Apr 20, 2023 1

Ad-hoc workgroup report on New Technologies

TC-34 ad-hoc taskgroup

Chair : David Case

Apr 20, 2023 2

Overview

This is report provides an overview of the current generation of technologies as well the SAR test procedures from the FCC to evaluate these product compliance.

This discussion was to provide information for the TC34 and TC 106 workgroups to consider SAR measurement difficulties for today’s technology and to prepare for the next revision of the IEEE 1528 / EN 62209.2 standards.

The technologies addressed in this discussion are Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 3G as well as discussion on the FCC test guidelines for laptops

Apr 20, 2023 3

802.11 a/b/g/n bands

Bandwidths for DTS 20 MHz, 40 MHz

FH BW <1MHz to <5MHz

Transmitter power based on FCC or ETSI rules.

Frequency TX power Max EIRP

2400-2483.5MHz 1W 4W EIRP*

5150-5250 MHz 50mW 200mW EIRP

5250-5350 MHz 250mW 1W EIRP**

5470-5725MHz 250mW 1W EIRP

5725 – 5850MHZ 1W 4W EIRP

* ETSI max is 100mW EIRP

**ETSI Max is 200mW EIRP

Apr 20, 2023 4

802.11 based devices

Frequency 4940- 4990 MHz Public Safety Transmitter power +20dBm +33dBm non 802.11

BW Low TX power High TX

1MHz +7dBm +20dBm

5 MHz +14dBm +27dBm

10MHz +17dBm +30dBm

15MHz +18.8dBm +31.8dBm

20MHz +20dBm +33dBm

Apr 20, 2023 5

802.11Technical info

802.11b/g modulations BPSK, QPSK, QAM, CCK , OFDM

Data Rates 1- 54Mbps

802.11a modulations BPSK, QPSK, OFDM

Data Rates 6 – 54Mbps

802.11n OFDM

Modulations to 108Mbps

4.9GHz OFDM

Proprietary turbo, half and quarter rate modes

Switched diversity antenna capability

Operating modes – ad-hoc and infrastructure

Dynamic communication protocols (varying power and Tx duty factor)

Module transmitters

Apr 20, 2023 6

802.11 Issues

Normal operating modes unsuitable for SAR testing

Test modes do not accurately reflect real operation modes

SAR of switched antenna diversity cannot easily be measured

Other complex antennas require additional SAR evaluation

Transmit duty cycle during normal use varies usage and traffic conditions.

Burst duty factor and burst crest factor corrections are random, compensation difficult.

Modules can be used in variety of hosts with different antenna configurations , making testing of stand alone modules more difficult to simulate results in variety of hosts.

Apr 20, 2023 7

802.11 SAR Test Recommendations

Test with transmitter set at highest output power for each modulation chosen.

Until duty cycle issue is resolved test at 100% duty cycle understanding that in normal operation duty factor could be greatly reduced.

Consider verifying output linearity and duty cycle

Lowest data transfer rate typically uses lower order modulation that require higher average output power but may need to verify SAR for higher order modulations according to output power requirements.

Apr 20, 2023 8

802.11 SAR Test Recommendations

Test at least one high order (OFDM) and one low order modulation (BPSK). If the maximum average TX power is more than 0.25dB higher for other modulations, additional testing of other modulations may be required

Testing of additional BW can be done according to the output power requirements for the various Bandwidths..

Radio modules will require appropriate host platforms to conduct SAR tests : example laptop, PDA, etc for use as such platforms.

Apr 20, 2023 9

Summary

802.11 devices are becoming more pre valiant as standard equipment in devices such as wireless phones, laptops, handheld.

802.11 devices are not just for use in the unlicensed band but now are being designed and deployed for licensed services as well.

FCC 802.11 SAR test procedure needs to be reviewed by the TC 34 committee to consider incorporating some of the requirements.

