ad800-ad1414. eternal father, i offer thee the most precious blood of thy divine son, jesus, in...

AD800-AD1414

Eternal Father, I offer Thee the Most Precious Blood of Thy Divine Son, Jesus, in union with the Masses said throughout the world today, for all the holy souls in purgatory, for sinners everywhere, for sinners in the universal church, those in my own home and within my family. Amen.

O God, throughout the ages you have called women and men to pursue lives of perfect charity through the evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity, and obedience. During this Year of Consecrated Life, we give you thanks for these courageous witnesses of Faith and models of inspiration. Their pursuit of holy lives teaches us to make a more perfect offering of ourselves to you. Continue to enrich your Church by calling forth sons and daughters who, having found the pearl of great price, treasure the Kingdom of Heaven above all things. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.

A struggle inside and outside the Church to be faithful to the Pope and the teachings of the Church A struggle for balancing power between the Church and the state

Obedience to the Church Obedience is at the core of the struggle of sin and holiness While the Church cannot be too political, there MUST be respect for and obedience to the Church as Gods spokesman in the world which forms Christians for participation in society. This goes for both lay members and the clergy When obedience is rejected, it is guaranteed to result in disaster!

Obedience to the Church EXAMPLES EASTERN SCHISM CRUSADES MENDICANT ORDERS vs. HERETICAL ORDERS INQUISITION GREAT WESTERN SCHISM

Sts. Cyril & Methodius came from Constantinople in the 800s Introduced Cyrillic alphabet Vernacular in the Mass Greek customs into the Church Married priests, beards, no fasting on Saturday, leavened bread in the Mass, Alleluia during Lent ALL APPROVED BY THE POPE!!!

A political system in which the emperor extends his powers into Church matters Constantine the Great calls for the Council of Nicaea The appointing of bishops and the Eastern Patriarch The increasing power of the Eastern Emperor will lead to conflicts and disputes with the Pope

The People Involved: Patriarch Michael Patriarch of Constantinople Pope Leo IX The Pope at the time Cardinal Humbert Papal Representative of Pope Leo I

WESTEAST Doctrinal dispute Filioque Crowning of Charlemagne as emperor in the West Recent Papal trends to reform Renewal of celibate priesthood Beardless priests No Alleluia during Lent Increased military strength Desire for greater independence from the West Belief that the East rules all the empire Justinian I caesaropapism

Leo IX condemned some Eastern practices in Latin dioceses Abp. Michael Cerularius Latin parishes in Constantinople closed Consecrated Hosts from Latin parishes were trampled thought to be invalid by the East Cardinal Humbert sent to Cerularius on Pope Leo IXs behalf

During Divine Liturgy (Eastern Mass) Humbert & Frederick of Lorraine (future Pope Stephen X) slams a letter of excommunication on altar of Hagia Sophia excommunicating the Patriarch Invalid because Pope Leo IX was dead by then

Cerularius called a synod days later and excommunicated the delegates The Latins had perverted the Faith Negotiations between the east and west started up soon after 1054 w/o much success Various spats b/w East and West keeps the Orthodox and Catholics split to this day

Other problems 1. The East/Greek & West/Latin become more separate 2. Tension between the Pope and the Patriarch (question of authority raised by Photian schism of 857-867) 3. Crowning of Charlemagne who was illiterate as Roman Emperor offended New Rome 4. Filioque dispute Council of Toledo in 589 (and the Son) Clarification or Alteration/Change? East says Alteration of Creed of 451 West says Clarification in face of heresy!

Result: Patriarch excommunicates the Pope & the Popes delegates return the favor Problem: the Pope is actually dead at the time 4 th Crusade (AD1204) seals the division The city of Venice sacked Constantinople

AD1453 Constantinople falls to the Muslim Turks The West was slow to come to the Easts aid Constantinople becomes Istanbul under the Muslims

Dont try to understand the crusades from a 21 st century viewpoint. The methods of protection correspond to a 11 th century worldview that differs greatly from the present day It must also be remembered that the ends never justifies the means IN ANY AGE

A series of 4 (major) DEFENSIVE military campaigns between 1096 and 1270 undertaken by Christians GOAL: liberate the Holy Land & stop the expansion of Islam

Within 100 years of Mohammeds death much of the Christian world has been conquered by Islam The Holy Land Egypt Asia Minor North Africa Spain

Byzantine army is defeated by the Turks Turks threatening to take Constantinople Less than 20 YEARS after Eastern Schism Still hopes of healing the split Emperor asks the Pope for help

