active, healthy lifestyles for all: thinking about philosophy chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
Active, Healthy Lifestyles for All:Thinking About Philosophy
Chapter 1
Adapted Physical Activity Model
• Purpose
• NASPE Standards
• Federal Law Components
• Empowering Change– Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor
• Outcomes or Benefits
Adapted Physical Activity Model
• Emphasis on abilities-based approach
• Goal of self-actualization– Utilize humanistic philosophy promoting goals
in the affective domain to overcome societal barriers
• Utilize NASPE standards and IDEA to develop additional goals and meet legal mandates
Adapted Physical Activity Model
• Empowering individuals to:– Gain control of their lives– Have power equal to others– Feel responsible for self and others
• Outcomes related to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains as integrated elements
• Adapted Physical Activity– Service delivery,
pedagogy, coaching, training, or empowerment
– All ages
– Various settings available - not just school based
– Provided by various qualified professionals
• Adapted Physical Education– Services delivered to
school-aged children from birth through age 21
– Various settings available -school based
– General physical educators and specialists provide services
Disability and Individual Differences
• WHO - limitation in performing activity– Socially constructed definition
• Professionals - a legal classification that makes an individual with activity limitations eligible for aid
Central Themes
• Attitudes
• Adapted physical activity
• Recreation
• Sport
• Crossdisciplinary
• Lifespan
Central Themes
• Attitudes - enduring sets of beliefs that predispose a person to certain kinds of behaviors– Embrace individual differences– Key to changing behaviors in self and others
Central Themes
• Adapted physical activity– Emphasis on all age groups not limited to
school-based programs– Emphasis on various professions within the
discipline (i.e., exercise, sport, fitness, science, therapy, etc.) - not just teaching
Central Themes
• Recreation– Physical education and recreation are
interrelated– Broader scope of activities than physical
education
Central Themes
• Sport– Various levels (developmental, recreational,
competitive, elite)– Various settings (inclusive or separate;
wheelchair, ambulatory, or mixed)– European definition of sport as all structured
physical activity (sport, aquatics, dance, exercise, and rhythmics)
Central Themes
• Sport – Disability sport - training and competition
conducted by Deaf sport, Special Olympics, and Paralympics
– Adapted sport - umbrella term used primarily in school settings and states that have interscholastic athletics for students with disabilities
Central Themes
• Crossdisciplinary– Integrating knowledge from many disciplines to
create a distinct, unique body of knowledge that focuses on adaptation, individual differences, and physical activity
• Lifespan– Inclusion of people of all ages
• Adaptation
• Modification
• Accommodation
• Supports
Adaptation
• Assessing and managing variables and services to meet unique needs and achieve desired outcomes
• Variables - anything that can be changed– Tasks– Person– Environment
Modification
• Alter or lower the criteria that the student must meet in order to be considered successful
Accommodation
• Providing access, removing barriers, or minimizing limitations in order to facilitate a student’s achievement of the same goals as peers
Support Services
• Supplementary resources and aids that are provided to enable students with disabilities to be educated with nondisabled peers– Human supports - consultants, aides, peer and
cross-age tutors, etc.– Nonhuman supports - architectural
adaptations, prostheses, orthoses, wheelchairs, braille materials, etc.
Adaptation Theory
• Theory - conceptual framework that describes, explains, or predicts
• Grand theory - unified conceptual framework that encompasses many contributing theories
Adaptation Theory
• Adaptation theory is a grand theory
• Guides everyday thinking about beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and actions associated with APA service delivery
• Changes in knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and actions lead to learning
• Adapted - education or service delivery
– Verb denoting the process of modifying– Adjective referring to a program or service
delivery outcome
• Adaptive - behaviors– Adjective that describes client behaviors in
occupational therapy
Service Delivery
• Job functions that general and adapted physical educators perform within a service delivery system
• PAP-TE-CA - illustrative of typical job functions
PAP-TE-CA
• Planning
• Assessment of individual/ Ecosystems
• Preparation, meetings, and written work
• Teaching/ Counseling/Coaching
• Evaluation of Services
• Consultation
• Advocacy
• Good service delivery is adapting– Generalists– Specialists
• Good teaching is adapting
Ecosystems and Ecological Theory
• Ecosystem – an individual in continuous interaction with his or her environment
• Process includes everyone/thing who influences an individual (i.e., family, community, school, work site, good/bad experiences, etc.)
