AD of the organic fraction of MSW System overview for source and

central separated waste

David Baxter* and Teodorita Al Seadi**

* European Commission JRC and Task 37

** BIOSANTECH, Denmark and Task 37

Contents

• Policy background • Waste and biomass potential

– How much digestible waste – Biogas potentials of biogenic waste

• Biogenic waste as a resource – Treatment options – AD of OFMSW at a glance – Examples of AD plants – Comparative costs

• Conclusions and future trends

DRIVERS

Climate change mitigation

Resource efficiency

Security of energy supply

Environment and health (human and animal)

Policy Background

Reduced landfill (emissions and resource efficiency)

Renewable energy (biogenic component of MSW use

as fuel) (e.g. Directive 2009/28/EC in Europe)

Health protection (e.g. European animal by-products

regulation 1069/2009; EU Industrial Emissions

directive 2010/75/EC for air and water

protection)

Categories of waste

How much digestible waste do we have

Rules of thumb • Average of 1,2 kg household waste /inhabitant/day; Up to double amounts in high income countries • 1.3 billion tonnes of MSW are produced yearly; 46% of it is organic • Globally, MSW generation levels are expected to double by 2025 • Higher share of organic material in low income countries (62%) compared to (27%) in high income countries

Food waste represents 23 - 67,5% of the MSW (IPCC , 2000)

Global composition of MSW

Biogenic Waste

Organic MSW (OFMSW) has very high methane potential Specific Specific

Biomass type DM DM/VS VS methane methane

potential production

(%) (%) (%) m3 CH4/kgVS m3 CH4/t

Cattle slurry 8,00 80,0 6,40 0,200 12,8

Mixed fruit residues

15,00

85,0

12,75

0,370

42,1

Fats (Soy oil/margarine) 95,00 90,0 85,50 0,800 684,0

Household waste 30,00 85,0 25,50 0,400 102,0

Sewage sludge,

concentrated

10,00

75,0

7,50

0,400

30,0

Organic MSW (OFMSW) has very high methane potential

Waste as a resource

Drivers to separate OFMSW

• Policy and regulatory • Environmental • Economy (saving on post-treatment costs) • Industry

Why source separation ?

• Benefits the quality and the costs of the overall waste management • Benefits the quality of other waste recycling • Preserves resources and protects the environment • Separately collected digestible fraction can be supplied directly to a biogas plant

Treatment options for OFMSW

Overall, AD along with composting have the least negative impacts on

human health and the environment and the most benefits, when compared

to other MSW management options (ECN-2011)

?

Feedstock: The organic fraction of MSW (OFMSW) - Source separated, separately collected - Bulk collected, centrally separated

Various AD Systems:

- Wet or Dry - Batch or Continuous - Single Stage or Multi-Stage - Co-digestion or Mono -digestion (MSW alone)

Preprocessing and post-treatment

Pathogen inactivation/Sanitisation

AD of OFMSW at a glance

"Biogas Handbook: Science,

production and application"

Published in February 2013 by

Woodhead

ISBN 978-0-85709-498-8 (print)

ISBN 978-0-85709-741-5 (on-line)

http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=2576

AD of OFMSW at a glance

AD method

Process type

Dry matter %

Examples of AD plant concepts

Mono digestion (only MSW) Dry 20-30 Valorga, Kompogas (single phase, plug-flow) Dranco (single stage) Linde

Wet 2 BTA Co-digestion (with animal slurries, other wastes, crops etc)

Wet 8-15 Danish joint co-digestion plants (CAD)

Integrated Dry 20-30 AIKAN - Integrated dry AD and composting CAMBI – Integrated Hydrolysis + two stage AD

Types of AD systems used in MSW treatment

• Single Stage: - Single stage low solids (SSLS) ; Wassa

- Single stage high solids (SSHS); Dranco, Kompogas, Valorga

• Multi Stage - Multi stage low solids (MSLS); BTA, Biocomp

- Multi stage high solids (MSHS); Biopercolat • Batch - Aikan

Evolution of AD of OFMSW in Europe

Development of AD of OFMSW in Europe (Mattheeuws, 2012)

• More than 200 OFMSW plants operating in Europe; Average: 30,000 tons/year • Main drivers:

- reduced landfill - increased bioenergy - biofuels

• Restrictions/ regulations -Animal By-Product Regulation -Restrictive utilization of digestate as fertiliser, based on national quality standards

Commercial AD Treatment Systems

Single stage wet system; Wassa, Finland

Wet AD of bio-waste KOMPTECH biogas plant at Markgrafneusiedl, Austria

Single-stage Dry Systems High solids plug flow digesters

Multi-stage AD process

Linde-KCA two-stage dry digester

Multistage dry (high solids) systems

Batch digesters

• Single stage batch digester (e.g. Biocel) • Sequential batch digester ( e.g. SEBAC) • Hybrid batch UASB • Three step dry AD and composting (Aikan)

Batch digesters – Spiez (CH)

Integrated dry AD and composting

Three step dry AD and composting –Aikan™ Denmark

Co-digestion of manure and source separated household waste (e.g. biogas plant in Västerås/Sweden (Växtkraft )

Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)

Source: DEFRA (UK): MBT of MSW (2007)

Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)

An adaptation to MBT

AD of the liquid fraction after enzymatic treatment

(The REnescience Waste Refinery *) TM

REnescience technology uses enzymes to separate mixed MSW

into different fractions:

- without need for mechanical pretreatment (e.g. shredding)

(operates at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure)

- producing bioliquid for AD (digestate as fertiliser)

- producing clean materials for recycling and feedstocks for other

processes * DONG Pilot Facility" Copenhagen (2009)

Source separation and collection by door-to-door method a) Bin collection system

•Single-compartment bins •Two–compartments bin or double container

b) Bag collection system •Paper bags •Plastic bags •Biodegradable plastic bags

Source separation and separate collection in road containers

Underground containers

Optical sorting of household waste

Source separation options

Waste for optical sorting

Important quality

requirements !!!!

Digestate is an excellent biofertiliser for crops

• Sanitation (pathogen inactivation) • Free of physical pollutants (plastics, metals, glas, stones) • Declaration of nutrient content (NPK, DM, pH) • Strict control of chemical pollutants - heavy metals - organic pollutants (persistant!)

Quality standards/ certification / quality assurance implemented in many

countries, aiming to guarantee quality and to enhance use as biofertiliser

Organic pollutant Limit value

PAHs

(Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons)

3

mg/kg DM

PCDD/F

(Dioxins and furans)

20

ng TE/kg DM

HCH, DDT, DDE etc.

(Chlorinated

pesticides)

0.5

mg/kg prod.

PCB

(Polychlorinated

biphenyls)

0.2

mg/kg DM

AOX

(Absorbable organic

halogens)

500

mg/kg DM

LAS

(Linear alkylbenzene

sulphonates)

1300

mg/kg DM

NPE

(Nonylphenol and

nonylphenolethoxyla

tes

10

mg/kg DM

DEPH

Di (2-ethylhexyl)

phthalate)

50

mg/kg DM

Example of limit values for organic pollutants in Austria, Denmark and Switzerland *I-TEC: International Toxicity Equivalents Limits of heavy metals (mg/kg DM) in ‘waste’ products

that can be applied to land in some IEA Bioenergy Task 37 member countries

Cd Pb Hg Ni Zn Cu Cr

EU,

recommendations

20 750 16 300 2500 1000 1000

EU,

recommendations

starting 2015

5 500 5 200 2000 800 600

EU,

recommendations

starting 2025

2 300 2 100 1500 600 600

Denmark 0.8 120 0.8 30 4000 1000 100

Finland 1.5 100 1 100 1500 600 300

France 3 180 2 60 600 300 120

Germany 10 900 8 200 2500 800 900

Ireland 20 750 16 300 2500 1000 1000

Norway 2 80 3 50 800 650 100

Sweden 1 100 1 50 800 600 100

Switzerland 1/0.7 120/45 1/0.4 30/25 400/200 100/70 70/na

The Netherlands 1.25 100 0,75 30 300 75 75

United Kingdom 1.5 200 1 50 400 200 100

IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Report: Digestate Quality (2012)

Some costs for different systems

ASSESSMENT OF THE OPTIONS TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT

OF BIO-WASTE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: ANNEX E: Approach to

estimating costs, ARCADIS Project number – 11/004759 | Version A |

30-11-2009:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/compost/pdf/ia_biowaste%20-

%20ANNEX%20E%20%20-%20approach%20to%20costs.pdf

Some capital costs for different systems

MBT SRF

Incineration Electricity

Incineration CHP

AD Electricity

AD CHP

AD Up-grading

250 630 750 380 480 450

CAPEX: Euro/tonne installed capacity

Some operating costs for different systems

OPEX: Euro/tonne installed capacity

MBT SRF

Incineration Electricity

Incineration CHP

AD Electricity

AD CHP

AD Up-grading

21 25 27 38 40 45

Conclusions and future trends

AD of sorted MSW is an integral part of organic waste management and recycling with renewable energy recovery

Intrinsic benefits / incentives: • Sustainable alternative to incineration, landfilling and uncontrolled waste dumping • Capture of renewable methane • Digestate as fertiliser, off-setting the use of fossil fertilisers • Preservation of natural resources: recycling of macro- and micro nutrients and carbon • Cleaner urban environment: less pollution from dumping of organic material • Less GHG emissions • Better public and animal health (breaking the chain of diseases spreading/ pathogen inactivation through AD

Barriers • Lack of awareness of benefits • Inadequate /lack of supporting policies • Negative public perception in some countries AD does not solve all problems, some wastes (residuals) still need other treatment (e.g. incineration or landfill), but AD helps maximise resource recovery

Don’t waste your waste!

Thank you for your attention

www.iea-biogas.net

Methane potentials of some Typical AD feedstock

Two-stage dry process

BTA multi-stage AD process

Multistage wet (low solids) systems

1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years

Preparation

Pre s tudy 4 to 6 months

Objectives 3 to 6 months

Stakeholder consultation 1 to 3 months

Decis ions taken in the Ci ty Counci l 3 months

Investigation for the introduction 4 to 8 months

Organization of collection

Contracting organization 6 months to 5 years Existing agreement to be reviewed, procurement of entrepreneur

Col lection in-house 1 to 2 years The operating organization to be reviewed, reorganization, purchase of vehicles

Optica l sorting 1 to 3 years Building permits, construction of facility

Treatment

Procurement 3 to 6 months

Own faci l i ty 3 to 5 years

Introduction

Purchase of equipment 3 to 5 months

Fee/Regulations/Consultation 4 to 6 months

Information to households and bus inesses 3 to 6 months Ongoing information during the introduction

Introduction in various s tages 1 to 5 years

Timeline for implementing a source separation system Swedish experience

1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years

Preparation

Pre s tudy 4 to 6 months

Objectives 3 to 6 months

Stakeholder consultation 1 to 3 months

Decis ions taken in the Ci ty Counci l 3 months

Investigation for the introduction 4 to 8 months

Organization of collection

Contracting organization 6 months to 5 years Existing agreement to be reviewed, procurement of entrepreneur

Col lection in-house 1 to 2 years The operating organization to be reviewed, reorganization, purchase of vehicles

Optica l sorting 1 to 3 years Building permits, construction of facility

Treatment

Procurement 3 to 6 months

Own faci l i ty 3 to 5 years

Introduction

Purchase of equipment 3 to 5 months

Fee/Regulations/Consultation 4 to 6 months

Information to households and bus inesses 3 to 6 months Ongoing information during the introduction

Introduction in various s tages 1 to 5 years

Examples of animal by-products suitable for AD Required pre-treatment

conform to

Category

Manure and digestive tract content from

slaughterhouse

No pre-treatment Category 2

Milk and colostrums No pre-treatment Category 2

Perished animals Pressure sterilisation Category 2

Slaughtered animal, not intended for human

consumption

Pressure sterilisation Category 2

Meat-containing wastes from foodstuff-industry Pasteurisation Category 3

Slaughterhouse wastes from animals fit for human

consumption

Pasteurisation Category 3

Catering waste, except for waste from international

transports (flights and trains etc)

In accordance with national

regulation

Category 3

Animal by products allowed to be supplied to AD plants, and the required conditions and pre-treatments

according to the EU Animal By-Product Regulation (ABP)