acids and bases. the basics… acids and bases are a group of compounds that share similar chemical...
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Acids and Bases
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The basics…• Acids and bases are a group of compounds
that share similar chemical properties. • There are a few ways that this group can be
classified.
Lewis Acids and Bases
Brønsted-Lowry Acid and Bases
Arrhenius Acid and Bases
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Arrhenius Acids and Bases
• Arrhenius’ is the most common definition of acidic and basic compounds.
• Acid: Releases an H+ (hydronium) ion in solution– HA H+ + A-
• Base: Releases an OH- (hydroxide) ion in solution– BOH B+ + OH-
or H3O+
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Common Arrhenius Acids and Bases
HCl H+ + Cl-
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH-
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Regents Question
H-
H+
H3O+
OH-
BOH B+ + OH-
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An Arrhenius Acid will produce which positively charged ion in solution?
1. Hydronium ion2. Hydride ion3. Hydroxide ion4. Hydrogen
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In the following neutralization reaction, which compound is considered an
Arrhenius base? HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
1. HCl2. NaOH3. H2O
4. NaCl
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Brønsted-Lowry Model
• While Arrhenius was H+ and OH-, Brønsted-Lowry focused exclusively on the H+.
• Brønsted-Lowry Acid: Donates an H+ ion• Brønsted-Lowry Base: Accepts an H+ ion
HCl + NH3 NH4+ + Cl-
Donates H+
Accepts H+
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Who is the Brønsted-Lowry Base?HF + H2O H3O+ + F-
1.HF2.H2O
3.H3O+
4.F-
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Who is the Brønsted-Lowry Acid?H3O+ + Cl- H2O + HCl
1.HCl2.H2O
3.H3O+
4.Cl-
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Lewis’ Model: Acids and Bases• Lewis’ Model further expands the definition of
acids and bases• Lewis Acid: Electron-Pair Acceptor• Lewis Base: Electron-Pair Donor
LewisAcid
LewisBase
Accepts Electrons
DonatesElectrons
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Strengths of Acids and Bases
• Ionize: To break apart into ions in solution• A strong acid/base will break apart completely • A weak acid/base will produce fewer ions
HCl H+ + Cl-
HF HF + H+ + F-
CompletelyIonizes
PartiallyIonizes
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pH Scale• We measure the strength of Arrhenius acids
using the pH scale.
Neutral
BaseAcid
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pH Scale• pH measures the concentration of H+ ions in solution• An increase of 1 pH means a 10 times increase in OH-
(or a 10 time decrease in H+)• At a pH of 7 (neutral) there are equal amounts of H+
and OH- in solution. • Acids have more H+ in solution• Bases have less H+ in solution
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Which of the following compounds is an Arrhenius Acid?
1.NaOH2.NH3
3.CaCl2
4.H2SO4
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In the following equation, which compound is the Brønsted-Lowry base?
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
1.Cl-
2.H3O+
3.H2O
4.HCl
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Measures of Concentration
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Concentration
• The amount of a solute in a solvent is something that we can quantify (assign a number to).
• We measure this in terms of molarity:
SolutionofLiters
SoluteofMolesMolarity
__
__
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Moles
• Remember we can always determine moles from a given mass using the formula:
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Calculating Molarity
• Consider the following statement: In a 500L solution, 50 moles of NaCl are dissolved.
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Calculating Molarity
• Consider the following statement: 30 moles of KCl are disssolved in 60 L solution.
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Significant Figures
http://blog.swivel.com/weblog/2007/02/ode_to_numbers.html
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Not All Numbers Were Created Equal
When we are measuring an
object, we always guess a little
http://www.petitemallette.com/iphone/
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Guessing
2 . 4 5Definite
Definite
Guess
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Remember, you can only guess
on one number.
http://www.doughroller.net/personal-finance/treat-personal-finance-business/
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Sig Figs Rules
• When adding or subtracting measurements, your answer can have no more decimal places than the measurement with the fewest decimal places. 45.6
54.65324.93425.18425.2
+
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Sig Figs Rules
• When multiplying or dividing measurements, your answer can have no more numbers than the fewest number of significant (definite) figures. 48.3
296.6100
1 Sig Fig
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The Rules of Zero
Atlantic
Right
Pacific
Left
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The Rules of Zero
AtlanticAbsentRight
PacificPresentLeft
How many significant figures?
1.0450
Determine if there is a decimal present or absent.
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The Rules of Zero
Atlantic
Right
Pacific
Left
How many significant figures?
Start counting with the first non-zero number.
1.0450
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The Rules of Zero
AtlanticAbsentRight
PacificPresentLeft 1.0450
How many significant figures?
5 Sig Figs
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The Rules of Zero
AtlanticAbsentRight
PacificPresentLeft 98700
How many significant figures?
3 Sig Figs
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The Rules of Zero
AtlanticAbsentRight
PacificPresentLeft 98.70
How many significant figures?
4 Sig Figs
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Acid-Base Titrations
Classic Part II Question
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What we know…
• An Arrhenius acid is one that produces H+ or H3O+ in solution.
• When an acid reacts with a base, a neutralization reaction occurs.
• A neutralization reaction produces a salt and water each and every time.
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Neutralization Reactions
• In a neutralization reaction, acid reacts with base to produce salt and water.
• Neutralization reactions are a type of double replacement reaction
HCl + Ca(OH)2 H2O + CaCl2
Acid Base Water Salt
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Titration reaction
• Titration reactions are used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid.
MAVA = MBVB
Moles H+ = Moles OH-
• We can calculate the amount needed to neutralize any solution.
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Titration• How many milliliters of 3M NaOH are needed
to neutralize 400mL of 2M HCl?
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How much 4M NaOH is needed to neutralize 50mL of 2M HCl?
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How much 6M HCl are needed to neutralize 100mL of 3M NaOH?
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Titrating an Unknown Solution
• If we combine the information we have about titrations and indicators, we can determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
• We will need to use an indicator that has a changing point that is close to the neutral point.
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Titration
Acid of Unknown
Concentration
Base
When the indicator changes color, all of the H+ has been neutralized.
If we know the VA, the MB and VB of the system we can back calculate the concentration of the acid.
VA
VB
MB
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Titration• What is the concentration of 50mL of an acid
that is titrated to neutrality with 75mL of 3M NaOH?
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Titration• What is the concentration of 80mL of a base
that is titrated to neutrality with 40mL of 2M HCl?
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A student neutralized 16.4 milliliters of HCl by adding 12.7 milliliters of 0.0620 M KOH. What was the molarity of the
HCl acid?