actual

victimizations

known to police arrests convictions

Murder – between 8,500 to 9,000Rape – 30,000 to 35,000Robbery – 40,000 to 45,000Aggravated Assault – 100,000 to

105,000Burglary – 95,000 to 100,000Larceny – 125,000 to 130,000Drugs – 370,000 to 380,000Total – roughly 1.1 million

actual

victimizations

known to police

arrests 1.1 M convictions

Prison – 40% Jail – 30%Probation – 30%Mean Prison Sentence – approx. 60

monthsMean Jail Sentence – approx. 6

monthsMean Probation Sentence – approx.

40 months

Murder – between 10,000 and 11,000Rape – 16,000 to 17,000Robbery – 90,000 to 100,000Aggravated Assault – 350,000 to

370,000Burglary – 250,000 to 260,000Larceny – 1.2 to 1.3 millionAuto Theft – 60,000 to 65,000Drugs – 1.5 to 1.6 millionTotal Index Arrests – roughly 2.2

million

actual

victimizations

known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

Violent crimes – roughly 500,000Property crimes – 1.6 millionTotal index crimes – 2.0 to 2.1

million

Year Total Rate Murder

Rape Robbery

1980 13.4M 5,950 23,040 82,990 565,840

1990 14.5 M 5,820 23,440 102,560

639,270

2000 11.6 M 4,124 15,586 90,186 407,842

2010 10.33 M

3,346 14,748 84,767 367,832

2013 9.80M 3,099 14,196 79,770 345,031

actual

victimizations

9.8 M known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

1960 – 4.71970 – 8.31980 – 10.21990 – 9.42000 – 5.52005 – 5.62010 – 4.82013 – 4.5

Reported crime rates are a function of a variety of factors:

l. Department size 2. Citizen trust in the police3. Education level of the officers4. Confidence of the victim in the justice system5. Education level of the victim6. Social class of the victim7. Race of the victim8. If the victim had insurance9. Overall fiscal resources of the victim10. Relationship of the victim to the offender11. Victim’s concern over unwanted

publicity/embarrassment12. Fear of reprisal from the offender if report

13. Unwilling to deal with the trauma of reporting14. Aware you have been victimized15. Victims sometimes don’t know where or how

to report16. Ethnic and social mores17. Social class and status of the offender18. Cumulative factor19. Social significance, context, and relevance of

the crime21. Department communication equipment22. Fiscal resources of the police department23. Mobility of the police officers24. Visibility of the crime25. Department policies

Year Total Property

Violence

2000 25.9 M 19.3 M 6.6 M

2005 23.4 M 18.0 M 5.2 M

2010 20.3 M 15.4 M 4.9 M

2013 23.2 M 16.8 M 6.1 M

actual

23.2 M victimizations

9.8 M known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

Overall – 6.1 MRape – 300,170Robbery – 645,000Agg. Assault – 1 MSimple Assault – 4.2 M

Overall – 16.8 MHousehold Burglary – 3.3 MAuto Theft – 660,000Larceny/Theft – 12.8 M

Assault (aggravated) – 64% Assault (simple) – 39% Auto Theft – 75% Household Burglary – 57% Larceny/Theft – 26% Rape – 35% Robbery – 68%

***************************************** Overall Violent Crime – 46% Overall Property Crime – 36%

Honduras – 58 Korea – 2.2Venezuela – 48 Canada - 1.9Brazil – 26 France - 1.6Russia – 16.5 England - 1.4Mongolia – 12.8 Australia - 1.3Mexico – 10 New Zealand – 1.2Thailand - 8.5 Japan – 1.1U.S. - 5.6 Germany .98Philippines - 4.3 Austria .81Turkey – 3.8 Norway .78Finland – 2.8 Hong Kong - .63Sweden 2.4 Singapore - .49Malaysia - 2.4 Morocco - .47

International average is 7.6/100,000. Western world tends to

run below 2.0. Not counting nations involved in armed conflicts, there are roughly 500,000 homicides a year

in the world at present.

Gun accessibility Alcohol accessibility Externally based bio-chemical imbalances Internally based bio-chemical imbalances Psychological abnormalities Overexposure to violence Endless poverty Lack legitimate means of responding to

conflict Gang wars Social disorganization Co-habitation Instinctual violence Turning points/tipping points

actual ??

23.2 M victimizations

9.8 M known to police 2.1 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

1. Men fear being the victims of different types of crime than do women.

2. Men and women engage in different types of risk avoidance in response to their fears.

3. Men are less fearful of becoming a victim, and consequently make fewer adjustments.

Though the elderly have the lowest victimization rate, they have the highest fear of crime. This is due largely to their low rebound factor. In the end, it is not

the extent of crime, but the fear of crime that drives the field of pragmatic criminology.