• Ecological task analysis (ETA) – systematic process used to determine adaptations
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Person-first language• Disability categories• Special education services• Related Services• Individualized Family Service Plan• Individualized Education Program• Least Restrictive Environment• Transition Services
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Person-first language– Emphasis on person and not disability as
identifier– Emphasis on person with certain abilities and
disabilities
• Exception - does not apply to deafness– Deafness as a linguistic culture– Refer to as Deaf
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Disability categories– 13 specific conditions identified – Definitions change over time
• Special education services– Instructional services for students with
disabilities including physical education
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Related Services– Developmental, corrective, or supportive
services– Assist student to benefit from special education– Physical education is not a related service
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)– Indicates eligibility of services for infants and
toddlers who have developmental delays or who are at risk for delays
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Individualized Education Program (IEP)– Indicates eligibility of services for students
ages 3-21 who have met criteria for assignment to a disability category
– Indicates eligibility of services for students ages 3-9 who have met criteria for assignment to developmental delays category
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)– Legal term that describes the place where
instruction must be provided– Examples include the general education setting,
resource rooms, separate classes, separate schools, or homebound/hospital settings
Important Concepts from IDEA
• Transition Services– In IFSP - at age 3 transition to preschool special
education or other appropriate services– In IEP - no later than age 16 begin to provide
services to all for transition from school-based services to community living and working
Individual Differences and Normal Curve Theory
• Individual differences - person-environment interactions that deviate significantly from the norm
• Deviation from normal is related to the normal curve in which 68% of the population fall within one standard deviation of the mean
Individual Differences and Normal Curve Theory
• Traditional criterion for special education eligibility is 2 standard deviations below the mean
• Only 2-3% of population
• However, any individual falling below the mean may benefit from special help
Professional Preparation
• Generalists – Deliver APA services in school and nonschool
settings– Completed one or more courses in APE– Completed practicum experiences with
individuals with disabilities– Knowledge of infusion
Professional Preparation
• Specialists– Employed part- or full-time in APA delivery or
consultation– Completed undergraduate or graduate degrees
with specialization in adapted physical education
– Knowledge of infusion
Professional Qualifications
• State certifications in APE
• Adapted Physical Education National Standards (APENS)– Voluntary certification generally by exam– CAPE - Certified Adapted Physical Educator– NCPERID
• ACSM - certifies health and fitness specialists who work with all age groups
History Guides Philosophy
• Philosophy - system of beliefs that guide intentions and actions of a person or the purpose and practices of a profession
• History helps us understand our philosophy and the philosophy of others
History Guides Philosophy
• Study guides reflective and critical thinking
• Reflective thinking - consideration of the political, moral, and social implications of what we think, feel, and do
• Critical thinking - analysis or evaluation of beliefs in terms of specific preset criteria
Evolution of Treatment and Education
• Acceptance level varies across time– Gift from God– Test of religious faith– Punishment for past sins– Useless family or community property
• Acceptance level varies today
Evolution of Treatment and Education
• Acceptance Before the 1800s• Segregated Placements, Beginning in 1817• Attitude Changes, Eugenics, and Prejudice• Major Reforms and Placement Options• Today, the Challenge of Inclusion• Today, the Challenge of Cross-Cultural
Complexity
Acceptance Before the 1800s
• Killed or abandoned infants, elderly, or unfit
• Acceptance and care provided by some families if sufficient resources were available
• Therapeutic exercise, herbs, climate changes, and rest cures - way ahead of science
