plants by seeds, cuttings, grafting or other methods.
Plant material used for plant propagation. In asexual propagation it may be a woody, semi-hardwood,
or softwood cutting, leaf section, or any number of other plant parts. In sexual reproduction, a
propagule is a seed or spore.
Inexpensive small sprayers are designed for attachment to a garden hose. A small amount of
pesticide is mixed with water, usually no more than a pint, and placed in the receptacle attached to the
hose. A tube connects this concentrate to the opening of the hose. When the water is turned on, the
suction created by water passing over the top of the tube pulls the pesticide concentrate up and into
the stream of hose water.
The living contents of a cell.
The process of removing certain above-ground elements from a plant; in landscaping this process
usually involves removal of diseased, non-productive or otherwise unwanted portions from a plant.
The acronym PSI stands for "Pounds per Square Inch," and is the common unit of measurement for
pressure.
Covered with soft, fine hair.
A device that moves liquids or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this
difference in pressure by adding energy to the system (such as a water system). A machine or device
for raising, compressing or transferring fluids.
The life stage of some insects undergoing transformation.
Pure live seed (PLS) is a measure used by the seed industry to describe the percentage of a quantity
of seed that will germinate. PLS is obtained by multiplying the purity percentage by the percentage of
total viable seed, then dividing by 100.
A blister-like swelling.
A nitrogen source that releases nitrogen rapidly once it contacts water. Ammonium sulfate, potassium
nitrate and urea are highly water soluble, quick-release nitrogen sources.
A simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a common, more or less elongated, axis.
Resembling a raceme (a simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a common more or less
elongated axis).
A freeze that occurs on clear nights with little or no wind, when the outgoing radiation is greater than
the incoming radiation and cool air near the surface creates a stable temperature inversion near the
ground.
An artificial reservoir for storing liquids. An underground tank for storing rainwater.
A slightly depressed garden that receives surface runoff. Compost and mulch help hold storm water,
slowing peak flows, while microorganisms and bacteria remove pollutants. Plants hold some rain on
their leaves and also bring water up from the soil to evaporate (evapotranspiration).
A type of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of
liquid precipitation over a set period of time.
Liquid precipitation.
A form of gardening in which the soil is raised above the level of the surrounding soil.
The area where chemical reactions take place.
The more or less expanded or produced portion of an axis which bears the organs of a flower (the
torus) or the collected flowers of a head, and in roses, enfolds the developing ovaries to form a hip.
The addition of surface water to an aquifer. Natural recharge occurs when naturally occurring surface
water infiltrates through the unsaturated zone and is stored in an aquifer as groundwater. Artificial
recharge is an engineered system (either natural or human designed system) designed to store
surface water in an aquifer. Artificial recharge occurs in two ways: surface infiltration and direct
injection.
Capacity of turfgrasses to recover from damage.
A fungal disease (Phytophthora fragariae ) of strawberries attacking in late winter or spring. Infected
plants appear stunted and lose their shiny green luster. The plant's younger leaves often have a
metallic, bluish-green cast. Older leaves turn prematurely yellow or red. Diseased plants wilt in dry
weather and often die before the fruit starts to ripen.
The device consists of two independent check valves, plumbed in series, with a pressure monitored
chamber between. The chamber is maintained at a pressure that is lower than the water supply
pressure, but high enough to be useful downstream. The reduced pressure is guaranteed by a
differential pressure relief valve, which automatically relieves excess pressure in the chamber by
discharging to a drain.
A backflow device that provides the most protection, has the highest cost, causes the greatest loss in
pressure and is required for hook up to domestic water by many municipalities. The RPBD can be
used in most situations, but it cannot be located where it will be submerged.
A mower that cuts leaves by means of a rotating reel of blades passing over a stationary bedknife that
is attached to the mower frame.
A term used to describe the amount of water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water
vapor.
When pruning, these are the short canes that contain buds that provide shoots and the canes for next
year's crop.
The renewal of established beds by relatively simple procedure composed of fertilizer application,
narrowing the rows with a roto-tiller or other suitable tool, weed removal, thinning the remaining plant
stand and irrigation.
Renovation is the practice most often used to improve an established Kentucky bluegrass turf or a
heavily trafficked sports turf. It is best accomplished in home lawns with tall fescue seed and in athletic
fields with perennial ryegrass seed.
Chemical that is used to repel pests.
A pesticide that remains effective for a longer period of time.
The set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cells to convert biochemical
energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
Returning to a previous position or turning in an opposite direction.
A horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots
from its nodes. A piece cut from a rhizome that can take root and form a new plant.
A fungal disease (Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii ) that is common in spruce and pine trees. It couses the
needles to drop prematurely.
Of, or relating to, rivers or streams.
Chemical that is used to repel rodents.
Having gentle rising and falling slopes in landscape.
After cultivation and prior to seeding or vegetative planting, rolling helps the soil settle and identifies
low spots that would have not been evident otherwise. Following planting, rolling ensures critical seed-
(or stolon-) to-soil contact.
The underground part of a plant that serves to anchor it and supplies it with nourishment.
A section of tissue at the tip of a plant root that contains statoliths which are involved in gravity
perception in plants. The root cap protects the growing tip in plants.
A tubular outgrowth of root epidermal cells of vascular plants that are found only in the region of
maturation of the root. Root hairs are a specialized form of rhizoid that form an important surface over
which plants absorb most of their water and nutrients.
Clone trees sprouting up from the roots of a "parent" tree.
The entire root system of a plant.
A term used to describe a plant that has been left too long in a too-small container, so the roots are
densely crowded and often tangled or coiled. This stunts growth, but if the roots are loosened and
spread out when the plant is transplanted, it usually recovers.
Disease symptom where tissue develops witches' broom like clustering of small branches as in rose
rosette disease casued by a virus.
A spreader that uses a rotating impeller below a hopper to distribute fertilizer, pelletized limestone or
seed.
A type of irrigation device that generally has one orifice that rotates around the sprinkler by means of
impact or gears that are driven by water pressure.
Sprinkler that generally has one orifice that rotates around the sprinkler by means of impact or gears
that are driven by water pressure.
The process of tilling and cultivating the soil with a machine commonly referred to as a rototiller. The
cultivator uses several, front- or rear-mounted, vertically rotating blades to penetrate soil to a depth of
six or more inches.
The distance between crop rows.
Water which originated on top of the land, such as rain, that is collected beyond the ability of the soil
to absorb it, so it flows away. It ultimately reaches streams often with dissolved or suspended material.
A filiform or very slender stolon. A prostrate branch that roots at its joints.
A foliar fungal disease produce asexual spores which disperse by wind, spreading the infection. Rust
is seen as coloured powder, composed off tiny aeciospores which land on vegetation.
Society of Automotive Engineers
Refers to rock particles with diameters of 0.1 to 0.4 mm.
A thinner type of cambium in woody plants that are also called inactive xylem.
When the soil has all the air pushed out and the pores are completely filled with water.
Any of several bacterial or fungal diseases of plants characterized by crustaceous lesions on fruit,
tuber, leaf, or stem. The term is also used for the symptom of the disease.
One of the primary limbs radiating from the trunk of a tree. All subordinate branches stem from the
scaffold branches.
Scarification is a natural process important for germination of many species' seeds. This process
involves the breaching of the natural seed coating by mechanical, thermal or microbial methods. While
this process occurs naturally in the wild, humans have developed techniques to emulate the natural
A detached living portion of a plant (as a bud or shoot) joined to a stock in grafting and usually
supplying solely aerial parts to a graft.
A cyme in which the florets are alternate of each only along the peduncle.
A lateral, side or branch root that arises from another root.
A triangular stemmed monocot.
The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper coats.
The outer protective covering of a seed.
Seed spreading away from its parent organism.
A strip of biodegradable paper on to which very small seeds can be adhered and evenly planted.
Chemical that is used to kill only certain kinds of plants or animals.
The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, or to different
flowers on the same plant.
Style training and pruning grape vines.
Plants that are planted as a " look out" for certain pests because they are susceptible to a particular or
a group of pests.
A division of a calyx; one of the outermost circles of modified leaves surrounding the reproductive
organs.
A fungal disease (Septoria lycopersici ) of plants, it often causing numerous, small, watersoaked spots
on the leaves and stems.
A temporal and intermediate stage in forest succession during land development.
A stage of dry (waterless) ecological development.
The exchange of genetic material between parents to produce a new generation. Sexual propagation
offers the following advantages: it is usually the only method of producing new varieties or cultivars, it
is often the cheapest and easiest method of producing large numbers of plants, it can be a way to
avoid certain diseases, it may be the only way to propagate some species.
Parts of a plant involved in the production of seed. They include flowers, fruit, flower buds and seeds.
Leaves grown in shaded area that are larger in area, but thinner than sun leaves. Shade leaves
generally have more chlorophyll, and the chloroplasts move within the cells to take up a position where
they will absorb the maximum light without shading other chloroplasts below them.
