acknowledgments - fws.gov

Acknowledgments

Reviewers: Species included in this guide were reviewed by the following authorities regarding native range, appropriateness for use in individual states, and availability in the nursery trade:

Rodney Bartgis, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Ashton Berdine, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Chris Firestone, Bureau of Forestry, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.Chris Frye, State Botanist, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources.Mike Hollins, Sylva Native Nursery & Seed Co.William A. McAvoy, Delaware Natural Heritage Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control.Mary Pat Rowan, Landscape Architect, Maryland Native Plant Society.Rod Simmons, Maryland Native Plant Society.Alison Sterling, Wildlife Resources Section, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources.Troy Weldy, Associate Botanist, New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Graphic Design and Layout: Laurie Hewitt, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office.

Special thanks to: Volunteer Carole Jelich; Christopher F. Miller, Regional Plant Materials Specialist, Natural Resource Conservation Service; and R. Harrison Wiegand, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Division for assistance throughout this project.

Citation: Slattery, Britt E., Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan M. Zwicker. 2003, 2005. Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping: Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD. 82 pp.Document may also be found online at: http://www.nps.gov/plants/pubs/chesapeake/

First printing, 2003

Second printing, 2005

Third printing, 2009

Fourth printing 2012

The Native Plant Center

Citizens, schools, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies use this resource to select native plants to create landscapes to attract wildlife and reduce pollutants going into the Chesapeake Bay. To reach even more citizens, the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service created an online version of this guide, the Native Plant Center -- Chesapeake Region, www.nativeplantcenter.net.

This online guide includes a geo-locator feature to quickly identify plants suited to your location.

1

Table of Contents

IntroductionBenefits of Conservation Landscaping .......................................................................................... 3Why Use Native Plants ................................................................................................................. 4Other Conservation Landscaping Elements ................................................................................... 4How to Choose Plants .................................................................................................................. 6Where to Find Native Plants ......................................................................................................... 6

How To Use This GuidePlant Names and Types ................................................................................................................ 7Characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 7Growth Conditions ........................................................................................................................ 8Habitat ......................................................................................................................................... 9Native To (Where to Use) ............................................................................................................. 9Wildlife Value ............................................................................................................................... 9Notes ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Plant Information PagesFerns .......................................................................................................................................... 11Grasses & Grasslike Plants ......................................................................................................... 14Herbaceous Plants ...................................................................................................................... 18Herbaceous Emergents .............................................................................................................. 41Shrubs ........................................................................................................................................ 45Trees .......................................................................................................................................... 54Vines .......................................................................................................................................... 64

Plants with a PurposePlants for Coastal Dunes ............................................................................................................ 66Plants for Saltwater or Brackish Water Marshes ........................................................................ 66Plants for Freshwater Wetlands and Other Wet Sites ................................................................ 67Plants Appropriate for Bogs or Bog Gardens ............................................................................... 68Plants for Dry Meadows ............................................................................................................. 68Plants for Wet Meadows ........................................................................................................... 69Plants for Forest or Woodland Plantings ..................................................................................... 69Solutions for Slopes ................................................................................................................... 71Evergreens ................................................................................................................................. 72Plants to Use as Groundcovers ................................................................................................... 72Plants for Spring and Fall Color ................................................................................................... 72Deer Resistant Plants ................................................................................................................. 73

Photo Credits ............................................................................................................................... 74References ................................................................................................................................... 75Index ............................................................................................................................................... 79

2

To the Reader

The use of native plants in landscaping and of course habitat restoration is certainly not new. In fact,their use has grown exponentially in recent years. Natural resources professionals in turn have beenflooded with requests for information on native plants to use in various types of planting projects.Communities, schools, businesses, nonprofit organizations, watershed groups, local governments,state and federal agencies and many others are enhancing and restoring habitat, solving ecologicalproblems, reducing maintenance, or just beautifying surroundings, all using locally native plants.Natural resources professionals, in turn, have been flooded with requests for information on nativeplants to use in various types of planting projects. There are many excellent resources available onnative plants - some more technical than others, some more comprehensive than others. Thefrustration voiced most frequently by users is the lack of color photographs of the plants. After all, it isthe striking visual quality of these plants that is their best “selling point.”

This publication includes those pictures as well as user-friendly information on native speciesappropriate for planting in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and adjacent coastal regions. Although oneguide cannot furnish the answers to every question, we have included as much useful information aspossible in a limited space. Although the large number of species of plants included here mayoverwhelm some readers, this guide displays the great diversity of plants available. We hope you willbypass the over-used, non-native and sometimes invasive ornamental plants, and select the equallyand often more attractive native plants. Pour through this guide the same way you look throughnursery catalogs. Use it to plan and design your next planting, whether it’s a small corner of your frontyard, a two-acre meadow seeding, or 100 acres of wetland restoration.

3

Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat andConservation Landscaping:Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Introduction

“Conservation landscaping” refers to landscaping with specific goals of reducing pollution andimproving the local environment. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed (the land that drains to the Bay andits many tributaries), this style of landscaping is sometimes called “BayScaping,” or beneficiallandscaping.

Conservation landscaping provides habitat for local and migratory animals, conserves native plants andimproves water quality. Landowners also benefit as this type of landscaping reduces the time andexpense of mowing, watering, fertilizing and treating lawn and garden areas, and offers greater visualinterest than lawn. Beneficial landscaping can also be used to address areas with problems such aserosion, poor soils, steep slopes, or poor drainage.

One of the simplest ways to begin is by replacing lawn areas with locally native trees, shrubs andperennial plants. The structure, leaves, flowers, seeds, berries and other fruits of these plants providefood and shelter for a variety of birds and other wildlife. The roots of these larger plants are alsodeeper than that of typical lawn grass, and so they are better at holding soil and capturing rainwater.

Benefits of conservation landscaping

Americans manage approximately more than 30 million acres of lawn. We spend $800 million per yearon grass seed. In managing our yards and gardens, we tend to over-apply products, using 2.5 to 5million tons of fertilizer and more than 70 million pounds of pesticides annually. The averagehomeowner spends 40 hours per year behind a power mower, using a quart of gas per hour. Grassclippings consume 25 to 40% of landfill space during a growing season. Per hour of operation, smallgas-powered engines used for yard care emit more hydrocarbon than a typical auto (mowers 10 timesas much, string trimmers 21 times, blowers 34 times). A yard with 10,000 square feet of turf requires10,000 gallons of water per summer to stay green; 30% of water consumed on the East Coast goes towatering lawns.

The practices described in this guide reduce the amount of intervention necessary to have attractiveand functional landscaping. Conventional lawn and garden care contributes to pollution of our air andwater and uses up non-renewable resources such as fuel and water. Many typical landscapes receivehigh inputs of chemicals, fertilizers, water and time, and require a lot of energy (human as well as gas-powered) to maintain. The effects of lawn and landscaping on the environment can be reduced ifproperties are properly managed by using organic alternatives applied correctly, decreasing the arearequiring gas-powered tools, using native species that can be sustained with little watering and care,and using a different approach to maintenance practices.

With conservation landscaping, there is often less maintenance over the long term, while stillpresenting a “maintained” appearance. Conservation landscapes, like any new landscape, will requiresome upkeep, but these alternative measures are usually less costly and less harmful to theenvironment. New plants need watering and monitoring during the first season until they becomeestablished. Disturbed soil is prone to invasion by weeds - requiring manual removal (pulling) instead ofchemical application. Over time, desired plants spread to fill gaps and natural cycles help with pestcontrol. Garden maintenance is reduced to only minimal seasonal cleanup and occasional weeding orplant management. The savings realized by using little or no chemicals, and less water and gas, canmore than make up for initial costs of installing the landscaping. Redefining landscaping goals overalland gradually shifting to using native species provide even greater rewards in terms of environmentalquality, landscape sustainability, improved aesthetics, cost savings, and bringing wildlife to theproperty.

4

Why use native plants?

Native plants naturally occur in the region in which they evolved. While non-native plants mightprovide some of the above benefits, native plants have many additional advantages. Because nativeplants are adapted to local soils and climate conditions, they generally require less watering andfertilizing than non-natives. Natives are often more resistant to insects and disease as well, and so areless likely to need pesticides. Wildlife evolved with plants; therefore, they use native plantcommunities for food, cover and rearing young. Using native plants helps preserve the balance andbeauty of natural ecosystems.

This guide provides information about native plants that can be used for landscaping projects as wellas large-scale habitat restoration. All of the plants presented are native to the designated areas,however not all of the native species for that area have been included. Rather, plants have beenincluded because they have both ornamental and wildlife value, and are generally available for sale.This guide covers the entire Chesapeake Bay watershed, including south central New York; most ofPennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia; the District of Columbia; Delaware, west of Delaware Bay; andthe eastern panhandle of West Virginia.

The region’s wildlife, plants, habitats and network of streams and rivers leading to the Bay aretremendous resources. As the human population throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed growsand land-use pressures intensify, it is increasingly important to protect our remaining natural areas andwildlife, and restore and create habitat. By working together, these treasures can be conserved forfuture generations. Individual projects are great, collective measures are even better, yet every actionhelps no matter what size.

Conservation landscaping elements

We can incorporate elements of natural systems into the existing areas where we live, work, learn,shop and play. Landscaping provides valuable opportunities to reduce the effects of the builtenvironment. These areas can be both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Use of native species willmake your garden or landscaping more environmentally beneficial. By combining plant selection withsome of the other concepts below, you can achieve more environmental benefits.

Reduce disturbance. Carefully decide where new development will occur to avoid destruction ofexisting habitat as much as possible. Take advantage of the site’s existing natural features.

Reduce lawn or high maintenance areas. Replace turf or ornamental plantings by adding newlandscaping beds and/or enlarge existing ones with native plants.

Think big, but start small. Draw up a plan for your entire yard but choose one small area for yourfirst effort. Trial and error with the first project will help you learn without being overwhelmed. Phase inthe whole project over time.

Use native plants. Start by using natives to replace dead or dying non-native plants, or as asubstitute for invasive non-natives in existing gardens or landscaping. Plan to use native plants in newlandscaping projects.

Avoid invasive species. Non-native plants can be invasive. They have few or no naturally occurringmeasures to control them, such as insects or competitors. Invasive plants can spread rapidly andsmother or out-compete native vegetation. Invasive, non-native plants are not effective in providingquality habitat. A copy of the publication “Plant Invaders of Mid Atlantic Natural Areas” can bedownloaded from www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/index.htm.

Improve water quality. Native species planted on slopes, along water bodies and along drainageditches help prevent erosion and pollution by stabilizing the soil and slowing the flow of rainwaterrunoff. To collect and filter runoff, depressions can be created and planted with native plants suited totemporary wet conditions. These “rain gardens” will capture water and hold it temporarily for a day ortwo and remove pollutants washing off of the surrounding land.

In certain conditions, some native plants can alsobecome aggressive spreaders, though theirspread is more limited by natural controls thannon-native aggressors. Plants that seed readily(such as black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia species),or that spread by lateral roots (such as mintfamily plants Monarda or Physostegia species)should be used sparingly or controlled in gardens.Certain native species that are difficult to controlor show up uninvited should not be planted, suchas cattail (Typha species).

5

Enhance and create wildlife habitat. An animal’s habitat is the area where it finds food, water,shelter, and breeding or nesting space, in a particular arrangement. If we want our gardens to have thegreatest ecological value for wildlife, we need to mimic natural plant groupings and incorporatefeatures that provide as many habitat features as possible.

Plants are one of the most important features of an animal’s habitat, because they often provide most,or even all of the animal’s habitat needs. Animals in turn help plants to reproduce through dispersal ofpollen, fruits or seeds. Consequently, plants and animals are interdependent and certain plants andanimals are often found together. So, it is important that plants be selected, grouped, and planted in away that is ecologically appropriate.

Each plant prefers or tolerates a range of soil, sunlight, moisture, temperature and other conditions, aswell as a variety of other factors including disturbance by natural events, animals or human activities.Plants sharing similar requirements are likely to be found together in plant communities that make updifferent habitat types - particular groupings of plant communities commonly recognized as wetlands,meadows, forests, etc. Some plants may tolerate a wider range of conditions than others, andtherefore can be found at more than one type of site, in association with a different set of plants ateach. By matching plants with similar soil, sunlight, moisture and other requirements, and plantingthem to the existing site conditions, the planted landscapes will do a good job of approximating anatural habitat.

Instead of isolated plantings, such as a tree in the middle of lawn, group trees, shrubs and perennialsto create layers of vegetation. A forest has, for example, a canopy layer (tallest trees), understory layers(various heights of trees and shrubs beneath the canopy) and a ground layer or forest floor. Theselayers provide the structure and variety needed for shelter, breeding or nesting space for a diversity ofwildlife.

To provide food and cover for wildlife year-round, include a variety of plants that produce seeds, nuts,berries or other fruits, or nectar; use evergreens as well as deciduous plants (those that lose theirleaves); and allow stems and seedheads of flowers and grasses to remain standing throughout fall andwinter.

All animals need water year-round to survive. Even a small dish of water, changed daily to preventmosquito growth, will provide for some birds and butterflies. Puddles, pools or a small pond can be ahome for amphibians and aquatic insects. A larger pond can provide for waterfowl, such as ducks andgeese, and wading birds such as herons. Running or circulating water will attract wildlife, stay cleanerand prevent mosquitoes.

Rock walls or piles, stacked wood, or brush piles provide homes for insects, certain birds and smallmammals. Fallen logs and leaf litter provide moist places for salamanders, and the many organismsthat recycle such organic matter, contributing nutrients to the soil. Standing dead tree trunks benefitcavity-nesting wildlife such as woodpeckers.

Consider naturalistic planting, or habitat restoration. It may be feasible to create a more naturallandscape instead of a formal one. Naturalistic landscaping uses patterns found in nature, and allowssome nature-driven changes to occur. Plants multiply, and succession or gradual replacement ofspecies may take place, with less human intervention. A property located near natural areas, such asforests, wetlands and meadows, is a good candidate for a habitat project. Expand existing forest byplanting trees and shrubs along the woods line, using native species that grow in the area, and allowbirds and wind to bring the understory plants over time. Wet sites, areas with clay soils, or drainageditches can be converted to wetlands. An open piece of ground or lawn can be planted as a meadow orgrassland. Schools, homes, small businesses, large corporate sites, municipalities, militaryinstallations, recreational areas and other public lands can all include habitat plantings.

6

How to choose plants

Finding ready information about what plants “go together” for habitat restoration, enhancement, orcreation projects is difficult. Often, the professional will examine a nearby natural area and try to mimicthe combination of plant species found there. That may not be possible for individuals unfamiliar withnatural areas. Fortunately, by following some simple guidelines, you will have garden spaces that growwell on your site and mirror the plant communities found naturally in your area. The plant lists found atthe end of this guide will also help give you a start at planting appropriate groupings.

Know your site and plant to the existing site conditions. Check the sun exposure, soilmoisture and soil type where you plan to plant, and choose plants that will grow and thrive inthose conditions. For a few dollars your state or local cooperative extension office can analyze asmall soil sample you send them (for contact information, see your government listings in thephone book). The results will include soil type (sand, clay, loam, etc.), pH and fertility status andrecommendations for amending the soil to make it into “average garden soil.” However, byselecting native species that thrive in the existing conditions, you won’t need to add soil, fertilizer,lime or compost. There are a wide variety of plants that will thrive in most conditions, even thedriest, poorest soil or very wet clay soil. If, however, the soil test shows extreme pH - very acidic(pH of less than 5) or very basic (pH 8 or above), your plant choices will be fairly limited. In thatcase, you might choose to follow the instructions for making the soil more neutral. If the soil ishard, compacted fill dirt, you might want to improve it by adding organic matter and work theground so that it can more easily be planted. If you alter the site, then select plants suited to thenew conditions.

Choose plants native to your region of your state. Along with planting to the existing siteconditions, use locally native plants. Use the map on page 9 to identify which physio-geographic region the planting site lies in. If you’re close to a border dividing two regions, youmay choose plants from either or both regions.

Choose a habitat type. Try to create or emulate a specific habitat, like woods, wetland ormeadow, and choose plants that are appropriate to both your site and the habitat. Look throughthis guide and mark the plants with growth requirements that match conditions at the plantingsite. This will help improve the success of your planting, the habitat value, and the ecologicalfunctioning of the project. This publication will eventually be made available online, in a formatthat can be electronically sorted by plant characteristics or growth conditions.

Where to find native plants

Most nurseries carry some native plants, and some nurseries specialize and carry a greater selection.As the demand for native plants has grown, so has the supply at nurseries. Some plants will be morereadily available than others. Here, we’ve focused on species most appropriate for planting andavailable through the nursery trade. A limited number of species included here are not commonlyavailable but are able to be nursery grown. Take this guide along with you when you visit nurseries andif you need help, ask for nursery staff familiar with native plants. If you see a plant you like, check tosee if it’s included in the guide for your state and physiographic region. For those species that are moredifficult to find, the hope and intention is that this publication will spark a demand, and hence a greatersupply. If you have a favorite plant that you can’t obtain, be sure to ask your local nursery to consideradding it to their stock. A list of some of the many retail and wholesale native plant nurseries in theChesapeake Bay region is available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay FieldOffice at http://chesapeakebay.fws.gov/bayscapes.htm.

For the greatest ecological value, select the “true” native species, especially if planting for wildlifebenefit. There are cultivated varieties (cultivars) available for many native plants. These are namedusing the scientific name (Latin genus and species, such as Rudbeckia fulgida) plus the cultivar name, athird word in single quotation marks (such as Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’). These varieties have beengrown to provide plants with certain physical characteristics, perhaps a different flower color, differentfoliage or a compact shape or size. Although these are suitable for gardening use, use true species (notcultivars) if you are planning a habitat project to provide food for wildlife. These plants are most suitedfor use by the native wildlife, and will increase your chances of attracting them.

7

Native plants should never be removed from the wild unless an area is about to be developed. Eventhen, it is difficult to transplant wild-collected plants and to duplicate their soil and other growthrequirements in a home garden. Plants that are grown from seed or cuttings by nurseries have a muchgreater tolerance for garden conditions. Help to preserve natural areas by purchasing plants that havebeen grown, not collected.

Ask nurseries about the source of the native species sold. Did they come from seed or cuttings ofplants found growing locally, or are they from another region? Ideally, the plants you use should comefrom stock from the same region, say, within about a 200-mile radius in the same physiographicprovince (coastal plain, Piedmont, or mountain). Differences exist from region to region even in thesame plant species, due to differences in climactic conditions between distant locations. For example,a plant grown in Maine may flower at a different time than the same species grown in Maryland. Theymay have slight physical differences. These characteristics make a difference in designing gardens andthey matter to wildlife seeking food sources. The more consumers ask for locally grown plants or seed,the more likely it is that nurseries will carry local stock.

Once you begin to explore and experiment with native plants, you’ll soon discover that many of theseplants go beyond just replacing worn out selections in your yard. Native plants will eventually reduceyour labor and maintenance costs while inviting wildlife to your yard helping to create your own senseof place.

How to use this guide

Plant Names and Types

Plants are organized within each section alphabetically by scientific name. All scientific plant namesused are based on names accepted by ITIS, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Plants areindexed at the back of the book by scientific as well as frequently used common names. Scientificnames are changed periodically as new information is gathered; for those commonly recognized namesthat changed during development of this guide, the new names are used here, with a cross referencenoted in the index. For example: Aster divaricatus is now Eurybia divaricata, so the plant is listed in theindex under both Aster and Eurybia.

Plants are grouped by botanical categories: Ferns; Grasses & Grasslike Plants (includes grasses andplants with long slender leaves that may appear similar to a grass); Herbaceous Plants (includesflowers and groundcovers); Herbaceous Emergents (plants that grow in moist to wet soils, wetlands orin standing water with roots and part of their stems below water but with most of the plant above thewater); Shrubs; Trees; and Vines.

A note about groundcovers: English ivy, periwinkle, creeping lily turf and Japanese pachysandra aresome commonly used groundcovers, particularly for shade. However, these species are non-nativesthat are invasive in the landscape, so they should be avoided. What native alternatives can be usedinstead? A groundcover can be any plant that would physically cover or hide the bare ground fromview. For the purposes of environmentally beneficial landscaping and habitat enhancement, any plantin the “herbaceous”category would make a good groundcover. For those gardeners and landscapersstill seeking a low-growing, creeping, spreading, or clump-forming plant for a groundcover, these plantsare marked with a symbol in the Notes column and a list is included at the end of the guide.

Characteristics

Height and/or Spread The typical mature height or possible range of heights is given in feet, tothe nearest half (0.5) foot. Height may vary depending on conditions (e.g., amount of moisture orsun). For trees and vines, spread is also given in feet. For trees, spread is the measurement of thecrown of the plant; for vines, spread is the length a vine will grow along a surface.

Flowers: bloom period and flower color The typical months in which the plant blooms aregiven. The exact time and duration of bloom may be shifted by days or weeks for different areasand/or depending on seasonal weather conditions and climactic trends. The basic, overall color of

8

the flower is noted. The color of a flower’s center or throat may not be included due to limited textspace. For simplicity, some shades or tones of colors have been grouped, e.g. lavender, palepurple, bluish purple, even fuchsia may have been listed simply as purple; tan, brown, dark brownare all listed as brown; yellows and pinks may be similarly condensed.

Fruit: fruiting period, color and type This information is provided for plants with moreconspicuous fruits or visually interesting seeds. Terms used include: Achene, a dry flat seed suchas in clematis; Berry, which includes small single berries such as blueberry, larger berries such aspersimmon, aggregates such as blackberry and hips such as a rose hip; Capsule, including varioustypes and sizes of dry fruits with two or more compartments containing seeds, such as iris, sweetpepperbush, hibiscus, or black-eyed Susan; Cone/cone-like such as pines, hemlock, or alder;fleshy pomes or drupes such as hawthorn, beach plum, paw paw, passion flower, or cherry; Nut/nut-like, as in acorns (oaks) or hickory; Pod, which may include pea-like legumes such as partridgepea or wild senna, follicles or other long pod-like capsules such as milkweeds, delphinium, ortrumpet creeper; and Winged, such as the samaras of maples or elm.

Fall Color The color listed indicates the fall color of the leaves, or of the stems for certain plantssuch as grasses. Some color shades have been grouped by the basic color, as for flower color.Evergreens, species that retain their leaves throughout the winter (in all plant categories), aredesignated with a symbol in the Notes column. Evergreens are popular for various landscapinguses and valuable for year-round cover for wildlife.

Growth Conditions

Light The amount of sunlight a plant requires is defined as: Full Sun , the site is in directsunlight for at least six hours a day during the growing season; Partial shade , the site receivesapproximately three to six hours of direct sunlight; and Shade , the site receives less than threehours of direct sunlight or filtered light.

Moisture The amount of soil moisture a plant requires is defined as: Dry (D), areas where waterdoes not remain after a rain (areas may be in full sun or in a windy location, on a steep slope, orhave sandy soil); Moist (M), areas where the soil is damp, and may be occasionally saturated; andWet (W), areas where the soil is saturated for much of the growing season, except in droughts.Many of the plants designated for wet areas tolerate specific ranges of water depths (see FloodDepth). Plants with the Dry designation can be considered drought tolerant.

Soil pH and Type Many of the native plants listed will tolerate a range of soil types. Soil typesare listed here as Organic (O), containing a high amount of organic material such as decayedleaves and bark; Clay or fine-textured (C) soils with a high clay content and some silt - very finesoil particles; Loamy or medium-textured (L) soils that contain a mix of mostly silt and sand butmay contain some clay; and Sandy or coarse-textured (S) soils with larger particles. Soilinformation has necessarily been simplified for this guide, and lumped into these main categories,which will suffice for the novice. Soils in actuality are often a mixture or gradations of types,categorized by the percentages they contain of clay, silt or sand, for example clay loam (a certainmix of clay and sand); sandy clay; silt loam; or silty clay loam. For best results, select plants suitedto existing site conditions rather than amending the soil. However, be aware that plant selectionmay be limited if your site has very sandy soil, heavy clay, compacted soil, or extreme soil pH(above 8 or below 5.5). In these cases, seek advice from a nurseryman, horticulturist, botanist,Cooperative Extension agent, or other expert.

Flood Depth Some plants tolerate prolonged standing water, and occur in specific water depthsor range of depths. In the Herbaceous Emergents section, the depth of water tolerated isindicated (in inches). Other types of wetland plants that can tolerate only intermittent floodingappear in other sections of the guide, and their flood tolerance information is included in theNotes column. For more complete information on planning and planting wetlands, see thereferences listed at the end of this guide.

Salt Tolerance Some plants that tolerate prolonged standing water can tolerate saltwater orbrackish (partly salty) water. For plants in the Herbaceous Emergents section, the salinity range inwhich each of these plants will grow is given in parts (of salt) per thousand parts (of water) or ppt,

9

from 0 ppt (fresh water) to the maximum salinity tolerated. For plants in other sections of theguide, the maximum salinity is given in the Notes column. Full seawater is approximately 32 ppt. Ifsalinity is not given, then the plant grows in fresh water only or in drier conditions.

4. HabitatFor each plant in this guide, we include a description of habitats in which that plant may be found.Several habitat types may be mentioned as each plant is rarely found in one and only one habitat type.There are dozens of forest types, several types of wetlands including forested wetlands and even wetmeadows. The habitats described include those that provide the conditions most preferred by eachplant species. To help with planning projects, sample lists of plants to use in certain habitat types, orcertain site conditions, are given in the back of this guide. More technically detailed information onplant communities can be found in resources listed in the references section.

5. Native To (Where To Use) - States and Physiographic RegionsFrom the sandy dunes of the coast to the rocky slopes of the mountains, the rich variety of habitatsfound throughout the region is strongly linked to its geology, topography and climate. For this guide, thestates in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have been divided into three regions or provinces: (1) thecoastal plain (C), an area with fairly flat topography and more southern climate; (2) the Piedmontplateau (P), with its rolling hills; and (3) the mountain zone (M), a more northern climate (see map). Forsimplicity, the mountain category combines all of the more specific higher-altitude provinces (BlueRidge, Ridge and Valley, Allegheny or Appalachian Plateau). Some native plants are commonthroughout these provinces, while others are adapted to the unique conditions found only in one or two.

Based on the existing literature and expert input, the physiographic regions and states in which eachplant species naturally occurs is noted. However, plants do not follow the political boundaries thatdefine our states, so matching ecological boundaries with political ones is difficult. Certain plants mayoccur in different regions in different states. For example, the range of a species could extendthroughout all of Pennsylvania, but be limited to the mountain and Piedmont regions of Maryland. Aneffort has been made to be as accurate as possible, while erring on the side of inclusion to cover thewidest range of possibilities throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed as a whole. This sameapproach has been used for other characteristics, such as height and bloomperiod, which may vary slightly from region to region.

