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4/8/14 1 Integra(ng Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with Exposure Therapy to Enhance the Treatment of ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder Kim RockwellEvans, Ph.D. ADAA, 2014 Disclosure Coauthor of: Handling your OCD: A=ack of the Brain Monster My Mission Today To provide you with a case example demonstraGng ACT enhanced exposure Evidence Based Treatment for OCD ERP is the gold standard Outcomes – 60 – 85% effecGve AND 15 40% don’t respond 25 50% disconGnue treatment prematurely or relapse in the long term 15 25% refuse to parGcipate in ERP What can we do with these sufferers? Ra(onale for Enhancing ERP with ACT ACT is transdiagnosGc Comorbidity impacts treatment outcomes 50% have experienced at least one depressive disorder GAD, panic disorder, social phobia – range from 30 – 45% Emphasis on psychological flexibility targeGng the ACT core processes can help clients live a CBT lifestyle Ra(onale for Enhancing ERP with ACT Consistent with recent research suggesGng that: Inhibitory learning is at the heart of fear exGncGon Original associaGon between the condiGoned sGmulus and uncondiGoned sGmulus remain, while alternaGve associaGon is being formed Within session habituaGon is not a reliable indicator of learning HabituaGon is not a predictor of outcome Craske, et. al 2008

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4/8/14  

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Integra(ng  Acceptance  and  Commitment  Therapy  with  Exposure  Therapy  to  Enhance  the  Treatment  of  

Obsessive-­‐Compulsive  Disorder  

Kim  Rockwell-­‐Evans,  Ph.D.  ADAA,  2014  

Disclosure  

Co-­‐author  of:  Handling  your  OCD:  A=ack  of  the  Brain  Monster  

My  Mission  Today  

•  To  provide  you  with  a  case  example  demonstraGng  ACT  enhanced  exposure    

Evidence  Based  Treatment  for  OCD  

ERP  is  the  gold  standard      •  Outcomes  –  60  –  85%  effecGve        

AND  •  15  -­‐  40%  don’t  respond  •  25  -­‐  50%  disconGnue  treatment  prematurely  or  relapse  in  the  long  term  

•  15  -­‐  25%  refuse  to  parGcipate  in  ERP  What  can  we  do  with  these  sufferers?  

Ra(onale  for  Enhancing  ERP  with  ACT  

•  ACT  is  transdiagnosGc  – Comorbidity  impacts  treatment  outcomes  •  50%  have  experienced  at  least  one  depressive  disorder  •  GAD,  panic  disorder,  social  phobia  –  range  from  30  –    45%  

•  Emphasis  on  psychological  flexibility  targeGng  the  ACT  core  processes  can  help  clients  live  a  CBT  lifestyle  

Ra(onale  for  Enhancing  ERP  with  ACT  

Consistent  with  recent  research  suggesGng  that:  •  Inhibitory  learning  is  at  the  heart  of  fear  exGncGon  – Original  associaGon  between  the  condiGoned  sGmulus  and  uncondiGoned  sGmulus  remain,  while  alternaGve  associaGon  is  being  formed  

•  Within  session  habituaGon  is  not  a  reliable  indicator  of  learning  

•  HabituaGon  is  not  a  predictor  of  outcome  

Craske,  et.  al  2008  

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Acceptance  and  Commitment  Therapy  

•  Accept  thoughts  and  feelings  – Embrace  unwanted  thoughts  and  feelings  

•  Choose  DirecGons  – Focus  on  what  really  ma=ers  

•  Take  AcGon  – Taking  steps  toward  realizing  valued  life  goals  

Acceptance  and  Commitment  Therapy  

Targets  six  constructs:  •  Acceptance-­‐  Willing  to  experience  thoughts,  feelings  and  

sensaGons  without  defense  •  Defusion-­‐  Thoughts  as  they  are  and  not  what  they  say  they  are  –   reduce  literal  meaning  of  internal  experience  

