acquisition of ground information (site effects) in ... · chauk 2016 6.8 12. mingun pagoda,...
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Acquisition of Ground Information
(Site Effects) in Downtown Yangon
for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation
13-15. 5. 2019Prof/ Dr. Tun NaingWorkshop in
Lanmataw Township
Latha Township
Pabedan Township
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General Agenda
1. Seismic Hazard of Myanmar
2. Site Effect during the Earthquakes
3. Site Effect Determination
4. Conclusion
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Seismic Hazard of Myanmar
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Earthquakes in Myanmar
20064
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During January 2019 to April
Total Earthquake = 65
<4M (22)
4M – 5M (28)
>5M (15)
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Tectonic Setting of
Myanmar
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Significant Earthquakes in Myanmar
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Significant
Earthquakes(Hurukawa and Phyo Maung
Maung , 2011)
Sloan et al., 201711
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Significant
Earthquakes
Tagaung 1991
7.1, 7.1
Wuntho
1946 7.5
Myitkyina
1931 7.6
Mandalay
Sagaing
1956 7.0
small to moderate
earthquakes
Taungdwingyi
2003 6.8
Maymyo
1912 8.0
Taungoo Area
Highly active with
moderate to large
earthquakesPhyu 1930
7.3
Bago
1930 7.3
Dedaye
2004 5.7
Historic Earthquakes in
Yangon- Bago
868, 875, 1564, 1567, 1582,
1588, 1590, 1757, 1768,
1830, 1888, 1913, 1917,
1920, 1930
Historic earthquakes in
Sagaing-Mandalay
1429, 1467, 1501, 1602,
1696, 1762, 1771, 1776,
1830, 1839
Yangon
Bagan
1975 6.8
Sittway
1762 7.0
Taikkyi, 2017
5.1
Chauk 2016
6.8
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MINGUN PAGODA, MANDALAY AREA (NOW A KIND OF EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MEMORIAL MONUMENT)
Damaged by the 1839 Inn-
wa Earthquake, perhaps one
of the biggest earthquakes
in the area; (note that
Mandalay was then not
founded as yet)
And again by 1956 Sagaing
Earthquake
The area has been hit at least 19 times by damaging earthquakes since 1429 AD, as indicated
by damages of the pagodas 13
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Historical Earthquakes in Bago (AD)
868, 875, 1564, 1567, 1582, 1588, 1590, 1757, 1768, 1830, 1888, 1913, 1917, 1920, 1930
BAGO EARTHQUAKES
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Top of the Pagoda toppled down by the
1975 Bagan earthquake
Bagan Earthquake,
July 1975
(Mw 6.8)
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Taungdwingyi Earthquake
22 September, 2003
00:46:54 MST
6.8 on magnitude Scale
7 death, 42 Injure, 180 houses damaged, 182
Pagodas collapsed
TAUNGDWINGYI EARTHQUAKE
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4 January 2006
Magnitude 4.4
Mainly affected in monumental buildings
People frightened
TAIKKYI EARTHQUAKE
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TARLAY EARTHQUAKE
24 March 2010
Magnitude 6.8
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11 Nov. 2012
Magnitude 6.8
THABEIKKYIN EARTHQUAKE
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74 km, SE of Mawlaik
(M 6.9, 13-4-2016)
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M 6.8 - 26km W of Chauk, Burma2016-08-24 10:34:54 UTC20.923°N 94.569°E82.0 km depth
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Tike Gyi EarthquakeMarch, 13, 2017
Magnitude : 5.1
Local Time (conversion only below land) : 2017-03-13
20:49:08
GMT/UTC Time : 2017-03-13 14:19:08
Depth (Hypocenter) : 10 km
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M 6.0 - 39km SWW of Pyu, Burma2018-01-11 18:26:24 UTC18.363°N 96.080°E10.0 km depth
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Maymyo EarthquakeMay 23rd, 1912
Magnitude : 8.0 M
Depth (Hypocenter) : ???
❖ Largest instrumentally
recorded EQ in
Myanmar
❖ Largest recorded strike-
slip EQ on earth
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Site Effect During the Earthquake
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Source Effect
(Mode of faulting, Geometry, Magnitude, Seismic Moment)
Site Effect (Thickness of Soil layers and their Engineering properties)
Path Effect (Attenuation of seismic wave)
Amplified Ground Motion
Earthquake Effects
1. Source Effect
2. Path Effect
3. Site Effect
1
Site EffectAfter 1985 Mexico City (8.1M)
1995 Kobe earthquake (6.9Mw)
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P-wave arrive first
S-wave arrive second
Surface waves arrive lastSeismic Wave
Body Waves
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TARLAY EARTHQUAKE
24 March 2010
Magnitude 6.8
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WORLD’S EARTHQUAKE
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WORLD’S EARTHQUAKE
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Site Effect Determination in
West Downtown Yangon
1. Lanmataw Tsp.
2. Lathar Tsp.
3. Pabedan Tsp.
4. Kyauktada Tsp.
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➢ SMAR-6A3P Seismograph and LS-8800 Data Logger for Continuous Recording.
➢ GPS Time Composition and 200Hz/s Sampling for Observation.
Microtremor: A Tool for Site Effect Determination
❖ Microtremor: low amplitude vibrations generated by natural
disturbances such as wind, sea tides or by man-made origins such as
traffic, industrial machinery, household appliances, etc.
❖ Pioneer work: Kanai and Tanaka (1954) - microtremors (ambient
seismic noises) have been studied as a tool to estimate seismic
response of underlying soil layers (site effects).
❖ It has been regarded that the fundamental resonance frequency and
the period of microtremor has a reasonable relationship with the
nature of local soil deposits and dynamic characteristic of the
subsoil.
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Microtremor Measurements in Yangon
Botahtaung Tsp. – 48 sites
Pazuntaung Tsp. – 20 sites
Lanmadaw Tsp. – 37 sites
Latha Tsp. – 19 sites
Papedan Tsp. – 20 sites
Kyauktahta Tsp. – 20 sites
Total = 164
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1.Frequency of Underlying Soil
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Lower Fundamental Frequency: Thicker Sediment
Higher Predominant Period
Dangerous place for High-rise Buildings
Higher Fundamental Frequency: Thinner Sediment
Lower Predominant Period
Dangerous place for Low-rise Buildings
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2. Potential Soil Amplification
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Lower Amp: Denser Sediment
Weaker Ground Motion
Higher Amp: Softer Sediment
Stronger Ground Motion
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3. Potential Soil Thickness
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Thicker Sediment:
Higher Predominant Period
Dangerous place for High-rise Buildings
Thinner Sediment:
Lower Predominant Period
Dangerous place for Low-rise Buildings
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4. Vs30
Average Shear Wave Velocity of upper 30m depth
of underlying soil
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Conclusion
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Soft or Dense Thick or Thin
Amplify
or
Attenuate
Weaker & Shorter
Ground Shaking
Lower
Damage Potential Higher
Damage
Potential
Stronger &
Longer
Ground Shaking
➢ Important input parameters for better urban planning and development
of a Comprehensive Disaster Resilience System.
Soft &
Thick
Dense
& Thin
Soft &
ThinDense
& Thick
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Applicability of Outcomes
Main Input
Data for
Disaster
Management
System
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Applicability of Outcomes
Risk Analysis and Mitigation
RISK = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
Hazard
Exposurevulnerability
RISK
Hazard
RISK
vulnerabilityExposure
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