Apr 20, 2023 10

FCC 3G Document

Apr 20, 2023 11

Introduction to WWAN SAR

3 main WWAN technologies dominate international markets: GSM, CDMA, WCDMA

Devices must be configured in an appropriately and consistent manners Configurations must have acceptable PAR within SAR measurement equipment

capabilities Configurations must be repeatable

WWAN technologies are complicated, but fortunately wireless standards committees have test configurations that can be utilized for SAR testing

FCC has released guidelines for SAR testing in reference to US requirements

FCC documents can be referenced to create IEEE documents specifying technology configurations required for SAR testing

Apr 20, 2023 12

Dominant WWAN Parameters Impacting SAR

Peak to Average (PAR) Impact: PAR vs Probe linear response impacts SAR results accuracy WWAN waveforms have PAR ranging from 1 dB to >5dB Solution: Identify low PAR waveforms and mandate for SAR testing

Channel Configurations Impact: Channel configuration can impact maximum output power and PAR Variety of baseband physical channel types/configurations summed together and frequency up-converted to

generate mobile transmit signal Some channel configurations result in transmit power reduction defined by WWAN standards (ie high data

rate configuration could reduce TX power to meet emissions requirements) Solution: Mandate channel configurations that achieve maximum output power with low PAR

Configuring for max power Impact: Mobile device may not be configured to transmit maximum power Different WWAN technologies have different procedures to configure mobile devices to transmit at max power Solution: Identify methods for configuring technologies for maximum output power and identify any

problematic configurations/procedures

Transmitter Modulations Impact: Effects PAR Different technologies incorporate different modulations for the mobile transmitter Solution: Identifying channel configurations with low PAR and consistent modulation schemes

Apr 20, 2023 13

WWAN Technology Summary

Class Technology Usage Notes Typical Portable Max Power (Avg detector)Transmitter Modulations

(Uplink/Reverse link) Industry Test StandardsAddressed in FCC 3G

Procedures

WCDMA (3G)

WCDMA (R99) Primarily voice, limited data 400mW BPSK 3GPP TS 34.121 Yes

WCDMA HSDPA (Release 5) Enhanced downlink data 400mW BPSK 3GPP TS 34.121 Yes

WCDMA HSUPA (Release 6) Enhanced uplink data 400mW BPSK 3GPP TS 34.121 Yes

CDMA (3G)

CDMA 1x Primarily voice, limited data 400mW QPSK, BPSK 3GPP2 C.S0011-C Yes

CDMA DO Release 0 Enhanced downlink data 400mW QPSK, BPSK, 16QAM

3GPP2

YesC.S0033

CDMA DO Revision A Enhanced uplink data 400mW QPSK, BPSK, 16QAM

3GPP2

YesC.S0033

GSM (2G)

GSM Primarily voice 250mW GMSK 3GPP No

GPRS Data 500-1000mW GMSK 3GPP No

EDGE (EGPRS) Data 250mW 8PSK 3GPP No

LTE OFDMA TBD TBD BPSK, QPSK, QAM, TBD 3GPP No

UMB OFDMA TBD TBD BPSK, QPSK, QAM, TBD 3GPP2 No

Apr 20, 2023 14

FCC 3G Document Status

Current FCC 3G Document defines CDMA/WCDMA test practices currently used by industry Document defines test modes used for RF safety testing Guidelines leverage from test modes defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2

standards bodies Release of document has helped to bring consistency to WWAN SAR

reports

Document needs some subtle changes to extend applicability of the document to future devices Modification topics for discussion are in the following slides

Apr 20, 2023 15

International WWAN Bands

Band Name3GPP (CDMA) Operating Bands per

C.S00573GPP (WCDMA) Operating Bands per TS

25.101Mobile Transmit Frequencies Base Station Transmit Frequencies

450 MHz Band Class 5   452-484 MHz 462-494 MHz

700 MHz Band Class 7   776-794 MHz 746-764 MHz

800MHz Cell Band Class 0 V

824 - 849 MHz 869-894 MHz

900MHz Band Class 9 VIII 880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHz

Japan Band Class 3   887-925 MHz 943-870 MHz

DCS Band Class 8 III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz

AWS Band Class 15 IV

1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz

PCS Band Class 1 II 1850 -1910 MHz 1930 -1990 MHz

2 GHz IMT-2000 band Band Class 6 I 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 -2170 MHz

2.5 Band Class 13 VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz

Apr 20, 2023 16

Addressing Configuration Requirements

WWAN standards identify channel configurations and procedures for configuring devices for RF conformance testing Standards define many different configurations for diverse set of RF tests.

• Max power and emissions test configurations can be used for SAR testing• Only a subset (or just one configuration) is applicable to SAR testing

Standards define procedures for configuring device to transmit at max power• WWAN power control schemes make configurations for maximum power easy

FCC’s 3G document has identified technologies configurations required FCC SAR testing based on the industry standards

FCC 3G document can be leveraged upon to generate IEEE configuration guidance document

Apr 20, 2023 17

Suggested Modifications (3G Document)

Add some verbiage for multi mode devices (CDMA + GSM/GPRS/EDGE + WCDMA) limiting test data to highest TX power modes.