•  Mindfulness-­‐  Conscious  contact  with  the  present  moment  •  Self  as  context-­‐  DisGnguish  between  self  and    internal  

experiences    that  are  a  struggle    –  perspecGve  taking  –  Awareness  of  internal  experiences  but  not  defined  by  them  

•  Values-­‐  What  gives  life  meaning  •  CommiQed  ac(on-­‐  Values  based  acGon    

Psychological Flexibility

       Acceptance  and  Commitment  Therapy:  Six  Core  Processes  ACT  and  Exposure  

•  “Organized  presentaGon  of  previously  repertoire-­‐narrowing  sGmuli  in  a  context  designed  to  ensure  repertoire  expansion”  (Hayes,  Stroshal,  Wilson,  2012,  p.284)  

•  About  learning  to  be  with  the  discomfort  while  funcGoning  in  a  more  flexible  and  values-­‐based  way.  

•  Not  about  anxiety  reducGon  •  Clients  are  told  that  it  is  unclear  what  will  happen  to  their  distress  if  they  allow  it  to  be  present  

ACT  enhanced  ERP  

•  Always  in  the  service  of  values  •  This  work  is  about  living  a  meaningful  life  

Case  PresentaGon  

•  Individual  clinical  material  was  discussed  in  the  presentaGon  – Several  slides  were  deleted  from  this    handout.    – Most  exposure  examples  were  lef  in  this  version  of  the  slides,  but  made  more  generic.  

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Developing  Crea(ve  Hopelessness  

•  Goal:  Help  clients  see  the  uselessness  of  their  control  agenda    

•  Clients  can  consider  giving  up  strategies  where  their  experience  says  “this  doesn’t  work”  

•  Explore  client’s  experience  of  what  hasn’t  been  working  – What  have  your  tried?  –  How  has  it  worked  for  you?  – What  has  it  cost  you?  

•  Opens  up  to  doing  something  new  •  Precursor  to  willingness  

Introducing  Treatment  with  a  Finger  Trap  

•  Pulling  away  from  anxiety  just  gets  you  stuck  –  More  effecGve  to  lean  in  to  

anxiety  

•  Seems  logical  to  pull  away  •  Pulling  away  from  anxiety  

is  restricGng  •  “Don’t  think  of  a  pink  

elephant”  –  Paradoxical  effect  of  

thought  suppression  

Effec(ve  Strategy  is  Counterintui(ve  

•  Ahtude  of  curiosity  •  Expect  anxiety  to  occur  •  Seek  out  opportuniGes  to  pracGce  embracing  what  anxiety  wants  you  to  avoid  

•  Rigid  a=empts  to  control  anxiety  is  the  problem,  not  the  soluGon  

•  A=empts  to  end  doubt  and  distress  just  increase  it  

Examining  the  Effects  of  Anxiety  Control  Efforts  

Tug  of  War  with  the  Monster  

Window  to  Your  Values  

Family  Marriage  

Is  there  room  for  your  loved  ones  when  you  are  in  the  struggle?  

Exposure  Ideas  What  behaviors  come  to  mind  that  are  like  dropping  the  rope?  

•  Looking  at  children  and  a=racGve  women  

•  Thinking  disturbing  thoughts  on  purpose  •  Allowing  doubt  to  sit  •  Not  asking  for  reassurance  or  confessing  •  Using  knives  around  wife  •  InteracGng  with  children  •  Not  locking  bedroom  door  and  placing  chairs  at  the  door  

when  visiGng  family  

A  detailed  list  with  specific  exposure  tasks  was  generated  

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Homework  

•  Watch  “Demons  on  the  boat”  you  tube  video  •  ConGnue  informal  mindfulness  task  

•  Reassurance/confession  book  – Write  thoughts  and  confessions  in  a  book  and  have  wife  review  it  and  write  a  one  sentence  response  every  two  days  

– Observe  thoughts,  sensaGons,  feelings  

Metaphor:  Demons  on  the  Boat  Targets  all  six  ACT  processes  

Russ  Harris  and  Joe  Oliver    

Willingness  as  an  Alterna(ve  to  Control  •  Lack  of  willingness  will  undermine  the  therapy  •  Clients  must  give  up  the  control  agenda  –  Fully  embrace  and  open  up  to  what  shows  up  

•  Are  you  willing  to  experience  anxiety  without  defense  if  that  means  _______  ?  

