Adam Cowling, Jason Forshaw

Stephanie Goellner, Chris Inzana

Laura Jones, Tony Pane, Jason Small

Mars

ExplorationVehicle

Initiative

MAVEN

December 06, 2006

Table of Contents

Table of ContentsMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Motivations for Exploring Mars• Characteristics of Mars• Influential Missions• Mission Parameters • Team MAVEN• System Architecture• System Synthesis

Motivations:Reasons for humans to explore another planet

• Technological Advancement• Celestial Understanding• Search for Life• Political Motivations

Motivations

Why Explore Mars?Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[A]

• Space technology ♂Advances our capacity to

explore the galaxy

• Life support technology♂Learn how to live in hostile

environments

• Spin-off technology♂Benefits beyond space

because of new engineering capabilities

Motivations

Advancing TechnologyMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[B]

[C]

• Origin of the solar system / planets

• The future of Earth♂Mars and Earth may

have had similar pasts

• Comparative sciences

[D]

Motivations

Celestial UnderstandingMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Mars was once teeming with water♂Necessary for life as

we know it♂Potential for past or

present life on Mars

• Profound scientific and philosophical implications

[E]

Motivations

Search for LifeMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[F]

[G]

[I]

• A successful manned Martian mission would increase national prestige

• Promotes international cooperation

• Encourages a global perspective on Earthly affairs

[H]

Motivations

Political MotivationsMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

Mars, the Red Planet:What we can expect to find on Mars

Day 1.025Year

Mars Characteristics (% Earth)

Radius……………………….53%Mass………………………....11%Surface Gravity……………38%Atmospheric Pressure………1%Density……………………….71%Sunlight Received…………44%

Earth Day: 24:00 hours Mars Day: 24:38 hours

Mars Characteristics

Mars and Earth ComparedMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[AA]

[AA]

Mars Surface Temperature:Mean: -63°C (-81.4°F)Maximum: 27°C (80°F) Minimum: -133°C (-207°F)

Temperature ComparisonMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

Mars Characteristics

Earth Surface Temperature:Mean: 15°C (59°F)Maximum: 58°C (136°F) Minimum: -89°C (-128°F)

[AA]

Mars Characteristics

Atmospheric PropertiesMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[AB] [AC]

Mars Atmospheric Composition

Carbon Dioxide95.32%

Nitrogen2.70% Other

1.85%Oxygen0.13%

Influential Space Missions:

What we’ve learned and how they’ll help us

• Increase knowledge of long-term space life

• Physical well being

• Mental well being

• Supplies required

• Necessary procedures

[BA]

Influential Missions

Human Space Missions: ISSMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[BB]

• Extra-Vehicular Activity

• Beyond Earth’s magnetosphere

• Surface Ascent and Descent

Influential Missions

Human Space Missions: ApolloMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[BC]

[BD]

[BE]

• Mars orbit insertion (Aerobraking)

• Characterize climate & geology

• Communication relay satellites for landers & rovers

• Examples:

Mars Global Surveyor Mars Odyssey Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

Influential Missions

Mars OrbitersMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[BF] [BG] [BH]

Influential Missions

Mars LandersMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Atmospheric entry & descent

• Methods for landing (Airbag system)

• Climate & geology characterization

• Examples:

[BI]

Sojourner Rover (Pathfinder) Rover Spirit Rover Opportunity

[BJ] [BK] [BL]

Influential Missions

Mars Sample ReturnMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Concepts for ascent from Martian surface

♂ In-situ propellant generation

[BM]

[BN]

• Earth-Mars contamination issues

♂ Scientific integrity of data

♂ Public concern[BO]

Mission Parameters:The AIAA requirements for a Mars mission

• Undergraduate Team Space Transportation Design Competition through AIAA

• Product: 100 page report

• Top prize: $2500

• Deadlines include:

Letter of Intent — 17 March 2007Proposal Delivered to AIAA — 15 June 2007Announcement of Winners — August 2007

AIAA CompetitionMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[CA]

Mission Parameters

• Launch by 2029• Proceed from LEO to land on Mars• Live on Mars for 18 months• Return to Earth• One manned mission every 2 years

Mission Parameters

Mission TimelineMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[CB] [CC]

• Crew of 4 people• A minimum of 500 kg • A minimum return of

100 kg payload• 17 subsystems

Mission Parameters

Crew, Payload, and Mission DetailsMars Vehicle

Exploration Initiative

[CD]

• EVA for a minimum of 2 people

• May include:♂Soil sample

collection♂Atmospheric data

collection♂Terrain photography♂Equipment repair♂Crew transport

Mission Parameters

EVA CapabilityMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[CE]

Team MAVEN:Our team organization and structure

he mission of MAVEN is to advance space

technology and to improve humanity’s

understanding of the solar system through

the long-term, manned exploration of the

Martian environment with intent to expand

the human domain and promote global

synergy.

T

Team MAVEN

Mission StatementMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

To Mars, so it begins

Team MAVEN

Mission PatchMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

Your name here Your name here

Team MAVEN

Team OrganizationMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

Environmental & Life SupportELS

Attitude, Dynamics, & ControlsADC

Structures & Vehicle Engineering

SVE

Avionics & Power SystemsAPS

Safety & Mission AssuranceSMA

Propulsion Systems Engineering

PSE

Six Functional Divisions:

Number of People

3

2

3

2

2

2

• Environment & Life Support (ELS)

♂ Thermal Control

♂ Life Support

♂ Radiation Shielding

Team MAVEN

Functional DivisionsMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Attitude Determination & Control

♂ Earth Launch

♂ Guidance, Navigation, and Control

♂ Earth Landing/Recovery

Environmental & Life SupportELS

Attitude, Dynamics, & ControlsADC

[DA]

[DB]

• Structures and Vehicles (SVE)

♂ Crew Transfer Vehicle

♂ Habitation Module

♂ EVA Equipment/Support

♂ Payload Storage/Delivery

♂ Mars Ascent/Descent Vehicle

[1]

Team MAVEN

Functional Divisions Contd.Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Avionics and Power Systems (APS)

♂ Avionics Systems

♂ Power Storage/Distribution

♂ Communications / Telemetry

Structures & Vehicle Engineering

SVE

Avionics & Power SystemsAPS

[DC]

[DD]

• Propulsion Systems (PSE)

♂ Propulsion Systems

♂ Propellant

Team MAVEN

Functional Divisions Contd.Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Safety and Mission Assurance (SMA)

♂ Crew Safety

♂ Vehicle Health Monitoring

Safety & Mission AssuranceSMA

Propulsion Systems Engineering

PSE

[DE]

[DF]

Team MAVEN

Requirement Process FlowMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

Values and Objectives (High Level)

Mission Requirements

Subsystem Requirements (High Level)

Subsystem Requirements (Low Level)

Subsystem Design

Mission Design

Customer (AIAA)

Requirements

Reit

era

te

Team MAVEN

Mission PhasesMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Architecture:A look at the big picture

System Architecture

Mission SequenceMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

Earth to LEO

LEO to LMO

LMO to Mars

Martian Surface

Mars to LMO

LMO to LEO

LEO to Earth

LEO

LMO LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

< 15 min.

Variable ~ 8 months ~ 8 months

Variable < 1 hour

Variable

<15 min.