Fresh growth in the aerial part of a plant stem, for example, a bud, young leaf, new branch or other
young growth.
The amount of plant shoots in a given area.
A plant that cannot flower under the long days of summer. Short day plants typically flower in the fall
of the year. These plants require a certain number of hours of darkness in each 24 hour period (a
short daylength) before floral development can begin.
A woody perennial, smaller than a tree (growing less than 20 feet), usually with several stems.
Application of a pesticide along the side of a crop row.
As related to invasive plants, a plant species that poses a serious risk to health, ecology or economy.
Soil or rock derived granular material of a grain size between sand and clay; loose sedimentary
material with rock particles usually 0.20 millimeter or less in diameter; also soil containing 80 percent
or more of such silt and less than 12 percent of clay.
A fruit developed from a single ovary.
A leaf with an undivided blade.
The simplest method of growing a vine, and the one most used by commercial growers. The vine is
trained to a single trunk and 2 arms, each 10 ft. in length with fruiting spurs at 6 inch intervals.
Thoroughly examining of a landscape site, includeing use areas, sun orientation, water, drainage, soil
conditions, etc.
Taking note of the existing conditions, landmarks, etc. in a landscape. Includes considering existing
structures, plants, utilities, easements, etc.
A term used to describe where a pesticide will have an effect.
A method of selectively cultivating turf using an implement with v-shaped knives that slice through
thatch and into the soil as they rotate.
Machine that utilizes closely-spaced vertical cutting blades or discs to create a shallow furrow, or slit in
the turf, in which seeds are placed.
Nitrogen in a slowly soluble, slow-release or natural organic form that is available to plants for an
extended period of time. Urea formaldehyde (UF) and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) are examples of
slowly soluble nitrogen sources. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) are
examples of slow-release nitrogen sources formed by coating urea granules with molten sulfur and a
moisture-resistant polymer, respectively. Activated sewage sludge, bone meal and fish meal are
natural organic sources of nitrogen.
Provided for the establishment of the Cooperative Extension Service to distribute information
developed by the land-grant universities and research stations to the people where they lived.
A rubber or plastic hose with perforations to let water seep into the ground.
Insecticidal soaps consist of six to ten carbon fatty acid chains joined together by potassium or sodium
ions that can disrupt the cell membranes of soft-bodied insects and mites.
The naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering of broken rock particles and decaying
organic matter on the surface of the earth, capable of supporting life.
Also called a soil amendment, a material added to soil to improve plant growth and health. The type of
conditioner added depends on the current soil composition, climate and the type of plant.
The nutrient status or ability of soil to supply nutrients for plant growth under favorable environmental
conditions such as light, temperature and physical conditions of soil.
The capability of the soil for producing a specified quantity of plant produce per unit area and the
ability to produce a sequence of crops under a specified system of management.
The arrangement of soil particles. It is one of the important properties of soil because it influences
aeration, permeability and water capacity.
The temperature of the soil.
Measurement of the proportion of mineral particles of different sizes that are found in the same
sample of soil (sand, silt, clay).
A general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.
Rock and mineral fragments, secondary minerals, and organic materials are derived from parent
material via fragmentation and weathering, aerial deposition of mineral and organic particles, and
through the biosynthesis and decomposition of plant and animal tissue.
Soluble powder formulations are made by combining an active ingredient with a fine powder. Soluble
powders dissolve and form true suspensions when mixed with water.
The salts found in the soil. They are dissolved in water and can be leached from the soil. Soluble salts
in too high concentration will damage plants.
Pesticide formulation pre-mixed and ready to use. They are often used in household pest products.
Occurs when bumblebees and blueberry bees “buzz” on the flower by vibrating their wing muscles.
Fungal disease (Glosodes pomigena ) like fly speck, which are the two most common "summer
diseases" of apples causing the fruit to have dark colored splotches.
Windows with southern exposure give the largest variation of light and temperature conditions. The
low winter sun shines across the room for most of the daylight hours. They are the warmest..
An electrical device that ignites fuels such as gasoline, ethanol and aerosol.
A fungal disease of pine trees where developing shoots (candles) fail to elongate properly and turn
yellow or tan. Small droplets of resin often form on the stunted needles. Normally, all infected needles
remain attached to the branch
A type of moss found in wet and boggy areas that likes acidic (low pH) soil.
An inflorescence in which many stemless florets are attached to an elongated flower stem.
A method of selectively cultivating turf using an implement with rotating solid tines or flat-pointed
knives to pierce the soil surface.