•  Willingness  scale  of  0  to  10  –  0  =  Completely  closed  to  experiencing  thoughts,  feelings  and  sensaGons  as  they  are    

–  10  =  Completely  open  to  experiencing  thoughts,  sensaGons  and  feelings  as  they  are  •  Directly  without  changing  it  •  Avoiding  it  •  ManipulaGng  it  

•  If  Willingness  is  not  at  a  10,  rethink  strategy  •  Precursor  to  acceptance  

Willingness  as  an  AlternaGve  to  Control  

•  Two  sides  of  a  card  •  “Are  you  willing  to  have  these  thoughts  and  feelings  in  order  to  have  the  relaGonship  you  want  with  your  wife  and  family?”  

•  “It’s  unlikely  that  you  can  have  one  without  the  other”  

•  “Is  it  worth  it  to  you?”  

“I  might  be  a  child  molester”  “I  might  harm  my  family”  “I  might  give  my  wife  AIDS”  

Anxiety  feelings  and  sensaGon  

Marriage  and  Family  

Surfing  Anxiety  

•  “Surf”  with  the  ups  and  downs  of  the  anxiety  

•  Stay  with  it    •  Observe  sensaGons,  thoughts  and  feelings  

In  Session  Exposure  Example  Doubt  Induc(on  Task  

•  Say  these  thoughts  on  purpose  with  varying  tempo:  –  “I  might  be  a  child  molester”  –  “I’ll  never  know  for  sure”  –  “Maybe  I’m  a  child  molester,  maybe  I’m  not,  there  is  no  way  to  be  sure”  

–  “I’m  going  to  be  with  this  uncertainty”  •  Then,  state  thoughts  while  looking  at  photos  of  wife  and  family,  

•  Lastly,  he  wrote  “I  might  be  a  child  molester”  on  a  small  sheet  of  paper  and  put  it  in  his  pocket  for  the  rest  of  the  session  

Observe  sensaGons,  feelings  and  thoughts    

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In  Session  Exposure  Example  

•  Exposure  task  was  connected  to  values  •  Willingness  raGng  obtained  prior  to  exposure  •  Exposure  was  described  as  being  a  way  to  pracGce  being  with  the  anxiety  related  to    obsessions  without  doing  compulsions    

•  Stay  in  the  moment  with  the  experience  •  Seek  out  discomfort  and  describe  in  detail  •  Obtained  SUDS  raGng  for  the  purpose  of          introducing  a  more  challenging  task  

Imaginal  Exposure  

•  Write  a  newspaper  arGcle  about  being  caught  for  molesGng  a  child  

•  Imagery  scripts  –  Client  is  very  creaGve  – Had  thought:    “the  script  was  so  easy,  it  must  mean  I  molested  a  child  and  didn’t  know  it.”  

– Did  a  doubt  inducGon  script  on  that  •  “Maybe  because  it  was  so  easy  to  write  the  exposure  script,  I’m  a  child  molester  and  molested  a  child  without  knowing  it.    Being  creaGve  and  finding  this  easy  doesn’t  prove  whether  or  not  I’m  a  molester.  Maybe  it  means  I’m  a  child  molester,  and  maybe  not.  I’m  going  to  take  a  risk  and  embrace  this  uncertainty.”  

Intrusive  Thought  Exposure  

•  Write  down  intrusive  thoughts  and  read  them  out  loud  •  Make  a  digital  recording  with  intrusive  thoughts    –  Thoughts  were  at  random  intervals  ranging  from  5  to  120  seconds  

–  Vary  tempo  and  volume  when  saying  the  thoughts  –  Listen  to  recording  with  a  headset  for  one  hour  a  day  while  doing  a  variety  of  acGviGes  and  in  a  variety  of  sehngs  •  Running  •  Doing  chores  •  Reading  •  Surfing  internet  •  Driving    

Addi(onal  Exposure  Examples  

•  Sca=er  photos  of  children  all  over  the  house.    Think  “I’m  a  child  molester”  when  looking  at  the  photos.  