Acceptance Before the 1800s
• Severe disability - people died• Mild disability - cared for and accepted or
abandoned to fend for themselves • Historical accounts of beggars, hunchbacks,
monsters, jesters, clowns, freaks, evil spirits, devils, or witches
Segregated Placements, Beginning in 1817
• Residential facilities designed to help or educate - first was for Deaf individuals
• Often called Institutions or Asylums• Generally for single disability• Managed by physicians• Treatment emphasis was on sensory
training, exercise, and manual labor
Segregated Placements, Beginning in 1817
• Father of special education - Jean-Marc Itard • Edward Sequin - physiological education
– Muscular or physical training– Education of the senses– Moral treatment
• Physiological education later became known as sensorimotor and perceptual-motor training and was popular until the 1960s
Attitude Changes, Eugenics, and Prejudice
• More people institutionalized created separate categories (i.e., disabled/nondisabled)
• Eugenics - movement to improve gene pool– Sterilization– Marriages by feebleminded forbidden– People favored euthanasia of defective infants– WWII - Nazi Germany conducted widespread
sterilization and euthanasia of anyone believed to be inferior
Attitude Changes, Eugenics, and Prejudice
• Other examples of prejudice and discrimination– 1938 - 33 U.S. states required sterilizations– Physicians, with permission from parents, gave no
care to newborns with severe disabilities– FDR hid his own disability as much as possible
Major Reforms and Placement Options
• WWII, polio, vehicle accidents - increased number of people with disabilities
• Families advocated for children to remain home and attend local schools
• Special education scope of disabilities served broadened
• Day schools opened
Major Reforms and Placement Options
• Civil rights and social justice• Separate but equal challenged for children
with disabilities• Special Olympics founded - 1968• Federal laws for education of children with
disabilities• Nondiscrimination and equal opportunities
Today, the Challenge of Inclusion
• 1981 - Year of the Disabled• Disabled see themselves as social minority
and fight for rights intensifies• Disability sport broadened into the Paralympic
movement for all disabilities (except Deaf)• Inclusive practices in schools, business,
industry, and communities grow
Today, the Challenge ofCross-Cultural Complexity
• Increase in diversity, challenges of poverty make service delivery and empowerment more complex
• Ethnic minorities overrepresented in special education - most also poor
• Largest growing minority group - Hispanics• Single parent households make up 27% of
children - higher in ethnic minority groups
Stages of Adapted Physical Activity History
Stage 1, Medical Gymnastics: Before 1905Stage 2, Transition to Sports: 1905-1930Stage 3, Corrective Physical Education: 1930-1950Stage 4, Adapted Physical Education: 1950-1970Stage 5, IEP-Dominated Service: 1970-1990Stage 6, Inclusive Physical Activity: 1990s On
Medical Gymnastics:Before 1905
• Physical education medically oriented toward prevention, development, and correction
• Curriculum - gymnastics, calisthenics, body mechanics, and military-like exercise drills
• Physicians were physical educators
Medical Gymnastics:Before 1905
• Purpose was to prevent illness and/or to promote the health and vigor of the mind and body
• Subgroup with primary interest in therapeutics and correctives formed in 1905 - founding of adapted physical activity profession
Transition to Sports:1905-1930
• Change to sport-centered physical education– American culture was introduced to sport– Psychological and sociological theory applied to
education - educating the whole child– Move away from medical training for teacher
preparation– Compulsory physical education in public schools
Transition to Sports:1905-1930
• Compulsory physical education in public schools created problems– More students– Students who were ill, disabled, or lacked stamina
could not participate in the regular curriculum
• Physical education separated– Regular– Corrective or remedial
Corrective Physical Education: 1930-1950
• Students assigned to corrective classes after medical examination
• Participated in limited, restricted, or modified activities related to health, posture, or fitness problems
Corrective Physical Education: 1930-1950
• Some students were permanently excused• Leaders were still physicians• Name change to adapted related to disabilities
like amputations or spinal cord injuries which could not be corrected
Adapted Physical Education: 1950-1970