Note: Some species native to a state but not commonly found maybe officially designated and legally protected as “rare, threatened,or endangered” (RTE). This may be because the plant is at theedge of its natural range there, or its population has declineddue to loss of habitat caused by various natural events and/or human activities in that region. Species that are listed ina state as RTE should generally not be planted there,because importing species from elsewhere couldpotentially lead to damaging alteration of the gene poolof the remaining population. This guide lists only thosestates in which a plant is common and recommendedfor planting. As a general rule of thumb, if a plantyou like is not designated in this guide for yourstate or your region of the state, we stronglyencourage you to forego planting that andselect another plant suited to your site.

6. Wildlife ValueThe notation “high wildlife value” isbased mainly on the value of thefruits, seeds and/or nectar used asfood for wildlife, and the relativenumber of species using theplant for food. But rememberthat animals use leaves,

OneontaCortland

Scranton

Corning

St. Mary's City

HarrisburgAltoona

Hagerstown

FrederickCumberlandBaltimore

WashingtonD.C.Fairfax

Front Royal

Franklin

Harrisonburg

Charlottesville

Richmond

Fredericksburg

New York

Pennsylvania

MarylandDelaware

WestVirginia

Virginia

Bridgeville

Annapolis

Petersburg

Norfolk

Lynchburg

Covington

Monterey

York

Elkton

Chesapeake Bay WatershedState lines

Physiographic ProvincesCoastal PlainPiedmontMountain

10

twigs, roots and shoots for food or nesting material, and every plant has value as cover and/or nestingsites. In that respect, although we’ve marked those of higher wildlife (food) value, every plant in thisguide has value to wildlife, as well as other environmental values.

The types of wildlife noted here are those desirable species that are likely to use the plants for food,including pollinators which are critical to plant reproduction, for gardens, natural areas and agriculturalcrops. The information here is fairly general. The songbird icon indicates use of a plant by small usuallymigratory birds, but may include upland game birds. The waterfowl icon may include shorebirds andwading birds along with ducks and geese. The hummingbird icon has been indicated separatelybecause many people are interested specifically in attracting them. The butterfly icon may refer to theadults or to the larval stage that uses the plant as a host. The beneficial insect icon, besides butterflies,includes ladybugs, bees (essential pollinators) and other insects that serve as a pest control or otherdesirable role. The small mammal icon is noted for plants used by any of a variety of small animals,such as raccoons, opossums, foxes, etc., depending upon location and surrounding habitat.

Absent but not forgotten: Certain wildlife species are not represented, due in part to a lack ofavailable information for every plant related to all types of animals. However, these are all likely toinhabit or occasionally visit a native plant garden or habitat planting, and their importance in the webof life should not be underestimated. Many insects have not been represented here, though theycertainly use a wide variety of plants throughout their life cycles and are an integral part of theecosystems we’re trying to protect, conserve and enhance. Reptiles and amphibians, particularlysalamanders, frogs and turtles, inhabit our yards as well as natural areas. They use plants for food andcover, and especially need water sources such as lakes, ponds, streams, puddles or even a small dishof water (aerated or changed daily to prevent mosquito breeding). Bats provide a valuable service asinsect pest controllers and pollinators.

7. NotesThis catchall includes pertinent information that bears emphasizing or is not reflected in the othercategories. It may include additional notes or clarification about the plant’s characteristics, growth, andspread; tips or suggestions on cultivation; cultivars; or general use of the plant.

By providing these characteristics for each plant species we hope to provide you with a variety ofchoices to meet the conditions of your property as well as your personal preferences. Whether you arereplacing a few individual plants, designing a new bed or planning for an entirely new look, this guidecan help narrow the choices to plants most likely to thrive in your environment and create thelandscape you desire.

Songbird

Waterfowl

Hummingbird

Butterfly

Beneficial insect

Small mammal

Providing the basic habitat structures describedearlier and planting a diversity of plants (andtherefore food sources) will bring a surprisingand beneficial array of life to your property.

FernsCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

11

Adiantum pedatum

northernmaidenhair fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.5-6.5

L S

moist woods, rockyshaded habitats

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

grows in clumps; delicatetexture; herbal uses

O

UWI M

C

Aspleniumplatyneuron

ebony spleenwort

Height:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.5-7

C L S

banks, open woodsand thickets, slopes,rocky ledges,swamps

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY VA

WV

easily transplanted; onlymoderate care needed;evergreen

RHW

May-Sep

Athyrium filix-femina

northern lady fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L S

woods, banks,wooded hillsides,sandy bogs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY

WV

varieties occur throughoutregion; in MD, VA can also usesubspecies asplenioides(southern lady fern)

UWI K

JS

Botrychiumvirginianum

rattlesnake fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.6-6.9

L

rich, woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WVO

RHW

Dennstaedtiapunctilobula

hay-scented fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

open woods andfields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY VA

WV

can spread over large areas ofopen understory or pasture

UWI R

WF

Jul-Oct

Dryopteriscarthusiana (D.spinulosa)

toothed orspinulosewoodfern

Height:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5-6

L

low woods, thickets,swamps, richwoods, rocky slopes

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

forms colonies; semi-evergreen

O

UWI R

WF

Jun-Aug

Dryopteris cristata

crested wood orshield fern,narrow swampfern

Height:

Fruit:

1.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

3.5-6.5

C L

shallow emergentmarshes, shrubswamps, woodedswamps, openshrubby wetlands

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

small rosette fronds

UWI R

WF

Jun-Sep

Dryopterisintermedia

evergreen wood-fern

Height:

Fruit:

2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

L

rich, moist to drywoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

clump-former; not common oncoastal plain; hybridizes witheight species

O

UWI E

JJ


12

Dryopterismarginalis

marginal orevergreen shieldfern, evergreenwood fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

moist woods,clearings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

clump-former; attractive; easilytransplanted

UWI R

WF

Jun-Oct

Onoclea sensibilis

sensitive fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

fresh tidal andnontidal marshes,meadows, swamps,woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

spreads in wet areas; fertilefronds dark brown, erect

UWI K

JS

Jun-Oct

Osmundacinnamomea

cinnamon fern

Height:

Fruit:

2-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-7

C L

woods, marshes,swamps, bogs,streamsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates drought; fertile frondsreddish brown, wooly

RHW

, UW

I TK

Apr-May

Osmundaclaytoniana

interrupted fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-6

C L

fields, forest andswamp edges

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

grows in clumps

UWI E

JJ

Osmunda regalis

royal fern

Height:

Fruit:

1.5-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-6

C L S

fresh tidal andnontidal marshesand swamps,woods, irregularly,seasonally, orpermanentlysaturated (up to100% of growingseason)

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates full sun if moist;tolerates drought; toleratesirregular, seasonal orpermanent saturation; onlytolerates flooding for a fewdays

UWI E

JJ

Apr-Jun

Polystichumacrostichoides

Christmas fern

Height:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.5-7

L S

woods, thickets,rocky slopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

grows in clumps; easily grownin rock gardens and shadedplaces; impartial to soil type

USFW

S BE

S

Jun-Oct

Pteridium aquilinum

bracken fern

Height:

Fruit:

1.5-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

C L S

dry pine woods,swamps, marshes,fields, waste places

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

forms large colonies; host forseveral ant types

CM N

RCS

Thelypterisnoveboracensis

New York fern

Height:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-7

C L S

forested wetlands,dry to damp woods,thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

tolerates drought; easilytransplanted; forms largecolonies; spreads easily

USFW

S BE

S

Jun-Sep


13

Thelypteris palustris

marsh fern

Height:

Fruit:

2-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

swamps, bogs,fields, thickets, freshmarshes, woodedstreambank

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

spreadsUW

I RW

F

Jun-Oct

Woodwardiaareolata

netted chain fern

Height:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

bogs, swamps,woods

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

spreads by creeping rhizome

PLAN

TS R

M91

Jul-Oct

Woodwardiavirginica

Virginia chainfern

Height:

Fruit:

3-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

swampy places,woods

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

spreads by creeping rhizome

PLAN

TS

Jul-Sep

RHW

RHW

RS M

NPS

USFW

S BE

S

Osmunda regalis Osmunda cinnamomea

New fern fiddleheads emerging.

Polystichum acrostichoides

Grasses & Grasslike PlantsCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

14

Agrostis perennans

autumn bentgrass

Height:

Flowers:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.5-7.5

C L

dry or moist thickets,open woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

PA VA

WV

Jun-Oct

PLAN

TS R

M95

Ammophilabreviligulata

dunegrass,Americanbeachgrass

Height:

Flowers:

1.5-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

5.8-7.8

L S

maritime beaches,dunes, grasslands,shrublands

Region:

States:

C

VA

prefers well-drained, sandysites; spreads rapidly byrhizomesJul-Sep

UWI R

RK

Andropogon gerardii

big bluestem

Height:

Flowers:

2-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

6-7.5

C L S

dry or wet openwoods, prairies,swales, shores; dryopen areas

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

clump forming; attractive,with winter interest

Jun-Sep

RHW

Andropogonglomeratus (A.virginicus varabbreviatus)bushy bluestem

Height:

Flowers:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5-6.3

C L S

fresh marshes, coastalareas

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

VA

WV

tolerates drought; grows intufts; reddish fall color

Aug-Oct, reddishbrown

PLAN

TS

Andropogonvirginicus

broomsedge

Height:

Flowers:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.9-7

C L S

wet meadows,transition areas

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

wildlife food and cover;tolerates drought; grows intufts; reddish-tan fall colorAug-Nov, reddish

brown

PLAN

TS J

S

Calamagrostiscanadensis

bluejointreedgrass

Height:

Flowers:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-8

C L

meadows, bogs,thickets

Region:

States:

M

DC DE

NY VA

WV

Jun-Aug

PLAN

TS 1

995

Carex crinita var.crinita

long hair sedge

Height:

Flowers:

1-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-7.5

C L

swales, thickets, lowwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY VA

WV

Jun-Aug

RHW

Carex glaucodea

blue woodsedge

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

moist to dry woodsand fields

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

clump-forming; alternative toLiriope

May-Jul, brown toreddish

NYN

HP,

NYN

HP

15


Carex lurida

sallow sedge,lurid sedge

Height:

Flowers:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

4.9-6.8

C L S

swales, swamps,woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

wetland plant; interestingseeds

Jun-OctRH

W

Carex pensylvanica

Pennsylvaniasedge

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

open, dry, sandy orrocky woods, woodedslopes

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

alternative to lawn; plantdensely; fine textured leavesless than 6 inchesApr-Jul, reddish to

white

CM N

RCS,

CM

NRC

S

Carex stricta

tussock sedge

Height:

Flowers:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

3.5-7

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, shrubswamps, forestedwetlands, swales,fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

grows in clumps; partlypersists in winter; toleratesflooding to 6 inchesMay-Aug, reddish

to purple brown

CM N

RCS

Carex vulpinoidea

fox sedge

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

6.8-8.9

C L

shallow emergentmarshes, shrubswamps, floodplainforests, hardwoodswamps

Region:

States:

M P C

NY VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

grows in clumps; toleratessaturation and flooding to 6inchesJun-Aug

UWI R

WF

Chasmanthiumlatifolium

wild oats, riveroats, sea oats,spanglegrass

Height:

Flowers:

2-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7

C L S

streambanks, alluvialwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

Jul-Sep, greenthen tan

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Danthonia spicata

poverty oatgrass,poverty grass

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

open woods, pastures,meadows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

May-Jul

UWI R

WF

Dichantheliumclandestinum

deer-tongue

Height:

Flowers:

2-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4-7.5

C L S

moist woods,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

May-Oct

USDA

JE

Dichantheliumcommutatum

variablepanicgrass

Height:

Flowers:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4-6.5

L S

rocky or sandy woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

May-Oct

PLAN

TS 1

997


16

Elymus canadensis

Canada wild rye

Height:

Flowers:

2-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7.9

C L S

dry, sandy, gravely, orrocky soil

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

VA

WV

Jun-Oct

CM N

RCS

Elymus hystrix(Hystrix patula)

bottlebrush grass

Height:

Flowers:

2-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

alluvial woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Aug

RHW

Elymus riparius

riverbank wild-rye

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-7.2

C L S

rich thickets,streamsides, alluvialflats, meadows

Region:

States:

P C

DE

PA VA

WV

good for streambankconditions

O

Jul-Sep

UWI E

JJ

Elymus virginicus

Virginia wild rye

Height:

Flowers:

1-5.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7

C L S

rich thickets, shores,meadows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

tolerates a wide range ofconditions; forms clumps

O

Jun-Oct

CM N

RCS

Festuca rubra

red fescue

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5-8

C L

dry woods, roadsides,waste areas

Region:

States:

M

DC DE MD

VA

can be used as turf grass;grows best in part shade

May-Jul

RS M

NPS

Leersia oryzoides

rice cutgrass

Height:

Flowers:

5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.1-8.8

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, meadows,ditches, muddy shores

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

good for sedimentstabilization, erosion control;tolerates drought; toleratesflooding to 6 inches

Jun-Oct

PLAN

TS 1

995

Panicum amarum

bitter or coastalpanic grass,beachgrass

Height:

Flowers:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7.5

L S

sandy coastal shoresand dunes

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

prostrate form, produceslittle viable seed, usetransplants; Panicumamarum var. amarulum(coastal panicgrass), tallerform, can be seeded.

Aug-Oct

CM N

RCS

Panicum virgatum

switchgrass

Height:

Flowers:

3-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-8

C L S

fresh and brackish tidaland nontidal marshes,wet meadows, openwoods, prairies, dunes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

food for sparrow species;grows in clumps; controlserosionJul-Oct

USFW

S BE

S

17


Saccharum giganteum(Erianthus giganteus)

giant plumegrass,sugar cane

Height:

Flowers:

3.5-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

3.5-7

L S

swamps, low woods,swales

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE

VA

Aug-Oct

USDA

NRC

S

Schizachyriumscoparium(Andropogonscoparius)

little bluestem

Height:

Flowers:

1.5-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

L S

open woods,pinelands, clearings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates poor soil; clumpgrass; winter interest andwildlife cover; excellentforage grass

Aug-Oct

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Sorghastrum nutans

Indiangrass

Height:

Flowers:

2.5-8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.8-8

C L S

dry slopes, prairies,borders of woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tall clump grass withbeautiful seed head;nutritious for livestockAug-Sep

RHW

Tridens flavus

redtop, purpletop

Height:

Flowers:

2-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-6.5

C L S

dry fields, roadsides,openings, forest edges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

VA

WV

Aug-Oct

UWI E

JJ

Tripsacumdactyloides

gama grass

Height:

Flowers:

6-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.7-7.5

C L

swales, fields, forestedges, shores

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

excellent forage grass; oftengrows wild near corn fields;can hybridize with cornJun-Oct

CM N

RCS

See also:

In the Herbaceous Plants section:Allium cernuumLiatris pilosa v. pilosa (graminifolia), scariosa, spicata, squarrosaSisyrinchium angustifolium (graminoides), atlanticum

In the Herbaceous Emergents section:Distichlis spicataDulichium arundinaceumIris prismatica, versicolor, virginicaJuncus canadensis, effususSchoenoplectus pungens v. pungens (Scirpus pungens, americanus), validus (Scirpus validus)Scirpus atrovirens, cyperinusSparganium americanumSpartina alterniflora, cynosuroides, patens, pectinataZizania aquatica CM

NRC

S

USFW

S BE

S

USFW

S

USFW

S BE

S

Schizachyrium scopariumin a garden with Liatrisspicata and Asclepias

tuberosa.

Schizachyrium scoparium in fall. Characteristic swirls of Carex stricta.

Andropogon virginicusprovides a transition between

the road and woods.

18

Herbaceous PlantsCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Actaea pachypoda

doll's eyes

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

rich open woods,thickets

Region:

States:

C

DE

NY PA VA

WV

interesting berries;infrequent in Piedmont andmountain regionsApr-Jun, whitish

Jul-Oct, white orred, berry

RHW

, RH

W

Agalinis purpurea

purple falsefoxglove

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

S

moist fields, rockyshores, serpentinebarrens

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

Jul-Sep, rose-purple, white

capsule

RHW

Ageratina altissimav. altissima(Eupatoriumrugosum)

white snakeroot

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

rich woods, thickets,clearings, meadows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tough plant; cultivarsavailable; prefers basic soils

Jul-Oct, white

capsule

UWI K

JS,

USFW

S BE

S

Allium cernuum

nodding onion

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

ledges, gravels,rocky or woodedslopes

Region:

States:

M

DC MD

VA

WV

Jun-Aug, pink,rose, white

capsule

RHW

Anemonecanadensis

round-leaved orCanadiananemone,thimbleweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L

damp thickets,meadows, gravellyshores

Region:

States:

P

DC

NY VA

May-Jul, white

RHW

Anemone virginiana

thimbleweed, tallanemone

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

dry rocky openwoods, slopes,thickets

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

May-Aug,whitish

RHW

Antennaria neglecta

field pussytoes

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-7.5

C L

upland meadows,pastures, openwoods

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Apr-Jul, white

UWI J

RS

Aquilegiacanadensis

eastern or wildcolumbine

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

rich rocky woods,slopes, cliffs,ledges, pastures,roadside banks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

commonly cultivated;spreads by seed

Apr-Jul, red-yellow

capsule

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

19


Aralia nudicaulis

wild sarsaparilla

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7.2

C L S

dry to moist woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

aromatic; single-leaved;lacks an above-ground stem;not common in coastal plainMay-Jul, white

or green

May-Jul, purple-black, berry

RHW

Aralia racemosa

spikenard

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

rich woods, thickets,wooded slopes andedges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

not common in coastal plain

Jun-Aug,greenish-white

dark purple, berry

RHW

, RH

W

Arisaema triphyllum

Jack-in-the-pulpit

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.8-7

L S

woods, bogsswamps

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

red berry clusters appearlate summer to fall; unusualflower; spreads rapidly fromseed

Mar-Jun,striped, purple orgreen

berry

USFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Aruncus dioicus

goat's-beard

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

wooded roadsides,rich woods, ravines

Region:

States:

M

DC

VA

WV

May-Jul, white

pod

USFW

S BE

S

Asarum canadense

wild ginger

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

rich woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

flower inconspicuous;attractive leaves; willspread; semi-evergreenApr-May,

brownish-purple

brown, capsule

USFW

S BE

S

Asclepias incarnata

swamp milkweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

4-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5-8

C L

fresh tidal andnontidal marshes,meadows, shrubswamps, woods,shores, ditches

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

can tolerate drought;interesting seed pod

May-Jun, pinkto reddish

Aug-Nov, pod

USFW

S RL

Asclepias syriaca

commonmilkweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

L S

thickets, roadsides,fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

interesting seed pods;fragrant flower

May-Aug, palepurple

Aug-Nov, pod

RHW

, RH

W

Asclepias tuberosa

butterflyweed,butterflymilkweed,butterfly flower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.8-6.8

L S

dry fields,roadsides, shalebarrens

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

taproot does not transplantwell but seedlings do;attractive seed podMay-Jul, orange

Aug-Nov, pod

USFW

S RL

, US

FWS

BES

20


Baptisia australis

wild blue indigo,false blue indigo

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

open woods, alluvialthickets,streambanks,floodplains

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

VA

WV

tolerates poor soils; flowersvery showy; shrublike form

May-Jun, blue,purple

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Baptisia tinctoria

yellow wildindigo

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

5.8-7

L S

open woods,clearings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

tolerates poor soils

May-Sep,yellow

RHW

Bidens cernua

nodding beggar-ticks, nodding burmarigold

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.1-7

C L S

tidal marsh,sloughs, springs,pools, shore

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Aug-Oct, yellow

RHW

Boltonia asteroides

star boltonia,white doll's daisy

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.3-7

L S

gravelly shores,sandy thickets

Region:

States:

C

DC DE

VA

WV

Jul-Sep, white

USFW

S BE

S

Caltha palustris

marsh marigold

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

4.9-6.8

C L

forested wetlands,shrub swamps,streambanks, seeps,meadows

Region:

States:

M C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

clump-forming; needs someperiods of drier soil;tolerates flooding to 6inches

Apr-Jun, brightyellow

RHW

Campanulastrumamericanum(Campanulaamericana)

American or tallbellflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.5-7.5

C L S

rich moist woods,rocky woodedslopes, streambanks

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY VA

WV

Jun-Aug, lightblue

capsule

RHW

Cardamineconcatenata(Dentaria laciniata)

toothwort

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

rich woods, woodedbottoms,calcareous rockybanks

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

Apr-Jun, white,purplish

RHW

Caulophyllumthalictroides

blue cohosh

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.5-7

L

rich woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Apr-Jun, green-yellow, green-purple

dark blue, berry

RHW

21


Chamaecristafasciculata (Cassiafasciculata)

partridge pea,prairie senna

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

S

upland meadows,fields, streambanks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

pods coil after split open;spreads

Jul-Sep, yellow

pod

RHW

Chamerionangustifolium sppangustifolium(Epilobiumangustifolium)

fireweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

recent clearings,burned woodlands,damp ravines, opensandy areas

Region:

States:

M

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

Jun-Sep,magenta, pink, rarelywhite

capsule

RHW

, PL

ANTS

GAM

Chelone glabra

white turtlehead,turtlehead

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

woods,streambanks,swamps, thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

strong grower; herbal uses;host for Baltimorecheckerspot butterflyJul-Oct, white

capsule

RHW

Chimaphilamaculata

stripedwintergreen,striped prince'spine

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

C L S

acidic woods,frequently underpines

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

flowers fragrant

Jun-Aug, white

capsule

RHW

Chrysogonumvirginianum

green-and-gold,golden knees

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

open woods onlimestone, rockyopen woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

VA

WV

will bloom longer if keptmoist

Mar-Jun, yellow

USFW

S BE

S

Chrysopsis mariana

golden aster,Maryland goldenaster

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

S

woods, openings,roadsides,serpentine barrens

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

Jul-Oct, yellow

RHW

Cimicifugaracemosa

black snakeroot,black cohosh,fairy candles

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2.5-8.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

rich woods, woodedslopes, ravines,thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Sep, white

pod

RHW

Claytonia virginica

narrowleaf springbeauty, springbeauty

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich woods, thickets,clearings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Mar-May, whitewith pink

capsule

RHW

22


Clitoria mariana

Marylandbutterfly pea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

S

open areas Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

VA

WV

vine-like

Jun-Sep, paleblue or pinkish

pod

RHW

Conocliniumcoelestinum(Eupatoriumcoelestinum)

mistflower, wildageratum

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

C L

old fields,meadows; dry sandywoods andclearings, dampthickets,streambanks

Region:

States:

C

DC DE

VA

WV

Jul-Oct, blue,violet or purple

capsule

RHW

Coreopsis tripteris

tall coreopsis, talltickseed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3.5-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

thickets, old fields,forest edges,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC

VA

WV

flower has anise scent

May-Sep,yellow

capsule

RHW

Coreopsisverticillata

threadleafcoreopsis

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

dry open woods,clearings, roadsides

Region:

States:

P

DC MD

VA

WV

Jun-Oct, yellow

capsule

USFW

S BE

S

Delphinium tricorne

dwarf larkspur

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

rich woods,calcareous slopes,thickets, river bluffs

Region:

States:

M P

DC

VA

WV

Apr-Jun, blue,violet, white,variegated

pod

RHW

Desmodiumpaniculatum

panicled ornarrow-leaf tick-trefoil

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

6-7

C L

clearings, edges ofmoist or dry woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

not found near coast

Jul-Sep,purplish or green

pod

RHW

Dicentra canadensis

squirrel corn

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich woods Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

flowers hyacinth scented

Apr-May,greenish-white, rosetinge

capsule

RHW

Dicentra cucullaria

Dutchman'sbreeches

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

rich woods Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

leaves basal; dormant insummer

Apr-Jun, whiteto cream

capsule

RHW

23


Dicentra eximia

wild bleedingheart

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

rocky woods andcliffs, rich woods

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

VA

WV

sometimes cultivated

Apr-Sep, pink/white

capsule

RHW

Dodecatheonmeadia

shooting star

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

open woods,meadows, slopes,prairies

Region:

States:

M

DC MD

VA

WV

Apr-Jun, whitewith yellow, lilac

capsule

RHW

, RH

W

Doellingeriaumbellata var.umbellata (Asterumbellatus)

flat-top whiteaster, parasolwhitetop

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-7.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L S

open areas, woods Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Aug-Oct, white

RHW

Erigeron pulchellus

robin's plantain

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

open woods,meadows, woodedslopes, roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Apr-Sep, blue,pink, white

capsule

RHW

Erythroniumamericanum

trout lily, yellowtrout lily, dogtoothviolet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L S

woods, rich slopes,bottomlands,meadows

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Mar-Jun, yellow

capsule

RHW

Eupatorium dubium

Joe-Pye weed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

S

swamps, bogs,marshes, swales

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

Jul-Oct, purple,rarely white

capsule

RHW

Eupatoriumfistulosum

Joe-Pye weed,trumpet weed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-7

C L

floodplains,meadows, thickets,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

herbal uses

Jul-Oct, pink-purple

capsule

RHW

Eupatoriumhyssopifolium

hyssop-leavedthoroughwort,hyssop-leavedeupatorium

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-4.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

dry fields,roadsides, railroadright of ways,woods, fields, saltmeadows

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

Jul-Oct, white

capsule

RHW

24


Eupatoriummaculatum

spotted Joe-Pyeweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.5-7

C L

floodplains,swamps, alluvialthickets, grasslands

Region:

States:

M P

DC

NY

WV

Jul-Sep, purpleto pale lavender

capsule

CAB

Eupatoriumperfoliatum

common boneset

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

floodplains,swamps, bogs,streambanks,meadows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Oct, white

capsule

RHW

Eupatoriumpurpureum

green-stemmedJoe-Pye weed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

open woods, fields,floodplains

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

occurs in drier, shadierhabitats than other joe-pye-weeds; injured or dried planthas vanilla scent

Jul-Oct, pink,purple, cream

capsule

RHW

Eurybia divaricata(Aster divaricatus)

white wood aster

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

dry woods, clearings Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Oct, white

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Gentiana clausa

closed gentian,bottle gentian

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.8-7.2

L

moist open woods,streambanks,meadows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