•  Do  not  put  chair  in  the  way  of  the  bedroom  door  while  sleeping  when  visiGng  family.      

•  Leave  bedroom  door  slightly  opened  while  sleeping  when  visiGng  family.  

•  Allow  children  to  sit  on  his  lap.  

Physicalizing  Exercise  Convert  subjec(ve  experiences  into  an  object  

Mental  compulsion:  like  a  hurdler  with  an  endless  amount  of  hurdles  

 Acceptance:    Bring  it  on  

What  would  a  sculpture  of  what  you  are  doing  right  now  look  like?  

What    would  willingness  look  like?  

Chessboard  Metaphor  

•  Client  says  “I’m  so  stupid  to  have  believed  all  these  thoughts”  

•  Targets  self  as  context  process  in  ACT  •  Chess  pieces  represent  thoughts,  feelings,  sensaGons  

•  Board  holds  the  pieces  and  isn’t  invested  in  the  outcome  

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Keep  in  mind-­‐    

•  This  case  presentaGon  is  a  summary  of  the  highlights  of  15  sessions  

•  ACT  is  not:  –   a  canned  approach  –   just  a  bag  of  tricks  

•  ACT  is:  –   an  experienGal  approach    –   flexible  

•  Case  example  is  just  one  way  of  applying  it  

•  ACT  can  enhance  ERP  

ERP  and  ACT  Similari(es  

Both  target:  •  Building  flexible  behaviors  •  ExperienGal  avoidance  Both  emphasize:  

•  Experiencing  anxiety  on  purpose  •  Giving  up  compulsions  

Key  Differences:  ACT  and  ERP  •  ACT  focuses  on  willingness  to  experience  discomfort  rather  than  habituaGon  

•  ERP  is  a  very  effecGve,  focused  treatment,  where  ACT  is  transdiagnosGc  

•  ACT  measures  outcome  by  moving  in  a  valued  direcGon  rather  than  anxiety  reducGon  

•  Values  are  directly  linked  to  exposures  in  ACT  •  Concepts  are  introduced  with  metaphor  or  experienGal  exercises  rather  than  explanaGons  

Take  Home  Points  

•  ACT  is  a  flexible,  individualized  approach  that  can  prepare  clients  for  exposure,  enhance  exposure,  and  treat  co-­‐morbid  condiGons  

•  Research  on  ACT  and  OCD  is  limited,  but  promising  

•  ACT  is  consistent  with  recent  research  on  inhibitory  learning    

Future  Implica(ons  •  Research  on  inhibitory  learning  can  inform  our  treatment  approach  (Craske,  et.  al.)  –  It’s  a  game  changer!  –  Consistent  with  ACT  

•  We  need  to  review  our  ERP  procedures  – Not  everyone  habituates  – HabituaGon  doesn’t  predict  good  outcome  –  SystemaGcally  working  with  a  graded  hierarchy  may  not  be  the  most  efficient  approach  

–  Focus  on  toleraGng  anxiety  instead  of  reducing  it  •  Maybe  we  can  achieve  be=er  long  term  outcomes  by  doing  ACT  enhanced  ERP?  

References  •  Abramowitz,  J.S.  (2006).  Obsessive-­‐compulsive  disorder.  Cambridge,  Massachuse=s:  

Hogrefe.  •  Abramowitz,  J.S.  &  Arch,  J.J.  (2014).  Strategies  for  improving  long-­‐term  outcomes  in  

cogniGve  behavioral  therapy  for  obsessive-­‐compulsive  disorder:    Insights  from  learning  theory.  CogniGve  and  Behavioral  PracGce,  21,  20-­‐31.  