Increase power variance between modes beyond 0.25 dB to determine additional SAR test requirements if >75% margin

0.25 dB is within the measurement error of test equipment

Address test software vs. call box call support

Apr 20, 2023 18

Suggested Modifications (3G Document) Continued

Add some commentary about simultaneous TX (BT, WLAN)

Add tables with standards references

Change 1x RC3 reference to be consistently SO55 (remove TDSO/S32)

Refine appendix information Reduce and clarify existing information

Apr 20, 2023 19

FCC Notebook SAR Evaluation

Apr 20, 2023 20

Introduction

Current SAR measurement procedures applicable to handset designs

Future/current wireless devices include embedded Notebook computers, Ultra Mobile PCs, cameras, TBD consumer electronic devices No test measurement procedures exist

Future devices incorporating wireless transmitters is limitless and thus difficult to establish procedures

Apr 20, 2023 21

Problem Statements

Absence of non-handset SAR procedures is causing problems for the wireless product industry

Wireless Industry has requirements for two types of guidance: Measurement procedures for non-handset devices Test requirements for devices with multiple technologies

These devices are in the market today, so these procedures need to be addressed quickly Industry currently completes a large number of burdensome SAR

test cases that result in very low SAR results (>10dB of margin)

Apr 20, 2023 22

Factors for Consideration

Separation Distance from user: Some devices provide separation distance from user such that SAR testing may not be applicable Is SAR really necessary for a 500mW transmitter with 10cm of

separation distance?

Simultaneous transmission of multiple technologies: How does simultaneous transmission impact RF safety? Depending on the separation distances and transmit power, SAR

testing may not be applicable• If antennas are shared, separation distance to user must be

considered• If different antennas, the separation distance between the antennas

and the interaction between the antennas must be considered

Apr 20, 2023 23

FCC Notebook Document

Released by FCC in Dec 2007 Allows reduction in SAR test requirements depending on TX

power and separation distances Reduces test requirements for changes/variations in similar

notebook models

Excellent first step in identify ways to reduce unnecessary testing Current document only applies to very low power applications

Future work required to further reduce test cases

Apr 20, 2023 24

Discussion points for Notebook Document

Need further discussion on antenna to antenna separation distances as they relate to impact on SAR measurement results Support simulations? Compare simulations with actual SAR measurement of notebook

computers

Need further discussion on antenna to user separation distance At what distance does SAR measurement become negligible vs.

FCC and international SAR limits Use test data of SAR measurements on actual notebook

computer products as part of the equation

Apr 20, 2023 25

Summary

Wireless transmitters are being incorporated into a diverse type of form factor end product

Guidelines defining test procedures are required to address RF safety testing

Future work is required to expand on FCC’s first attempt to address the test procedures and establish industry wide test practices

Apr 20, 2023 26

SAR Test Complexities with WiMAX

Apr 20, 2023 27

WiMAX Forum 802.16e Bands

OFDMA Signal with different FFT sizes and modulations available

Multiple Bandwidths Supported (5, 7, 8.75, 10 MHz & future may include 20 MHz)

Transmitter power based Device Power Class and Open loop and Closed Loop rules. Typical range 24 – 33 dBm

Frequency Chn BW(MHz) FFT Size

2.3 – 2.4 GHz 5, 8.75, 10 512, 1024, 1024

2.496-2.69GHz 5,10(both must be supported) 512, 1024

3.3 – 3.4 GHz 5, 7, 10 512, 1024, 1024

3.4 – 3.8 GHz 5, 7, 10 512, 1024, 1024

Apr 20, 2023 28

Dominant WiMAX Parameters Impacting SAR

Frame Configurations & Peak to Average (PAR) Impact: Frame configuration can impact maximum output power and PAR Variety of modulations, flexible allocation of number of sub-carriers in FFT, different coding

available for each sub-carrier, flexible duty cycle. Solution: Mandate frame configurations that achieve maximum output power with low PAR

Configuring for max power Impact: Mobile device may not be configured to transmit maximum power Lack of loop back testmode makes confirmation of power and frame control difficult. Test

equipment with required level of frame and power control is still under development. Solution: Identify methods for configuring technologies for maximum output power and identify

any problematic configurations/procedures

Apr 20, 2023 29

Other Issues Impacting SAR Measurements of WiMAX DUT

Current Probe Calibration methods may not address complexity of WiMAX signals.