PA VA

WV

Aug-Oct, blue

capsule

USFW

S BE

S

Geraniummaculatum

wild geranium,wood geranium

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

woods, roadsides,fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

adaptable plant; long bloomtime; spreader; herbal uses;explosive seed capsuleApr-Jul,

lavender or pink

capsule

RHW

Goodyerapubescens

downyrattlesnakeplantain

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S


States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

very handsome throughoutwinter

Jun-Aug,whitish

USFW

S BE

S

Heleniumautumnale

yellow orcommonsneezeweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-7.5

C L S

woods, swamps,riverbanks, alluvialthickets, meadows,marshes, ditches

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates wet areas; showyflowers; herbal uses

Jul-Nov, yellow

capsule

USFW

S BE

S

25


Helianthusangustifolius

swamp sunflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-5.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-7

L S

swamps, moist,sandy areas

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

Aug-Oct, yellow

capsule

RHW

Helianthusdecapetalus

ten-petaled orthin-leavedsunflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

S

fields, bottomlands,stream banks,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Oct, yellow

capsule

BZ

Helianthusdivaricatus

woodlandsunflower, roughsunflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

dry open woods,wooded slopes,shale barrens,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Sep, yellow

capsule

RHW

Heliopsishelianthoides

oxeye sunflower,oxeye

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.6-6.8

L S

fields, open woods,floodplains,thickets,streambanks

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

long bloom time

Jun-Sep, paleyellow

capsule

RHW

Hepatica nobilis var.acuta (H. acutiloba)

sharp-lobedhepatica

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

rich upland woods,rocky slopes

Region:

States:

M

NY PA VA

may bloom throughout year(rarely)

Mar-Jun, bluish,white, pink

capsule

UWI K

JS,

UWI K

JS,

UWI J

RS

Hepatica nobilis var.obtusa (H.americana)

round-lobedhepatica, liverleaf

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

dry or rocky woods,dry upland slopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Mar-Jun, whiteto lavender

capsule

RHW

Heracleummaximum (H.lanatum)

cow parsnip

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3.5-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.4-7.3

C L S

rich woods, woodedroadside banks,marshy flats,streambanks,ditches

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

can cause a dermatitis (skin)reaction

May-Aug, whiteto pink

RHW

Heuchera americana

alumroot

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

rich woods, rockyslopes, shale cliffs

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

long bloom time; manycultivars and hybrids; semi-evergreenApr-Jun, green,

white, pink, purple

capsule

MOB

OT

26


Heuchera villosa

hairy heuchera,hairy alumroot

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

damp rocks, richwooded slopes

Region:

States:

M

DC MD

VA

Jun-Oct, whiteto greenish to pinkish

capsule

PLAN

TS J

SP

Houstonia caerulea

bluet, innocence,Quaker-ladies

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

meadows, fields,and thickets, openwoods, forest edges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

Apr-Jun, blue,lilac, white

capsule

RHW

Hydrophyllumvirginianum

Virginia waterleaf

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

woods, thickets,streambanks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

May-Aug,lavender, white

capsule

RHW

Hylotelephiumtelephioides (Sedumtelephioides)

Alleghenystonecrop

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

dry rocky places Region:

States:

M

DC MD

NY VA

WV

naturally occurs in bare rockoutcrops, but does well ingarden; rare in PA,threatened in NY

Aug-Sep, palepink

pod

RHW

Ionactis linariifolius(Aster linariifolius)

stiff-leaf aster,flaxleaf whitetopaster

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

grasslands,successionalshrublands, oak-hickory forest, dryrocky woods andedges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

Aug-Oct, blue,yellow eye

RHW

Jeffersonia diphylla

twinleaf

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich woods Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

VA

WV

Apr-May, white

capsule

RHW

Lespedeza capitata

round-head bushclover

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

L S

fields, thin woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Sep,yellowish white

UWI K

JS

Impatiens capensis(I. biflora)

jewelweed,touch-me-not

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.4-7.4

C L S

moist meadows,swamps,streambanks, openwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

ripe seed pod explodes withcontact; remedy for poisonivy itchingMay-Oct,

orange, yellow, white

capsule

USFW

S BE

S

27


Liatris pilosa v. pilosa(L. graminifolia)

grass-leafblazingstar

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

open woods, forestedge, salt marshedges, dune hollows

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

Aug-Oct, purple

capsule

RHW

Liatris scariosa

eastern ornorthern blazingstar, tallgayfeather

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

dry upland woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

Aug-Sep,lavender to rose-purple

capsule

RHW

Liatris spicata

gayfeather,blazingstar,spiked blazingstar

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.6-7.5

C L S

moist meadows,open areas

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE

VA

WV

Jul-Aug, rose-purple or white

capsule

USFW

S RL

Liatris squarrosa

plains blazing star

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

dry open fields andbanks

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE

VA

Jul-Sep, rose

capsule

RHW

Lilium canadense

Canada lily

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L

fields, thickets,woods

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Aug,yellow, orange, red

capsule

RHW

Liliumphiladelphicum

wood Lily

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

L S

open woods, forestedges, thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Aug,yellow, red-orange

capsule

RHW

Lilium superbum

Turk's cap lily

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

4-8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L S

meadows,streamsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

leaves in whorl aroundstem; takes several years tobloomJul-Aug, yellow-

orange, orange-red

capsule

RS M

NPS

Limoniumcarolinianum

sea lavender

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

6-8.5

C L S

irregularly floodedhigh salt marshes

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

NY VA

Jul-Oct,lavender

PLAN

TS LA

tolerates salinity to 30 ppt

28


Lobelia cardinalis

cardinal flower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.8-7.8

C L

fresh tidal andnontidal marshes,wooded swamps,seeps, banks ofponds, rivers,streams

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

long bloom time; biennial,must reseed

Jul-Oct, redRH

W

Lobelia siphilitica

great blue lobelia

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

woodlands,meadows, swamps

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

long bloom time; whitecultivars available

Aug-Oct, blue,violet

capsule

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Lupinus perennis

lupine, sundiallupine

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

open woods, fields,roadsides,streambanks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY VA

WV

prefers acidic soil

Apr-Jul, blue,rarely pink or white

pod

RHW

Maianthemumcanadense

Canadamayflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fragrant flowers

May-Jul, white

pale red speckled,berry

RHW

Maianthemumracemosum ssp.racemosum(Smilacinaracemosa )

false Solomon'sseal

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

dry to moist woods,clearings, bluffs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

flowers in plume-likeclumps at tip of stem; herbalusesMay-Jul, white

red, berry

PLAN

TS J

A, P

LAN

TS W

SJ

Medeola virginiana

Indian cucumber

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

rhizome is edible

May-Jun,yellowish

dark purple orblack, berry

RHW

, RH

W

Melanthiumvirginicum

Virginiabunchflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

woods, seepages,clearings

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

Jun-Aug,greenish

capsule

RHW

Mertensia virginica

Virginia bluebells

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-8

C L

rich wooded slopes,floodplains

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

dormant in summer; flowercolor blue, pink, or whiteaccording to soil acidityMar-Jun, pink

turning blue

Mar-May, nut/nut-like

RHW

29


Mimulus ringens

monkeyflower,Alleghenymonkeyflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

L

open swamps,meadows, shores

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

interesting flowers

Jun-Oct, blue

capsule

RHW

Mitchella repens

partridgeberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

dry acidic woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

two flowers form one fruit;berry edible; slow creeper,forms mats under treesMay-Jul, white

July-Dec, scarlet,berry

USFW

S, R

HW

Mitella diphylla

twoleafmiterwort,bishop's cap

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

rich, woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Apr-Jun, white

capsule

RHW

, RH

W

Monardabradburiana (M.fistulosa)

wild bergamot,horsemint

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6-8

C L

fields, thickets,roadsides, forestedges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

confused with bee-balm (M.didyma); aromatic; herbalusesJun-Sep, pink to

purple

nut/nut-like

RS M

NPS

Monarda didyma

beebalm, Oswegotea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L

creek banks,floodplains, woods

Region:

States:

M

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

showy flowers; aromatic;herbal uses

Jul-Sep, red

nut/nut-like

USFW

S BE

S

Monarda punctata

horsemint,spotted bee-balm

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

L S

open sandy fields Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

Jun-Oct, yellowand purple

nut/nut-like

RHW

Nuttallanthuscanadensis (Linariacanadensis)

blue, old-field, orCanada toadflax

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

maritime grasslandsand shrublands,successionalshrubland, woods,fields

Region:

States:

M P C

MD

NY VA

WV

delicate flowers; preferswell-drained soil

Apr-Sep, lightblue

capsule

PLAN

TS W

SJ

Oenothera biennis

common eveningprimrose

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

5-7

C L S

cultivated fields,waste ground,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

flowers open in evening;biennial

Jun-Oct, yellow

capsule

RHW

30


Oenothera fruticosa

narrow-leavedsundrops

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-7

C L S

fields, meadows,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

May-Sep,yellow

capsule

RHW

Oenothera perennis

sundrops

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

fields, pastures,roadsides, shalyslopes

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

similar to evening primrose(O. biennis); long bloomtime; spreaderMay-Aug,

yellow

capsule

UWI R

WF

Opuntia humifusa(O. compressa)

eastern prickly-pear cactus

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

L S

sandy coastaldunes, shaly soils

Region:

States:

M C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

fruit edible, used for jelly

Jun-Jul, yellow

purplish to deepred, fleshy

RHW

Osmorhizalongistylis

sweet cicely,anise root

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

rich woods, woodedslopes, thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

all plant parts have anisescent

May-Jun, whiteto green

RHW

Oxalis violacea

violet wood sorrel

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

woods Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

PA

WV

Apr-Jul, violet

capsule

RHW

Packera aurea(Senecio aureus)

golden ragwort,golden groundsel

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L

moist fields, woods,floodplains,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

wetland plant; long bloomtime; aggressive spreader

Apr-Aug, yellow

capsule

RHW

Penstemon digitalis

beardtongue, tallwhite or foxglovebeardtongue

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-7

C L S

open woods,meadows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates poor drainage;variety of cultivars

Jun-Aug, whiteor faintly purple

capsule

USFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Penstemonlaevigatus

smooth or easternbeardtongue

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

rich woods, fields Region:

States:

M

DC MD

VA

WV

May-Jul,purplish

capsule

UWI M

RB

31


Phlox carolina

thick-leavedphlox

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

L S

open woods Region:

States:

M

DC

VA

May-Jun, pinkto purple, rarely white

capsule

PLAN

TS W

SJ

Phlox divaricata

woodland or wildblue phlox, wildsweet William

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.5-7.2

C L S

rich woods Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

aromatic; showy flower;dormant in summer (leavesdisappear); frequentlycultivated; evergreen

Apr-Jun, blue,lavender, white

capsule

RHW

Phlox maculata

phlox, meadowphlox, wild sweetWilliam

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.9-6.8

C L

meadows,streambanks,thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DE

PA VA

WV

aromatic; showy flowers; afrequent escapee fromcultivationMay-Sep, rose,

pink, purple, rarelywhite

capsule

PLAN

TS W

SJ

Phlox paniculata

summer phlox,garden phlox

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich, open woods,roadsides,streambanks,thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC

PA VA

WV

aromatic; showy flowersfrequently escapes fromcultivationJul-Oct, pink,

red-purple, white

capsule

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Phlox stolonifera

creeping phlox

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

rich woods Region:

States:

M

DC MD

VA

WV

Apr-Jun, blue,red-purple, violet

capsule

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Phlox subulata

moss phlox,moss-pink

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

5.7-7.5

C L S

rock crevices,ledges

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY VA

WV

nice rock garden plant

Apr-Jun, rose,pink, white

capsule

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Physostegiavirginiana

obedient plant,false dragonhead

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

moist open areas,streambanks,shorelines

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

PA VA

WV

flowers showy; spreadsrapidly by undergroundstems; best in full sun; canescape cultivation

Jun-Sep, pinkto purple

nut/nut-like

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Podophyllumpeltatum

Mayapple

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich woods, openfields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

ripe fruit edible; woodlandgroundcover; mottled foliage

Apr-May, white

yellow, berry

RHW

32


Polemonium reptans

Jacob's ladder,Greek valerian

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

rich or rocky woods,wooded floodplains

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

attractive flowers; slowspreader; herbal uses

Apr-Aug, blue

capsule

RHW

Polygonatumbiflorum

Solomon's seal,dwarf Solomon'sseal

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

flowers dangle along stalk

Apr-Jun, whiteor green

blue to black, berry

RHW

Polygonatumpubescens

Solomon's seal,downy Solomon'sseal

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S


States:

M P C

DE

NY PA VA

WV

herbal uses; edible

Apr-Jun,yellowish-green

blue to black, berry

UWI K

JS

Porteranthustrifoliatus (Gilleniatrifoliata)

Bowman's root

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

open upland woods,clearings, rockyslopes, roadsides

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

established plants droughttolerant; spreads to formtight clumps; seldom needsdividing; yellow fall color

May-Jul, white

pod

RHW

Pycnanthemumincanum

hoary mountainmint

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

C L S

upland woods,fields, thickets,barrens

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Sep, whiteto lavender, purplespots

nut/nut-like

RHW

Pycnanthemumtenuifolium

narrow-leavedmountain mint

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

streambanks,floodplains, moistfields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Sep, purpleto white

nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS R

M89

Rhexia virginica

Virginia meadow-beauty

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

L

open areas Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

VA

WV

also R. mariana for MD

Jun-Sep, darkpink

capsule

RHW

Rudbeckia fulgida

early, eastern, ororangeconeflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

moist fields,meadows

Region:

States:

P

DC DE MD

VA

cultivars have nice foliage

Jul-Oct, yellow-orange, black eye

capsule

USFW

S RL

33


Rudbeckia hirta

black-eyed Susan

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6-7

C L

fields, meadows,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Oct, yellow,black eye

capsule

USDA

MG

Rudbeckia laciniata

tall, green-headed, or cutleafconeflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-7

C L S

floodplains,streambanks, fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

herbal uses

Jul-Sep, yellow

capsule

RHW

Rudbeckia triloba

three-lobedconeflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-4.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

fields, open woods,rocky slopes

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Oct, yellowor orange

capsule

PLAN

TS W

SJ

Ruellia caroliniensis

Carolina wildpetunia

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

woods, roadsides,thickets, wasteplaces

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

actually in the nightshadefamily, flower fragile; ahighly variable speciesMay-Aug,

lavender-blue

capsule

RHW

Sabatia angularis

rose pink,common marsh-pink

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

moist open woods,fields, marshes,meadows; uplands,shores

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

Jul-Oct, pink orwhite

capsule

RHW

Salvia lyrata

lyre-leaf sage

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

moist pastures,upland woods,thickets, wasteareas

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

VA

WV

Apr-Jun, violet

nut/nut-like

RHW

Sanguinariacanadensis

bloodroot

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich woods, openroadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

showy flowers, but bloomsfleetingly; herbal uses

Mar-May, white

capsule

RHW

Saxifragapensylvanica

eastern swampsaxifrage

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

C L S

wet woods, bogs,swamps

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

Apr-Jun, whiteto green

capsule

RHW

34


Saxifragavirginiensis

early saxifrage

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

rock crevices, dryslopes, woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Mar-May, white

capsule

RHW

Scutellariaintegrifolia

rough or hyssopskullcap, helmetflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

swamps, bogs,moist woods, fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

May-Jul, blue,pink, white

blackish, nut/nutlike

RHW

Sedum ternatum

mountainstonecrop, wildstonecrop

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

damp rocks, rockybanks, cliffs, woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

creeping stems; used in rockgardens

Apr-Jun,greenish-white

pod

RHW

Senna marilandica(Cassia marilandica)

Maryland orsouthern wildsenna

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4-7

L S

dry roadsides,thickets, openwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

pods important food forupland gamebirds

Jul-Aug, yellow

pod

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Silene caroliniana

wild pink

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

dry open woods,rocky slopes,roadside banks,shale barrens

Region:

States:

M C

DC DE MD

VA

semi-evergreen; native tolimestone areas

Apr-Jun, whiteto pink

capsule

RHW

Silene stellata

starry campion,widow's frill

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

wooded slopes,roadside banks,barrens

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

drought-tolerant; naturalizesin woods

Jun-Sep, white

capsule

RHW

Silene virginica

fire pink

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

upland woods,wooded slopes,streambanks,clearings

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE

VA

WV

Apr-Jul, darkpink to red

capsule

RHW

Silphiumperfoliatum

cup plant

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

floodplains, fields,moist meadows,woods

Region:

States:

M P

DC

VA

WV

Jul-Oct, yellow

capsule

PLAN

TS D

L

35


Sisyrinchiumangustifolium (S.graminoides)

blue-eyed grass

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7

C L

grassy areas, dampwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

grasslike leaves; also S.montanum in NY

Apr-Jun, blue-violet

brown, capsule

CM N

RCS

Sisyrinchiumatlanticum

coastal or easternblue-eyed grass

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

marshes, meadows,low woods

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

leaves grasslike, moreslender than S.angustifoliumMay-Jul, blue-

violet

capsule

UWI J

S

Solidago caesia

bluestemgoldenrod, wreathgoldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-7

C L

rich deciduouswoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

stems bluish or purplish

Aug-Oct, yellow

capsule

RHW

Solidago canadensisv. scabra (S.altissima)

tall or lategoldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L

woods, fields,riverbanks,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Nov, yellow

capsule

UWI,

RRK

Solidago canadensis

Canada goldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.8-7.5

C L S

fields, roadsides Region:

States:

M P C

DE

NY VA

WV

Jul-Oct, yellow

capsule

UWI M

RB

Solidago flexicaulis

broad leaf or zigzag goldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.3-7

L

moist woods, rockywooded slopes

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Oct, yellow

capsule

RHW

Solidago juncea

early goldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

S

fields, meadows,rocky slopes,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jun-Oct, yellow

capsule

RHW

Solidago nemoralis

gray, dwarf, old-field, or one-sidedgoldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

6.5-7.5

L S

fields, open woods,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates poor soils

Jun-Nov, yellow

capsule

RHW

36


Solidago odora

sweet goldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

dry open woods,barrens

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY VA

WV

Jul-Oct, yellow

capsule

RHW

Solidago rugosa

wrinkle-leaf orrough-stemmedgoldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5-7.5

L S

fields, woods,floodplains,roadsides, wasteplaces

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tough plant; aggressive;strongly colonial

Aug-Nov, yellow

capsule

RHW

Solidagosempervirens

seasidegoldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-7.5

L S

coastal areas, dunes Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

coastal plant, may occurwhere road salts are used

Jul-Nov, yellow

capsule

RHW

Solidago speciosa

showy or slendergoldenrod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

dry to moist openwoods and fields

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY VA

Jul-Oct, yellow

capsule

PLAN

TS T

GB

Spiranthes cernua

nodding ladies'tresses

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6.5

C L S

meadows, openwoods, roadsides,bogs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

orchid flowers; herbal uses

Jul-Nov, white

USFW

S BE

S

Stachys tenuifolia(S. hispida)

hedge nettle

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.7-7.4

C L S

woodedbottomlands,streambanks,meadows, fields

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

Jun-Aug, whiteto pink

nut/nut-like

RHW

Stellaria pubera

star chickweed,great chickweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

woods, shadedrocky areas

Region:

States:

M P ?

DC MD

VA

WV

Mar-Jun, white

capsule

RHW

Symphyotrichumcordifolium (Astercordifolius)

heart-leaved aster

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

upland meadows,woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC

NY PA VA

WV

Aug-Oct, blue-violet to rose

RHW

37


Symphyotrichumericoides var.ericoides (Asterericoides)

heath, whiteheath, or dense-flowered aster;frostweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

dry fields, forestedges, woods,thickets

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY

WV

forms dense mounds

Jul-Nov, white,rarely blue, violet, rose

RHW

Symphyotrichumlaeve var. laeve(Aster laevis)

smooth blue aster

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

C L S

open areas, forestedges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Aug-Oct, paleblue, violet, white

MOB

OT

Symphyotrichumnovae-angliae(Aster novae-angliae)

New Englandaster

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

open woods,seasonal wetlands,shores, meadows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

showy, frequently cultivated;tolerates drier soils andseasonal floodingAug-Oct, violet

USFW

S

Symphyotrichumnovi-belgii var. novi-belgii (Aster novi-belgii)

New York aster

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-4.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L

thickets, meadows,shores

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

Jul-Oct, blue-violet

RHW

Symplocarpusfoetidus

skunk cabbage

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

4-7

C L S

fresh tidal andnontidal marshesand shrub swamps,forested wetlands,seeps

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

flower inconspicuous,emerges before leaves; saphas skunk-like odorFeb-May, green

to purple-brown

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Thalictrum dioicum

early meadow rue

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich rocky woods,ravines, alluvialterraces

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

Apr-May, greento purple

capsule

RHW

Thalictrumpubescens (T.polygamum)

tall meadow rue

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-9' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

rich woods, lowthickets, swamps,meadows,streambanks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

foliage similar tocolumbines; clump-forming;delicate flowers; speciesvery variable

Jun-Aug, white

RHW

Thalictrumthalictroides(Anemonellathalictroides)

rue anemone,windflower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

wooded banks andthickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

foliage similar tocolumbines

Apr-Jun, white

RHW

D

capsule

M

MApr-May,maroon, purple, green

, berry

M

38


Trillium sessile

toadshade

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

woods, floodplains Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

VA

WV

Apr-May,maroon, purple, green

berry

RHW

Trillium undulatum

painted trillium

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

woods Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

May-Jun, whitewith purple

bright red, berry

RHW

Uvularia grandiflora

large-floweredbellwort

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

woods Region:

States:

M

DC

NY VA

WV

rhizome can be cooked andeaten; young shoots can besubstituted for asparagusApr-Jun,

orange-yellow

capsule

RHW

Uvularia perfoliata

perfoliatebellwort, mealybellwort

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

rhizome can be cooked andeaten; young shoots maybesubstituted for asparagusApr-Jul, yellow

capsule

RHW

Tiarella cordifolia

foamflower, falsemiterwort

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

rich woods, moistrocky woodedslopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

attractive, long-blooming;creeping, clump-forming;many cultivarsApr-Jul, white

capsule

USFW

S BE

S

Tradescantiavirginiana

Virginiaspiderwort,widow's tears

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-8

C L

wooded slopes,shale outcrops,fields, roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

flowers showy

Apr-Jul, deepblue-purple

capsule

RHW

Trillium erectum

purple or redtrillium,wakerobin

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

woods Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

flowers ill-scented

Apr-Jun, purpleor greenish to white

dark red, berry

RHW

Trillium grandiflorum

white or large-flowered trillium

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L

woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

showy flowers; common,often in large colonies

Apr-Jun, whitethen pink

black, berry

RHW

39


Uvularia sessilifolia

straw lily

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

dry to moistwoodlands

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

rhizomes may be cookedand eaten; young shootsmay be substituted forasparagus

May-Jun,yellow

capsule

RHW

Veratrum viride

green falsehellebore, whitehellebore

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

swamps, woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

leaf edges will brown if soildries and plant is in windyarea; does best in coolertemps; slugs like the foliage

May-Jul,yellow-green

capsule

RHW

Verbena hastata

blue vervain,simpler's joy

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

meadows, swamps,floodplains, ditches,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

bright flowers; herbal uses

Jun-Oct, blue topurple

nut/nut-like

RHW

Verbesinaalternifolia

wingstem, yellowironweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3.5-8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

wooded slopes,open woodlands,riverbanks, shadedlowlands, roadsides,fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

threatened in NY

Aug-Oct, yellow

capsule

RHW

Vernonianoveboracensis

New Yorkironweed

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3.5-8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L

streambanks, fields,freshwater marshes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

brilliant flowers; tall uprightform adds structure togarden; spreadsAug-Oct, purple

capsule

RHW

Veronicastrumvirginicum (Veronicavirginica)

Culver's root

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

rich woods,meadows, thickets,swamps

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

Jun-Sep, white,pink

capsule

RHW

Viola conspersa

American dogviolet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

woods, fields,swamps

Region:

States:

M P C

NY PA VA

WV

delicate plant and flower;edible

Apr-Jul, paleblue, violet

green, capsule

UWI R

WF

Viola cucullata

marsh blue violet,blue marsh violet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0-0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

C L S

bogs, meadows,swamps

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

PA VA

WV

stemless; self-sows; canbecome a nuisance

Apr-Jul, palepurple

green, capsule

RHW

40


Viola hastata

halberdleafyellow violet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

rich deciduouswoods

Region:

States:

M

DC MD

VA

WV

Apr-May, yelloww/ violet

green, capsule

RHW

Viola pedata

bird's foot violet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0-0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

sandy or rockybarrens, dry forestedslopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

stemless

Mar-Jun, paleblue or w/ purple-black tips

green, capsule

RHW

Viola pubescens var.pubescens (V.pennsylvanica)

yellow violet,downy violet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

6-7

L

moist or dry woods,swamps

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

May-Jun,yellow, purple veins

green, capsule

RHW

Viola sororia (V.papilionacea)

common blueviolet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

6-7.8

C L

dry to moist woods,swamps, thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

delicate plant and flower;edible; spreader; stemless

Mar-Jun, darkblue, violet

green with purple,capsule

RHW

Viola striata

striped creamviolet, stripedviolet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

L

alluvial woods,swamps, fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Apr-Jun, ivoryw/ purple

green, capsule

MP

Yucca filamentosa(Y. flaccida)

Adam's needle

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

5.5-7.5

L S

coastal sand dunes,outcroppings on thinrocky soils

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

flower stalk can rise 5-15feet above foliage

Jun-Sep, white

RHW

Zizia aurea

golden-alexanders

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

woodedbottomlands,streambanks, moistmeadows,floodplains

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

Apr-Jun, yellow

RHW

See also:

In the Vines section:Smilax herbacea

In the Herbaceous Emergents section:Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginica

Herbaceous EmergentsCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

41

Distichlis spicata

saltgrass

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-50 ppt

M W

6.4-10.5

C L

tidal salt marshes,from Mean High tideabove to spring tidelevel; high salinity; wetdepressions

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

often intermixed withSpartina patens, forms densematsAug-Oct

podFruit:

UWI E

JJ

Dulichiumarundinaceum

three-sided sedge

Height:

Flowers:

1-3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

W

4.7-7.5

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, bogs,swamps, pond edges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

grows best where waterrarely draws down

Jul-Oct

brown, nut/nut-likeFruit:

UWI A

H 0-12”

Hibiscusmoscheutos (H.palustris)

rose mallow,easternrosemallow

Height:

Flowers:

3-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-15 ppt

M W

4-7.5

C L

fresh to brackish tidalmarshes, occasionallynontidal marshes

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

common along coast;persists in winter; split seedcapsules; use H. laevis inPiedmont