Blessed Pope Urban II calls a council to raise support for the East He calls for an organized assault in DEFENSE of Christian Europe

Incentives were provided as a reason for men to go fight ***there would be abuses Fight for Jesus Christ! Reduction of Taxes Erasing debts Physical & Spiritual Protection of Families

1097: Crusaders unite in Constantinople 1098: Antioch conquered 1099: Jerusalem conquered Result: a brutal massacre of mostly Muslim population

Considered to be the best organized Armies were anything but unified UNFORTUNATELY SOME CRUSADERS ATTACKED JEWISH COMMUNITIES ON THEIR WAY TO THE HOLY LAND

A series of 4 (major) DEFENSIVE military campaigns between 1096 and 1270 undertaken by Christians Because the Muslims are trying to take over the world! Theres a fear the Muslims will conquer all of Europe. GOAL: liberate the Holy Land & stop the expansion of Islam Called by Bl. Pope Urban II

1 st Crusade (1095-1099) Recapture Jerusalem: TEMPORARY SUCCESS 2 nd Crusade (1141) Recapture Damascus: FAILED 3 rd Crusade (1189 1192) Recapture Jerusalem: FAILED Recapture True Cross: SUCCESS 4 th Crusade (1201-1204) Things go downhill sacking of Constantinople 5 th Crusade (1212) Childrens Crusade never a good idea

Diminished enthusiasm and religious fervor for the Holy Wars were the result Victory is fleeting: Christian control of the Holy Land ended in 1291 It would be the 19 th century before Christian forces would have a foothold in the region Muslims are held back for 400 years

Outcome of the Crusades Improvements Intellectual life Military technology (defenses & weaponry) Missionary development (Asia, esp. China) Western Culture Muslims would give control of Christian Holy Places in Palestine to the Franciscans

Balancing power between the Church & state During the Dark Ages, it was only the Church which governed the West As secular rules began to re-gain power in the Middle Ages, the struggle for power caused lots of problems Important note: when the Church tries to become too political it will cause problems

Balancing power between the Church & state EXAMPLES GREGORIAN REFORMS (relations w/Henry IV) INQUISITION AVIGNON PAPACY GREAT WESTERN SCHISM

1. Pope Sylvester & Constantine (313) 2. Pope Leo III & Charlemagne (800) 3. Pope Gregory VII & Henry IV (1077) 4. St. Thomas Becket & Henry II of England (1170) 5. Pope Innocent III 6. Pope Boniface VIII & Philip the Fair

When Christianity is legalized, Constantine gives the Church certain privileges There are now mixed motives for joining the Catholic Faith Even the motives of the Pope are somewhat marred by these privileges

Due to the attacks by the Barbarians, Leo III is in need of military support. Charlemagne gives the needed military support to Leo III in exchange for the title of Holy Roman Emperor This will obviously offend the Emperor in Constantinople who sees himself as the Roman Emperor

Henry IV wanted to control the Church Names a Bishop of Milan Gregory saw that as an attack on his authority & excommunicated Henry No longer faithful to the Church, citizens are no longer bound to pay him taxes nor is the military to support him Gregory forces Henry to come 3 days barefoot through the snow as a sign of repentance, and Gregory forgives him BUT1 year later, Henry will go so far as to unlawfully name a Pope Technically, its an anti-pope.

Henry II published the laws known as the Constitutions of Clarendon This created taxes on Church property, the right of the state to seize Church property, and the right to try priests and bishops in ordinary courts Thomas Becket refused to allow such things Henry II: Who will rid me of this pesky priest? Becket is murdered in his own Cathedral, presumably by Henrys men. This becomes a long-standing example of what NOT to do to the Church as a head of state.

This is the high point of Papal authority Because of the Becket incident, the kings of Europe back off and Innocent has a wide range of authority He excommunicates the kings of Europe one-by-one This immerses the Church greatly in worldly affairs After this, the Church goes 2 years without a Pope

AD1294 sees two problems in the papacy Celestine V resigns (only pope to resign) showing weaknesses in the papacy Boniface VIII seriously oversteps his authority Even every leaf of every tree must obey the Popes commands Issues Unam Sanctam emphasizing the Popes supreme authority A true message at the wrong time Philip the Fair of France is not impressed In a battle with Boniface, Philips soldiers slap the Pope as a sign of their rejection of the Popes authority

Avignon Papacy (1305- 1377) French kings trying to manipulate the Pope by manipulating the Cardinals who elect the Pope A French Pope pressured by the French king moves the Papal residence to France showing the French kings power over the Pope

Western Schism (1378-1414) When the Pope does return thank you, St. Catherine of Siena and St. Bridget of Sweden the struggle continues. Kings still try to control the Pope, establish their own Pope At one point, theres even 3 men claiming to be Pope.

