Unit 11 Notes:Organic Chemistry

Define the term organic chemistry and describe some of the general properties of organic compounds.

Distinguish between the allotropes of carbon (coal, graphite, diamond).

Distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Be able to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds

Define the terms isomers, homologous series, and hydrocarbon.

Give the general formula for the alkane, alkene, and alkyne series --formulas for: the first 10 members of the alkane series, the first 9 members of the alkene series, acetylene, benzene, aliphatic isomers that contain side chains (branches)

Define the term functional group. Be able to identify a member of the following series by the functional group: alcohols , aldehydes, ketones, ethers, organic acids, esters, amines, amides

Be able to give the IUPAC name and draw structural formula and identify examples of the following reactions: substitution, addition, fermentation, esterification, saponification, oxidation, polymerization (condensation and addition)

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Organic chemistry is the study of ____________________ and the compounds it forms.

Why is Carbon So Special??

Carbon has ______________________

These four single bonds spread out evenly to create a _________________ molecule (like a tripod)

Carbon atoms ________________ with other carbon atoms, forming ____________, ____________, and ____________________

Two adjacent carbon atoms can share up to ________________________

Each shared pair of electrons is represented by a ________________

Hydrocarbons are one type of organic compound that contains only ______ & _______.

SATURATED Hydrocarbons – all _____________________ between carbons.1. _______________ number of ________________ attached (the same way a saturated solution

holds the maximum amount of solute)2. Single dashed line (___) ________________________

UNSATURATED Hydrocarbons – at least one ____________________ in carbon chain.1. Two dashed lines (______) ____________________________

2. Three dashed lines (_____) _____________________________

Characteristics of organic molecules :

-Bonding:

-Solubility:

-Conductivity:

-Melting/Boiling Points:

-Reactivity Rate:

C

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Types of Chemical FormulasA. Molecular Formula: Shows the ________________ of each ___________ in a compound; LEAST

informative formulaEx: propane = C3H8

B. Structural Formula: Shows the ________________ of each ___________ AND the _____________ of the _____________. MOST informative formula

Ex: Propane =

C. Condensed Formula: _________________ of both _________________ and ________________ formulas. Each carbon is written with its constituent hydrogens followed by the proper subscript

Ex: Propane = CH3CH2CH3

D. Abbreviated Line Formula: Each carbon is represented by an angle in the line formulaEx:

Practice: fill in the table with the correct molecular, structural, or condensed formula for the following organic compounds.

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Organic Formulas HOMEWORK1. Give the molecular formula, the structural formula, the condensed structural formula, and the

abbreviated line formula for pentane.

Molecular formula: C5H12

Structural formula:

Condensed structural formula:

Abbreviated line formula:

2. Give the molecular formula, the structural formula, the condensed structural formula, and the abbreviated line formula for octane.

Molecular formula:

Structural formula:

Condensed structural formula: CH3(CH2)6CH3

Abbreviated line formula:

3. Give the molecular formula, the structural formula, the condensed structural formula, and the abbreviated line formula for:

Molecular formula:

Structural formula:

Condensed structural formula:

Abbreviated line formula:

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Homologous series: Reference Table _______Alkane Alkene Alkyne

bonds

General formula

example

Looks like

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES: A group of ______________________ in which each member differs from the one before it by _______________________

*note there are always 4 bonds (8 electrons) around carbon. Hydrogen can only have one bond around it (2 electrons)

CONVERT the following using tables P and Q

1) C3H8

_______________

_____ 4)

Pentene

______________

2) Propyne

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Naming SATURATED hydrocarbons:

Alkanes (CnH2n+2) Examples:Straight Chain:

Use prefix (table P) to tell you how many carbon atoms you have, then add the suffix “-ane”

Branched:1) Locate the longest possible carbon chain (parent chain) in molecule. Any carbons coming off this chain are the branches. Number the carbons in the parent chain so that the branch(es) fall at the lowest possible number/sum

2) Name the branches first (separately, in alphabetical order as per their prefix) along with the # of the C they are on.

Branch naming: prefix based on the # C’s (table P) + suffix “-yl”

3) Branches are named separately unless there are two of the same. If this is the case, lump them into the same branch name (w/ number locations) & add appropriate prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.) depending on how many C’s in branch.

4) The parent chain is stated last in the name (the # carbons in parent chain should agree with the prefix in the last word of the chemical name).

Practice: Name or draw the following alkanes

Hexane

2-methyl-pentane

3,3-diethyl-octane

CONVERT the following using tables P and Q

1) C3H8

_______________

_____ 4)

Pentene

______________

2) Propyne

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Naming UNSATURATED hydrocarbons:

Alkenes (CnH2n) Examples:Straight Chain:

n-alkene (the “n” tells you what carbon the double bond is located at within the molecule – only use “n” if the molecule has MORE THAN 3 CARBONS)

For more than 3 carbons:Number the lowest # carbon where the double bond is located, then add the suffix “-ene” to the name (prefix should refer to the number of C’s).

Propene:

Branched:

1) Branch prefix comes 1st in name; parent chain comes last in name along with the # of where the double bond is located

Alkynes (CnH2n-2) Examples:Straight Chain:

n-alkene (the “n” tells you what carbon the triple bond is located at within the molecule – only use “n” if the molecule has MORE THAN 3 CARBONS)

For more than 3 carbons:State the lowest carbon # where the triple bond is located, then add the suffix “-yne”

Propyne:

Branched:

1) Branch prefix comes 1st in name; parent chain comes last in name along with the # of where the triple bond is located

4-methyl-2-pentyne

Name the following straight-chain compounds.

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1. CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3

2. CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3

3. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

4. CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

5. CH3-CH3

6.

7.

8.

Name/draw the following branched-chain compounds.

1.

2. 4-methyl-2-hexyne

3.

4. 5,5-dimethyl-4-ethyl-2-heptene

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Isomers- same molecular ___________________, different arrangement. They will each have a different name!

Isomers have different chemical and physical properties You must have AT LEAST 4 carbons to have potential isomers There are only 3 ways to make an isomer:

o ____________________________o ____________________________o ____________________________

Ex. C5H12

Practice:

1.) What homologous series is C5H8 a part of? ________________________________________

2.) Is C5H8 a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon? ____________________________________

3.) Draw and name 2 isomers of C5H8:

IUPAC Name: _______________________________ IUPAC Name: ________________________________

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Isomer HOMEWORK

1.) What homologous series is C9H20 a part of? _______________________________________

2.) Is C9H20 a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon? ___________________________________

3.) Draw and name 4 different isomers of C9H20

IUPAC Name: _______________________________ IUPAC Name: _______________________________

IUPAC Name: ______________________________ IUPAC Name: _______________________________

4.) Draw and name 2 isomers of 2,3 dimethyl butane:

IUPAC Name: _______________________________ IUPAC Name: ________________________________

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Functional Groups: Use Table ______

Group Looks like Name Ex.Alcohol

Amine

Organic Acid

Esters

Ketones

Ethers

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Group Looks like Name Ex.Amides

Aldehydes

Halide

Amino Acids

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Practice:Class Name

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

CH3CH2CH2OCH3

Ethanoic acid

3-pentanol

Ethyl propyl ether

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Organic Reactions:

Type Look for exampleAddition

Substitution

Esterification

Fermentation

Saponification

Polymerization

Combustion

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