Power measurement profiles on current equipment may not sense the frame correctly and miss the edges. New profiles or equipment may be needed.

Apr 20, 2023 30

MIMO Technologies

Apr 20, 2023 31

MIMO In Various Market

802.11n- WLAN

802.16 – WWAN

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) for W-CDMA UMTS (3GPP TS25-876): 28 Mbps peak rates in 5 MHz channel

4MIMO-OFDM strong candidate for 4G systems: under investigation by 4G Mobile Forum and Wireless World Research Forum

(source: Qualcomm MIMO presentation @TCBC workshop)

Apr 20, 2023 32

MIMO Technologies

MIMO = Multiple-In; Multiple-Out MIMO requires signal processing on transmitter and receiver

Multiple-In= Multiple Receiver Chains

Multiple-Out=Multiple Transmitter Chains

Chains= No. of RX or TX elements

2x3 MIMO= 2 Transmitter chains and 3 receiver chains.

2x2 MIMO= 2 Transmitter chains and 2 receiver chains.

Apr 20, 2023 33

MIMO Technologies

MISO: Multiple-In (Multiple Receiver Chain); Single-Out (Single Transmitter Chain) SISO: Single-In (One Receiver Chain); Single-Out (One Transmitter Chain) CDD/ Legacy: Cyclic Delay Diversity: only applicable to OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing) modulation (802.11g and/or 802.11a)- 802.11b does not use OFDM modulation (CCK, DQPSK, DBPSK).

CDD/ Legacy: can increase frequency selectivity of the channel seen by the receiver, which results in cyclic delay diversity (CDD) and achieves spatial diversity.

STBC/Legacy : Space-Time Blocked Coding: to improve bit error performance of the whole wireless system

SDM/MIMO: Spatial Division Multiplexing : SDM spatially multiplexes multiple independent data streams, transferred simultaneously within one spectral channel of bandwidth. MIMO SDM can significantly increase data throughput as the number of resolved spatial data streams is increased.

Apr 20, 2023 34

MIMO Antenna Locations

Apr 20, 2023 35

MIMO Antenna Locations

Apr 20, 2023 36

MIMO Power

802.11b average power is higher than 802.11g legacy or 802.11g/40MHz (approxi. 3dB higher)

TX chain#0 and chain#2 average output power is within 0.5 dB

TX chain#0 and chain#2 peak output power is within 1 dB.

Apr 20, 2023 37

MIMO Output Power

2.4GH

z Band

Apr 20, 2023 38

MIMO Power

Proposed 802.11 WORST-CASE CONFIGURATION AND MODE (based upon measurement)

802.11b mode, 20 MHz Channel Bandwidth, 1 Mb/s, CCK Modulation 802.11g mode, 20 MHz Channel Bandwidth, 6 Mb/s, OFDM Modulation,

Spatial Stream 1.(SAR is not required when the max. average output power is less than ¼ dB higher than the corresponding 802.11b channel)

802.11a mode, 20 MHz Channel Bandwidth, 6 Mb/s, OFDM Modulation, Spatial Stream 1.

802.11n HT20 mode, 20 MHz Channel Bandwidth, MCS0, 6.5 Mb/s, OFDM Modulation, Spatial Stream 1.

802.11n HT40 mode, 40 MHz Channel Bandwidth, MCS0, 13.5 Mb/s, OFDM Modulation, Spatial Stream 1.

Apr 20, 2023 39

MIMO Summary

Shall average output power measure with combiner? Or on individual TX chain?

Shall MIMO device be measured with both transmitting chains-ON or individual TX chain is enough?

Test Software provided can configure MIMO to transmit on one of chain or all chains simultaneously

When one of TX chain antenna is portable (<20cm) and the other TX chain antenna is mobile (>20cm), test mode shall be defined.

Apr 20, 2023 40

New Taskgroup issues

Provide information on test procedure used to determine worst case modes for 802.11.

Develop plan for additional verification of proposed 802.11 modes SAR test requirements –

Develop plan for addressing WWAN / WiMAX technologies issues for SAR test standard.

Develop plan to start addressing non handheld devices with multiple radios

Recommendations for above due by April TC34 conference call.