Jul-Sep, cream,pink

Sep-Mar, brown,capsule

Fruit:

CM N

RCS

0-6”

Iris prismatica

slender blueflag

Height:

Flowers:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-0.5 ppt

M W

fresh to moderatelybrackish tidal marshes,meadows, shores,swamps, forestedwetlands

Region:

States:

C

DC DE

VA

leaves 1/4-inch wide,narrower than Iris versicolor

May-Jun, blue

green to brown,capsule

Fruit:

RHW

0-6”

Iris versicolor

blue flag

Height:

Flowers:

3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity 0-0.5 ppt

M W

L S


Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

May-Jun, blue


Fruit:

RHW

0-6”

Iris virginica

Virginia blue flag

Height:

Flowers:

1-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-0.5 ppt

W

4.8-7.3

C L


Region:

States:

P C

DC

VA

WV

May-Jul, blue


Fruit:

RHW

0-6”

Juncus canadensis

Canada rush

Height:

Flowers:

1-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-0.5 ppt

M W

4.5-5.9

C L S

fresh to slightlybrackish tidal andnontidal marshes,swamps, ponds andpond borders, shores,wet meadows, shallowwater

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY PA

WV

Jul-Oct, greenishbrown

brown, capsuleFruit:

UWI A

H

Juncus effusus

soft rush

Height:

Flowers:

1-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

M W

5.5-7

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, shrubswamps, meadows,ditches

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

often grows in clumps

Jun-Sep, greenishbrown


CM N

RCS,

USF

WS

BES

0-12”


42

Juncus roemerianus

black needlerush,needlegrass rush,needlegrass rush

Height:

Flowers:

1-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-25 ppt

M W

3.5-7

C L

brackish and saltmarshes, above MeanHigh tide to spring tidelevel

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA

some nitrogen fixing value

May-Oct, yellow-green

July-Nov, brown,capsule

Fruit:PL

ANTS

LA

Justicia americana

Americanwater-willow

Height:

Flowers:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

W

5.4-7.6

C L S

muddy edges ofshallow freshwaterstreams, lakes, ponds;shores

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

PA VA

WV

has underground stems andforms colonies

Jun-Oct, whitewith purple

achene (dry, flatseed)

Fruit:

RHW

Kosteletzkyavirginica

seashore mallow

Height:

Flowers:

1.5-4.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-10 ppt

W

irregularly flooded saltand brackish marshes,above Mean High tideto spring tide level

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

common near the coast;looks similar to Hibiscus

Jul-Sep, pink


RHW

Nuphar lutea (N.advena)

spatterdock,yellow water lily,cow-lily,American lotus

Height:

Flowers:

1-1.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

W

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, swamps,ponds

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

large leaves floating butrooted; fruit berry-like, manyseeded, somewhat flattened,leathery

May-Oct, yellow

green, berryFruit:

RHW

12-36”

Nymphaea odorata

fragrant water lily,American waterlily, white water lily

Height:

Flowers:

1-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

W

C L S

tidal and nontidal freshwaters, shallow lakes,ponds

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

large leaves floating butrooted; fruit berry-like, manyseeded, somewhat flattened,leathery

Jun-Sep, white

green, berryFruit:

RHW

12-48”

Orontium aquaticum

golden club

Height:

Flowers:

1.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

W

C L S

edges of regularlyflooded tidal freshmarshes, inlandshores, pond borders,on mud or in shallowwater

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

fruit is a thick fleshy spikecovered with small darkgreen berry-like structuresApr-Jun, yellow

green, berryFruit:

RHW

Peltandra virginica

arrow arum

Height:

Flowers:

2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-2 ppt

W

5.2-9.5

C L S

fresh to moderatelybrackish tidal andnontidal marshes,swamps, shallowwaters of lakes andponds

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

globular head of berriesenclosed in green leatherycase, curved downwardApr-Jul, green to

white

green or blackFruit:

RHW

, RH

W

0-12”

Pontederia cordata

pickerelweed

Height:

Flowers:

3.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-3 ppt

W

6-8

C L S

fresh to moderatelybrackish, tidal andnontidal marshes,shallow water ofponds or lakes

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

spreads vigorously; a smallbladder-like structure crestedwith toothed ridges holdsone seed

Jun-Nov, purple

Fruit:

UWI M

C 0-18”


43

Sagittaria latifolia

duck potato,arrowhead,broadleafarrowhead

Height:

Flowers:

0.5-4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity:

W

4.7-8.6

C L

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, swamps;borders of lakes,streams and ponds

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Jul-Sep, white

green, achene (dry,flat seed)

Fruit:RH

W

0-24”

Saururus cernuus

lizard's tail

Height:

Flowers:

1.5-4.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

W

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, swamps,shallow water

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

fragrant flower; often formsextensive colonies

Jun-Sep, greenishwhite

capsuleFruit:

RHW

0-12”

Schoenoplectuspungens v. pungens(Scirpus pungens,Scirpus americanus)common three-square

Height:

Flowers:

4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-15 ppt

W

C L S

fresh and brackish tidaland nontidal marshes,shores, shallow water

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

spike above flower is up to 5inches tall

Jun-Sep, brown

Jun-Sep, brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

Fruit:

CM N

RCS

0-6”

Schoenoplectusvalidus (Scirpusvalidus)

great bulrush, softstem bulrush

Height:

Flowers:

6-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-5 ppt

W

C L S

fresh to brackish tidaland nontidal marshes,pond edges, quietwaters, emergentmarshes

Region:

States:

M P C

MD

NY PA VA

high wildlifevalue

spreads rapidly

Jun-Sep, brown

Jun-Sep, brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

Fruit:

PLAN

TS 1

995

0-12”

Scirpus atrovirens

black or greenbulrush, darkgreen bulrush

Height:

Flowers:

3-6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity:

W

4-8

C L

shallow emergentmarshes, shrubswamps, floodplainforests, woodedswamp, bogs, wetmeadows, swales,ditches

Region:

States:

M P C

MD

NY PA VA

WV

grows in clumps or sod-forming

Jun-Aug, brown

Jun-Aug, brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

Fruit:

PLAN

TS J

A

Scirpus cyperinus

woolgrass,woolgrassbulrush

Height:

Flowers:

4-5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity:

M W

4.8-7.2

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, swamps,forested wetlands,meadows, ditches,ponds, bogs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

grows in large clumps, oftenextensive colonies

Aug-Sep, brown

Aug-Sep, brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

Fruit:

USDA

JK

Sparganiumamericanum

American bur-reed

Height:

Flowers:

5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

W

4.9-7.3

C L S

fresh nontidalmarshes, shallowwaters, muddy shores

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

good for sedimentstabilization

May-Aug, greenish

green to brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

Fruit:

RHW

0-6”

Spartina alterniflora

salt marsh orsmooth cordgrass

Height:

Flowers:

2-7' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-35 ppt

M W

5.4-7

C L S

salt and brackish tidalmarshes (mid-tide upto Mean High tidelevel)

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

good for shore stabilization;important in seasidehabitats; short form (<1.5 ft)found in irregularly floodedhigh marsh, tall form inregularly flooded low marsh

Jul-Sep

Fruit:

USFW

S

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue


44

See also:

In the Ferns section:Dryopteris cristataOnoclea sensibilisOsmunda cinnamomea, regalisThelypteris palustrisWoodwardia areolata, virginica

In the Grasses & Grasslike Plants section:Andropogon glomeratus (virginicus var abbreviatus), virginicusCalamagrostis canadensisCarex crinita var. crinita, lurida, stricta, vulpinoideaElymus virginicusLeersia oryzoidesPanicum amarum, virgatum

In the Herbaceous Plants section:Asclepias incarnataBidens cernuaCaltha palustrisDoellingeria umbellata var. umbellata (Aster umbellatus)Lobelia cardinalisSabatia angularisSymphyotrichum novae-angliae (Aster novae-angliae)Symplocarpus foetidusVerbena hastataVernonia noveboracensis

Spartinacynosuroides

big cordgrass

Height:

Flowers:

3.5-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-10 ppt

M W

5.8-7.5

C L S

fresh and brackish tidalmarshes, near MeanHigh tide and above tospring tide level

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

soil stabilizer; not droughttolerant

Aug-Oct

Fruit:PL

ANTS

LA

Spartina patens

salt meadow hay

Height:

Flowers:

1-3' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-35 ppt

M W

5.3-7.5

C L S

coastal salt andbrackish tidal marshes;irregularly flooded highmarsh at or aboveMean High tide line

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

forms large mats; good forshore erosion control

Jul-Sep


Fruit:

Spartina pectinata

freshwater cordgrass,prairie cordgrass

Height:

Flowers:

4' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity: 0-3 ppt

M W

6-8.5

L

brackish and fresh tidaland nontidal marshes,shores, wet meadows;upper half of intertidalzone and above tospring tide level

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

shore stabilizer; low droughttolerance

Jul-Sep


Fruit:

CM N

RCS

0-6”

Zizania aquatica

wild rice

Height:

Flowers:

6-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

Flood Depth:

Salinity:

M W

6.4-7.4

C L S

fresh tidal and nontidalmarshes, streamsides,shallow waters

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

NY VA

annual; edible

Jun-Sep


Fruit:

RHW

0-36”

CM N

RCS

USFW

S

USFW

S RM

USFW

S BE

S

Wetland plants (Spartinaalterniflora, here) stabilize

the shoreline withoutobstructing the

homeowner’s view.

Wetlands of anysize provide

valuable habitatfor wildlife.

ShrubsCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

45

Alnus serrulata

smooth alder,hazel alder

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

12-20'

yellow, red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.5-7.5

C L

fresh tidal andnontidal marshes,shrub swamps,forested wetlands

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

forms thickets alongwatercourses; nitrogenfixing; tolerates flooding to 3inches

Fall color:

Mar-Apr, purple

Aug-Feb, brown,cone/cone-like

USFW

S BE

S, P

LAN

TS W

SJ

Aralia spinosa

Devil's walkingstick

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

20-30'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-7.1

C L S

moist woods,stream banks,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

seeds are poisonous ifchewed; low maintenance;spreads from new shoots;thorny, clublike stem

Fall color:

Jul-Aug, white

Aug-Sep, black,berry

RHW

Baccharishalimifolia

high-tide bush,groundsel tree,sea myrtle

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

7-8.5

C L S

fresh to saltmarshes, ditches,shores, dunes

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA

volunteers in disturbedplaces; shallow, lateralroots; tolerates flooding to 6inches; tolerates salinity to15 ppt

Fall color:

Aug-Sep, white

Oct-Nov, silverywhite, achene

USFW

S BE

S O

Callicarpaamericana

Americanbeautyberry,French mulberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.8-7

C L S

Region:

States:

C

DC

VA

flowers from new growth; ifovergrown prune to 6-18inches tall; will regainheight in one season

Fall color:

Jun-Aug,lavender-pink

Sep-Mar, lavender,berry

USFW

S BE

S

Ceanothusamericanus

New Jersey tea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3'

yellow to tan

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

4.3-6.5

C L S

meadows, fields,glades, open woods,borders, rockyareas, openings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tough; tolerates moist soil ifwell drained; fixes nitrogen;tolerates dryness

Fall color:

May-Sep, white

Sep-Oct, black

RHW

Cephalanthusoccidentalis

buttonbush

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

yellow-green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

6.1-8.5

C L S

fresh tidal andnontidal marshes,shrub swamps,forested wetlands;stream, lake andpond edges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

needs sun to flower; flowersfragrant; interesting fruit;tolerates drought; leavesmay persist into winter;tolerates flooding to 36inches

Fall color:

Jul-Aug, creamywhite

Sep-Jan, green tobrown

RHW

O

Clethra alnifolia

sweetpepperbush,summersweet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6.5

C L S

tidal and nontidalforested wetlands,shrub swamps,bogs, woods,coastal riverfloodplains,lakeshores

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

NY VA

very fragrant; toleratessome flooding by partly saltywater

Fall color:

Jul-Aug, white/pink

Sep-Feb, brown,capsule

USFW

S

Comptoniaperegrina

sweetfern

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3'

brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

4-7

L S

hillsides, cliffs,woods openings,sand flats andbarrens, fields,dunes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fragrant; fixes nitrogen,leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:

Apr-May,yellow-green

Aug-Oct, green tobrown, cone/cone-like

USFW

S BE

S O


46

Cornus amomum

silky dogwood,red willow, silkycornel

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

orange, red orpurple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

6.1-7.5

C L S

forested wetlands,floodplains, shrubwetlands, streamand pond banks,clearings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Aug, blue, berry

RHW

Cornus racemosa

red-panicled orgray dogwood

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-8.5

C L

open woodedfloodplains, forestedwetlands, shrubswamps, rockywoods or ledges,fencerows

Region:

States:

M P

NY VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

tolerates a variety ofconditions; berries are foodfor many songbirds andsmall mammals

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Aug-Sep, white, redstems, berry

UWI K

JS,

UWI K

JS

Corylus americana

Americanhazelnut or filbert

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

10-15'

yellow orange

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-7.5

C L

dry woodlands,forest edges,hillsides, fencerows, ravines,floodplain woods,brushy pastures

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

forms large thickets; ediblenut; male catkins brown,female red

Fall color:

Mar-Apr, brownor red

Aug-Sep, lightbrown, nut/nut-like

UCON

N,

UCON

N,

UCON

N

Gaultheriaprocumbens

wintergreen,checkerberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4-6.5

L S

clearings, steeprocky open slopes,sandy oak woods,hummocks in bogs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

dense, mat-like form; formscolonies; edible fruits,leaves; wintergreen tasteand scent

Fall color:

May-Aug, whiteto pink

Jul-Apr, red, berry

RHW

, RH

W O

Gaylussacia baccata

black huckleberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-3'

reddish-purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-6.5

C L S

woods, thickets Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

very common; fruits ediblebut many-seeded

Fall color:

May-Jun, whiteto pink

Jul-Sep, black,berry

RHW

Gaylussaciafrondosa

dangleberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-4'

reddish-purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-6.5

S

woods and thickets Region:

States:

M C

DC DE MD

NY VA

high wildlifevalue

berries borne on long,drooping stems

Fall color:

Apr-Jun,greenish to purple

Jul-Oct, blue, berry

CM N

RCS

Hamamelisvirginiana

witch hazel

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

15-30'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-6.5

C L S

woods or brushyfields, moist or dry

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

noted for fall/winter bloom;medicinal uses, leaves maypersist into winter

Fall color:

Sep-Dec, yellow

Oct-Nov, tan brown,capsule

RHW

Hydrangeaarborescens

wild or smoothhydrangea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

6.1-8.5

L S

rich upland orfloodplain woods,streambanks

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

PA VA

WV

eaves poisonous to humans;does best on loamy soils

Fall color:

Jun-Aug, white

Oct-Jan, brown,capsule

RHW


47

Hypericumdensiflorum

dense St. John'swort

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-6'

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.5-7

C L S

low boggy places,seepage slopes,pond and lakeedges, wetmeadows,streambanks,ditches, moistpinelands

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

blooms small but formdense flat-topped clusters;can spread aggressively

Fall color:

Jul-Sep, yellow

Oct-Apr, brown,capsule

RHW

O

Ilex glabra

inkberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-10'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-6

C L S

forested wetlands,shrub swamps,sandy woods

Region:

States:

C

DE

NY VA

high wildlifevalue

berries persist throughwinter; male and femaleflowers on separate plants;tolerates some salt flooding;short cultivars (4-5')available

Fall color:

May-Jun,greenish white

Sep-Mar, black,berry

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

O

Ilex laevigata

smoothwinterberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

10-12'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.5-6.5

C L S

wooded swamps Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

high wildlifevalue

berries provide winter birdfood; prefers soil with acalcareous layer

Fall color:

May-Jul, whiteto cream

Sep-Feb, red,scarlet, berry

RHW

, RH

W O

Ilex verticillata

winterberry,winterberry holly,black alder

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

yellow to brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6.5

C L S

fresh tidal swamps,shrub swamps,forested wetlands

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

berries provide winter birdfood, poisonous to humans;berries on female plants,need male plant to pollinate

Fall color:

Jun-Jul,greenish white

Aug-Feb, red, berry

USFW

S BE

S O

Itea virginica

tassel-white,Virginiasweetspire

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-10'

red to purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.1-7.5

C L S

forested wetlands,shrub swamps,streambanks,shallow water

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

fruit capsules on stalk; plantwill sucker, form thickets;tolerates flooding to 6inches

Fall color:

Jun-Jul, white

Aug-Mar, brown,capsule

USFW

S BE

S

Iva frutescens

marsh elder, hightide bush

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-5.7

C L S

tidal brackish andsalt marshes

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA

similar to Baccharishalimifolia but with oppositeleaves; tolerates salinity to15 ppt

Fall color:

Aug-Oct,greenish white

not conspicuous,capsule

PLAN

TS LA

, RH

W

Kalmia angustifolia

sheep laurel,lambkill

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-3'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6

C L S

pastures, barrens,slow woodedstreams, swampborders, bogs,thickets

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

foliage poisonous to hoofedbrowsers (not eaten by deer)

Fall color:

May-Jul, white,pink, purple, red


CM N

RCS O

Kalmia latifolia

mountain laurel

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

12-20'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-6

C L S

woods, ridge tops,fields, swamps,mountain meadowsand slopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

foliage poisonous to hoofedbrowsers; PA state flower

Fall color:

May-Jul, whiteto pink/purple

May-Jun, brown,capsule

USFW

S BE

S O


48

Leucothoeracemosa

fetterbush,sweetbells

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

13' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6

C L

swamps, woods,thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

zig-zag twigs, reddish orgreenish; tends to sucker,forming thickets

Fall color:

May-Jun, white,pinkish

brown, capsule

RHW

, PL

ANTS

WSJ

Lindera benzoin

spicebush

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6.5-16'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6.5

L S

woods, woodedslopes, dunes,floodplain forests

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

all parts edible andaromatic; herbal uses

Fall color:

Mar-May, yellow

Sep-Oct, scarlet,berry

CM N

RCS,

RHW

, CM

NRC

S

Lyonia ligustrina

male-berry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

orange to red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-6

C L S

open areas,swamps, woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

berry-like capsules persistthrough winter

Fall color:

May-Jul, white


RHW

O

Lyonia mariana

stagger-bush

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-6.5'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4-6

S

swamps, moist ordry woods

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA

interesting woody capsulespersist through winter

Fall color:

May-Jun, white,pale pink

Sep-Feb, brown,capsule

RHW

, CM

NRC

S

Morellacaroliniensis(Myricaheterophylla)

southern orswamp bayberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

8-12'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-7

C L S

dry or moistthickets, woods,bogs

Region:

States:

C

DE

VA

glossy dark green leaves,leaves larger than M.cerifera, plants fuller

Fall color:

Apr-Jun,yellowish-green

Sep-Apr, bluishwhite, berry

PLAN

TS

Morella cerifera(Myrica cerifera)

wax myrtle,southernbayberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-15'

evergreen insouthern areas

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.5-7

C L S

tidal and nontidalfresh and brackishmarshes, swamps,sandy dune swales,upland woods

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA

fragrant; loses leaves northand west of Ches. Bay, MDnorth; may reach 30 feet;can be pruned as hedge;nitrogen fixer; toleratessalinity to 10 ppt

Fall color:

Mar-Jun,yellowish-green


USFW

S BE

S, P

LAN

TS

Morellapensylvanica(Myricapensylvanica)

northernbayberry,candleberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

5-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.1-6.5

C L S

tidal and nontidalfresh and brackishmarshes, swamps,sand flats, dunes

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

NY VA

high wildlifevalue

fragrant leaves; tends tosucker and form largecolonies; waxy berriespersist through winter;tolerates salinity to 20 ppt

Fall color:

Mar-Apr,yellowish-green


CM N

RCS

Photiniamelanocarpa(Aroniamelanocarpa)

black chokeberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

crimson red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.1-6.5

C L S

bogs, swamps,springs, dunes,cliffs, fields,clearings, wet or drythickets, creekbanks, balds, rockoutcroppings

Region:

States:

M P C

DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

can be pruned as hedge

Fall color:

Apr-May, whiteor pink-tinged

Sep-Nov, black,berry

USFW

S BE

S O


49

Photinia pyrifolia(Aronia arbutifolia)

red chokeberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-13'

orange to red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.1-6.5

C L S

forested wetlands,shrub bogs, uplandforests, fields,dunes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates infrequent floodingby water with some salt;can be pruned as hedge

Fall color:

Mar-May, white,purple-tinged

Sep-Dec, red, berry

USFW

S BE

S, V

T

Physocarpusopulifolius

ninebark

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

5-12'

yellow to purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

6.1-8.5

C L

thickets, alongstreams in sand orgravel bars, rockyslopes

Region:

States:

M P

DC

NY PA VA

WV

papery bark continuallymolts in thin strips; verydrought tolerant; adaptable

Fall color:

May-Jul, white,pink

Jul-Mar, orange tored, capsule

USFW

S BE

S

Prunus maritima

beach plum

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.8-7.7

L S

ocean dunes,roadsides,hedgerows

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

high wildlifevalue

edible fruit, prized for jamsand jellies; salt tolerant

Fall color:

Apr-May, white

Aug, blue-purple,fleshy

CM N

RCS

Rhododendronatlanticum

dwarf or coastazalea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2.5' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.2-5.7

S

coastal, sandy soils Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA

flowers very fragrant;colonial, arising fromspreading undergroundstems;

Fall color:

Apr-May, white,purple-tinged

brown, capsule

GM A

RS,

USFW

S BE

S

Rhododendroncalendulaceum

flame azalea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

5-9'

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.1-6

C L

open oak woods, dryrocky woodlands,damp slopes,mountainstreambanks, heathbalds

Region:

States:

M

VA

WV

Fall color:

May-Jun,yellow, orange, red

Aug-Feb, brown,capsule

RHW

Rhododendroncanescens

sweet azalea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-10' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.2-5.7

S

woods Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

Fall color:

Apr-May, whiteor pink

brown, capsule

PLAN

TS,

PLAN

TS

Rhododendronmaximum

great laurel,rosebayrhododendron

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

15-20'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6

L

mountain slopes,woods, shelteredcoves, ravines,streamsides

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

needs space; may formdense thicket

Fall color:

May-Aug, white,pink

Sep-Nov, tan to red,capsule

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Rhododendronpericlymenoides

pinxterbloom,pink azalea,pinxter flower

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-10'

dull yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-5.5

L

woods, low swampyareas, limestonecliffs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

will tolerate thin soils overbedrock; open, airy quality;susceptible to disease andinsects

Fall color:

Apr-May, pink,purple, white


RHW


50

Rhododendronprinophyllum

rose, roseshell,mountain or earlyazalea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

rocky or rich woods Region:

States:

M

PA VA

WV

may reach 15 feet tall, butrarely; flowers have clove-like scent

Fall color:

May-Jun, pink

May-Sep

PLAN

TS

O

Rhododendronviscosum

swamp azalea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6.5-10'

yellow, orange,to purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-6

C L S

wet floodplainwoods,streambanks,swamp edges,hillside bogs, ditchbanks, clearings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

attractive spreading, loose-branched habit; demandsacid soil; susceptible todisease and insects

Fall color:

May-Aug, white,pink


RHW

O

Rhus aromatica

fragrant sumac

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

6.1-8.5

L S

limestone cliffs,open upland woods,rocky bluffs, oakbarrens, foredunes,barren rock

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

fuzzy edible berry clusters;aromatic leaves; shortercultivars available; male andfemale separate plants

Fall color:

Mar-May,greenish yellow

Jul-Mar, dark winered, berry

RHW

, RH

W

Rhus copallina

shining, winged,flameleaf, ordwarf sumac

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

20-35'

rich red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

5.3-7.5

C L S

thickets, fields,open woods,roadsides,fencerows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

forms large colonies; winterfood for wildlife

Fall color:

Jul-Sep,greenish yellow

Oct-Nov, red, berry

RHW

, CM

NRC

S

Rhus glabra

sweet or smoothsumac

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

2-20'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.3-7.5

L S

dry or moist openareas, shalebarrens, fields, dryopen slopes,roadsides,fencerows

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

fuzzy berry clusters; maleand female may be onseparate plants; extremelydrought resistant

Fall color:

Jun-Jul,greenish

Aug-Oct, red, berry

CM N

RCS

Rhus hirta (R.typhina)

staghorn sumac

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

35-50'

orange-red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-7.2

C L S

fields, roadsides,forest edges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

spreads by lateral roots toform colonies; female plantsproduce seed; winter foodfor wildlife

Fall color:

Jun-Jul, yellow-green

Jul-Feb, red, berry

RHW

Ribes rotundifolium

Appalachian oreasterngooseberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

6.1-8.5

C L S

rocky upland woods Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY VA

WV

do not use near appleorchards; may spread cedarapple rust

Fall color:

May-Jul,greenish purple

Jul-Aug, purple orgreenish, berry

USFW

S BE

S

Rosa carolina

pasture rose

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-3'

yellowish toorange

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-8.5

C L S

dry fields, openwoods; rocky banks,shale barrens

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

edible fruit is a berry-likehip; thorns

Fall color:

May-Jun, palepink

Aug-Mar, red, berry

RHW

, RS

MN

PS


51

Rosa palustris

swamp rose

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

8' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-7

C L

fresh tidal andnontidal marshes,forested wetlands,shrub swamps,streambanks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

edible fruit is a berry-likehip; thorns; toleratesflooding to 3 inches

Fall color:

Jun-Aug, pink

Jul-Mar, red, berry

PLAN

TS W

SJ

Rubusallegheniensis

Alleghenyblackberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-9'

orange, red, topurple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-7.5

C L

roadsides, fencerows, fields,thickets, openwoods, clearings

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

prickly; juicy edible fruitused by people and wildlife

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Jul-Sep, black,berry

USFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Rubus odoratus

purple floweringraspberry,fragrantthimbleberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

pale yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.1-6

C L S

forest edges, rockyledges, rockywooded slopes

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

feels sticky; fruit edible;spreads by suckers

Fall color:

Jun-Sep, rosepurple

Jul-Sep, dull red,berry

PLAN

TS W

SJ

Salix humilis

prairie willow

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

dull yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

6.1-7.5

C L S

dry thickets,openings, boggyswales; mountainridges, barrens,meadows,roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

typically spreads up to twiceit's height; flowers arecatkins

Fall color:

Apr-May,greenish yellow

May-Jun, brown,capsule

PLAN

TS 1

997

O

Sambucus nigrassp. canadensis (S.canadensis)

commonelderberry,American elder

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

6.1-7.5

C L S

fresh tidal andnontidal marshes,swamps, wetmeadows, moistwoods, fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

berries eaten by 48 speciesof birds

Fall color:

Jun-Jul, white

Aug-Sep, purple toblack, berry

RS M

NPS

, US

FWS

O

Sambucusracemosa v.racemosa (S.pubens)

red elderberry,scarlet elder

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-8.5

L

rich woods, dryrocky woods, alongcreeks, rockcrevices, shelteredcoves, ravines

Region:

States:

M

PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

important summer wildlifefood; one of earliestblooming shrubs; fragrant

Fall color:

May, white

Jun-Jul, red, berry

RHW

, RH

W

Spiraea alba v.latifolia (Spiraealatifolia)

broad-leavedmeadow-sweet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

L S

bogs, woods,barrens, swamps

Region:

States:

M

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

similar to S. alba but twigsmore purplish or red

Fall color:

Jun-Sep, whiteor pinkish


RHW

Spiraea alba

narrow-leavedmeadow-sweet

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

6.6-7.5

C L S

bogs, swamps,meadows

Region:

States:

M

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

bark may be shaggy, orange-brown

Fall color:

Jun-Sep, white

Sep-Mar, brown tored brown, capsule

RHW

O


52

Spiraea tomentosa

steeplebush,hardback spirea

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.1-6

C L S

meadows, fields,bogs, swamps, lakeedges, marshes,dunes, swales

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

cultivars available withwhite or red flowers

Fall color:

Jul-Sep, pink topurple


RHW

O

Staphylea trifolia

Americanbladdernut

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-15'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

6.1-8

L

rich woods,floodplain woods,ravines, shores oflakes and ponds,rocky woodedstreambanks,shaded dunes

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

PA VA

WV

fruit is 3-lobed, papery,balloon-like capsule;branches green-whitestriped

Fall color:

May, greenishwhite

Aug-Dec, red-brown, capsule

RHW

Vacciniumangustifolium

lowbushblueberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1-2'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4-6

C L S

dry woods, barrens,rock outcroppings

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

edible berries oftenharvested, makes a niceground layer

Fall color:

May-Jun, whiteor pink-tinged

Jul-Aug, blue toblack, berry

BES

Vacciniumcorymbosum

highbushblueberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

yellow to red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4-6.5

L S

forested wetlands,shrub swamps,bogs, dry to wetwoods, thickets,streambanks, rockoutcroppings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

edible berries commonlycultivated

Fall color:

Apr-Jun, whiteor pink-tinged

Jul-Aug, blue toblack, berry

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

O

Vacciniummacrocarpon

cranberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

0.5-1'

dark green topurple to red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

4-6

L S

sphagnum bogs,cool swampy areas

Region:

States:

M C

DC DE MD

NY PA

WV

low mat form, can spreadindefinitely; ediblecranberries

Fall color:

Jun-Jul, white topink

Sep-Nov, red, berry

RHW

O

Vaccinium pallidum(V. vacillans)

early lowbushblueberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

1.5-2' Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

L S

dry woods andbarrens

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

sweet berries

Fall color:

Apr-May, white,reddish

Jul-Aug, blue, berry

RHW

Vacciniumstamineum

deerberry

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4-6.5

C L S

dry woods,openings, barrens;uplands, floodplainforests, clearings,thickets, rockoutcroppings

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

berries edible but sour

Fall color:

Apr-Jun, whiteor purple

Sep-Oct, bluishblack, berry

RHW

Viburnumacerifolium

maple-leavedarrowwood

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

3-6'

orange, red,purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.1-6

C L

floodplain forests,dry wooded slopes,woods,rocky slopes,rock outcrops,wooded ravines

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

dry, edible berries

Fall color:

Jun, creamy-white, pink

Aug-Dec, blue toblack, berry

RHW

, RH

W


53

Viburnum dentatum(V. recognitum)

southernarrowwood

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

10-15'

reddish-purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.1-6.5

L S

swamps, wetwoods, bogs,floodplain forests,streambanks, low,wet acid-sandhabitats

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

stems very straight, nicestructure in winter

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Sep-Nov, blue toblack, berry

USFW

S BE

S, R

S M

NPS

O

Viburnum nudum v.cassinoides (V.cassinoides)

witherod

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6-12'

orange-red topurple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.1-6.5

L

swamps, bogs,moist woods,barrens

Region:

States:

M P C

MD

PA

handsome stature; multiplefruit colors at once

Fall color:

May-Jun,creamy white

Aug-Sep, pink toblue-black, berry

USFW

S BE

S O

Viburnum nudum

naked witherod,possum-hawviburnum

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

6.5-20'

red to purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.1-6

L S

wet woods, richupland woods,swamps, margins ofvernal ponds, heathbogs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

high wildlifevalue

edible fruit but very acidic;shallow fibrous roots,transplants well

Fall color:

Jun-Jul, white tocream

Sep-Oct, red toblue, then black, berry

RHW

Viburnumprunifolium

black haw

Height:

Flowers:

Fruit:

12-24'

reddish purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.8-7.5

C L

woods, thickets,fields, roadsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

fruits edible, used forpreserves

Fall color:

Apr-May, white

Jul-Nov, pink tobluish-black, berry

RHW

See also:

In the Trees section:Castanea pumilaCornus alternifoliaJuniperus virginianaMagnolia virginianaMalus (Pyrus) coronariaQuercus ilicifolia

CM N

RCS

CM N

RCS

USFW

S BE

S

RHW

RHW

USFW

S BE

S

Rhus copallina Rosa palustris Itea virginica

Vaccinium corymbosum in fall. Kalmia angustifolia

Kalmia latifolia

54

TreesCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Acer negundo

box elder, ash leafmaple, Manitobamaple

Height:Spread:Flowers:

Fruit:

30-60'30-60'

yellow, red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.2-7

C L S

along rivers,streams, ponds,and seasonallyflooded areas

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

brittle wood; thicket-forming

Fall color:

Apr-May, yellow-green

Jul-Sep, tan brown,winged

USFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Acer rubrum

red, scarlet,swamp, or softmaple


Fruit:

40-100'30-75'

red, orange,yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.4-7.1

C L S

swamps, uplands,rocky hillsides,dunes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

earliest spring bloomer;adaptable

Fall color:

Mar-Apr,(inconspicuous)

Apr-Jun, red-brownor yellow, winged

USFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Acer saccharinum

silver, white, river,or soft maple


Fruit:

50-100'75-100'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.2-7.1

C L S

floodplains,streamsides, riverbottoms, pond andlake edges

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Fall color:

Feb-Mar,greenish yellow

Apr-May, tanbrown, winged

PLAN

TS D

EH

Acer saccharum

sugar maple


Fruit:

60-100'50-75'

yellow, orange,red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-7.3

L S

upland woods,mountain covesand slopes

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE

NY PA VA

WV

fall color; maple syrup; statetree of New York and WestVirginia

Fall color:

Apr-May, yellow-green

Sep-Oct, green, tanat maturity, winged

USDA

JE

Acer spicatum

mountain maple


Fruit:

20-35'20-35'

orange to red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.5-7

L

cool rich woods,moist rocky slopesand flats, alongsmall streams

Region:

States:

M

MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

short-lived, strong acidpreference

Fall color:

May-Jun,yellow green

Jul-Sep, red oryellow, winged

RHW

Amelanchierarborea

downyserviceberry,shadbush


Fruit:

15-25'

yellow, red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-7.5

L S

wooded riverbanks, swamps,rocky slopes

Region:

States:

M

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

used by 58 wildlife species;35 bird species; importantearly summer food; berriesedible to people

Fall color:

Mar-May, white

red to dark purple,fleshy

RHW

Amelanchiercanadensis

serviceberry,shadbush,shadblow


Fruit:

35-50'35-50'

orange to red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.6-7.5

C L S

swamps, lowground, woods,thickets

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

Fall color:

Apr-May, white

Jun-Jul, red topurple, fleshy

CM N

RCS

Asimina triloba

paw-paw


Fruit:

20-35'20-35'

yellow/ copper-red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.2-7.2

L S

river valleys,bottomlands,understory ofwoods.

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

Fall color:

Apr-Jun, purple

Aug-Sep, yellow,berry

PLAN

TS J

SP,

USFW

S BE

S

high wildlifevalue

55


Betulaalleghaniensis

yellow birch


Fruit:

60-80'35-50'

golden yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.6-8

L S

rich uplands, lowswamps,streamsides,elevated floodplainterraces and knobs

Region:

States:

M

MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

fall color; attractive wintertexture and color; preferscool, moist conditions,common on calcareous soils

Fall color:

Apr-May, yellowgreen

Jul-Oct, green totan, cone/cone-like

PLAN

TS R

M

Betula lenta

sweet birch,black birch,cherry birch


Fruit:

50-75'35-50'

golden yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.8-6.8

L S

steep rocky landand lower slopes

Region:

States:

M P

DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

excellent fall color; prefersmoist sites, tolerates dry;colonizes open or disturbedareas

Fall color:

Apr-May, yellowgreen

Aug-Nov, green totan, cone/cone-like

USFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Betula nigra

river birch, redbirch, black birch


Fruit:

50-75'35-50'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-6

C L

along streams,rivers, ponds andswamps

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

attractive peeling bark;

Fall color:

Apr-May, darkbrown

Jun-Aug, tan brown,cone/cone-like

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Carpinus caroliniana

Americanhornbeam,musclewood,ironwood


Fruit:

13-40'35-50'

orange, red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-7.4

L S

river margins,bottomlands,swamps

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

slow growing and shortlived

Fall color:

Apr-May, red orreddish-green

Jun-Oct, nut/nut-like

USFW

S BE

S

Carya alba (C.tomentosa)

mockernuthickory


Fruit:

60-100'35-50'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.5-7.4

L S

ridges, dry hills,hillsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

good fall color

Fall color:

May-Jun, lightgreen

Sep-Oct, lightreddish brown, nut/nut-like

USDA

NRC

S

Carya cordiformis

bitternut orswamp hickory,pignut


Fruit:

60-100'60-100'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

6.5-7.4

C L S

rich bottomlands,swamps,frequentlyflooded areas,dry hillsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Fall color:


Aug-Oct, yellowishgreen, nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS

Carya glabra

pignut, sweetpignut, or smoothbark hickory


Fruit:

60-100'35-50'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

6.5-7.4

L

dry woods onhillsides and ridges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Fall color:


Sep-Oct, dark brown,nut/nut-like

CM N

RCS

Carya ovata

shagbark,scalybark, orshellbark hickory


Fruit:

70-100'35-50'

brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-6.7

L S

dry upland slopes,lowlands, valleys

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

attractive peeling bark

Fall color:

May-Jun,yellow-green

Sep-Oct, dark orreddish brown, nut/nut-like

USDA

NRC

S

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

56


Castanea pumila

chinquapin,eastern orAlleganychinkapin


Fruit:

12-20'12-20'

yellow orpurple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

4.5-7.5

L S

rocky slopes, steeprocky land, rockystreambanks,sandy ridges,swamp edges,open woods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

sweet, edible fruit

Fall color:

Jun, pale yellow

Sep-Oct, dark brown,nut/nut-like

RHW

Celtis occidentalis

commonhackberry,sugarberry,nettletree


Fruit:

40-100'40-100'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

6-7.8

C L S

drainage basins,floodplains,wooded slopes,high rockylimestone bluffsbordering streams,windbreaks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

butterfly larval host; droughttolerant; toleratesoccasional flooding;saplings can sprout in deepshade, common onlimestone soils

Fall color:

Apr-May, yellowgreen, brown tint

Sep-Dec, purplebrown, berry

UWI K

K

Cercis canadensis

eastern redbud


Fruit:

20-35'20-35'

golden yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-7.5

L S

river bottoms andstreambanks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

fixes nitrogen

Fall color:

Apr-May, pink tolavender

Jul-Dec, black, pod

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Chamaecyparisthyoides

Atlantic whitecedar


Fruit:

75'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-5.5

C L S

freshwaterswamps, woods

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA

Fall color:

Mar-Apr,greenish brown

bluish, cone/cone-like

PLAN

TS 1

997,

PLA

NTS

GFR

Chionanthusvirginicus

white fringetree


Fruit:

20-35'20-35'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-6.5

L S

moist streambanks,ridges, hillsides insandy to deep-richsoils

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Sep-Oct, bluishblack, berry

USFW

S RS

, RH

W

Cornus alternifolia

alternate-leaf orpagoda dogwood


Fruit:

15-25'15-35'

maroon

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.8-7.5

L

dry woods, forestedges, rocky slopes

Region:

States:

M

DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

used by 64 wildlife species;43 bird species; keep rootzone moist and acidic;tolerates full sun; youngstems often purple

Fall color:

May-Jun,creamy white

Jul-Aug, bluishblack, berry

CM N

RCS

Cornus florida

floweringdogwood


Fruit:

20-50'20-50'

scarlet red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7

L

woods, woodlandedges andopenings,mountain slopes,coves

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fall migrant birds eatberries; tolerates sun, bestin moist, well-drained,acidic soil with organicmatter, VA state tree

Fall color:

Apr-May, white

Sep-Dec, red toorange, berry

RHW

, US

FWS

RM

Crataegus crus-galli

cockspurhawthorn


Fruit:

20-35'20-35'

orange to red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-7.2

C L S

thickets, openareas, especially indry or rocky places,low rich slopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Aug-Jan, dull red orgreen, fleshy

USDA

JE

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

57


Crataegus viridis

southern thorn,green hawthorn


Fruit:

20-35'

purple, scarlet

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

6-7.3

C L

lowlands andvalleys

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

NY VA

Fall color:

Apr, white

bright red to orange,fleshy

PLAN

TS

Diospyros virginiana

commonpersimmon


Fruit:

50-75'35-50'

yellow or purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7

C L

open, disturbedareas, deciduouswoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

edible fruits

Fall color:

Jun, greenishyellow to cream

Sep-Nov, orangepurple, berry

PLAN

TS 1

997,

PLA

NTS

199

7

Fagus grandifolia

American beech


Fruit:

50-100'50-75'

yellow/ tan;retains leaves till spring

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.1-6.5

L S

rich uplands andlowlands

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

edible nuts; attractive bark;leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:


Sep-Nov, orange-green, nut/nut-like

CM N

RCS,

CM

NRC

S

Fraxinus americana

white ash


Fruit:

50-100'50-75'

yellow, maroon

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5-7.5

C L S

upland slopes,valleys, coves,bottomlands

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fast growth; fall color

Fall color:

Apr-May, deeppurple

Aug-Feb, tan brown,winged

UWI K

JS

Fraxinuspennsylvanica

green ash, redash, swamp ash


Fruit:

50-75'35-50'

yellow toorange

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5-8

C L S

tidal and nontidalfreshwaterforested wetlands;seasonally toregularly flooded orsaturated

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

tolerates drought; toleratesinfrequent flooding andsome salt; male and femaleflowers on separate plants

Fall color:

Apr-May, purple

Aug-Dec, tan brown,winged

UWI K

K

Ilex opaca

American holly


Fruit:

15-50'18-40'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4-7.5

C L

sandy woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

birds eat berries; state treeof Delaware

Fall color:

May-Jun, whiteor cream

red, fleshy

USFW

S BE

S

Juglans nigra

black walnut,American walnut


Fruit:

70-90'75-100'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.5-8

L

woods, slopes,streamsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

may stunt growth of nearbyplanst

Fall color:


Aug-Sep, yellow-green, nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS D

EH

Juniperus virginiana

eastern red cedar


Fruit:

50-75'35-50'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-8

C L S

broad range ofhabitats

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

berries consumed by over 50species of birds; berrieshave culinary use

Fall color:

Mar-Apr, redpurple

Jul-Mar, pale greento dark blue, cone/cone-like

RHW

, CM

NRC

S

high wildlifevalue

58


high wildlifevalue

Liquidambarstyraciflua

sweet gum, redgum, sap gum


Fruit:

60-100'50-75'

yellow, red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-7

C L S

upland woods,slopes, ravines,floodplains,streambanks

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

Fall color:


Jul-Jan, brown,capsule

CM N

RCS

Liriodendrontulipifera

tulip tree, tulippoplar, yellowpoplar


Fruit:

70-100'35-50'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.5-6.5

L S

bottomland woods,mountain coves,lower slopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fast growth

Fall color:

Jun, greenishyellow

Aug-Nov, brown,winged

RHW

Magnolia acuminata

cucumbermagnolia


Fruit:

70-100'35-50'

ashy brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.2-7

C L S

slopes, ravines,valleys,streamsides

Region:

States:

M

MD

NY VA

WV

Fall color:

May-Jun,greenish-yellow

Sep-Nov, browncone w/ scarlet seed,pod

DFT

DL,

DFT

HW,

DFT

HW

Magnolia virginiana

sweetbaymagnolia


Fruit:

12-30'12-30'

semi-evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5-6.5

C L S

forested wetlands,seeps, stream andpond edges, sandywoods

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

semi-evergreen; fragrantflowers; toleratesoccasional flooding, somesalt

Fall color:

May-Jul, whiteto cream

Sep-Oct, red, berry

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Malus coronaria(Pyrus coronaria)

sweet crabapple,Americancrabapple


Fruit:

10-30'20-30'

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

forest edges, rockystreams, fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

flowers fragrant; susceptibleto insects and diseases;plant at least 500 feet fromcedars; attracts bees andwasps; fruit sour;

Fall color:

Apr-May, pink towhite

Sep-Oct, greenish,fleshy

PLAN

TS W

SJ

Morus rubra

red mulberry,moral


Fruit:

35-60'35-60'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5-7

C L S

floodplains, rivervalleys, hillsides

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV

fruit sweet

Fall color:

May-Jun,greenish

Jun-Jul, red, berry

UWI K

K

Nyssa sylvatica

black gum,sourgum, black orswamp tupelo


Fruit:

30-75'20-50'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-6

L S

forested seasonalwetlands, swampborders, uplandwoods, dry slopes;seasonally floodedor saturated

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

outstanding fall color

Fall color:

Apr-Jun,greenish white

Sep-Oct, blue-black,fleshy

CM N

RCS,

RHW

Ostrya virginiana

eastern hop-hornbeam,ironwood


Fruit:

25-50'20-35'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.2-7.6

C L S

slopes and ridges Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:

May, red-brown

Jun-Oct, greenturning brown, nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS W

SJ

high wildlifevalue

59


Pinus echinata

shortleaf pine,shortstraw pine,southern yellowpine


Fruit:

100'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.6-6

C L S

dry mountainridges, fields,floodplains

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

best used for naturalizing

Fall color:

reddish brown,cone/cone-like

BUG

RFW

Pinus rigida

pitch pine


Fruit:

50-75'50-75'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

3.5-5.1

L S

slopes and ridgesof mountains,river valleys, andswamps

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

many birds feed on theseeds; provides wintercover; old trees are fireresistant due to thick bark

Fall color:

May, red- purple

light brown, cone/cone-like

CM N

RCS

Pinus serotina

pond pine, marshpine, pocosin pine


Fruit:

50-60'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.8-6.8

L S

swamps, pocosins,bays, pondmargins, flatwoods

Region:

States:

C

DE

PA VA

many birds feed on theseeds; provides winter cover

Fall color:

yellowish brown,cone/cone-like

VT

Pinus strobus

white pine,Eastern whitepine


Fruit:

75-100'50-75'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4-6.5

L

variety ofhabitats; doesbest on moist,well drained,sandy loam soilsof ridges

Region:

States:

M P

DC MD

NY PA VA

WV


Fall color:

May-Jul, red topurplish

Aug-Oct, green tolight brown, cone/cone-like

USDA

NRC

S

Pinus taeda

loblolly, old field,or North Carolinapine


Fruit:

70-90'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

4.5-7

C L S

floodplains fields,slopes

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA


Fall color:

yellowish, cone/cone-like

USFW

S BE

S

Pinus virginiana

Virginia pine,scrub pine, Jerseypine


Fruit:

50-80'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-7.5

C L S

well drained sites;often a pioneerspecies

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

WV


Fall color:

reddish brown,cone/cone-like

USDA

NRC

S

Platanusoccidentalis

Americansycamore,Americanplanetree


Fruit:

75-100'75-100'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.9-6.5

L S

river bottoms, lakeshores

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

leafs out late spring; showybark; leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:

Apr-Jun, yellow-green

Aug-Dec, brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

PLAN

TS LA

, US

DA N

RCS

Populus deltoides

eastern orsoutherncottonwood,Carolina poplar


Fruit:

75-100'50-100'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.2-7.3

C L S

along waterways Region:

States:

P

DC DE MD

NY VA

WV

best used for naturalizing;grows fast but short lived

Fall color:

Mar-Apr, red

May-Jul, yellow-green, capsule

UWI J

K

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

60


high wildlifevalue

Populusheterophylla

swampcottonwood,swamp poplar,blackcottonwood,downy poplar


Fruit:

80'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

4.6-5.9

C L

swamps andbottomlands

Region:

States:

P

DE MD

VA

Fall color:

Mar

Apr-May, , capsule

VT,

PLAN

TS 1

997

Prunus americana

American wildplum


Fruit:

20-35'20-35'

pale yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7

L S

woods, pastures,fencerows,streamsides

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

edible fruit, used for makingpies and jellies

Fall color:

Apr-May, white

Aug-Sep, orange tored, fleshy

RHW

Prunus pensylvanica

pin cherry, firecherry


Fruit:

20-35'20-35'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

4.3-6.6

C L S

woods Region:

States:

M

MD

NY PA VA

WV

Fall color:

May, white

Jul-Sep, bright red,fleshy

RHW

Prunus serotina

black or wildcherry, blackchokecherry


Fruit:

40-75'20-35'

yellow/ red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5-7.5

L

forests, fencerows, fields, forestedges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE

NY VA

WV

birds eat fruit

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Aug-Sep, black,fleshy

CM N

RCS,

RHW

Prunus virginiana

choke cherry


Fruit:

25-50'20-35'

dark red-purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.2-8.4

C L S

open moist sites;pioneer speciesafter fires

Region:

States:

M

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fast growing, short lived;fruit sometimes used formaking jelly

Fall color:

May-Jun, white

Aug-Sep, red, black,or yellow, fleshy

RHW

Quercus alba

white oak, staveoak


Fruit:

75-100'75-100'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-6.8

L S

dry to moistwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

acorns food for wildlife;majestic; MD state tree;leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:

Mar-May,yellow-green

Sep-Oct, brown,nut/nut-like

CM N

RCS

Quercus bicolor

swamp white oak,swamp oak


Fruit:

60-100'50-75'

red/brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

4.3-6.5

C L S

bottomlands,swamp andstream edges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

acorns food for wildlife

Fall color:

May, yellow-green

Sep-Oct, tanbrown, nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS R

M89

, OS

U

Quercus coccinea

scarlet oak, redoak, black oak


Fruit:

40-75'50-75'

scarlet

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-6.9

L S

dry uplands andslopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV


Fall color:


Sep-Oct, reddishbrown, nut/nut-like

CM N

RCS

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

61


Quercus falcata

southern orswamp red oak,Spanish oak


Fruit:

70-80'

brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.8-7

C L S

uplands Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA


Fall color:

Apr-May

Oct, orangebrown, nut/nut-like

DFT

HW

Quercus ilicifolia

bear oak, scruboak


Fruit:

12-20'12-20'

yellow, scarletred to purplish

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

4-7.5

C L S

barrens, balds,woods, dunes,fields

Region:

States:

M P

PA VA

WV

leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:

May-Jun,yellow-green or reddish

Sep-Jan, lightbrown, nut/nut-like

CM N

RCS

Quercus marilandica

blackjack oak,Jack oak


Fruit:

35-50'35-50'

yellow/brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

4.6-5.6

L S

woods, ridges,slopes, sandyflatwoods

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

acorns food for wildlife,leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:

Apr-Jun,yellow-green

Sep-Oct, tan brown,nut/nut-like

CM N

RCS

Quercus michauxii(Q. montana)

swamp chestnutoak, basket oak,cow oak


Fruit:

50-80'75-100'

red/ brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6.5

L

bottomlands,ravine slopes,flatwoods overlimestone

Region:

States:

M P C

DE MD

NY VA

WV


Fall color:

May, yellow-green

Sep-Oct, tan brown,nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS 1

995

Quercusmuehlenbergii

Chinquapin orchinkapin oak,yellow oak,chestnut oak


Fruit:

35-50'35-50'

yellow-brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.5-8

L

rich, woods,uplands, outcrops,dry bluffs, slopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC MD

NY VA

WV

Fall color:


Sep-Oct, lightbrown, nut/nut-like

UWI K

JS

Quercus nigra

water oak


Fruit:

50-80'

green persistslate

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.8-5.8

C L

upland woods,bottomlands,hammocks, fields

Region:

States:

C

DC DE MD

VA


Fall color:

Apr-May

Oct, black, nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS LA

Quercus palustris

pin oak, swampoak, Spanish oak


Fruit:

50-80'50-75'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-6.5

C L

bottomlands orupland flats

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

popular shade tree; fallcolor; acorns food forwildlife; leaves may persistinto winter

Fall color:


Sep-Oct, lightbrown, nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS R

M91

Quercus phellos

willow oak, pinoak, peach oak


Fruit:

80-100'

red

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4.5-5.5

C L

bottomlands, lowflatwoods, uplandfields

Region:

States:

P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV


Fall color:

Feb-May

light yellow orgreenish brown,nut/nut-like

USFW

S BE

S

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

62


Quercus prinus (Q.montana)

chestnut oak,rock oak


Fruit:

40-80'

yellow/orange

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D

4.5-7

L S

rocky ridges andslopes

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

acorns food for wildlife; fallcolor

Fall color:

May-Jun,yellowish

Sep-Oct, brown,nut/nut-like

PLAN

TS 1

997

Quercus rubra

northern red oak


Fruit:

90'

red or yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.3-6.5

C L

slopes, coves, anddrier ridges

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

acorns food for wildlife;hardy and long-lived; fallcolor

Fall color:

Apr-May

scales reddish-brown, nut/nut-like

UWI K

JS

Quercus stellata

post oak, iron oak


Fruit:

35-50'35-50'

brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.8-7

C L S

upland dry ridgesto moistflatwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

VA

WV

acorns food

Fall color:

Apr-Jun, yellow-green

Sep-Oct, lightbrown to almost black,nut/nut-like

CM N

RCS

Quercus velutina

black oak, yellowbark oak,quercitron oak


Fruit:

75-100'75-100'

red/brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-6

C L S

dry upland ridgesand slopes,flatwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

acorns food for wildlife;leaves may persist intowinter

Fall color:


Sep-Oct, light red-brown, nut/nut-like

BUG

DJM

Salix nigra

black willow,swamp willow


Fruit:

35-50'20-35'

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

6-8

C L S

fresh tidalmarshes andswamps, forestedwetlands,floodplains, wetmeadows;seasonally toregularly floodedor saturated

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

streambank stabilizer;spreads by suckers;preferred food of ruffedgrouse and pine grosbeak;tolerates flooding; toleratessalinity to 0.5 ppt

Fall color:

Mar-Apr, yellowgreen

Apr-May, greenyellow, cone/cone-like

CM N

RCS

Salix sericea

silky willow


Fruit:

12'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.2-7

C L S

marshes, ditches,low woods

Region:

States:

M P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Fall color:

Jun-Jul

CM N

RCS

Sassafras albidum

sassafras


Fruit:

35-50'35-50'

yellow, orange,purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

4.5-7.2

L S

moist, open woods Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

edible and medicinal uses;provides spring and fallcolor

Fall color:

Apr, yellow-green

Sep-Oct, dark blue,fleshy

USFW

S BE

S, R

HW

Sorbus americana(Pyrus americana)

Americanmountain ash


Fruit:

30-40'

orange, purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

5.3-6.8

C L S

areas fromborders ofswamps to rockyhillsides;openings,uplands alongforest edges,roadsides

Region:

States:

M

MD

VA

WV

slow-growing, short-lived;not drought or heat tolerant;plant at least 500 feet fromcedars

Fall color:

May-Jul, white

Aug-Dec, orange,fleshy

RHW

, RH

W

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

63


Taxodium distichum

bald cypress,cypress, swampcypress


Fruit:

50-100'20-35'

purple to brown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

W

4.5-6

C L S

rivers, lake andpond margins,swamps, coastalmarshes, pocosins,river bottoms

Region:

States:

C

DE MD

VA

deciduous conifer

Fall color:

Mar-Apr, deeppurple

Oct-Dec, brown,cone/cone-like

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Thuja occidentalis

arborvitae,northern whitecedar


Fruit:

50-75'35-50'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.2-7

C L S

calcareous areas Region:

States:

M

NY VA

prefers wet calcareousareas

Fall color:

May, red brown

Aug-Dec, reddish-brown, cone/cone-like

USFW

S BE

S, U

SFW

S BE

S

Tilia americana

Americanbasswood, linden


Fruit:

70-100'50-75'

yellow orbrown

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.5-7.5

L S

woods, slopes Region:

States:

M

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fragrant flowers; importantpollen source for honey bees

Fall color:

Jun-Jul, yellow

Sep-Oct, tan brown,winged

PLAN

TS D

EH,

PLAN

TS D

EH

Tsuga canadensis

eastern hemlock


Fruit:

75-100'35-50'

evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

4.2-5.7

L S

cool valleys Region:

States:

M P

DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

susceptible to wooly adelgidand red spider mite; also T.caroliniana for VA

Fall color:

May-Jun, tanbrown

Sep-Jan, lightbrown, cone/cone-like

USDA

NRC

S

Ulmus americana

American elm,white elm, softelm


Fruit:

75-100'75-100'

bright yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.5-8

C L S

river bottoms,swamps, disturbedfields, road sides,cutover forests

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

Dutch elm disease causeddecline; distinctive vaseshape; favorite nesting siteof Baltimore oriole

Fall color:

Mar-Apr, redbrown

May, tan brown,winged

USDA

NRC

S

Ulmus rubra

slippery elm, redelm, soft elm


Fruit:

70'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

5.5-7

C L S

moist slopes andbottomlands, driersites on calcareoussoils

Region:

States:

P

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

Fall color:

Mar-May

winged

high wildlifevalue

high wildlifevalue

See also:

In the Shrubs section:Hamamelis virginianaMorella (Myrica) ceriferaRhododendron maximumRhus copallina, hirta (typhina)Viburnum prunifolium

USFW

S BE

S

USFW

S RM

CM N

RCS

Cornus floridaA diverse forest offers food and cover throughout all seasons.

