Actitis hypoleucos -- Linnaeus, 1758ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- CHARADRIIFORMES -- SCOLOPACIDAECommon names: Common Sandpiper; Chevalier guignette

European Red List AssessmentEuropean Red List Status

LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1)

Assessment InformationYear published: 2015Date assessed: 2015-03-31Assessor(s): BirdLife InternationalReviewer(s): Symes, A.Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W., Wheatley, H. &

Wright, L.Assessment RationaleEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU27 the species has undergone moderately rapid declines and is therefore classified as Near Threatened under Criterion A (A2abc+3bc+4abc).

OccurrenceCountries/Territories of OccurrenceNative:Albania; Andorra; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland, Rep. of; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Gibraltar (to UK)Vagrant:Faroe Islands (to DK); Iceland

PopulationThe European population is estimated at 794,000-1,460,000 pairs, which equates to 1,590,000-2,920,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 224,000-380,000 pairs, which equates to 448,000-760,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF.

TrendIn Europe the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 20.4 years (three generations). In the EU27 the population size is estimated to be decreasing at a rate approaching 30% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF.

Habitats and EcologyThis species is a full migrant, migrating at night overland on a broad front across both deserts and mountains

(Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). Small numbers may also remain in the northern maritime climatic zone (e.g. the British Isles and Mediterranean) throughout the year (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). The European population that overwinters in West Africa migrates south between mid-July and August (juveniles following one month later, and returns to the breeding grounds from late March to April (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). Immature individuals may also remain in the winter range throughout the summer breeding season (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species breeds from May to June in scattered single pairs 60?70 m apart in optimal breeding habitat, and migrates singly or in small flocks (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), although it usually remains solitary in its winter range (Urban et al. 1986). It forages diurnally (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and may aggregate at night (Johnsgard 1981) into roosts of over 100 individuals (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). During the breeding season this species shows a preference for pebbly, sandy or rocky margins of fast-flowing rivers (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998), as well as small ponds, pools (Snow and Perrins 1998) and dams (Urban et al. 1986), clear freshwater lake shores, sheltered sea coasts with rocky or sandy beaches, tidal creeks and estuaries (Urban et al. 1986), and often forages in patches of dry meadow (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). In its winter range this species inhabits a wide variety of habitats, such as small pools, ditches, riverbanks (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998), streams, dam shores (Yalden 1992), marshy areas (Johnsgard 1981), estuaries, freshwater seeps on coastal shores and saltmarshes, harbours, docks (Yalden 1992, Snow and Perrins 1998) and filtration tanks of sewage works (Yalden 1992). It will also forage on grassland along roadsides and occasionally in gardens (Yalden 1992, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), but it generally avoids large coastal mudflats (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). The diet of this species consists of adult and larval insects (such as beetles and Diptera), spiders, molluscs, snails, crustaceans, annelids, and occasionally frogs, toads, tadpoles and small fish, as well as plant material (including seeds) (Urban et al. 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). The nest is a shallow depression, sometimes amongst shrubs and trees (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).Habitats & Altitude

Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance OccurrenceArtificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches suitable non-breedingArtificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below ha) suitable breedingArtificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below ha) suitable non-breedingArtificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas suitable non-breedingArtificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over ha) suitable non-breedingArtificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens suitable non-breedingGrassland - Temperate suitable breedingMarine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses) suitable non-breedingMarine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc suitable breedingMarine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc suitable non-breedingMarine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches suitable breedingMarine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches suitable non-breedingMarine Neritic - Estuaries suitable breedingMarine Neritic - Estuaries suitable non-breedingWetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over ha) suitable breedingWetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over ha) suitable non-breedingWetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under ha) suitable non-breedingWetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) suitable non-breedingWetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) major breedingWetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under ha) suitable non-breedingAltitude Occasional altitudinal limits

ThreatsThe size of the breeding population in England is threatened by disturbance from recreational anglers (Yalden 1992).Threats & Impacts

Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and StressesHuman intrusions & disturbance

Recreational activities

Timing Scope Severity ImpactOngoing Minority (<50%) Negligible declines Low Impact

StressesSpecies disturbance

Threats & ImpactsThreat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses

Natural system modifications

Abstraction of surface water (commercial use)

Timing Scope Severity ImpactOngoing Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant

DeclinesMedium Impact

StressesEcosystem conversion; Ecosystem degradation

Residential & commercial development

Commercial & industrial areas

Timing Scope Severity ImpactOngoing Minority (<50%) Unknown Unknown

StressesEcosystem conversion; Ecosystem degradation

ConservationConservation Actions UnderwayThe species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.

Conservation Actions ProposedRecreation at breeding sites needs to be controlled.

BibliographyHagemeijer, W.J.M. and Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. T and A D Poyser, London.Johnsgard, P.A. 1981. The plovers, sandpipers and snipes of the world. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, U.S.A. and London.Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Urban, E.K., Fry, C.H. and Keith, S. 1986. The birds of Africa vol. II. Academic Press, London.Van Gils, J. and Wiersma, P. 1996. Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2014. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/53912 on 15 April 2015).Yalden, D.W. 1992. The influence of recreational disturbance on Common Sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos breeding by an upland reservoir, in England. Biological Conservation 61: 41-49.

Map (see overleaf)