adaptation to climate change in urban water management in turkey

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN

URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY

Hande Özüt, Yunus Arıkan and Gülçin Özsoy

19-20 November 2007Budapest

www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY

Urban Water Crisis in Turkey


Who was responsible?

Central Government?Local Government?

or Climate Change?


Water Resources of TurkeyPer capita usable water

1642 m3 / year (2007) 1000 – 1667 m3 / year (water stress)

1000 m3 /year (2030) ≤ 1000 m3 /year (water scarcity)

Sectoral distribution Irrigation IndustryDomestic

2007 203074 % 65 %11 % 12 %15 % 23 %

Source: www.dsi.gov.tr


Water Management and Main Responsible BodiesOrganization

Responsibility

Ministry of Environment and Forestry

Environmental management, setting policies and rules coordination of national and internationla activities on water resources

General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ)

Under Ministry of Environment and ForestryMain investor large dams and large water supply investments

Municipalities Urban water supply and treatment services and all related infrastructure investments belongs to the municipalities and metropolitan municipalities.

Municipal Water Administrations

Constructing, operating, and maintaining water supply and treatment facilities


Climate Change Policy in TurkeyYear Events/Actions

1992

• Upon negotiations at the meeting of UNFCCC Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee at New York Turkey was included in the Annex I and Annex II lists

• Turkey did not sign the UNFCCC

1997Turkey was not a Party to the UNFCCC when the Kyoto Protocol, thus no quantified emissions limitation or reduction commitment was defined in Annex-B.

2001COP7 –Taking into account her special circumstances, Turkey shall be placed in Annex-I and deleted from Annex-II, in a position that is different than other Annex-I Parties.

2004

Turkey acceded as the 189th Party to the UNFCCC in a different situation from that of other Parties included in Annex-I to the Convention and has the following commitments.

• Submission of regular reports; national communication and GHG inventories• Implement policies and measures in climate change mitigation, adaptation,

systematic research, education, training and public awareness.

2006Preparation of 2004 GHG Inventory by TURKSTAT

Voluntary carbon offset projects initiated as a business opportunity.

2007

Turkey’s first national communication was submitted to the UNFCCC.

Supreme Council on Science and Technology decided to establish Climate Research Programme

Grand National Assembly of Turkey Climate Change Research Commission was established. A draft report is prepared and Commission was re-established after general elections.

Key speeches at the UN Summits


Climate Change and Turkey

“...analysis of the current situation and the projections based on IPCC further indicate that warming will vary by region, and will be accompanied by both increases and decreases in precipitation, depending on region and locality. There will also be changes in the variability of the climate, including rainfall and snowfall, and an increase in the frequency of some extreme climate phenomena, such as floods and droughts”. (First National Communication, 2007)


Temperature: observed changes

Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007


Changes in Temperatures for Turkey for All Seasons by 2100 Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007

Temperature: projections



Precipitation: observed changes


Precipitation Decrease in Turkey in winter 2006-2007

Source: State Hydraulic Works

Regions Precipitation Decrease

(%)

Western Anatolia (Aegean Region) 43

Northwest Anatolia (Marmara Region) 40

Central Anatolia 18

Southeast Anatolia 14

Southern Anatolia (Mediterranean Region) 9

Eastern Anatolia 5

Northern Anatolia (Black Sea Region) 5


Seasonal Precipitation Difference in Turkey by 2100


Precipitation: projections


Climate Change Projections :Snow Depth

Cilo Mountain

Ağrı Mountain

Süphan MountainKaçkar Mountain

• Reduction in snow water equivalent is 20 mm over the high plains of eastern Anatolia and the eastern part of the Black Sea mountains

• %97 of the glaciers at the Ağrı, Cilo, Süphan and Kaçkar mountains melted within the 107 years of time scope

• The glaciers at Erciyes ve Aladağlar are totally disappeared

Erciyes M.


Climate Change and Basins

Simulation Study by Dokuz Eylül University

Nearly 20% of surface water in the study areas will be diminished by the year 2030



Predictions of Hadley Centre ModelPossible Scenarios

Predictions by 2080

Annual Average Temperature

Annual Average Precipitation

Annual flow of main river basins

CO2 Concentration exceeding 750 ppmv (No Control of GHG Emissions)

Increase by nearly 3-4°C

Decrease between 0 to 1

mm/day

Decrease by nearly 20-50%

CO2 concentration limited to750 and 550 ppmv


Decrease between 0 to 0.5

mm/day


CO2 concentration below 550 ppmv



UKMO/DETR. Climate Change and Its Impacts, Stabilisation of CO2 in the Atmosphere, United Kingdom Meteorological Office and Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (UKMO/DETR), the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, 1999


Vulnerability

AEGEAN AND MARMARA REGIONTemperature: Increase in summer temperaturePrecipitation: Decrease in winter precipitationSnow Level: No available dataNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 5

CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGIONTemperature: Decrease in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Increase in fall precipitationSnow Level: No available dataNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 4

MEDITERRANEAN REGIONTemperature: Increase in summer temperature, Decrease in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Decrease in winter precipitationSnow Level: No available dataNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 3

BLACK SEA REGIONTemperature: Decrease in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Increase infall precipitationSnow Level: Reduction in snow water equivalentNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 1

EASTERN REGIONTemperature: Increase in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Increase in fall precipitationSnow Level: Reduction in snow water equivalentNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 3

•Adaptation capacity?