Ilex opaca

64

VinesCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Aristolochiamacrophylla (A.durior)

pipevine,Dutchman's pipe

Spread:

Flowers:

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

6.1-8.5

L

rich woods,streambanks

Region:

States:

M

VA

WV

occasionally escapes fromcultivation; host for pipevineswallowtail butterfly

Fall color:O

May-Jun,yellowish to purplish

green to brown, podFruit:RH

W

Bignonia capreolata

crossvine

Spread:

Flowers:

20-35'

semi-evergreen;reddish-purple

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

6.1-8.5

C L S

swampy forests,calcareous river banks,cliffs, dry open woods,bogs, fence rows, rockoutcrops

Region:

States:

C

MD

VA

spreads across ground andclimbs any structure it meets(control by cutting); semi-evergreen

Fall color:

May-Jun, orangewith red

Aug-Oct, brown, podFruit:

USFW

S BE

S

Campsis radicans

trumpet vine,trumpet creeper

Spread:

Flowers:

20-35'

yellow green

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-7.5

C L S

moist woods, fencerows, roadsidethickets, floodplainforests, rocky hillsides,open woods,streambanks, fields

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

PA VA

thick, twisted, aged woodyvines; leaves/flowers maycause dermatitis (skinirritation)

Fall color:

Jul-Sep, orange

Aug-Mar, brown, podFruit:

USFW

S BE

S

Celastrus scandens

Americanbittersweet

Spread:

Flowers:

6-20'

yellow

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-7.5

C L S

roadsides, forestedges, fence rows,pastures, hedges,bluffs, rocky slopes,dunes, sandy oakwoods

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

distinguished from nonnativeinvasive Oriental bittersweetby flowers/fruits in clustersat ends of twigs

Fall color:

May-Jun, greenish

Sep-Dec, orange andred, capsule

Fruit:

PLAN

TS T

GB,

UWI D

K

Clematis viorna

leather flower,vasevine

Spread:

Flowers:

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

rich wooded banks,thickets

Region:

States:

P

DC DE MD

VA

WV

feathery seeds

Fall color:

May-Aug, purple

Aug-Nov, dark brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

Fruit:

RHW

Clematis virginiana

virgin's bower

Spread:

Flowers:

6-12'

yellow, green orpurplish

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-8.5

C L S

fencerows, riverbanks,thickets, woods edge,roadside swales,swamps, overhangingcliffs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

fragrant flowers; featheryseeds; young plants can betransplanted; yellow, greenor purplish fall color

Fall color:O

Jul-Sep, white

Aug-Nov, brown,achene (dry, flat seed)

Fruit:

USFW

S BE

S

Lonicerasempervirens

trumpet or coralhoneysuckle

Spread:

Flowers:

6-12'

semi-evergreen

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

6.1-7.5

C L S

thickets, fence rows,open woods, dry stonywoods, forest edges,cliffs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

flowers intermittently untilfrost; flowers/fruits presenttogether; transplants well;may have aphids - hose off,snip new growth anddamaged buds; semi-evergreenFall color:

Apr-Oct, coral tored with yellow

Aug-Mar, red, berryFruit:

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Mikania scandens

climbinghempvine

Spread:

Flowers:

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

5.7-7.5

C L

swamps, thickets Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY VA

vines herbaceous, not woody

Fall color:

Jun-Oct, pink orwhitish

blueFruit:

RHW

65

VinesCharacteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Parthenocissusquinquefolia

Virginia creeper

Spread:

Flowers:

25-35'

purple to crimson

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M W

5.1-7.5

C L S

fence rows, forestedges, open woods,ravines, bluffs, cliffs

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY PA VA

WV

high wildlifevalue

bank stabilizer; control bytrimming; fruits eaten byvariety of wildlife; purple tocrimson fall color

Fall color:

Jun-Aug, greenishwhite

Sep-Feb, bluish black,berry

Fruit:

RHW

, US

FWS

BES

Passiflora incarnata

passionflower,Maypops

Spread:

Flowers:

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

D M

C L S

fields, rocky slopes,thin woods, roadsides,fencerows, thickets

Region:

States:

C

MD

VA

herbaceous vine; large fleshyberry edible; fragrant

Fall color:

Jun-Sep, purpleand white

Sep-Oct, yellow, fleshy

Fruit:

RHW

Smilax herbacea

smooth carrionflower

Spread:

Flowers:

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M

C L S

thickets, woods,floodplains

Region:

States:

M P C

DC DE MD

NY

WV

herbaceous, climbing vine,not prickly; flowermalodorous; male andfemale plants separate

Fall color:

Apr-Jun, greenish-yellow

Jul-Nov, blue-black,berry

Fruit:

RHW

, RH

W

Wisteria frutescens

Atlantic wisteria,Americanwisteria

Spread:

Flowers:

Light:

Moisture:

Soil pH:

Soil type:

M W

4-7

C L S

forest and forestedswamp edges,streambanks, thickets

Region:

States:

C

DE

VA

Fall color:

Apr-Aug, lilac

brown, podFruit:

SMSU

, SM

SU

See also:

In the Herbaceous Plants section:Clitoria mariana

USFW

S BE

S

USFW

S BE

S

USFW

S BE

S

RHW

Characteristic pipe-shaped flower ofAristolochia macrophylla.

Bignonia capreolata in bloom adorns a porch.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia used as a groundcover.

Lonicera sempervirens may bloom year-round.

66

Plants With a PurposeThis section includes lists of plant combinations that can be used to mimic the natural communities ofplants found in wetlands, meadows, forests, etc. They can be used to create, restore or enhanceexisting habitat for wildlife. Also included are plants that can be used in solving problems such asstabilizing soils, or for specific landscaping uses. No matter what the purpose, it is imperative thatspecies are chosen to suit planting site conditions and the physiographic location of the site. None ofthese lists are complete – there are additional suitable plants in this guide (and even more nativespecies not included in this publication) that would suit these purposes. This document is intended togive project planners guidance in choosing appropriate plants for various projects, and additionallearning is encouraged. For the most ecologically “correct” habitat restoration projects, consultationwith professionals is recommended, as there are other factors to consider that are not addressed here.

Plants For Coastal Dunes

Note: the shrubs and trees listed would occur onthe inner or secondary dunes and/or oninterdunal swales.

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsAmmophila breviligulataPanicum amarum (and var. amarulum)Spartina patensPanicum virgatum

Herbaceous PlantsBaptisia tinctoriaLiatris pilosa v. pilosa (graminifolia)Nuttallanthus canadensis (Linaria canadensis)Opuntia humifusa (compressa)Oenothera biennisSolidago sempervirensYucca filamentosa (flaccida)

ShrubsBaccharis halimifoliaMorella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanicaPrunus maritimaRhus copallinaRosa carolina

TreesAcer rubrumAmelanchier arboreaDiospyros virginianaJuniperus virginianaPinus rigidaPrunus pensylvanica, serotina

VinesCelastrus scandensParthenocissus quinquefolia

Plants For Saltwater or Brackish Water Marshes

Plants in this list can be used for marsh plantingsor to stabilize tidal fresh, brackish or saltwatershorelines based on salinity and wetnesstolerances. Check the salinity and moisturerequirements given in this publication for eachplant, so they will be planted in the appropriateconditions. Those species for use in salinitygreater than 15 ppt are marked (*).

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsAmmophila breviligulata *Distichlis spicata *Juncus canadensisJuncus roemerianus *Panicum amarum (and var. amarulum) *Panicum virgatumSchoenoplectus pungens v. pungens (Scirpus

pungens, americanus)Schoenoplectus (Scirpus) validusSpartina alterniflora *Spartina cynosuroidesSpartina patens *Spartina pectinata

Note: Although grasslike, Distichlis, Juncus,Schoenoplectus, and Spartina speciesinformation can be found in the HerbaceousEmergents section of the guide.

Herbaceous PlantsAgalinus purpureaLimonium carolinianumSolidago sempervirens *

Herbaceous EmergentsHibiscus moscheutos (palustris)Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginicaKosteletzkya virginicaPeltandra virginicaPontederia cordata

ShrubsBaccharis halimifolia *Iva frutescens *Morella (Myrica) cerifera *, pensylvanica *

67

Plants for Freshwater Wetlands and Other Wet Sites

The following plants may be used to create orenhance freshwater marshes or swamps or tostabilize and enhance streambanks, riverbanks orpond edges.

Remember to match the plants’ growthrequirements with the site conditions. Wetnesstolerated by these plants is provided in this guidein terms of frequency and duration of soilsaturation or inundation (flooding), and depth ofstanding water.

FernsAthyrium filix-feminaDryopteris carthusiana (spinulosa), cristata,intermedia

Onoclea sensibilisOsmunda cinnamomea, regalisPteridium aquilinumThelypteris noveboracensis, palustrisWoodwardia areolata, virginica

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsAgrostis perennansAndropogon gerardii, glomeratus, virginicusCalamagrostis canadensisCarex crinita var. crinita, lurida, stricta,vulpinoidea

Dichanthelium clandestinumElymus ripariusFestuca rubraLeersia oryzoidesPanicum virgatumSaccharum giganteum (Erianthus giganteus)Tripsacum dactyloides

Herbaceous PlantsArisaema triphyllumAsclepias incarnataCaltha palustrisChelone glabraConoclinium (Eupatorium) coelestinumDoellingeria umbellata var. umbellata (Asterumbellatus)

Eupatorium dubium, perfoliatumGentiana clausaHelianthus angustifoliusHeracleum maximum (lanatum)Impatiens capensis (biflora)Lobelia cardinalis, siphiliticaMertensia virginicaMimulus ringensMonarda didymaPackera aurea (Senecio aureus)Phlox maculataRudbeckia laciniata

Saxifraga pensylvanicaScutellaria integrifoliaSisyrinchium atlanticumSpiranthes cernuaStachys tenuifolia (hispida)Symphyotrichum (Aster) novae-angliae, novi-

belgiiSymplocarpus foetidusThalictrum pubescens (polygamum)Veratrum virideVerbena hastataVernonia noveboracensisVeronicastrum virginicum (Veronica virginica)Viola conspersa, cucullata, striata

Herbaceous EmergentsDulichium arundinaceumHibiscus moscheutos (palustris)Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginicaJuncus effususJusticia americanaNuphar lutea (advena)Nymphaea odorataOrontium aquaticumPeltandra virginicaPontederia cordataSagittaria latifoliaSaururus cernuusSchoenoplectus (Scirpus) validusScirpus atrovirens, cyperinusSparganium americanumSpartina pectinataZizania aquatica

ShrubsAlnus serrulataCephalanthus occidentalisClethra alnifoliaCornus amomumGaylussacia baccata, frondosaHypericum densiflorumIlex verticillataItea virginicaKalmia angustifolia, latifoliaLeucothoe racemosaLindera benzoinLyonia ligustrinaMorella (Myrica ) caroliniensis (heterophylla),

cerifera, pensylvanicaPhotinia (Aronia) melanocarpa, pyrifolia

(arbutifolia)Physocarpus opulifoliusRhododendron maximum, periclymenoides,

viscosumRosa palustrisRubus allegheniensis

Salix humilisSambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (S. canadensis)Spiraea alba v. latifolia (latifolia), tomentosaVaccinium corymbosum, macrocarponViburnum dentatum (recognitum), nudum, nudumv. cassinoides (cassinoides), prunifolium

TreesAcer negundo, rubrum, saccharinumAmelanchier canadensisBetula alleghaniensis, nigraCarpinus carolinianaCarya cordiformis, glabraCeltis occidentalisChamaecyparis thyoidesCrataegus viridisFraxinus pennsylvanicaLiquidambar styracifluaMagnolia virginianaNyssa sylvaticaPinus serotina, strobus, taedaPlatanus occidentalisPopulus deltoides, heterophyllaQuercus bicolor, michauxii (montana), nigra,palustris, phellos

Salix nigra, sericeaTaxodium distichumThuja occidentalisTsuga canadensisUlmus americana

VinesBignonia capreolataMikania scandensParthenocissus quinquefoliaWisteria frutescens

68

Plants Appropriate for Bogs or Bog Gardens

FernsAthyrium filix-feminaOnoclea sensibilisOsmunda cinnamomeaThelypteris noveboracensis , palustrisWoodwardia areolata

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsCalamagrostis canadensisCarex strictaLeersia oryzoides

Herbaceous PlantsArisaema triphyllumCaltha palustrisChelone glabraDoellingeria umbellata var. umbellate (Aster

umbellatus)Eupatorium dubium, perfoliatumGentiana clausaSaxifraga pensylvanicaScutellaria integrifoliaSpiranthes cernuaSymplocarpus foetidusVeratrum virideViola cucullata

Herbaceous EmergentsDulichium arundinaceumJuncus effususOrontium aquaticumSagittaria latifoliaScirpus atrovirens, cyperinusSparganium americanum

ShrubsClethra alnifoliaGaultheria procumbensHypericum densiflorumKalmia angustifoliaMorella caroliniensis (Myrica heterophylla)Photinia (Aronia) melanocarpa, pyrifolia

(arbutifolia)Rhododendron viscosumSalix humilisSpiraea alba, alba v. latifolia (latifolia)Spiraea tomentosaVaccinium corymbosum, macrocarponViburnum dentatum (recognitum), nudum, nudum

v. cassinoides (cassinoides)

TreesAcer rubrumChamaecyparis thyoidesNyssa sylvatica

VinesBignonia capreolata

Plants for Dry Meadows

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsAndropogon gerardiiDanthonia spicataElymus canadensis, riparius, virginicusSchizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius)Sorghastrum nutansTridens flavus

Herbaceous PlantsAgeratina altissima v. altissima (Eupatorium

rugosum)Antennaria neglectaAsclepias syriaca, tuberosaChamaecrista (Cassia) fasciculataConoclinum (Eupatorium) coelestinumCoreopsis tripteris, verticillataDesmodium paniculatumDodecatheon meadiaErigeron pulchellusEupatorium hyssopifolium, purpureumHeliopsis helianthoidesIonactis (Aster) linariifolius

Lespedeza capitataLiatris spicata, squarrosaLupinus perennisMonarda bradburiana (fistulosa), punctataNuttallanthus (Linaria)canadensisOenothera biennis, fruticosa, perennisPenstemon digitalisPycnanthemum incanumRudbeckia fulgida, hirta, trilobaSolidago canadensis, canadensis v. scabra

(altissima), juncea, nemoralis, speciosaSymphyotrichum (Aster) cordifolius, ericoides var.

ericoides, laeve var. laeve (laevis), novae-angliae

ShrubsNote: Listed are a few of the shorter shrubs thatmay appear in or at the edges of meadows.Using shrubs in a planting that is to remain as ameadow is not recommended, as they provideperching spots for birds, whose droppings willseed in unwanted plants, including trees. If themeadow is to be allowed to succeed eventuallyto forest, then adding shrubs is one prescribedmethod.

Ceanothus americanusComptonia peregrinaRhus glabraRosa carolinaRubus allegheniensis

69

Plants for Wet Meadows

FernsOnoclea sensibilisOsmunda cinnamomeaThelypteris palustris

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsAndropogon gerardii, virginicusCalamagrostis canadensisCarex glaucodea, strictaElymus ripariusLeersia oryzoidesPanicum virgatumTripsacum dactyloides

Herbaceous PlantsAgalinis purpureaAsclepias incarnataCaltha palustrisDoellingeria umbellata var. umbellata (Asterumbellatus)

Gentiana clausa

Eupatorium fistulosum, maculatum, perfoliatumHelenium autumnaleImpatiens capensis (I. biflora)Lilium canadense, superbumLobelia cardinalis, siphiliticaMimulus ringensPackera aurea (Senecio aureus)Phlox maculataRudbeckia laciniataSabatia angularisScutellaria integrifoliaSilphium perfoliatumSisyrinchium atlanticumSolidago rugosaSpiranthes cernuaStachys tenuifolia (hispida)Symphyotrichum (Aster) novi-belgiiThalictrum pubescens (polygamum)Verbena hastataViola conspersaViola striata

Herbaceous EmergentsIris prismatica, versicolor, virginicaJuncus effususScirpus atrovirens, cyperinusSpartina pectinata

ShrubsNote: Listed are a few of the shorter shrubs thatmay appear in or at the edges of meadows.Using shrubs in a planting that is to remain as ameadow is not recommended, as they provideperching spots for birds, whose droppings willseed in unwanted plants, including trees. If themeadow is to be allowed to succeed eventuallyto forest, then adding shrubs is one prescribedmethod.

Cephalanthus occidentalisIlex verticillataRhododendron viscosumRosa palustrisSpiraea tomentosa

Plants for Forest or Woodland Plantings

Forests contain a diversity of plant types arrangedin vertical layers, from the tallest (canopy oroverstory) trees, through the understory of shortertrees and shrubs, to the forest floor or groundlayer of low shrubs and herbaceous plants. Foresttypes are classified by the dominant trees present(e.g., oak-hickory-pine forest). Plant speciesoccurring together in these different forest typesare a function of the climate, altitude, geologyand physiographic location, soil type, moisture,sunlight, and other conditions. So manycombinations of plants occur in these differentforests that space limitations prevent listing themall. Instead, the following represent plants foundin a few of the more common forest types in theChesapeake Bay watershed. These lists providethe basis for a viable forest or woodland project.Common ferns, grasses and herbaceous plantsfor the ground layer are listed separately, as theymay occur in many of the forest types in variouscombinations. Remember to match the plants’growth requirements with the site conditions.

For new projects at open sites, it may take yearsfor young trees to provide adequate shade.Consult other restoration resources and/orprofessionals for alternative methods ofdeveloping the ground layer, and for morecomprehensive forest community information.

Forest Types, Basic Structure

Oak-Mixed Forest (Coastal Plain)Canopy trees for well-drained sitesCarya cordiformis, tomentosaQuercus alba, falcata, marilandica, phellos,prinus, stellata, velutina

Pinus species, occasional intermixed withthe above

Canopy trees for moist sitesAcer rubrumFagus grandifoliaQuercus bicolor, michauxii, nigra, palustris,phellos

Liquidambar styracifluaLiriodendron tulipiferaNyssa sylvatica

Understory treesAsimina trilobaCercis canadensisCornus floridaIlex opacaMagnolia virginiana

Understory shrubsComptonia peregrinaGaylussacia frondosaIlex glabraKalmia angustifolia, latifoliaMorella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanicaVaccinium pallidum (vacillans), stamineumViburnum dentatum (recognitum), prunifolium

Pine Forest (Coastal Plain)Overstory trees

Pinus taeda, virginiana, rigida (occasional)

Understory treesIlex opacaSassafras albidum

Understory shrubsClethra alnifoliaMorella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanicaRhus copallina

70

Hemlock-White Pine Forest (Mountain)Dominant overstory treesAcer saccharumBetula alleghaniensis (lutea)Fagus grandifoliaPinus strobusTilia americanaTsuga canadensis

also Picea rubens (red spruce, not includedin this guide, but native in the Baywatershed in mountain region)

Other treesAcer rubrumBetula lentaLiriodendron tulipiferaQuercus rubra, velutina

ShrubsHamamelis virginianaRhododendron maximumViburnum acerifolium

Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Mountain)These forests are relicts of ancient mesic (moist)broadleaf deciduous forests. They can be verydiverse.

Dominant overstory treesAcer saccharumBetula lentaCarya ovataCarpinus carolinianaFagus grandifoliaFraxinus americanaJuglans nigraLiriodendron tulipiferaMagnolia acuminataPrunus serotinaQuercus rubraTilia americana

Understory trees and shrubsCercis canadensisHamamelis virginianaHydrangea arborescensLindera benzoinRhododendron maximumStaphylea trifolia

Woodland Floor or Ground Layer Plants

Oak-Hickory Forest (Piedmont and Mountain,occasional on Coastal Plain)

Dominant overstory treesCarya cordiformis, ovataQuercus alba, prinus, rubra, velutina

Other treesAmelanchier arborea, canadensisCarya alba, glabra, tomentosaCeltis occidentalisCercis canadensisCornus floridaCrataegus viridisFraxinus AmericanaJuglans nigraPrunus serotinaQuercus coccinea, falcata, lyrata, marilandica,muhlenbergii, stellata

Sassafras albidumTilia americanaUlmus Americana

Additional trees for more moist sitesAcer rubrumLiquidambar styracifluaLiriodendron tulipiferaUlmus americana

ShrubsKalmia latifoliaVaccinium angustifolium, corymbosum,pallidum (vacillans), stamineum

Viburnum acerifolium

Red Oak - Mixed Hardwood Forest (Piedmont)Dominant overstory treesAcer rubrumCarya ovata, tomentosaBetula alleghaniensis (lutea), lentaFraxinus americanaFagus grandifoliaLiriodendron tulipiferaQuercus alba, rubra, velutinaPinus strobus*Tsuga canadensis*

* These would be in the Hemlock-White Pine-RedOak-Mixed Hardwood Forest (Piedmont andMountain regions).

Understory trees and shrubsAmelanchier speciesCarpinus carolinianaHamamelis virginianaLindera benzoinViburnum acerifolium, dentatum (recognitum)

These plants can also be used for gardens in oradjacent to wooded areas. Refer to specifichabitat and growing conditions to match plants inappropriate groupings.

FernsAll species included in this guide occur inwoodlands.

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsAgrostis perennansAndropogon gerardiiCarex crinita var. crinita, glaucodea, lurida,pensylvanica, vulpinoidea

Chasmanthium latifoliumDanthonia spicataDichanthelium clandestinum, commutatumElymus hystrix (Hystrix patula)Festuca rubraPanicum virgatumSaccharum giganteum (Erianthus giganteus)Schizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius)Sorghastrum nutansTridens flavusTripsacum dactyloides

Herbaceous PlantsActaea pachypodaAgeratina altissima v. altissima (Eupatoriumrugosum)

Aquilegia canadensisAralia nudicaulis, racemosaArisaema triphyllumAruncus dioicusAsarum canadenseCampanulastrum americanum (Campanulaamericana)

Cardamine concatenata (Dentaria laciniata)Caulophyllum thalictroidesChelone glabraChimaphila maculataChrysogonum virginianumCimicifuga racemosaClaytonia virginicaDelphinium tricorneDicentra canadensis, cucullaria, eximiaErythronium americanumEurybia divaricata (Aster divaricatus)Geranium maculatumHelenium autumnaleHelianthus divaricatusHeliopsis helianthoidesHepatica nobilis var. acuta (acutiloba), var. obtusa(americana)

Heracleum maximum (lanatum)Heuchera americana, villosa

(continued)

71

Hydrophyllum virginianumImpatiens capensis (biflora)Ionactis (Aster) linariifoliusJeffersonia diphyllaLiatris scariosaLilium canadense, philadelphicumMaianthemum canadense, racemosum(Smilacina racemosa)

Medeola virginianaMelanthium virginicumMertensia virginicaMitchella repensMitella diphyllaMonarda didymaOsmorhiza longistylisOxalis violacea

Packera aurea (Senecio aureus)Penstemon laevigatusPhlox carolina, divaricata, stoloniferaPodophyllum peltatumPolemonium reptansPolygonatum biflorum, pubescensSanguinaria canadensisSaxifraga pensylvanica, virginiensisScutellaria integrifoliaSedum ternatumSilene caroliniana, stellata, virginicaSolidago caesia, flexicaulis, rugosaStachys tenuifolia (hispida)Stellaria puberaThalictrum dioicum, pubescens (polygamum),

thalictroides (Anemonella t.)Tiarella cordifoliaTradescantia virginianaTrillium erectum, grandiflorum, sessile, undulatumUvularia grandiflora, perfoliata, sessilifoliaVeratrum virideViola conspersa, hastata, pubescens(pennsylvanica), sororia (papilionacea), striata

Zizia aurea

VinesAny of the vines included in this guide may befound in woodlands, occupying various vegetativelayers, from the ground up.

