across the great divide: linux for windows administrators · across the great divide: linux for...
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Across the Great Divide: Linux for Windows
Administrators
Dan York, CISSP, LPIC2, (former MCSE) [email protected]@Lodestar2.com
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Before We BeginHave you already deployed Linux?If so, how are you using it?
File / print server?Web server?E-mail server?DNS server?Desktop?Other?
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Overview
Linux BasicsInteroperating Between Windows and LinuxStrengths and WeaknessesTaking a First StepQuestions
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Linux BasicsIt’s all about choiceNo single company or entity controls it allLinus Torvalds and kernel development team create the “kernel” in the middlePackaged into “distributions” – Red Hat, Mandrake, SuSE... many, MANY more!
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Getting StartedFind an old machineDownload or purchase a Linux distributionInstall from CDStart playing!
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The Linux File System:A fundamental difference
Instead of different disks, all united under “root” directory known as “/”
New disks are “mounted” onto a location
/
/bin /etc /home /usr ...
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Standard Directories
files that should be available to all users/usr
“files” for all devices connected to system/dev
temporary files/tmp
special directory of executable files for system administrators/sbin
home directory for ‘root’ superuser (/home may be a separate disk)/root
special directory showing you system information/proc
frequent location for commercial applications (“optional”)/opt
system and program libraries (think of Linux equiv of DLLs)/lib
usual location for user home directories/home
primary location for configuration files/etc
files needed for initial system startup/boot
“binary” executable files/bin
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Administering a Linux SystemMany graphical clients available todaySome provide nearly exact duplicates of Windows admin toolsWeb-based admin interfaces provide rich capabilities using a standard browser
And then... the command line!
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Basic Commands
mkdirmkdir
moreless (or ‘more’)
typecat
delrm
copycp
movemv
dirls
cdcd
WindowsLinux
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Other interesting commandsdudf (esp. ‘df –k’)findlocatewhichln (esp. ‘ln –s’)grepwc
sudatedmesglastwhowuptimehead (and ‘tail’)
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Stringing commands togetherPiping output dmesg | grep mem | mail –s “mem” [email protected] /etc/passwd | lessrpm –qa | grep mail | sort | less
Redirecting outputls –l /home/dan > /tmp/listing.txt
Appending to a filels –l /home/mark >> /tmp/listing.txt
Redirecting inputmail –s “config file” < /etc/syslog.conf
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Getting Help‘man’ command (as in “manual” page)‘info’ commandThe Linux Documentation Project (LDP)
http://www.tldp.org/lists of “HOWTO” documents and guides
And, of course... the web!
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Editing FilesA zillion different editors to choose fromMost graphical environments have Notepad equivalentsFor powerful editing, two main camps:
ViM, “VI iMproved”, http://www.vim.org/Emacs, http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/Graphical versions available for bothBoth have powerful macro languages and extensibility
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Working with processesEach task is a “process” with a “process id” (pid)“ps” command shows you what’s running“kill” command with pid can terminate processes
“kill –9 <pid>” the ultimate form of death
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Installing SoftwarePackages – generally either RPM (from Red Hat) or dpkg (from Debian)Graphical installers availableCommand line:rpm –ivh foo.rpmrpm –Uvh foo.rpmrpm –qarpm –e foo
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User AccountsEach user has unique account / passwordUser has home directory (usually under /home) where only they can writeGraphical tools or command line:
useradd danusermod userdel
Maintained in /etc/passwd (which may not contain the actual passwords!)
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Group AccountsUsed for group permissions for files and directoriesUsers can be added to a group on creation:
useradd –g staff fredGraphical tools or command line:
groupaddgroupmodgroupdel
Maintained in /etc/group
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File PermissionsThree types of permissions
ReadWriteExecute
Three levels of permission:UserGroupOther (world)
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Viewing Permissions“ls –l” or “ls –al”
bash-2.05a$ ls –al mydirtotal 24drwxr-xr-x 2 dyork dyork 4096 Mar 14 07:31 .drwx------ 10 dyork dyork 4096 Mar 14 07:22 ..-rw-rw-rw- 1 dyork dyork 1056 Mar 14 07:28 foo-public.txt-rw------- 1 dyork dyork 1484 Mar 14 07:29 foo-secret.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 dyork staff 2490 Mar 14 07:22 foo.txt-rwxrwxrwx 1 dyork dyork 1070 Mar 14 07:30 makefoolrwxrwxrwx 1 dyork dyork 7 Mar 14 07:31 otherfoo.txt -> foo.txt
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Modifying Permissionschmod
chmod a-w foo.txtchmod u+w,g+w,a-r foo.txtchmod 664 foo.txt
chownchgrp
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What about a GUI?You don’t NEED a GUI!If you want one, there are many choicesAll based on “X Windows System”Separates windowing system from appsVery easy networking – apps can open up windows on X displays across network
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The Linux GUIBase “X Windows Systems”“window manager” on top“graphical environment” above that
GNOME – http://www.gnome.org/KDE – http://www.kde.org/
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Server ServicesWeb (Apache)DNS (BIND, djbdns, ...)E-mail (sendmail, qmail, postfix, ...)DHCPFTPLDAP (OpenLDAP)IPSEC (FreeS/WAN)Instant Messaging (Jabber)
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Commercial Linux Apps?What about commercial apps?Many products today now include Linux versions
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Interoperating with WindowsFile/print services
Samba – SMB/CIFShttp://www.samba.org/
EmulationWine – http://www.winehq.com/
Virtual machinesVmWare – http://www.vmware.com/
Dual-boot systems
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Directory/Domain IntegrationSamba allows Linux servers to be a PDC or a member serverSamba also includes winbind which will allow integration with Active DirectoryDocumentation online includes “Using Samba”from O’Reilly & AssociatesSamba 3.0 supports AD authentication using LDAP/Kerberos and client/svr SMB signing
http://www.samba.org/
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Linux StrengthsCONTROL!Multiple vendors“Use the Source, Luke!”
Ability to fix issues quickly – yourself or by anyone you can contract
Licensing – usually free and simpleRemote control – ssh, X, VNC, moreRobust, stable, secureAdmin tasks can be easily scripted
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Linux WeaknessesIt’s getting better, but not all brand new hardware is supported (and consumer gadgets)Permissions model not as granular
And, of course... Microsoft integration!
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Taking a First StepChoose a small task using a Linux server
Web server (perhaps for intranet)DNS serverExtra file or print serverMail server (perhaps as an extra layer)Inexpensive firewall/router
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Learning MoreGeneral info
LDP – http://www.tldp.org/Windows integration – http://www.samba.org/
Linux NewsLinux Weekly News – http://lwn.net/Linux Today – http://www.linuxtoday.com/
Linux Training/CertificationLinux Professional Institute – http://www.lpi.org/LinTraining – http://www.lintraining.com/
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Finding SoftwareGeneral software
Freshmeat - www.freshmeat.netSourceForge - www.sourceforge.net
Linux distributionsFedora – http://fedora.redhat.com/SuSE – http://www.suse.com/Debian – http://www.debian.org/Mandrake – http://www.mandrakesoft.com/
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Questions?Thank you!
Dan York, CISSP, LPIC2, (former MCSE)[email protected] [email protected]
This talk will be available at:http://www.danyork.com/presos.html