Combustion the occurs without an external ignition source.
A small, usually single-celled reproductive body that is highly resistant to desiccation and heat and is
capable of growing into a new organism, produced especially by certain bacteria, fungi, algae, and
nonflowering plants. The reproductive organ in cryptogams that correspond to a seed but possesses
no embryo.
The spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of generations.
A fungal disease of a wide range of plants the most common is Elsinoe corni , of flowering dogwood.
Application of a pesticide to a small section or area of a crop.
A type of irrigation device that does not turn in a circle because water comes out from all sides at
once. These sprinklers are used in small, open turf areas and in low-growing shrub beds because
When added to a pesticide mix, a spreader is a substance that increases the area that a given volume
of spray will cover. It improves the contact between the pesticide and the plant surface. A spreading
agent builds spray deposits and improves weatherability. Most wettable powder insecticides benefit
from the addition of a spreader.
A small part of a plant, such as stolons used for propagations, twigs bearing flowers, etc.
A method of plant propagation whereby cuttings of stolons or rhizomes are planted instead of seed
onto the soil surface or into furrows or small holes.
A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a blossom, usually nectariferous. A short, slow-
growing branchlet. Spurs can be short, stubby, side stems that arise from the main stem and are
common on such fruit trees as pears, apples, and cherries, where they may bear fruit. If severe
pruning is done close to fruit-bearing spurs, the spurs can revert to a long, nonfruiting stem.
Pruning that occurs on vines that have been cordon-trained.
Less vigorous less branching than non-spur trees. Instead, they will have short stubs (spurs) on the
trunk and branches that may only grow ¼ to ½ inch a year.
A method of stabilizing tall plants. A stake is placed in the ground and a tall-growing plant is attached
to it for support.
One of the male, pollen-bearing organs of the flower.
With stamens and without pistils.
Having a sharp inclination.
The main ascending axis of a plant.
Several pathogenic organisms causing a fungal blight attacking the stems of plants.
Refers to the inability to reproduce.
When added to a spray mix or dust, a sticker improves the adherence (tenacity) to a plant surface
rather than increasing the initial deposit.
That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the pollen is affected.
Also called a runner—a slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and
aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes.
Process of spreading stolons instead of seeds for planting.
Chemical that is used to kill when swallowed.
A pore in the wall of a capsule surrounded by special guard-cells and serving the same purpose as the
stomata in the epidermis of the leaves of flowering plants.
A tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the underside of a plant leaf and used for gas exchange.
A fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a
seed inside. These fruits develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with superior ovaries.
The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, lignified stone (or pit) is derived from the ovary
wall of the flower.
The process of soaking and chilling seeds, most commonly those of trees and shrubs, prior to
sowing. It simulates natural conditions where the seeds would remain all winter on cold wet ground.
Seeds will germinate promptly and uniformly after stratification.
Insects that live underneath the earth's surface.
Plants that tolerate short day exposures to slightly below freezing and night temperature around
freezing. Most native plants in Tennessee are subtropical.
Planting methods in which crop availability is increased during the growing season due to the efficient
use of time and space. One example is planting two, non-competing crops, in the same plot. Often
these crops have differing maturity dates.
Herbaceous plant part contains water-filled cells (turgid cells) which provide adequate strength to
support the plant.
A shoot or cane that grows from a bud at the base of a tree or shrub or from its roots.
Leaves grown in sunny location that become thicker than shade leaves because they develop longer
palisade cells or an additional layer of palisade cells. In sun leaves, the chloroplasts take turns in the
bright light and then shelter in the shade of others whilst they make use of the light they have
absorbed - too much bright light would destroy the chloroplasts.
Materials are added to a spray mix to help keep the pesticide in suspension, improve cohesiveness
and dispersion of the spray, and/or increase the wetting (or coverage) of the leaves fruits and stems.
Water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland or ocean. It is related to water
collecting as groundwater or atmospheric water.
The water in rivers, lakes, oceans and other bodies of water.
When added to a pesticide, a surfactant reduces the surface tension between two unlike materials,
such as a spray film and a solid surface.
Occurs when something has a mirror image on either side of a shared vertical axis.
The action of two materials of the same type which used together, produce a greater effect than the
sum of the materials when used alone.
Oils manufactured in chemical production facilities to have superior lubricating and cleaning
properties.
Chemical that is used to kill by being taken into the blood of treated animals or tissues of treated
plants, which are then fed upon by the pest.