•  Craske,  M.G.,  Kircanski,  K.,  Zelikowsky,  M.,  Mystkowski,  J.,  Chowdhury,  N.,  &  Baker,  A.  (2008).  OpGmizing  inhibitory  learning  during  exposure  therapy.  Behaviour  Research  and  Therapy,  46,  5-­‐27.  

•  Eifert,  G.H.  &  Forsyth,  J.P.  (2009).  Acceptance  and  commitment  therapy  for  anxiety  disorders:  Three  case  studies  exemplifying  a  unified  treatment  protocol.  CogniGve  and  Behavioral  PracGce.  16,  368-­‐385.  

•  Eifert,  G.H.  &  Forsyth,  J.P.  (2005).    Acceptance  and  commitment  therapy  for  anxiety  disorders.  Oakland,  California:  New  Harbinger  PublicaGons,  Inc.  

•  Forsyth,  J.P.  &  Eifert,  G.H.  (2007).  The  mindfulness  and  acceptance  workbook  for  anxiety.  Oakland,  California:  New  Harbinger  PublicaGons,  Inc.  

•  Grayson,  J.  (2003).  Freedom  from  obsessive-­‐compulsive  disorder.  New  York:  Penguin  Group,  Inc.  

•  Harris,  R.  (2008).  The  happiness  trap:  How  to  stop  struggling,  and  start  living.    Boston,  Massachuse=s:  Trumpeter  Books.  

•  Hayes,  S.C.  (2005).  Get  out  of  your  mind  and  into  your  life.  Oakland,  California:  New  Harbinger  PublicaGons,  Inc.  

•  Hayes,  S.C.,    Strosahl,  K.D.  &  Wilson,  K.G.  (2012).  Acceptance  and  commitment  therapy.      The  process  and  pracGce  of  mindful  change.  (2nd  ediGon).  New  York,  New  York:  Guilford  Press.  

•  Siegel,  R.D.  (2010).  The  mindful  soluGon.  New  York,  New  York:  Guilford  Press.  

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References  

•  Twohig,  M.P.  (2012).  The  basics  of  acceptance  and  commitment  therapy.  CogniGve  and  Behavioral  PracGce,  19,  499-­‐507.  

•  Twohig,  M.P.,  Hayes,  S.C.,  Plumb,  J.C.,  Prui=,  L.D.,  Collins,  A.B.,  Hazle=-­‐Stevens,  H.,  &  Woidneck,  M.R.  (2010).  A  randomized  clinical  trial  of  acceptance  and  commitment  therapy  vs.  progressive  relaxaGon  training  for  obsessive  compulsive  disorder.    Journal  of  ConsulGng  and  Clinical  Psychology,  78,  705-­‐716.  

•  Twohig,  M.P.,  Hayes,  S.C.,  &  Masuda,  A.  (2006).  Increasing  willingness  to  experience  obsessions:  Acceptance  and  commitment  therapy  as  a  treatment  for  obsessive  compulsive  disorder.    Behavior  Therapy,  37,  3-­‐13.  

•  Twohig,  M.P.  (2009).  The  applicaGon  of  acceptance  and  commitment  therapy  to  obsessive-­‐compulsive  disorder,  16,  18-­‐28.  

•  Twohig,  M.P.,  Moran,  D.J.,  &  Hayes,  S.C.  (2007).  A  funcGonal  contextual  account  of  obsessive-­‐compulsive  disorder.  In  Understanding  behavior  disorders.  Oakland,  California:  Context  Press.  

•  Vervliet,  B.,  Craske,  M.G.  &  Hermans,  D.  (2013).  Fear  exGncGon  and  relapse:  State  of  the  art.  Annual  Review  of  Clinical  Psychology,  9,  215-­‐248.  

Contact  Informa(on:  

Kim  Rockwell-­‐Evans,  Ph.D.  375  Municipal  Drive,  Suite  230  

Richardson,  Texas  75080  

214-­‐368-­‐6999  

[email protected]