A temporary peace is settled when a council establishes a true Pope (Martin V) Problem: the Council looks to have more authority than the Pope Questions begin to arise: do we really need the Pope? Doesnt he just cause more harm than good?

MENDICANT ORDERS INQUISITION THE BLACK DEATH

In the midst of the turmoil, many Catholics want to return to a fidelity to the Gospel (away from clerical abuses of simony & clerical unchastity)

One solution: by rejecting the Church & going our own way Cathars & Albigensians (radical poverty, Manichaeans are back); Waldensians Another solution: accepting the Churchs teachings and following after Christ and His Church Franciscans and Dominicans radical poverty, teaching the truths of the Faith to uncatechized Catholics, obedience to the Church of Jesus Christ

Average child Francis, go and build up my house again. Against his fathers will, he lived a life of poverty Gained a strong following: 500 by time of St. Francis death Seeking Papal approval Dream of a beggar holding up Basilica of St. John Lateran By his charity, won favor of Muslims during the Crusades

Starts with the dream of a hound in the wheat field Urged by his bishop to preach against the Albigensians Inspired by St. Francis, St. Dominic began living a life of poverty Devoted himself to preaching and teaching Followers would do the same... Weapon of choice: the Holy Rosary

Rejuvenation of the spiritual life Simplicity of life Devotion to the Eucharist 2 of the Churchs strongest orders They become the force for 300 years

DOMINICANS St. Thomas Aquinas, Pope St. Pius V, St. Albert the Great, St. Martin de Porres, St. Rose of Lima, Bl. Fra Angelico FRANCISCANS St. Clare, St. Bonaventure, St. Bernadette, St. Thomas More, St. John Vianney, St. Pius X, St. Louis of France, St. Padre Pio, St. Max Kolbe, St. Charles Borromeo

Western Europe = Catholic (there was no division) Heresy was an attack against both the Church and the state. Pope called for trials against heresy Seeking to maintain unity & apostolicity GOAL: STOP HERESY

Penitential repent to avoid eternal damnation Juridical punish because of the wrongness

Special Judges who examined and judged the doctrinal opinions and moral conduct of suspicious individuals Inquisitors include St. Dominic Under examination: Albigensians, Cathars

A month grace period given to confess heresy & repent Without repentance, the trial would begin EVIDENCE IS NEEDED FOR A CONVICTION At least 2 witnesses for conviction Accused could not see witness list but could provide list of enemies

Lighter penalties Good works Making a pilgrimage Offering a candle or giving a chalice Participation in a crusade Stiffer penalties Fines Whipping with rods Pillory Wearing distinguished crosses Imprisonment

1. Relapsed heretics 2. For the unrepentive 3. The denial of the divinity of Christ Nobles beheaded, peasants strangled Inflicted by the state, NOT THE CHURCH State saw itself as defender of the Church

Some say that 95 million died during the time of the Inquisitions However those parts of Europe did not have that many people to kill! (plus it was around the time of the black death when 1/3 of Europe died)

1998 archives of the Holy Office opened to scholars 800-page report issued Only about 1% were executed Abuses not as bad as some would say About 2,000 of the 100,000 placed on trial were executed --------- DONT HAVE TO WRITE ----------- The Inquisition, in fact, though not perfect, was a more just court than most. Often, people charged with regular crimes would pretend to be heretics so that they could be transferred to the custody of the Inquisition, whose prisoners were better treated.

1347-1352

Demographic changes People living longer Moving to the city Period of famine When the PLAGUE was brought over from Asia, it was easily transmitted Transmission by fleas on rats 50% mortality rate Pneumonic form 90% mortality

All of Europe laid waste Esp. bishops & priests Sanitary problems Jews accused of causing the plague Pope issued two documents saying they did not As much as a third of the population may have died from the plague Superstitions increased Some see it as a punishment from God for sinfulness

Many towns w/o a priest No Sacraments! BIGGEST PROBLEM: Because young priests learned from older priests, no priestly training This will set the stage for a weakening of the Church in the coming CENTURY

At the end of the Middle Ages, theres trouble brewing People question the Pope Necessity of the Pope, authority of the Pope, obedience to the Pope The people are not well connected with the Church because there are few priests and those who are priests are not well-educated Catholics begin to wonder about the value of the Church at all

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