•Comprehensive vulnerability analysis is needed


Metropolitan Municipality

Water levels of urban water reservoirs

June 2006 June 2007

İstanbul 86% 40%

Ankara 67% 17%

Bursa 108,5% 66%

İzmir 48% 30%

Climate Change Impact on Urban Water Reservoirs


Impact of Climate Change on Urban Water Reservoirs

Loss of Precipitation (Winter 2006-

2007)

Loss of Volume of Stored

Water (2006-2007)

İstanbul 40% %60

İzmir 43% %70

Ankara 18% %83• Climatic conditionsClimatic conditions: Increased evaporation, surface profile of reservoirs and increased temperatures,

• Water Management:Water Management: Consumption and saving attitudes of urban communities; management practices of authorities,

• MMiscalculation of storage or consumption valuesiscalculation of storage or consumption values.


Existing Efforts for Adaptation in Urban

Water Management

• Demand management

• Supply management


Demand Management

Institution Method

NGOs Water saving campaigns

Municipalities Penalties and restrictionsWater saving campaigns

Municipalities and Municipal Water Administrations

Reduce Loss and leakages:Rehabilitation of Urban Water Management Infrastructure Monitoring


Examples to Campaigns

İzmir Greater Municipality

TEMA-NGO

WWF-Turkey


Examples of Water Loss and Leakages Prevention Projects

Greater Municipalities

Water Loss and Leakages Prevention Projects

Target/Result

Kocaeli Modernizing leakage detection instrumentsCapacity building of technicians by field studies about losses from network to groundwater Implementation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to get information about dams and reservoirs, detect leaks and failures at the network.

In 2 months, 7776 m3/day of leakages were prevented.

Ankara Pump stations, water level at tanks, flow and quantity at water treatment plants, water supply system are scanned with SCADA system.

Not specified

İstanbul SCADA system application to help optimization of efficient water distribution has been done.

Not specified

İzmir Efforts were started in 2000. Weekly and day and night water consumptions are monitoring by SCADA system. Leakage detection is controlled by instruments. Water network system and old gauges were improved.

Minimizing loss from 65% to 45%

Mersin By 2006, Leak survey is done by using efficient leakage detection instruments and skilled operators.Pipe leakage repairement and aged pipes replacement were accomplished.

Minimizing loss from 65% to 35%

Antalya Starting from June 2007, SCADA system is utilized for minimizing losses in production and pipelines.

Minimizing loss from60% to 20%

Adana SCADA system; an automated control system; is applied to help optimization of efficient water distribution.Improving water network system by means of installing check valve, flow and pressure meters to monitor and control network systems is accomplished.

Not specified


Supply Management

Organisation type

Method Activities

Municipalitiesand Municipal Water Administrations

Increasing Supply of Water

Water transfer to urban areas from basins

Central Government

Increasing Supply of Water

Regulatory depots will be built along large water transmission channels and projects for transferring water between water basins


Examples of Water Transfer Projects

İSTANBUL

180 km

125 km

ANKARA

KONYA PLAIN

Blue Tunnel Project 169 km


Existing Efforts

Needs

Short-term relief efforts Adjusting existing policies and planning approaches in the various sectors is crucial for the adaptation to climate change

Fragmented, local level initiatives

Integrated, National Strategy, according to a comprehensive vulnerability analysis

Reactive Proactive

Conventional efforts (ecological effects, not sustainable, may not cope with the uncertainty arising from CC)

Integrate with the “softer” adaptation methods such as education, extension services, regulations, penalties etc.

Limited to the voluntary action of consumers

Integrate with appropriate management structures, policies, laws, promoting incentives and technical measures.


Best PracticesThe Water Services Regulation Authority (OFWAT) in England and Wales

OFWAT

(economic regulator) Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Welsh Assembly Government; the Consumer Council for Water, the Drinking Water Inspectorate

Water Companies Customers

•Sets performance indicators

•Total leakage

•Risks and droughts

•Water efficiency

•Declare results to customers

•Penalties

•Incentives

•Water efficiency campaigns

•Leakage investment

•Supply pipe repairs

•Improve transfer capacity of the network

•...

Better service

Monitorregulate


Recommendations

Priority 2. Balancing Water Supply and Demand

Priority 1. Development of an Integrated Strategy for Adaptation

Establishment of a Decision Making Body

National Adaptation Plan and Strategy

Capacity Building

Local Level Planning for Adaptation

Data Management and Access to Information

Measures and technological solutions

Public Awareness


Thank you for your attention

[email protected]@[email protected]

adaptation to climate change in urban water management in turkey

Documents

urban water management

turkeyclimate change

surface water

turkeywater management

extreme climate phenomena

snow water equivalent

turkeyurban water crisis

central government