JT Wunderlich PhD

Thanks to REDUCED COSTS of producing PV’s, and INCREASED EFFICIENCIES, most developed nations are increasingly using them to generate electricity !

- And 3rd-world countries, and remote locations away from a power grid, can use them for standalone systems

https://www.pv-magazine.de/2020/07/09/pilotprojekt-pv-sued-zur-photovoltaik-ueberdachung-fuer-autobahnen-gestartet/

ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN (CH 8)Active means using technology

DECREASING COSTS of Photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/is-CSP-doomed.

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Cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics describes a photovoltaic (PV) technology that is based on the use of cadmium telluride in a thin semiconductor layer designed to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Cadmium telluride PV is the only THIN FILM technology with lower costs than conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon in multi-kilowatt systems. On a lifecycle basis, CdTe PV has the smallest carbon footprint, lowest water use and shortest energy payback time of any current photo voltaic technology. CdTe's energy payback time of less than a year allows for faster carbon reductions without short-term energy deficits.

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Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants produce electricity from the HEAT of the sun instead of by the PhotoVoltaic (PV) effect

https://solartribune.com/solar-power-plants/

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Solar-tower-concentrating-solar-power-plant-47_fig2_236594355

DECREASING COSTS of Photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/is-CSP-doomed.

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JT Wunderlich PhD

JT Wunderlich PhD

INCREASED PV-CELL EFFICIENCIES

https://www.reutersevents.com/renewables/pv-insider/perovskite-cells-set-cut-pv-costs-manufacturing-ramps

JT Wunderlich PhD

ATOM: Smallest particle of a substance that can exist by itself or be combined with other atoms to form a molecule MOLECULE: Smallest particle of a substance that retains all properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atomsFrom: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atom

:

CRYSTAL LATTICE STRUCTURE: a unique arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.[1] A crystal

structure describes a highly ordered structure, occurring due to the intrinsic nature of molecules to form symmetrical

patterns. A crystal structure can be thought of as an infinitely repeating array of 3D 'boxes', known as unit-cells.From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure

Anatomy of an Atom (Bohr Model); electrons circling a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.From: http://www.freethought-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=24978&garpg=2

Electrons are in shells (Energy Levels) around nucleus, with a certain number of electrons that fit into each shell. The outer shell is called the valence shell.

From: http://www.anatomyfacts.com/muscle/anatomy.htm

JT Wunderlich PhD

PERIODIC TABLE is a grid of every element that exists, arranged in order of atomic number, the number of protons each atom has in its nucleus. The rows are called PERIODS and all have the same number of shells; and the columns called GROUPS which all have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell. Hydrogen (H) is the first element because it has just one proton in its nucleus. Helium (He) is second, because it has two. As you go across a period, atoms get heavier, but also get smaller because the number of electron shells stays the same across the period, but the number of protons in the nucleus increases. The stronger, attractive force from the positively charged protons sucks the negatively charged electrons tighter into the centre.From http://www.infoplease.com/dk/science/encyclopedia/periodic-table.html

A SEMICONDUCTOR can be either a single element (like Silicon, Si), or a compound (like Galium Arsenide, GaAs) Semiconductors are not conductors of electricity like gold (a metal), and not an insulator which prevents electricity from flowing. Semiconductors are useful because they can be “doped” to control electrical properties and to make transistors, the basic building blocks of computers.

JT Wunderlich PhD

The Doping of SemiconductorsThe addition of a small percentage of foreign atoms in the

regular crystal lattice of silicon or germanium produces

dramatic changes in their electrical properties, producing

p-type semiconductors. Impurity atoms with 5 valence

electrons produce n-type semiconductors by contributing

extra electrons.

N-Type Semiconductor The addition of pentavalent

impurities such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes free electrons,

greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor. Phosphorous may

be added by diffusion of phosphine gas (PH3).

P-Type Semiconductor The addition of trivalent

impurities such as boron, aluminum or gallium to an intrinsic semiconductor creates

deficiencies of valence electrons, called "holes." It is typical to use B2H6 diborane

gas to diffuse boron into the silicon material.

From: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/dope.html#c3 :

Sharing of

election pairs

in a covalent

bonds bond

JT Wunderlich PhD

Silicon LATTICE STRUCTURE (un-Doped)From: http://www.irf.com/technical-info/guide/semi.html

Silicon LATTICE STRUCTURE (Doped)From: https://sites.google.com/site/reeetech/home/photovoltaic/silicon-cell

JT Wunderlich PhD

JT Wunderlich PhD

https://www.thesolarplanner.com/anatomy_pv_panel.html

JT Wunderlich PhD

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/In-photoelectric-effect-a-

material-emits-electrons-when-electromagnetic-radiation_fig3_221928565

https://www.livescience.com/58816-photoelectric-effect.html

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http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/155/Canvas/pn.html

https://www.elprocus.com/photodiode-working-principle-applications/

https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece110/fa2020/content/courseNotes/files/?photodiodes

P-N JUNCTION

JT Wunderlich PhD

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http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/power-quality/dc-danger-alert.html

http://www.dasstech.com/en/pv-inverter/

JT Wunderlich PhD

JT Wunderlich PhD

https://news.energysage.com/tesla-solar-panel-roof-the-next-

solar-shingles/

https://ecomarllc.com/649-2/

https://www.solstruction.com/

solar-wall

JT Wunderlich PhD

http://archive.glassonline.com/site/news/channelname/

Photovoltaic-glass/channel/19/id/27465

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/harn

essing-sunshine-solar-architecture/

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/harn

essing-sunshine-solar-architecture/

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/harn

essing-sunshine-solar-architecture/

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/harn

essing-sunshine-solar-architecture/

JT Wunderlich PhD

https://inhabitat.com/breaking-news-tesla-unveils-groundbreaking-new-solar-roof-system/

JT Wunderlich PhD

https://inhabitat.com/breaking-news-tesla-unveils-groundbreaking-new-solar-roof-system/

https://www.engadget.com/2016-11-19-six-innovative-solar-systems-that-go-beyond-standard-arrays.html

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/285767538828502938/

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s) –> GOOGLE “Solar Tree”

And MANY MANY MORE: https://www.google.com/search?q=solar+tree&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjm0bmfh9fsAhX7bDABHQ27Bl0Q2-cCegQIABAA&oq=solar+tree&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQDDIECAAQQzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoGCAAQBxAeULOfA1jHrQNgysIDaABwAHgAgAE1iAGGApIBATWYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mt

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s)

https://www.industryweek.com/technology-and-iiot/energy/article/22020703/panasonic-joins-push-to-put-photovoltaics-

on-more-car-roofs

JT Wunderlich PhD

Other creative ways to use photovoltaics (PV’s)

http://cochlearimplantonline.com/site/batteries-will-no-longer-be-available-for-cochlear-implant-recipients/

JT Wunderlich PhD

1) Photovoltaics (all of above)

2) “SOLAR THERMAL HEATER,” for swimming pool -- using only water… No electricity involved .. other than pump• Just splice it into the existing filtration loop for the pool

https://www.cleanenergyauthority.com/solar-energy-

news/solar-pool-heaters-growing-business-061912

JT Wunderlich PhD

3) DOMESTIC “POTABLE” (i.e., drinkable)Solar THERMAL water heating

JT Wunderlich PhD

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdajPiQy628

4) VACUUM-TUBE

JT Wunderlich PhD

JT Wunderlich PhD

https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/energy-

articles/solar-batch-water-heaters.html

NOTE:• All collector ORIENTATIONS are a function of Latitude• All collector SIZING is constantly changing with new technologies

JT Wunderlich PhD