acm distinguished & tedx speaker linkedin/in/ponguru/...
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Introduction to Human Computer Interaction
Course on NPTEL, Spring 2018Week 8 & 9
Visual Design, Colors, Fitts Law, Gulfs
Ponnurangam Kumaraguru (“PK”)Associate Professor
ACM Distinguished & TEDx SpeakerLinkedin/in/ponguru/
fb/ponnurangam.kumaraguru, @ponguru 1
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1997
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2018
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1994
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1994
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1995
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1996
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1996
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Fundamentals of Visual Design
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Outline
●Grid Systems●Hierarchy of Size●Grouping●Small Multiples●Repetition●Color
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Example Grid – Amazon (1/3)
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Visual Grouping: Proximity
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Visual Grouping: Similarity
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Visual Grouping: Connections
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Visual Grouping: Ordering
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Making Things Distinct
Kevin Mullet and Darrell Sano, Designing Visual Interfaces
Size Value Orientation Texture Shape Position (2D / 3D)
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Small Multiples
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Outline
●Grid Systems●Hierarchy of Size●Grouping●Small Multiples●Repetition●Color
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Repetition of design elements
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Map #1
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Map #2
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Visual Grouping: Ordering
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Visual Grouping: Ordering
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Visual Grouping: Ordering
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How to Get Color RightDesign Tip
● Design your UIs in grayscale first● Forces you to focus on intensity● Can use a photocopier to help here
● Keep luminance (intensity) values from grayscale when moving to color● Helps ensure everything remains clear
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FocusDesign Implication
● Pure (saturated) colors require more focusing than less pure (desaturated, pastels)
● Don’t use saturated colors in UIs unless you really need something to stand out (stop sign)
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https://color.adobe.com/ 31
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Any human cognitive work that you are aware of?
●Cognitive Science ●How is your brain processing information? ●How does it recognize objects / words? ●Michael Just & Tom Mitchel’s work
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Fitts’ Law
● http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPKymEC_Hss
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So What Went Wrong?
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How to fix it?
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Fitts’ Law
“Model of human movement primarily used in human–computer interaction and ergonomics that predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a function of the distance to the target and the size of the target.”
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Fitts’ Law
●Fitts’ law tells us about difficulty for pointing and selection tasks
●Predicts time to make a movement● Moving hand is a series of
micro-corrections● Time = A + B*log2(Dist / Size + 1)● A and B are empirically derived constants
●Time to move the hand depends only on relative precision required
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Fitts’ Law Example
• Which will be faster on average?– pie menu (bigger targets & less distance)
TodaySundayMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturday
Pop-up Linear Menu Pop-up Pie Menu
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Pie Menus in Practice
Pie menus are exampleof an interaction technique
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Pie Menus in Practice● If better, why don’t we see them more?●Harder to implement●Don’t scale past a few items●Unfamiliar to people●E.g. iPod?
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The Interface CycleI want to add a thin black box around the title
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SYSTEM● Updates display
Display
The Interface Cycle
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USER● Evaluates and
understands display
SYSTEM● Updates display
Display
The Interface Cycle
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USER● Evaluates and
understands display● Formulates goals
and actions
SYSTEM● Updates display
The Interface Cycle
Display
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USER● Evaluates and
understands display● Formulates goals
and actions● Acts to produce inputs
SYSTEM● Updates display
The Interface Cycle
Display
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USER● Evaluates and
understands display● Formulates goals
and actions● Acts to produce inputs
SYSTEM● Updates display
● Interprets input events
Input Devices
The Interface Cycle
Display
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USER● Evaluates and
understands display● Formulates goals
and actions● Acts to produce inputs
SYSTEM● Updates display● Updates internal state
● Interprets input events
Input Devices
The Interface Cycle
Display
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Norman’s Gulfs
●Norman describes two user activities bridging users and systems
●The Gulf of Evaluation● User perceives & interprets state of
system
User System
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Norman’s Gulfs●Norman describes two user activities bridging
users and systems●The Gulf of Evaluation
● User perceives and interprets state of system
●The Gulf of Execution● User formulates inputs to achieve goals
●Shrinking these “gulfs” makes interfaces easier to use User System
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Example Gulfs of Evaluation?I want to add a thin black box around the title
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Example Gulfs of Evaluation?
●User understands & evaluates display● Pretty easy to see no black box
around text yet● Compare editing web page in text editor
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Example Gulfs of Evaluation?
●User understands & evaluates display● Pretty easy to see no black box
around text yet● Compare editing web page in text editor
●Formulates goals and actions● Add a black box
●Acts to produce inputs● Too many buttons? ● Too many menus?● What’s dog on side for?
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Why Does Gulf of Evaluation Happen?
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Why Does Gulf of Evaluation Happen?
●Some causes of Gulf of Evaluation ● Poor use of colors● Bad layout, poor grouping● Important information looks same as
unimportant● Forcing people to remember lots of things● Lack of feedback in response to inputs● Unfamiliar display of information
● Design patterns, convention
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Why Does Gulf of Execution Happen?
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Why Does Gulf of Execution Happen?
●Some causes of Gulf of Execution● Unfamiliar devices● Unfamiliar interactions● Don’t know what is possible● Widgets might not have meaning
(solvable with experience)● Interaction patterns might not have
meaning (see above)● Example patterns: Dialogs, Shopping
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Activity
●Find one interface that is cognizant and apply Fitt’s law and one interface that is not
●Find two interfaces where the gulf of evaluation is high and two interfaces where the gulf of execution is high
●Post it to the mailing list
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Outcomes of the activity?
●What did you learn?
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Ponnurangam Kumaraguru (“PK”)Associate Professor
Indraprastha Institute of Information TechnologyNew Delhi – 110078