Solutions for Slopes

Slopes of any kind are prone to erosion from rain, runoff; wave action, stream or river currents, and foot or lawnmower traffic. Plants with deep, spreadingroot systems help prevent erosion by holding soil in place. Some plants that are particularly well suited to and recommended for holding or stabilizing soilson a dry upland slope or hillsides such as a sloping yard or road embankment are listed below.

However, any plant suited to the site’s sun, soil, and moisture conditions that could be planted on a flat surface could be planted on a slope, as long as theslope is accessible. Plants that naturally occur on slopes or hillsides can be found by searching the “habitat” notes provided with each plant in this guide.

For plants to use on a tidal shoreline, see the list of saltmarsh or freshwater marsh plants. For plants to use on a stream, pond or riverbank, see the list offreshwater marsh plants.

Grasses & Grasslike PlantsAmmophila breviligulataAndropogon gerardiiDichanthelium clandestinumElymus canadensisPanicum virgatumPanicum amarumSchizachyrium scoparium

Herbaceous PlantsAny of the herbaceous plants that thrive in asunny, dry site tend to be deep-rooted and wouldprovide good slope stabilization. See the drymeadow plants list on for additional choices.

Baptisia tinctoriaLespedeza capitataChamaecrista (Cassia) fasciculata

ShrubsComptonia peregrinaCeanothus americanusClethra alnifoliaCornus racemosaGaylussacia baccata, frondosa

Celtis occidentalisChionanthus virginicusCornus alternifolia, floridaCrataegus crus-galliFraxinus americanaJuglans nigraLiquidambar styracifluaLiriodendron tulipiferaMagnolia acuminataMorus rubraNyssa sylvaticaOstrya virginianaPinus rigida, taedaQuercus coccineaQuercus marilandica, michauxii, muehlenbergii,prinus, rubra, velutina

Sorbus (Pyrus) americanaUlmus rubra

VinesCampsis radicansCelastrus scandensPassiflora incarnataParthenocissus quinquefolia

Plants That Provide Stabilization on Dry, Sunny Slopes or Hillsides

Hypericum densiflorumKalmia latifoliaMorella pensylvanicaPhysocarpus opulifoliusRhus aromaticaRhus copallinaRhus glabraRosa carolinaRubus allegheniensisVaccinium angustifoliumViburnum acerifolium

TreesThe following are some of the tree species thatmay occur on slopes. However, for stabilizationpurposes, practitioners recommend plantingherbaceous plants and shrubs, as trees willappear in time through succession.

Acer rubrum, saccharum, spicatumAmelanchier arboreaBetula lentaCarya alba (tomentosa), cordiformis, glabra, ovataCastanea pumila

72

Evergreens

FernsAsplenium platyneuronDryopteris carthusiana (spinulosa), cristata,

intermedia, marginalisPolystichum acrostichoides

Herbaceous PlantsAsarum canadenseGoodyera pubescensHeuchera americanaMitchella repensPhlox carolina, stolonifera, subulataSedum ternatum

Silene carolinianaSolidago sempervirensYucca filamentosa (flaccida)

ShrubsGaultheria procumbensIlex glabraKalmia angustifolia, latifoliaMorella (Myrica) caroliniensis (heterophylla),

ceriferaRhododendron maximumVaccinium macrocarpon

TreesChamaecyparis thyoidesIlex opacaJuniperus virginianaMagnolia virginianaPinus any species in this guideThuja occidentalisTsuga canadensis

VinesBignonia capreolataLonicera sempervirens

Plants to use as Groundcovers

FernsAny species in this guide

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsCarex glaucodea, pensylvanicaDanthonia spicataFestuca rubra

Herbaceous PlantsAquilegia canadensisAsarum canadenseChimaphila maculataChrysogonum virginianumChrysopsis mariana

Coreopsis verticillataErigeron pulchellusEurybia divaricata (Aster divaricatus)Geranium maculatumHepatica nobilis var. acuta (acutiloba), nobilis var.

obtusa (americana)Heuchera americana, villosaHylotelephium (Sedum) telephioidesMaianthemum canadenseMitchella repensOpuntia humifusa (compressa)Oxalis violaceaPhlox carolina, stolonifera, subulataPodophyllum peltatumPolemonium reptans

Sedum ternatumSilene carolinianaTiarella cordifoliaUvularia sessilifoliaViola conspersa, cucullata, hastata, pedata

ShrubsGaultheria procumbensVaccinium angustifolium, macrocarponVaccinium pallidum (vacillans)

VinesBignonia capreolataCampsis radicansCelastrus scandensParthenocissus quinquefolia

Plants for Spring and Fall Color

A search through this guide will reveal literally hundreds of plants of all types that will flower or fruit inspring or fall, providing a wide variety of choices to color a native landscaping project and to offer adiversity of food for wildlife. Remember to consider trees, shrubs and vines when choosing plants fortheir flower color; and to include fruit color in the palette. The fall color of many plants, particularlygrasses, trees, shrubs and vines adds interest to the landscape. A landscape planned for seasonalcolor, throughout all seasons of the year, can also provide year-round food, cover and nesting structurefor wildlife.

73

Deer Resistant Plants

Gardeners challenged by browsing deer often look for a definitive list of plants that deer will leavealone. Unfortunately, deer are not quite that predictable. In areas where high populations of deer haveover-browsed the woodland understory, they are likely to eat any plant they can find to survive.Gardeners and habitat restorationists are strongly encouraged to use other appropriate barriers toexclude deer, in consultation with a local wildlife agency. Plants marked with an asterisk (*) may bebrowsed occasionally.

The list below was compiled from Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve and Deer Proofing Your Yard(Hart), see references.

Grasses and Grasslike PlantsAndropogon gerardiiPanicum virgatum

Herbaceous PlantsActaea pachypodaAllium cernuumAquilegia canadensisArisaema triphyllumAruncus dioicusAsarum canadense *Asclepias tuberoseBaptisia australisCampanulastrum americanum (Campanulaamericana)

Coreopsis tripterisDicentra eximiaGeranium maculatumHelenium autumnaleHibiscus moscheutos (H. palustris)Jeffersonia diphyllaLobelia cardinalis *, siphilitica *Lupinus perennisMonarda didymaPhlox divaricata, stoloniferaPodophyllum peltatum *Polemonium reptansRudbeckia fulgida, hirtaSolidago speciesSymphyotrichum (Aster) novae-angliaeVeronicastrum virginicum (Veronica virginica)

Herbaceous EmergentsIris prismatica, versicolor, virginica

ShrubsAralia spinosaClethra alnifoliaCornus amomumHamamelis virginianaHypericum densiflorumIlex glabra, laevigata, verticillataKalmia latifoliaLeucothoe racemosaLindera benzoinMorella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanicaRibes rotundifoliumSpiraea alba, alba v. latifolia (latifolia), tomentosaViburnum acerifolium, dentatum (recognitum),

prunifolium

TreesAcer negundo, rubrumAmelanchier canadensisBetula nigraCarpinus carolinianaCercis canadensisCornus alternifoliaCornus florida *Diospyros virginianaFagus grandifoliaFraxinus americana, pennsylvanicaIlex opacaJuniperus virginianaMagnolia acuminata, virginianaNyssa sylvaticaPinus — any species in this guideQuercus — any species in this guideSambucus racemosa v. racemosa (S. pubens)

VinesCelastrus scandensClematis virginiana *Lonicera sempervirensWisteria frutescens *

74

Photographic Credits

All photographs in this publication were used with permission of the photographers. Most images arecopyrighted by the photographers and/or the sources listed below, and may not be used for commercialpurposes without prior written permission of the copyright holders. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serviceis grateful for the generosity and cooperation of these photographers.

Each photograph is marked with an abbreviated form for the corresponding photographer, due to spacelimitations. Those abbreviations are listed here in alphabetical order, followed by the full creditinformation.

The Bugwood Network and Forestry Images ImageArchive and Database Systems, The University of Georgia-Warnell School of Forest Resources and College ofAgricultural and Environmental Sciences-Department ofEntomology. www.bugwood.org

BUG DJM David J. MoorheadBUG RFW Robert F. Wittwer

BZ Bob Zuberbuhler,www.westernpawildflowers.com

CAB Carole Ann Barth, Heal Earth Gardens, SilverSpring, Maryland.

CM NRCS Christopher F. Miller, Regional Plant MaterialsSpecialist, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Natural Resources ConservationService, Somerset, New Jersey.

Digital Flora of Texas Vascular Plant Image Library. www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/galfolks.htm, or

www.texasflora.orgDFT DL David Lemke, Texas State University-San

Marcos, Department of Biology Herbarium.

DFT HW Hugh Wilson, TAMU Herbarium, Texas A&MUniversity.

GM ARS George McLellan, Species Study Group of theMiddle Atlantic Chapter, AmericanRhododendron Society. www.tjhsst.edu/~dhyatt/azaleas/atlanticum.html

MOBOT Missouri Botanical Garden. www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/service.shtml.Digital images in this database werecontributed by Martha Hill, Glenn Kopp andAlan Stentz.

MP Dan Tanaglia, Missouriplants.www.missouriplants.com

NYNHP Stephen M. Young, New York Natural HeritageProgram. www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dfwmr/heritage

OSU Scott Biggs, Ohio State University.http://PlantFacts.osu.edu

PLANTS USDA-NRCS. 2003. The PLANTS Database,www.plants.usda.gov. National Plant DataCenter. Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.PLANTS Database images that were used inthis guide were contributed by the following:

PLANTS 1995 U.S. Department of Agriculture NaturalResources Conservation Service. 1995Midwestern Wetlands Flora.

PLANTS 1997 U.S. Department of Agriculture NaturalResources Conservation Service. 1997Northeastern Wetlands Flora.

PLANTS DEH Herman, D.E. et.al. 1996 North Dakota TreeHandbook. USDA NRCS. ND State SoilConservation Committee. NDSU Extensionand Western Area PowerAdministration. Bismark, ND.

PLANTS DL Douglas Ladd. U.S. Department ofAgriculture Soil Conservation Service. 1989Midwest Wetland Flora: Field OfficeIllustrated Guide to Plant Species. MidwestNational Technical Center, Lincoln, NE.

PLANTS GAM Gary A. MonroePLANTS GFR George F. RussellPLANTS JA Jennifer AndersonPLANTS JS Jim StaszPLANTS JSP J.S. PetersonPLANTS LA Larry AllainPLANTS RM89 Robert H. Mohlenbrock. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1989Midwest Wetland Flora: Field OfficeIllustrated Guide to Plant Species. MidwestNational Technical Center, Lincoln, NE.

PLANTS RM91 Robert H. Mohlenbrock. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1991Southern Wetland Flora: Field Office Guideto Plant Species. South National TechnicalCenter, Fort Worth, TX.

PLANTS RM95 Robert H. Mohlenbrock. U.S. Department ofAgriculture,Natural Resources ConservationService. 1995 Northeast Wetland Flora:Field Guide to Plant Species. NortheastTechnical Center, Chester, PA.

PLANTS TGB Thomas G. BarnesPLANTS WSJ William S. Justice

RHW R. Harrison Wiegand, Maryland Department ofNatural Resources, Wildlife and HeritageService. www.dnr.state.md.us

RS MNPS Rod Simmons, Maryland Native Plant Society.www.mdflora.org

SMSU Paul Redfearn, Ozarks Regional Herbarium,Southwest Missouri State University.www.biology.smsu.edu/Herbarium

UCONN Mark Brand, UConn Plant Database, Universityof Connecticut. www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/about.html

USDA NRCS U.S. Department of Agriculture, NaturalResources Conservation Service,National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville,MD. http://plant-matrials.nrcs.usda.gov/mdpmc

USDA JE John EnglertUSDA JK Jennifer KujawskiUSDA MG Martin van der Grinten

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceChesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis,MD 21401. http://chesapeakebay.fws.gov

USFWS BES Britt SlatteryUSFWS RL Randy LoftusUSFWS RM Rich MasonUSFWS RS Rich Starr

University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Herbarium,Madison, WI 53706-1381. www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium

UWI AH Andrew Hipp, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

UWI DK Darrin Kimbler, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

UWI DWW Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews University.UWI EJJ Emmet J. Judziewicz University of Wisconsin-

Stevens Point and Madison.UWI JK John Kohout, donated to Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources.UWI JRS James R. Sime, Middleton, Wisconsin.UWI JS Janice Stiefel, Bailey’s Harbor, Wisconsin.UWI KJS Kenneth J. Sytsma, University of Wisconsin-

Madison.UWI KK Kitty Kohout, donated to Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources.UWI MC Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin-

Madison.UWI MRB Merel R. Black, University of Wisconsin-

Madison.UWI RRK Robert R. Kowal, University of Wisconsin-

Madison.UWI RWF Robert W. Freckmann, University of Wisconsin-

Stevens Point.UWI TK Tim Kessenich, Wisconsin Department of

Natural Resources.

VT Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University), College of Natural Resources,Forest Biology and Dendrology EducationalSites. www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/wwwmain.html

75

References

Bormann, F. Herbert, Diana Balmori, and Gordon T. Gebelle. Redesigning the AmericanLawn. Yale University Press, Hartford, CT. 1993.

Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve. Deer Tolerant/Resistant Native Plants (information sheet).New Hope, PA. 2002.

Brown, Russel G. and Melvin L. Brown. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press,Baltimore, MD. 1984.

Brown, Russel G. and Melvin L. Brown. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Baltimore, MD.1972.

Burrell, C. Colston. A Gardener’s Encyclopedia of Wildflowers: An Organic Guide to Choosing andGrowing over 150 Beautiful Wildflowers. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, PA. 1997.

Dirr, Michael A. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Fifth Edition. Stipes Publishing LLC, Champaign,IL. 1998.

Elias, Thomas S. The Complete Trees of North America. Gramercy Publishing Company, NewYork, NY. 1987.

Fenyvesi, Charles. His Whole World Is Grass. U.S. News and World Report. Washington, D.C.1996.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2:Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 1993.

Fernald, Merritt L. Gray’s Manual of Botany. Eighth Edition. D. Van Nostrand Company, NewYork, NY. 1970.

Fike, Jean. Terrestrial and Palustrine Plant Communities of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Bureau ofForestry, Harrisburg, PA, The Nature Conservancy, Middletown, PA and Western PennsylvaniaConservancy, Pittsburgh, PA. 1999.

Gleason, Henry A. and Arthur Cronquist. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States andAdjacent Canada. Willard Grant Press, Boston, MA 1963.

Harlow, William M., Ellwood S. Harrar, James W. Hardin, and Fred M. White. Textbook of DendrologyEighth Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY. 1996.

Hart, Rhonda Massingham. Deer-Proofing Your Yard & Garden. Storey Books, Pownal, VT. 1997.

Hightshoe, Gary L. Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines for Urban and Rural America. Van NostrandReinhold, New York, NY. 1988.

Johnson, Lorraine. 100 Easy-To-Grow Native Plants For American Gardens in Temperate Zones. FireflyBooks Ltd., Buffalo, NY. 1999.

Jones, Samuel B. Jr. and Arlen E. Luchsinger. Plant Systematics. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York, NY. 1986.

Kricher, John C. The Peterson Field Guide Series. A Field Guide to Eastern Forests: North America.Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA. 1988.

Little, Elbert L. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. Alfred A.Knopf, Inc., New York, NY. 1980.

76

Luttenberg, Danielle, Deborah Lev and Michael Feller. Native Species Planting Guide for NewYork City and Vicinity. City of New York Parks and Recreation, New York, NY. 1993.

Magee, Dennis W. Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast.University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA. 1981.

Martin, Alexander C. and A. L. Nelson. American Wildlife and Plants: A Guide to Wildlife Food.Dover Publications, Minneola, NY. 1985.

Newcomb, Lawrence. Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA. 1977.

Niering, William A. The Audubon Society Nature Guides: Wetlands. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York,NY. 1985.

Phillips, Ellen and C. Colston Burrell. Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Perennials. Rodale Press, Inc.,Emmaus, PA. 1993.

Redington, Charles B., Ph.D. Plants in Wetlands. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA. 1994.

Reed, Clyde F. The Ferns and Fern Allies of Maryland and Delaware including District of Columbia. TheScience Press, Lancaster, PA. 1953.

Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. University ofPennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA. 2000.

Still, Steven M. Manual of Herbaceous Ornamental Plants. Fourth Edition. Stipes Publishing Company,Champaign, IL. 1994.

Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2002.Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic NaturalAreas. National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 82 pp.

Terry, D.L. and Bill J. Kirby. Commercial Fertilizers 2003: A Summary of Fertilizer Use in theUnited States. Association of American Plant Food Control Officials and the FertilizerInstitute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 2004.

Thurnhorst, Gwendolyn A. Wetland Planting Guide for the Northeastern United States.Environmental Concern, Inc., St. Michaels, MD. 1993.

Tiner, Ralph W. A Field Guide to Coastal Wetland Plants of the Northeastern United States.University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA. 1987.

Tiner, Ralph W. Field Guide to Nontidal Wetland Identification. Maryland Department of NaturalResources, Annapolis, MD and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, MA. 1988.

Tyning, Thomas F. A Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles. Stokes Nature Guides. Little, Brown andCompany, Boston, MA. 1990.

U.S. Environmental Protection Program. Background Report on Fertilizer Use, Contaminantsand Regulation. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, D.C. 1999.

U.S. Environmental Protection Program. Consumer Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste.Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C. 2002. Retrieved from: http//www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/catbook/index.htm.

U.S. Environmental Protection Program. Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission StudyReport. National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and AirQuality, Ann Arbor MI. 1991. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/equip-ld.htm.

Water and Ecosystems Team. Roadside Use of Native Plants. Federal Highway Administration.Washington D.C. 1999.

77

Internet References

American Forests (www.americanforest.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php).

Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve (www.bhwp.org).

Brooklyn Botanic Garden (www.bbg.org).

Connecticut Botanical Society (www.ct-botanical-society.org).

Harvard University Herbaria (www.huh.harvard.edu).

Horticopia (www.horticopia.com).

Horticopia Plant Information (www.hortpix.com).

Kentucky Native Plant Society (www.knps.org).

Missouri Botanical Garden (www.mobot.org).

NatureServe (www.natureserve.org).

Nearctica (www.nearctica.com/nathist/nathist.htm).

Ohio State University (ohioline.osu.edu).

Plant America (www.plantamerica.com).

Plant File (www.plantfile.com).

Plants For a Future (www.pfaf.org).

Saw Mill River Audubon, Pruyn Sanctuary Butterfly and Hummingbird Garden 2001 Plant List(www.sawmillriveraudubon.org/downloads/GardenList.doc).

South Carolina Forestry Commission (www.state.sc.us/forest/tidtsim.htm).

Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series (www.sustland.umn.edu).

Toadshade (www.toadshade.com).

USDA Silvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm)Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, tech. coords. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2.Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington,DC. 1990.

USDA, NRCS. 2001 The PLANTS Database, version 3.1 (plants.usda.gov/plants). National Plant DataCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

University of Minnesota, Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series(www.sustland.umn.edu).

University of Wisconsin Botanical Garden (www.botany.wisc.edu/Garden).

Washington State Department of Ecology(www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/native/brasenia.html).

The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org).

78

Catalogs

Adkins Arboretum. Fall 2001 Native Plant Sale: Plant Sale List. Ridgely, MD(www.adkinsarboretum.org).

Bluemount Nuseries, Inc. Catalog 2001. Monkton, MD (www.bluemount.com).

Carroll Gardens. America’s Selection of Rare and Unusual Plants 1997. Westminster, MD(www.carrollgardens.com).

Environmental Concern. 2001 Nursery Catalog. St. Michaels, MD (www.wetland.org).

Environmental Concern, Inc. 1996 Nursey Catalog. St. Michaels, MD. 1996 (www.wetland.org).

Ernst Conservation Seeds. Wholesale Price List – Spring/Summer 2003. Meadville, PA(www.ersntseed.com).

Ernst Conservation Seeds. Wholesale 2002 Catalog and Information Guide. Meadville, PA(www.ersntseed.com).

Ernst Conservation Seeds. 1999 Information Guide. Meadville, PA (www.ersntseed.com).

Lower Marlboro Nursery. Spring 1999. Dunkirk, MD (www.lowermarlboronursery.com).

Maryland Natives Nursery, Inc. 2002 Catalog. Baltimore, MD(www.marylandnativesnursery.com).

North Creek Nurseries, Inc. 2001 Wholesale Catalog. Landenberg, PA(www.northcreeknurseries.com).

North Creek Nurseries, Inc. 1999 Wholesale Starters. Landenberg, PA(www.northcreeknurseries.com).

Octoraro Native Plant Nursery. 2002 Wholesale Nursery Catalog. Kirkwood, PA(www.octoraro.com).

Talmage Farm. Native Plants Naturally 2000 Wholesale Catalog. Riverhead, NY(www.talmagefarm.com).

Virginia Natives. 2001 Catalog. Hume, VA. (www.vnps.org).

Wild Earth Native Plant Nursery. 1999 Catalog. Freehold, NJ.

79

Latin nameAcer negundo ................................................ 54Acer rubrum ................................................... 54Acer saccharinum ......................................... 54Acer saccharum ............................................. 54Acer spicatum ............................................... 54Actaea pachypoda ........................................ 18Adiantum pedatum ........................................ 11Agalinis purpurea .......................................... 18Ageratina altissima v. altissima .................. 18Agrostis perennans ....................................... 14Allium cernuum ............................................. 18Alnus serrulata .............................................. 45Amelanchier arborea .................................... 54Amelanchier canadensis .............................. 54Ammophila breviligulata .............................. 14Andropogon gerardii ..................................... 14Andropogon glomeratus ............................... 14Andropogon scoparius (see Schizachyrium)Andropogon virginicus .................................. 14Anemone canadensis .................................... 18Anemone virginiana ...................................... 18Anemonella thalictroides (see Thalictrum

thalictroides)Antennaria neglecta ..................................... 18Aquilegia canadensis ................................... 18Aralia nudicaulis ........................................... 19Aralia racemosa ............................................ 19Aralia spinosa ............................................... 45Arisaema triphyllum ..................................... 19Aristolochia durior (see A. macrophylla)Aristolochia macrophylla ............................. 64Aronia (see Photinia)Aruncus dioicus ............................................. 19Asarum canadense ....................................... 19Asclepias incarnata ...................................... 19Asclepias syriaca .......................................... 19Asclepias tuberosa ....................................... 19Asimina triloba .............................................. 54Asplenium platyneuron ................................. 11Aster (see Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis,

Symphyotrichum)Athyrium filix-femina .................................... 11Baccharis halimifolia .................................... 45Baptisia australis .......................................... 20Baptisia tinctoria ........................................... 20Betula alleghaniensis ................................... 55Betula lenta ................................................... 55Betula nigra ................................................... 55Bidens cernua ................................................ 20Bignonia capreolata ...................................... 64Boltonia asteroides ....................................... 20Botrychium virginianum ................................ 11Calamagrostis canadensis ........................... 14Callicarpa americana .................................... 45Caltha palustris ............................................. 20Campanula americana (see Campanulastrum

americanum)Campanulastrum americanum ..................... 20Campsis radicans .......................................... 64Cardamine concatenata ................................ 20Carex crinita var. crinita ............................... 14Carex glaucodea ............................................ 14Carex lurida ................................................... 15Carex pensylvanica ....................................... 15Carex stricta .................................................. 15Carex vulpinoidea ......................................... 15Carpinus caroliniana ..................................... 55Carya alba ...................................................... 55Carya cordiformis .......................................... 55Carya glabra .................................................. 55Carya ovata .................................................... 55Cassia fasciculata (see Chamaecrista

fasciculate)Cassia marilandica (see Senna)Castanea pumila ........................................... 56Caulophyllum thalictroides .......................... 20Ceanothus americanus ................................. 45

Celastrus scandens ....................................... 64Celtis occidentalis ........................................ 56Cephalanthus occidentalis ........................... 45Cercis canadensis ......................................... 56Chamaecrista fasciculata ............................. 21Chamaecyparis thyoides .............................. 56Chamerion angustifolium

spp angustifolium .................................... 21Chasmanthium latifolium ............................. 15Chelone glabra .............................................. 21Chimaphila maculata .................................... 21Chionanthus virginicus ................................. 56Chrysogonum virginianum ............................ 21Chrysopsis mariana ...................................... 21Cimicifuga racemosa .................................... 21Claytonia virginica ........................................ 21Clematis viorna ............................................. 64Clematis virginiana ....................................... 64Clethra alnifolia ............................................ 45Clitoria mariana ............................................ 22Comptonia peregrina .................................... 45Conoclinium coelestinum ............................. 22Coreopsis tripteris ........................................ 22Coreopsis verticillata .................................... 22Cornus alternifolia ........................................ 56Cornus amomum ........................................... 46Cornus florida ................................................ 56Cornus racemosa .......................................... 46Corylus americana ........................................ 46Crataegus crus-galli ...................................... 56Crataegus viridis ........................................... 57Danthonia spicata ......................................... 15Delphinium tricorne ...................................... 22Dennstaedtia punctilobula ........................... 11Dentaria laciniata (see Cardamine

concatenata)Desmodium paniculatum .............................. 22Dicentra canadensis ..................................... 22Dicentra cucullaria ........................................ 22Dicentra eximia ............................................. 23Dichanthelium clandestinum ....................... 15Dichanthelium commutatum ........................ 15Diospyros virginiana ..................................... 57Distichlis spicata .......................................... 41Dodecatheon meadia .................................... 23Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata ...... 23Dryopteris carthusiana ................................. 11Dryopteris cristata ........................................ 11Dryopteris intermedia ................................... 11Dryopteris marginalis ................................... 12Dulichium arundinaceum .............................. 41Elymus canadensis ........................................ 16Elymus hystrix ............................................... 16Elymus riparius .............................................. 16Elymus virginicus .......................................... 16Epilobium angustifolium