• Residential school placements decreased• Increased students with disabilities in public
schools• Definition of adapted physical education
developed (1952)• Adapted physical education separate until:• Civil rights movement and federal legislation
prohibited segregation (1960s)
IEP-Dominated Service:1970-1990
• Specially designed physical education included in federal law
• IEP process dominated eligibility• Full-time adapted physical educators hired• After-school program encouraged• Adapted physical education served those in
specific disability categories
IEP-Dominated Service:1970-1990
• Increase in developing APA knowledge base• First graduate degree programs developed• Professional organizations created • Leaders included:
– Joseph Winnick - master’s degree specialization– Julian Stein - director of Office on Programs for
the Handicapped/Disabled– Patricia Austin - Canadian pioneer in teacher
education and service delivery programs
Federal Laws Influencing APA
• Rehabilitation Act of 1973• Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975• Amateur Sports Act of 1978• EAHCA Amendments of 1986• Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990• IDEA Amendments of 1997• Olympic and Amateur Sports Act of 1998
Inclusive Physical Activity:1990s On
• LRE - interpreted as inclusive general education with all necessary supports
• Increasing numbers of students with severe and multiple disabilities in typical settings
• Preparation of APE consultants• Examination of necessary supports• Complying with federal law to include students
with disabilities in statewide assessment programs
Evolution of the Knowledge Base
• Medical Roots• Special Education Roots• Physical Activity and Exercise Science
Roots• Social Science Roots, Including
Disability Studies
Medical Roots
• Swedish medical gymnastics• Per Henrik Ling - father of APA• Nils Posse brought to U.S. ~ 1985
– Introduced in Boston– Integrated into teacher-training programs
• Promoted by physicians, physical therapists, and physical educators
Medical Roots
• Leaders in early 1900s– R. Tait McKenzie - physician and professor
• Wrote Exercise in Education and Medicine
– Josephine Rathbone - PE/PT specialist and professor• Wrote Corrective Physical Education
Special Education Roots
• Varied roots for different disabilities• Strongest in areas of deafness, blindness,
and mental retardation as a result of residential facilities
• Sensorimotor training emphasis• Move away from residential facilities
Special Education Roots
• Council for Exceptional Children - 1922• Strength of profession evolved with the
laws of the 1970s• Dual certifications with special education• Preparation still incorporates both• CEC (2002) - performance-based
standards
Physical Activity and Exercise Science Roots
• Basics - theory and practice of sport, dance, aquatics, movement education, and fitness
• Additional competencies - adaptation, sport classification, team balance for fair competition, wheelchair use, and inclusion
Physical Activity and Exercise Science Roots
• Disability sports - participant, spectator, and fan sport roles
• Disability sport - creation of rules, strategies, and techniques for sport success
• Exercise science - benefits of physical activity
Social Science Roots, Including Disability Studies
• Attitude formation and change• Inclusive teaching strategies• Group dynamics• Interpersonal relations• Understanding and appreciation of individual
differences• Social justice• Social minorities and oppression• Disability studies
Social Science Roots, Including Disability Studies
• Attitude formation and change– Leaders
• Terry Rizzo • Claudine Sherrill
– Measuring teacher attitudes toward inclusion
– Add to professional preparation
Social Science Roots, Including Disability Studies
• Disability studies– Challenges professionals to think critically
about• Socially constructed meanings of disability• Service delivery• Empowerment• Oppression
Social Science Roots, Including Disability Studies
• Nothing about us without us
• Involving people with disabilities in teaching, coaching, politics, etc.
• Disability sport movement
Roles
• Direct service• Consultation• Research• University professor• Administration
Job Functions
• Planning• Assessment• Preparation• Teaching/Counseling/Coaching• Evaluation• Consultation• Advocacy
Competencies
• Abilities adequate to perform specific job functions or the tasks comprising these job functions
PAP-TE-CA Competencies
• Advocacy, ethics, and philosophy• Consulting and continuing education• Planning and instruction design• Assessment• Preparation, paperwork, and meetings• Teaching, counseling, and coaching• Program evaluation• Research