A trellis that uses three wires. A lower wire is secured to posts about 3 to 3 ½ feet aboveground. At
about 5 feet aboveground a cross arm extending 2 feet on each side of the post will be attached. A
wire will be directed down the row on each side of the cross arm .
Firming the soil by stepping on it.
A fungal disease (Taphrina caerulescens ) in oak trees during cool, wet springs. Symptoms appear in
early summer as yellow, blisterlike, circular, raised areas, 1/16 to 1/2 inch in diameter.
The main root of a plant, having a single, dominant axis and often surviving the functions of structural
support and food storage.
Tetra Ethyl Lead, additive used to boost octane of gasoline prior to 1989.
Plants are well adapted to prolonged subfreezing temperatures and can endure temperature well
below freezing.
The temperatures maximum and minimum data that can also provide useful information about crop
adaptation. The USDA produces a hardiness zone map that indicates which types of perennial plants
cannot be grown in a certain zone because the chance of temperatures outside the range for that
plant is too great.
When stable temperature inversion is near the ground, the outgoing radiation is greater than the
incoming radiation and cool air near the surface creates a stable temperature inversion near the
ground.
A bud formed at the tip of a stem, twig or branchlet.
Chemical used to kill termites.
A raised bank of earth having vertical or sloping sides and a flat top.
The amounts of sand, silt and clay contained in a soil.
A layer of partially decomposed or undercomposed turfgrass leaves, stems and roots that
accumulates on the soil surface as turfgrasses grow.
Thermistor automatic sensors are electronic that send data signals to a data logger located in an
automatic weather station.
Thermocouples or automatic sensors are electronic thermocouples or thermistors that send data
signals to a data logger located in an automatic weather station.
A term often used in IPM scouting. It is the level of acceptable pests/damage, beyond the threshold
level, control of the pest/disease will need to occur.
Branches that develop from axillary buds at the lower five to seven stalk nodes of a plant. Tillers are
morphologically identical to the main stalk and are capable of forming their own root system, nodes,
internodes, leaves, etc.
The physical condition of a soil in respect to its fitness to support the growth of a specific type of plant.
Covered with densely matted hairs.
The uniform application of a thin layer of soil or inorganic material over the turf surface.
The shape of the ground's surface like hills, valleys, plains and slopes.
An efficient and desirable way to develop form and structure by opening up the tree canopy to
maximize light penetration.
Genetic material that has been transferred to another organism.
A plant that has a stably altered genome modified with a foreign gene. The foreign gene is known as a
transgene.
The movement of water, minerals nutrients, food, herbicide and other dissolved parts from one part of
a plant to another.
The passage of water through a land plant and usually out the stomata on the surface of its leaves.
To move a plant from one place to another.
A woody, self-supporting perennial plant usually with a single main stem and generally growing more
than 20 feet tall.
An irrigation method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of
plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes,
tubing and emitters.
A medium sized, hand held piece of equipment. A spray mixture in the correct dilution is prepared in a
container such as a bucket. The intake tube of the sprayer is inserted into the mixture in the bucket.
Pump pressure is created by operating the sprayer in a trombone like motion.
A method of transferring food and fluids mouthto-mouth between socail insects (bees, ants, termites).
Plant that tolerates temperatures to 32 F or 0 C.
The major woody stem of a tree.
Plant disease caused by a late season fungus on trees (primary host is oaks), causes leaf spots to
appear.
A thickened and short subterranean branch having numerous buds or eyes and used for food storage.
Underground storage organ often confused with bulbs and tubers. However, these are roots, not
stems, and have neither nodes nor internodes.
A modified stem that is shortened, flattened, enlarged and underground. Buds and shoots arise from
the top or crown and fibrous roots are found on the bottom of the tuberous stem.
Rigid condition of a plant caused by the fluid contents of a plant cell exerting a mechanical pressure
against the cell wall.
The end subdivision of a branch. A young shoot, generally applied to the growth of the past season.
Plant disease caused by a fungus or bacteria, causes the dieback of twigs.
Engines that have a power stroke on every revolution of the engine crankshaft.
One of the most common trellises in use today. It consists of posts 5 feet above ground level firmly
anchored about 20 feet apart. A wire is strung between the posts at the top of the post and a second
wire is strung 12-14 inches below the top wire. This system will adapt to most all varieties of grapes. In
colder regions use posts about 2 feet long.
A racemose inflorescence made up of florets whose stalks and pedicels are arranged at random along
pedicels that all arise from one point on the pedunclein in such a way that the florets create a flat
round top.