(see Chamerion)Erianthus giganteus (see Saccharum

giganteum)Erigeron pulchellus ....................................... 23Erythronium americanum ............................. 23Eupatorium coelestinum

(see Conoclinium coelestinum)Eupatorium dubium ....................................... 23Eupatorium fistulosum .................................. 23Eupatorium hyssopifolium ............................ 23Eupatorium maculatum ................................. 24Eupatorium perfoliatum ................................ 24Eupatorium purpureum ................................. 24Eupatorium rugosum

(see Ageratina altissima v. altissima)Eurybia divaricata ......................................... 24Fagus grandifolia .......................................... 57Festuca rubra ................................................. 16Fraxinus americana ....................................... 57Fraxinus pennsylvanica ................................ 57Gaultheria procumbens ................................ 46Gaylussacia baccata ..................................... 46Gaylussacia frondosa ................................... 46Gentiana clausa ............................................ 24

Geranium maculatum .................................... 24Gillenia trifoliata (see Porteranthus

trifoliatus)Goodyera pubescens ..................................... 24Hamamelis virginiana ................................... 46Helenium autumnale ..................................... 24Helianthus angustifolius .............................. 25Helianthus decapetalus ................................ 25Helianthus divaricatus .................................. 25Heliopsis helianthoides ................................ 25Hepatica acutiloba

(see H. nobilis var. acuta)Hepatica americana

(see H. nobilis var. obtusaHepatica nobilis var. acuta ........................... 25Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa ........................ 25Heracleum maximum .................................... 25Heuchera americana ..................................... 25Heuchera villosa ........................................... 26Hibiscus moscheutos .................................... 41Houstonia caerulea ....................................... 26Hydrangea arborescens ................................ 46Hydrophyllum virginianum ............................ 26Hylotelephium telephioides ......................... 26Hypericum densiflorum ................................ 47Hystrix patula (see Elymus hystrix)Ilex glabra ...................................................... 47Ilex laevigata ................................................. 47Ilex opaca ....................................................... 57Ilex verticillata .............................................. 47Impatiens capensis ....................................... 26Ionactis linariifolius ...................................... 26Iris prismatica ................................................ 41Iris versicolor ................................................. 41Iris virginica ................................................... 41Itea virginica .................................................. 47Iva frutescens ................................................ 47Jeffersonia diphylla ...................................... 26Juglans nigra ................................................. 57Juncus canadensis ........................................ 41Juncus effuses .............................................. 41Juncus roemerianus ...................................... 42Juniperus virginiana ..................................... 57Justicia americana ........................................ 42Kalmia angustifolia ....................................... 47Kalmia latifolia .............................................. 47Kosteletzkya virginica ................................... 42Leersia oryzoides .......................................... 16Lespedeza capitata ....................................... 26Leucothoe racemosa ..................................... 48Liatris pilosa v. pilosa ................................... 27Liatris scariosa .............................................. 27Liatris spicata ................................................ 27Liatris squarrosa ........................................... 27Lilium canadense .......................................... 27Lilium philadelphicum ................................... 27Lilium superbum ............................................ 27Limonium carolinianum ................................ 27Linaria canadensis (see Nuttallanthus

canadensis)Lindera benzoin ............................................. 48Liquidambar styraciflua ................................ 58Liriodendron tulipifera .................................. 58Lobelia cardinalis .......................................... 28Lobelia siphilitica .......................................... 28Lonicera sempervirens ................................. 64Lupinus perennis ........................................... 28Lyonia ligustrina ............................................ 48Lyonia mariana .............................................. 48Magnolia acuminata ..................................... 58Magnolia virginiana ...................................... 58Maianthemum canadense ............................ 28Maianthemum racemosum

ssp.racemosum ........................................ 28Malus coronaria ............................................ 58Medeola virginiana ....................................... 28Melanthium virginicum ................................. 28Mertensia virginica ....................................... 28Mikania scandens ......................................... 64Mimulus ringens ........................................... 29

Mitchella repens ........................................... 29Mitella diphylla ............................................. 29Monarda bradburiana ................................... 29Monarda didyma ........................................... 29Monarda fistulos (see M. bradburiana)Monarda punctata ........................................ 29Morella caroliniensis .................................... 48Morella cerifera ............................................ 48Morella pensylvanica ................................... 48Morus rubra ................................................... 58Myrica (see Morella)Nuphar lutea .................................................. 42Nuttallanthus canadensis ............................ 29Nymphaea odorata ........................................ 42Nyssa sylvatica ............................................. 58Oenothera biennis ......................................... 29Oenothera fruticosa ...................................... 30Oenothera perennis ...................................... 30Onoclea sensibilis ......................................... 12Opuntia humifusa .......................................... 30Orontium aquaticum ..................................... 42Osmorhiza longistylis .................................... 30Osmunda cinnamomea ................................. 12Osmunda claytoniana ................................... 12Osmunda regalis ........................................... 12Ostrya virginiana ........................................... 58Oxalis violacea .............................................. 30Packera aurea ................................................ 30Panicum amarum ........................................... 16Panicum virgatum ......................................... 16Parthenocissus quinquefolila ....................... 65Passiflora incarnata ...................................... 65Peltandra virginica ........................................ 42Penstemon digitalis ...................................... 30Penstemon laevigatus .................................. 30Phlox carolina ................................................ 31Phlox divaricata ............................................. 31Phlox maculate .............................................. 31Phlox paniculata ............................................ 31Phlox stolonifera ........................................... 31Phlox subulata ............................................... 31Photinia melanocarpa ................................... 48Photinia pyrifolia ........................................... 49Physocarpus opulifolius ................................ 49Physostegia virginiana ................................. 31Pinus echinata ............................................... 59Pinus rigida .................................................... 59Pinus serotina ................................................ 59Pinus strobes ................................................. 59Pinus taeda .................................................... 59Pinus virginiana ............................................. 59Platanus occidentalis .................................... 59Podophyllum peltatum .................................. 31Polemonium reptans ..................................... 32Polygonatum biflorum ................................... 32Polygonatum pubescens ............................... 32Polystichum acrostichoides ......................... 12Pontederia cordata ........................................ 42Populus deltoides .......................................... 59Populus heterophylla .................................... 60Porteranthus trifoliatus ................................ 32Prunus americana ......................................... 60Prunus maritima ............................................ 49Prunus pensylvanica ..................................... 60Prunus serotina ............................................. 60Prunus virginiana .......................................... 60Pteridium aquilinum ...................................... 12Pycnanthemum incanum ............................... 32Pycnanthemum tenuifolium .......................... 32Pyrus americana (see Sorbus americana)Pyrus coronaria (see Malus coronaria)Quercus alba .................................................. 60Quercus bicolor ............................................. 60Quercus coccinea .......................................... 60Quercus falcata ............................................. 61Quercus ilicifolia ........................................... 61Quercus marilandica ..................................... 61Quercus michauxii ......................................... 61Quercus montana (see Quercus michauxii and

prinus)

Index

80

Quercus muehlenbergii ................................. 61Quercus nigra ................................................ 61Quercus palustris .......................................... 61Quercus phellos ............................................. 61Quercus prinus .............................................. 62Quercus rubra ................................................ 62Quercus stellata ............................................ 62Quercus velutina ........................................... 62Rhexia virginica ............................................. 32Rhododendron atlanticum ............................ 49Rhododendron calendulaceum ..................... 49Rhododendron canescens ............................ 49Rhododendron maximum .............................. 49Rhododendron periclymenoides .................. 49Rhododendron prinophyllum ........................ 50Rhododendron viscosum .............................. 50Rhus aromatica ............................................. 50Rhus copallina ............................................... 50Rhus glabra .................................................... 50Rhus hirta (typhina) ....................................... 50Ribes rotundifolium ...................................... 50Rosa carolina ................................................. 50Rosa palustris ................................................ 51Rubus allegheniensis .................................... 51Rubus odoratus ............................................. 51Rudbeckia fulgida ......................................... 32Rudbeckia hirta ............................................. 33Rudbeckia laciniata ...................................... 33Rudbeckia triloba .......................................... 33Ruellia caroliniensis ..................................... 33Sabatia angularis .......................................... 33Saccharum giganteum .................................. 17Sagittaria latifolia ......................................... 43Salix humilis .................................................. 51Salix nigra ...................................................... 62Salix sericea .................................................. 62Salvia lyrata .................................................. 33Sambucus canadensis (see Sambucus nigra

ssp. canadensis)Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis ................ 51Sambucus pubens (see Sambucus racemosa

v. racemosa)Sambucus racemosa v. racemosa ............... 51Sanguinaria canadensis ............................... 33Sassafras albidum ........................................ 62Saururus cernuus .......................................... 43Saxifraga pensylvanica ................................ 33Saxifraga virginiensis ................................... 34Schizachyrium scoparium ............................. 17Schoenoplectus pungens v. pungens .......... 43Schoenoplectus validus ................................ 43Scirpus atrovirens ......................................... 43Scirpus cyperinus .......................................... 43Scirpus pungens (see Schoenoplectus

pungens v. pungens)Scirpus validus

(see Schoenoplectus validus)Scutellaria integrifolia .................................. 34Sedum telephoides (see Hylotelephium

telephoides)Sedum ternatum ............................................ 34Senecio aureus (see Packera aurea)Senna marilandica ........................................ 34Silene caroliniana ......................................... 34Silene stellata ............................................... 34Silene virginica ............................................. 34Silphium perfoliatum .................................... 34Sisyrinchium angustifolium .......................... 34Sisyrinchium atlanticum ............................... 34Sisyrinchium graminoides (see Sisyrinchium

angustifolium)Smilacina racemosa (see Maianthemum

racemosum ssp. racemosum)Smilax herbacea ............................................ 65Solidago altissima (see S. canadensis v.

scabra)Solidago caesia ............................................. 35Solidago canadensis ..................................... 35Solidago canadensis v. scabra ..................... 35Solidago flexicaulis ...................................... 35

Solidago juncea ............................................. 35Solidago nemoralis ....................................... 35Solidago odora .............................................. 36Solidago rugosa ............................................ 36Solidago sempervirens ................................. 36Solidago speciosa ......................................... 36Sorbus americana ......................................... 62Sorghastrum nutans ..................................... 17Sparganium americanum .............................. 43Spartina alterniflora ..................................... 43Spartina cynosuroides .................................. 44Spartina patens ............................................. 44Spartina pectinata ........................................ 44Spiraea alba .................................................. 51Spiraea alba v. latifolia ................................ 51Spiraea latifolia

(see Spirea alba v. latifolia)Spiraea tomentosa ........................................ 52Spiranthes cernua ......................................... 36Stachys tenuifolia (hispida) ......................... 36Staphylea trifolia .......................................... 52Stellaria pubera ............................................. 36Symphyotrichum cordifolium ....................... 36Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides ... 37Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve ................ 37Symphyotrichum novae-angliae .................. 37Symphyotrichum novi-belgii

var. novi-belgii ......................................... 37Symplocarpus foetidus ................................. 37Taxodium distichum ...................................... 63Thalictrum dioicum ....................................... 39Thalictrum pubescens ................................... 37Thalictrum thalictroides ............................... 37Thelypteris noveboracensis ......................... 12Thelypteris palustris ..................................... 13Thuja occidentalis ......................................... 63Tiarella cordifolia .......................................... 38Tilia americana .............................................. 63Tradescantia virginiana ................................ 38Tridens flavus ................................................ 17Trillium erectum ............................................ 38Trillium grandiflorum .................................... 38Trillium sessile .............................................. 38Trillium undulatum ........................................ 38Tripsacum dactyloides .................................. 17Tsuga canadensis .......................................... 63Ulmus americana .......................................... 63Ulmus rubra ................................................... 63Uvularia grandiflora ...................................... 38Uvularia perfoliata ........................................ 38Uvularia sessilifolia ...................................... 39Vaccinium angustifolium .............................. 52Vaccinium corymbosum ................................ 52Vaccinium macrocarpon ............................... 52Vaccinium pallidum (vacillans) .................... 52Vaccinium stamineum ................................... 52Veratrum viride .............................................. 39Verbena hastata ............................................ 39Verbesina alternifolia ................................... 39Vernonia noveboracensis ............................. 39Vernonia virginicum

(see Veronicastrum)Veronicastrum virginicum ............................. 39Viburnum acerifolium ................................... 52Viburnum cassinoides (SeeViburnum nudum

v. cassinoides)Viburnum dentatum ...................................... 53Viburnum nudum ........................................... 53Viburnum nudum v. cassinoides .................. 53Viburnum prunifolium ................................... 53Viburnum recognitum

(see Viburnum dentatum)Viola conspersa ............................................. 39Viola cucullata ............................................... 39Viola hastate ................................................. 40Viola papilionacea (see Viola sororia)Viola pedata .................................................. 40Viola pennsylvanica

(see Viola pubescens var. pubescensViola pubescens var. pubescens .................. 40

Viola sororia .................................................. 40Viola striata ................................................... 40Wisteria frutescens ...................................... 65Woodwardia areolata ................................... 13Woodwardia virginica ................................... 13Yucca filamentosa (flaccida) ........................ 40Zizania aquatica ............................................ 44Zizia aurea ..................................................... 40

Common Name

Adam’s needle ............................................... 40alder, smooth ................................................. 45alumroot ......................................................... 25anemone,

round-leaved ............................................ 18rue ............................................................. 37

arrow arum .................................................... 42arrowwood,

maple-leaved ........................................... 52southern ................................................... 53

ash,American mountain ................................. 62green ......................................................... 57white ......................................................... 57

aster,flat-top white ........................................... 23golden ....................................................... 21heart-leaved ............................................. 36heath ......................................................... 37New England ............................................ 37New York .................................................. 37smooth blue ............................................. 37stiff-leaf ................................................... 26white wood .............................................. 24

autumn bentgrass ......................................... 14azalea,

dwarf ........................................................ 49flame ......................................................... 49pinxterbloom ............................................ 49rose ........................................................... 50swamp ...................................................... 50sweet ........................................................ 49

basswood, American .................................... 63bayberry,

northern .................................................... 48southern ................................................... 48

beardtongue .................................................. 30smooth ...................................................... 30

beautyberry, American ................................. 45beebalm ......................................................... 29

spotted ..................................................... 29beech, American ........................................... 57beggar-ticks, nodding ................................... 20bellflower, American .................................... 20bellwort,

large-flowered ......................................... 38perfoliate .................................................. 38

bergamot, wild .............................................. 29birch,

river ........................................................... 55sweet ........................................................ 55yellow ....................................................... 55

bittersweet, American .................................. 64blackberry, Allegheny ................................... 51black-eyed Susan .......................................... 33bladdernut, American ................................... 52blazing star .................................................... 27

eastern ..................................................... 27grass-leaf ................................................. 27plains ........................................................ 27

bleeding heart, wild ...................................... 23bloodroot ........................................................ 33bluebells, Virginia ......................................... 28blue cohosh ................................................... 20blue flag, ........................................................ 41

slender ...................................................... 41Virginia ..................................................... 41

blue vervain ................................................... 39blueberry,

early lowbush .......................................... 52highbush ................................................... 52lowbush .................................................... 52

bluestem,big ............................................................. 14bushy ........................................................ 14little .......................................................... 17

bluet ............................................................... 26boltonia, star ................................................. 20boneset, common .......................................... 24Bowman’s root ............................................... 32bulrush,

black ......................................................... 43great ......................................................... 43woolgrass ................................................. 43

bunchflower, Virginia .................................... 28bur-reed, American ....................................... 43butterfly pea, Maryland ................................ 22butterflyweed ................................................ 19buttonbush ..................................................... 45cactus, prickly-pear, eastern ........................ 30Canada mayflower ........................................ 28cardinal flower .............................................. 28cedar,

Atlantic white .......................................... 56eastern red ............................................... 57northern white ......................................... 63

cherry,black ......................................................... 60choke ........................................................ 60pin ............................................................. 60

chickweed, star ............................................. 36chinquapin ..................................................... 56chokeberry,

black ......................................................... 48red ............................................................. 49

climbing hempvine ........................................ 64clover, round-head bush ............................... 26columbine, eastern ....................................... 18coneflower,

early .......................................................... 32tall ............................................................. 33three-lobed ............................................... 33

cordgrass,big ............................................................. 44freshwater ................................................ 44salt marsh ................................................ 43

coreopsis,tall ............................................................. 22threadleaf ................................................. 22

cottonwood,eastern ..................................................... 59swamp ...................................................... 60

cow parsnip ................................................... 25crabapple, sweet .......................................... 58cranberry ........................................................ 52creeper, Virginia ............................................ 65crossvine ........................................................ 64Culver’s root ................................................... 39cup plant ........................................................ 34cutgrass, rice ................................................. 16cypress, bald ................................................. 63dangleberry .................................................... 46deerberry ........................................................ 52deer-tongue ................................................... 15Devil’s walking stick ..................................... 45dogwood,

alternate-leaf ........................................... 56flowering .................................................. 56red-panicled ............................................. 46silky ........................................................... 46

doll’s eyes ...................................................... 18duck potato .................................................... 43dunegrass ...................................................... 14Dutchman’s breeches .................................... 22dwarf larkspur ............................................... 22elder,

box ............................................................ 54

81

marsh ........................................................ 47elderberry,

common .................................................... 51red ............................................................. 51

elm,American .................................................. 63slippery ..................................................... 63

false foxglove, purple ................................... 18fern,

bracken ..................................................... 12Christmas ................................................. 12cinnamon .................................................. 12crested wood ........................................... 11evergreen wood ....................................... 11hay-scented ............................................. 11interrupted ............................................... 12marginal shield ........................................ 12marsh ........................................................ 13netted chain ............................................. 13New York .................................................. 12northern lady ............................................ 11northern maidenhair ................................ 11rattlesnake ............................................... 11royal .......................................................... 12sensitive ................................................... 12sweet ........................................................ 45toothed ..................................................... 11Virginia chain ........................................... 13

fescue, red ..................................................... 16fetterbush ...................................................... 48field pussytoes .............................................. 18fire pink .......................................................... 34fireweed ......................................................... 21foamflower .................................................... 38fringetree, white ........................................... 56gentian, closed .............................................. 24geranium, wild .............................................. 24ginger, wild .................................................... 19goat’s-beard ................................................... 19golden club .................................................... 42golden ragwort .............................................. 30golden-alexanders ........................................ 40goldenrod,

bluestem ................................................... 35broad leaf ................................................. 35Canada ...................................................... 35early .......................................................... 35gray ........................................................... 35seaside ..................................................... 36showy ....................................................... 36sweet ........................................................ 36tall ............................................................. 35wrinkle-leaf .............................................. 36

gooseberry, Appalachian .............................. 50grass,

bitter or coastal panic ............................. 16blue-eyed .................................................. 34bottlebrush ............................................... 16coastal blue-eyed .................................... 34gama ......................................................... 17poverty ...................................................... 15salt ............................................................ 41

green-and-gold .............................................. 21gum,

black ......................................................... 58sweet ........................................................ 58

hackberry, common ....................................... 56haw, black ...................................................... 53hawthorn,

cockspur ................................................... 56green ......................................................... 57

hazelnut, American ....................................... 46hedge nettle .................................................. 36hellebore, green false ................................... 39hemlock, eastern ........................................... 63hepatica,

round-lobed .............................................. 25sharp-lobed .............................................. 25

heuchera, hairy .............................................. 26hickory,

bitternut ................................................... 55mockernut ................................................ 55pignut ........................................................ 55shagbark ................................................... 55

high-tide bush ............................................... 45holly,

American .................................................. 57inkberry ..................................................... 47winterberry .............................................. 47winterberry, smooth ................................ 47

honeysuckle, trumpet ................................... 64hornbeam,

American .................................................. 55eastern hop .............................................. 58

huckleberry, black ......................................... 46hydrangea, wild ............................................. 46hyssop-leaved thoroughwort ....................... 23Indian cucumber ............................................ 28Indiangrass .................................................... 17indigo,

wild blue ................................................... 20wild yellow ............................................... 20

iris (see blue flag)ironweed, New York ..................................... 39Jack-in-the-pulpit .......................................... 19Jacob’s ladder ............................................... 32jewelweed ..................................................... 26Joe-Pye weed, ............................................... 23

green-stemmed ........................................ 24spotted ..................................................... 24trumpet weed .......................................... 23

ladies’ tresses, nodding ............................... 36laurel,

great ......................................................... 49mountain .................................................. 47sheep ........................................................ 47

leather flower ................................................ 64lily,

Canada ...................................................... 27fragrant water .......................................... 42straw ......................................................... 39trout .......................................................... 23Turk’s cap .................................................. 27wood ......................................................... 27

lizard’s tail ..................................................... 43lobelia, great blue ......................................... 28lupine ............................................................. 28lyre-leaf sage ................................................ 33magnolia,

cucumber .................................................. 58sweetbay .................................................. 58

male-berry ..................................................... 48mallow,

rose ........................................................... 41seashore ................................................... 42

maple,mountain .................................................. 54red ............................................................. 54silver ......................................................... 54sugar ......................................................... 54

marigold, marsh ............................................ 20Mayapple ....................................................... 31meadow-beauty, Virginia ............................. 32meadow rue,

early .......................................................... 37tall ............................................................. 37

meadow-sweet,broad-leaved ............................................ 51narrow-leaved .......................................... 51

milkweed,common .................................................... 19swamp ...................................................... 19

mint,hoary mountain ........................................ 32narrow-leaved mountain ......................... 32

mistflower ..................................................... 22miterwort, twoleaf ........................................ 29monkeyflower ................................................ 29mulberry, red ................................................. 58needlerush, black .......................................... 42

New Jersey tea ............................................. 45ninebark ......................................................... 49oak,

bear ........................................................... 61black, ........................................................ 62blackjack .................................................. 61chestnut .................................................... 62Chinquapin ............................................... 61northern red ............................................. 62pin ............................................................. 61post ........................................................... 62scarlet ....................................................... 60southern red ............................................. 61swamp chestnut ...................................... 61swamp white ........................................... 60water ........................................................ 61white ......................................................... 60willow ....................................................... 61

oats, wild ....................................................... 15obedient plant ............................................... 31onion, nodding ............................................... 18panicgrass, variable ...................................... 15partridge pea ................................................. 21partridgeberry ................................................ 29passionflower ................................................ 65paw-paw ........................................................ 54persimmon, common ..................................... 57petunia, Carolina wild .................................. 33phlox,

creeping .................................................... 31meadow .................................................... 31moss ......................................................... 31summer ..................................................... 31thick-leaved ............................................. 31woodland .................................................. 31

pickerelweed ................................................. 42pine,

loblolly ...................................................... 59pitch .......................................................... 59pond .......................................................... 59shortleaf ................................................... 59Virginia ..................................................... 59white ......................................................... 59

pipevine ......................................................... 64plantain,

downy rattlesnake ................................... 24robin’s ....................................................... 23

plum,American wild .......................................... 60beach ........................................................ 49

plumegrass, giant ......................................... 17poplar, tulip .................................................... 58primrose, common evening .......................... 29raspberry, purple flowering .......................... 51redbud, eastern ............................................. 56redtop ............................................................. 17reedgrass, bluejoint ...................................... 14rice, wild ........................................................ 44rose,

pasture ..................................................... 50swamp ...................................................... 51

rose pink ........................................................ 33rush,

Canada ...................................................... 41soft ............................................................ 41

rye,Canada wild ............................................. 16riverbank wild .......................................... 16Virginia wild ............................................. 16

salt meadow hay ........................................... 44sarsaparilla, wild .......................................... 19sassafras ........................................................ 62saxifrage,

early .......................................................... 34eastern swamp ........................................ 33

sea lavender .................................................. 27sedge,

blue wood ................................................. 14broom ........................................................ 14

fox ............................................................. 15long hair ................................................... 14Pennsylvania ............................................ 15sallow ....................................................... 15three-sided ............................................... 41tussock ..................................................... 15

senna, Maryland wild ................................... 34serviceberry, .................................................. 54

downy ....................................................... 54shooting star ................................................. 23skullcap, rough .............................................. 34skunk cabbage ............................................... 37smooth carrion flower .................................. 65snakeroot,

black, ........................................................ 21white ......................................................... 18

sneezeweed, yellow ..................................... 24Solomon’s seal, ............................................. 32

dwarf ........................................................ 32false .......................................................... 28

spatterdock .................................................... 42spicebush ....................................................... 48spiderwort, Virginia ...................................... 38spikenard ....................................................... 19spleenwort, ebony ........................................ 11spring beauty ................................................. 21squirrel corn .................................................. 22St. John’s wort, dense .................................. 47stagger-bush .................................................. 48starry campion ............................................... 34steeplebush ................................................... 52stonecrop,

Allegheny ................................................. 26mountain .................................................. 34

sumac,fragrant ..................................................... 50shining ...................................................... 50staghorn ................................................... 33sweet ........................................................ 50

sundrops, ....................................................... 30narrow-leaved .......................................... 30

sunflower,oxeye ........................................................ 25swamp ...................................................... 25ten-petaled ............................................... 25woodland .................................................. 25

sweet cicely ................................................... 30sweet pepperbush ........................................ 45switchgrass ................................................... 16sycamore, American ..................................... 59tassel-white ................................................... 47thimbleweed .................................................. 18three-square, common .................................. 43tick-trefoil, panicled ..................................... 22toadflax, blue ................................................ 29toadshade ...................................................... 38toothwort ....................................................... 20trillium,

painted ..................................................... 38purple ........................................................ 38white ......................................................... 38

trumpet vine .................................................. 64turtlehead, white .......................................... 21twinleaf .......................................................... 26violet,

American dog ........................................... 39bird’s foot ................................................. 40common blue ............................................ 40halberdleaf yellow .................................. 40marsh blue ............................................... 39striped cream ........................................... 40yellow ....................................................... 40

virgin’s bower ................................................ 64walnut, black ................................................. 57waterleaf, Virginia ........................................ 26wax myrtle ..................................................... 48wild pink ........................................................ 34willow,

American water ....................................... 42black ......................................................... 62

82

prairie ....................................................... 51silky ........................................................... 62

wingstem, yellow ironweed ......................... 39wintergreen, .................................................. 46

striped ...................................................... 21wisteria, Atlantic .......................................... 65witch hazel .................................................... 46witherod, ........................................................ 53

naked ........................................................ 53wood sorrel, violet ........................................ 30

Notes

83

Notes

84

acknowledgments - fws.gov

Documents