18 months

VariableVariable

System Architecture

Earth Ascent to LMOMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

[EC]

System Architecture

Earth Ascent to LMOMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

[EC] [EE]

System Architecture

Earth Ascent to LMO Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

[EC] [EE]

System Architecture

LMO to Martian Surface to LEOMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

[ED]

System Architecture

LMO to Martian Surface to LEOMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

[ED]

System Architecture

Earth Descent via Earth FerryMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

System Architecture

LEO to Earth SurfaceMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

System Architecture

LEO to Earth SurfaceMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

LMO

LEO

[EA]

[EB]

[EF]

[EG]

System Architecture

Deciding among the OptionsMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Values to Maximize:♂Survivability♂Redundancy♂Reliability ♂Reusability ♂Robustness♂Packing Efficiency

• Values to Minimize:♂Complexity♂Cost♂Mass♂Human Error

System Synthesis:Relevant elements in each subsystem

• Survivability Requirements♂Correct breathable

gases (O2,N2, CO2)

♂Food & water♂Thermally

controlled environment

System Synthesis

Environmental and Life SupportMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[FA]

[FB]

• Environmental Hazards♂Radiation♂Electrostatic arcing♂Outgassing

• Thermal Control♂Radiators♂Heat pipes♂Thermal coating and

layering

Environmental and Life Support

System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[FC]

[FC][FD]

•Sensors♂ Attitude sensors♂ Laser Imaging

Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)

• Actuators ♂ CMGs♂ Momentum wheels♂ Thrusters

Attitude, Dynamics, and ControlMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

[FE] [FF]

[FG] [FH]

Earth to Mars: Hohmann Transfer

Mars Orbit Insertion: Aerocapture

Attitude, Dynamics, and ControlMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

[FK][FL]

• Spacecraft Dynamics:♂ Transfer orbits♂ Orbit insertions

Structures and VehiclesMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

Ares ICrew

Ares VPayload

[FM]

• Launch Vehicles

• Crew Transfer Vehicle♂Reduce mass♂Increase packing

efficiency

• Ascent/Descent Vehicle♂Withstand forces of

launch/landing♂Possibly combined with

habitation module

Structures and VehiclesMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

[FJ]

[FI]

• Mars Habitation Module♂Self-sufficiency♂Sent separately♂Cave habitation

• EVA vehicle♂Rover-like design (lunar

rover)♂Inflatable tires♂EVA robotic assistant

Structures and VehiclesMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

[FN]

[FO]

• Power Sources♂Photovoltaic Cells♂Nuclear♂Fuel Cells

• Power Storage♂Ni-Cd / Li-Ion

Batteries♂Thin Film Batteries

Avionics and Power Systems

System Synthesis

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[FP]

[FQ]

[FR]

• Communications♂High gain vs. low gain♂Antennas: phased

arrays♂Space borne receivers

• Data Handling♂Radiation hardened

computer systems♂Error detection

mechanisms

Avionics and Power SystemsMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

[FS]

[FT]

• Rockets♂Chemical reaction

generates thrust through a nozzle

♂Solid, liquid, and hybrid

• Electrodynamic Tethers♂Orbit boosts♂Power generation♂Zero propellant

Propulsion Systems Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

[FAA]

[FAB]

• Electric Propulsion♂Electrostatic ion thrusters♂Hall effect thrusters♂Magnetoplasmadynamic

thrusters

• M2P2♂Magnetic sail♂High specific impulse♂Still in developmental stage

Propulsion SystemsMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

System Synthesis

[FAC]

[FAD]

• Alarms♂Limit Sensing♂Alert♂Caution / Warning♂Emergency

• Smoke and Fire♂Master Alarms♂Extinguishers♂Halons, Foam, and

CO2

♂FEANICS

Safety and Mission Assurance

Safety

Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[4]

[FU]

[FV][FW]

• Failure Safety• Pressure

Monitoring • Redundant

systems• Checkpoints

Safety and Mission AssuranceMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

[FX]

[FY]

[FZ]

System Synthesis

Motivations

SummaryMars Vehicle Exploration Initiative

• Motivations for Exploring Mars• Characteristics of Mars• Influential Missions• Mission Parameters • Team MAVEN• System Architecture• System Synthesis

Questions?Contact MAVEN@VT.EDU for more information