A slender, unbranched shoot or plant. Also refers to unbranched young tree seedlings 0.5-1.0 m (1 ft
7 in-3 ft 3 in) tall and 2 to 3 years old that have been grown for planting outside.
Also called the background color of a fruit. It is the color of the skin on the side of the fruit that is not
exposed to the sun.
Having a wavy surface.
A measure of how evenly an irrigation system can apply water to a landscape. A uniform irrigation
system has less potential to over-irrigate some areas while at the same time avoiding dry spots in
other areas.
The outreach portion of the Institute of Agriculture. Delivers researched based information to the
citizens of Tennessee.
High ground.
If located in a large city, the garden may be subject to an urban heat island effect, resulting in
temperatures, especially at night, which may be several degrees higher than the temperature reported
from a local airport.
Various valves allow for on-off control, modulation of the flow rate through the system, and prevention
of back flow. They can also be used for pressure relief or as a safety device. In general, valves can
vary from simple manual on-off devices to sophisticated control equipment which act as metering
instruments and deliver predetermined amounts of water to the system.
The evaporation of an active ingredient during or after application.
Somewhat differing, but inheritable, characteristics of a particular plant, or group of plants, within the
same species.
A complex tissue found in vascular plants, meaning that it is composed of more than one cell type.
The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem.
A vehicle (usually a plant part, animal, water, wind) used to transfer material from one thing to
another.
Growth of a plant that does not include any reproductive organs.
A way of sizing a pipe for irrigation that will reduce friction loss, improve uniformity, save material
costs, lower pumping costs and control waterhammer.
The manner in which the veins are arranged in the leaf.
Vermiculite are lightweight, spongelike granules useful in conditioning container soils as they hold both
water and air.
A turfgrass maintenance practice used to mechanically remove thatch. Vertically rotating blades or
knives cut into the turf lifting thatch and depositing it on the turf surface.
A genus of fungi found in soil that causes wilt usually in ornamental woody plants in the United States.
A disease in plants caused by a soil-borne fungus; foliage turns yellow and may eventually die.
Private and public gardens planted during World Wars I and II for the purpose of lessening the
pressure on the public food supply.
A plant that trails, clings or twines and requires support to grow vertically.
A tool that measures viscosity.
A measure of oil thickness and its ability to flow at certain temperatures. It is a measure of the
physical ability of the fluid to maintain lubrication under specified conditions of operating speed,
temperature and pressure
Measures how viscosity (of fuels) changes with temperature.
The tendency of a substance to vaporize.
Fungal disease of plants, possibly causing causing the leaves to turn color and die back and
eventually plant death.
Used in the treatment of wounds.
Plants in which optimal growth occurs between 80 and 95 degrees F.
The snow to liquid equivalent is the amount of liquid precipitation that is produced. It would produce 1
inch of liquid precipitation in the rain gauge.
An organic or chemical fertilizer that can be dissolved in water, such as manure. Water soluble
fertilizer may be applied through a watering system or sprinkled in with a watering can.
Pressure spikes caused by normal operating pressures will be temporarily exceeded when flow starts
and stops in a pipeline.
Occurs when the soil is saturated by groundwater. Often occurs in poorly drained soils.
The area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place.
A vigorous but weak, upright shoot from an adventitious bud on a tree trunk or main branch.
The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature,
moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure.
Southern and western exposures are interchangeable for most plants. They give the largest variation
of light and temperature conditions. The low winter sun shines across the room for most of the
daylight hours.
Wettable powder formulations are made by combining the active ingredient with a fine powder. They
look like dusts, but they are made to mix with water.
When added to a pesticide, a wetting agent lowers the interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid.
Bot rot, (Botryosphaeria dothidea ) is a fungal canker disease of apple or fruite trees during the
summer.
Wick applicators, also called rope wick applicators, are used exclusively for the application of contact
or systemic herbicides.
The direction from which a movement of air comes.
Mechanical device attached to an elevated structure; rotates freely to show the direction of the wind.
A thick or tough protective exterior tissue called bark; specialized tissues (fibers) begin to form as the
stem elongates, and the stem becomes more or less rigid a short distance below the apical meristem.
Drought tolerant.
Tissue specialized for the transport of water and minerals upward through the plant.
The seed generation of the plant itself (e.g. one wheat grain produces a stalk yielding three grain, or
1:3).
A group of sprinklers that operate together on the same pipe network downstream from a common
valve.
An area in the root where cells increase in size through food and water absorption. These cells, by
increasing in size, push the root through the soil.